Revolutions of the 17th - 18th centuries called bourgeois. They occurred in Holland, England and France - in the world's leading manufacturing and trade countries. These revolutions were of decisive importance for the development of modernization processes in the countries of Europe. They destroyed the foundations of the traditional way of life and class system. Power passed to entrepreneurs interested in innovation and development of production. Bourgeois revolutions eventually provided entrepreneurs with influence on the socio-political life of their countries.
Key milestones: popular Iconoclastic uprising of 1566, a general uprising of 1572 in the northern provinces, an uprising of 1576 in the southern provinces, the creation of the Union of Utrecht (1579).
It ended with the liberation of the northern provinces from Spanish domination (the territory of the modern state of the Netherlands) and the formation of the bourgeois Republic of the United Provinces (the southern provinces were recaptured by Spain by 1585). The first successful bourgeois revolution in history.
English Revolution in the 17th century(also known as English Civil War ) - the process of transition in England from an absolute monarchy to a constitutional one, in which the power of the king is limited by the power of parliament, and civil liberties are also guaranteed. The revolution opened the way for the industrial revolution in England and the capitalist development of the country.
Revolution took the form of conflict And authorities (parliament against ), which resulted in a civil war, as well as the form religious war between And . In the English Revolution, it was noticed, although it played a secondary role, also an element national wrestling(between, And ).
Causes of the bourgeois revolution in England:
contradictions between the emerging capitalist and the old feudal order; dissatisfaction with the policies of the Stuarts; contradictions between the Anglican Church and the ideology of Puritanism. Main driving forces revolution: the urban lower classes and the peasantry, led by the new bourgeois nobility - the gentry. The reason for the revolution: the dissolution of the "Short Parliament" by Charles I.
The prerequisites for the English bourgeois revolution were the economic and political crisis in England in the 17th century. The economic crisis:
Fencing.
The introduction of new duties by the king without the permission of parliament.
Monopoly of the king on the production and sale of certain goods within the country.
Illegal charges.
Monopoly trade.
Rising prices.
Disorder of trade and industry.
Increasing emigration.
Political crisis:
Change of the ruling dynasty.
Confrontation between king and parliament.
Embezzlement.
shortsighted foreign policy.
Marriage of Charles I to a Catholic.
Dissolution of Parliament by Charles I.
Persecution of the Puritans.
Tightening censorship.
During the revolution (1640-1649) two civil wars took place in England: in 1642-1646 and in 1648. between supporters of the Long Parliament and royalists - supporters of the king. Parliament was supported by the merchants, entrepreneurs, the new nobility, farmers, craftsmen and apprentices of London and the southeastern counties. The old order was defended by royalists - large landowners with peasants dependent on them, court officials, english church.
Created Oliver Cromwell(1599-1658) the parliamentary army inflicted a decisive defeat on the royal army at the battles of Neizvi (1645) and Peston (1648). Under pressure from the masses, in 1649 the king was executed, and England was proclaimed a republic. Wealthy merchants, entrepreneurs and the new nobility were in power. Parliament became unicameral - all legislative power belonged to the House of Commons. Executive power was formally handed over to the council, which was led by the military elite, headed by Cromwell. The revolutionary camp was not united either socially or religiously. In the course of the revolution in the camp of the Puritans, three main currents were finally determined:
Presbyterian (the right wing of the revolution, the big bourgeoisie and the top of the gentry); independents (middle and petty nobility, middle strata of the urban bourgeoisie); levellers.
The tithe was not abolished either. The republic has done nothing with unemployment and high prices. The new nobles and the bourgeoisie, who needed to protect their property, supported the establishment of sole and unlimited power, and in 1653 a military dictatorship was established in England - the Cromwell protectorate. The protector's power was much greater than that of the king before the revolution. Cromwell confirmed all the laws of the Long Parliament, protecting the interests of the new nobility and bourgeoisie
Foreign policy Lord Protector was beneficial to the English bourgeoisie. In 1654, Cromwell victoriously ended the war with Holland, England's main rival in world maritime trade. Then he won a victory over Spain. After the death of Cromwell (1658), the new nobility and bourgeoisie sought to restore the monarchy, which would protect the new order established during the revolution. In 1660, the restoration of the Stuart dynasty was carried out, agreeing to recognize the main gains of the revolution. The new king Charles II (1630-1685) signed a document confirming all the privileges of the new nobility and bourgeoisie received during the revolution.
Thus, in England there was not an absolute monarchy, but power obtained as a result of compromise and respect for the interests of the new nobility and bourgeoisie. However, the monarchs violated their obligations, increasingly dissolved parliament and showed a penchant for Catholicism. In 1688-1689. A coup d'état was carried out, which historians call the "Glorious Revolution". The English crown was transferred to the ruler of Holland - the Protestant William III of Orange, married to the daughter of James II - Mary.
So, we can distinguish the main stages of the bourgeois revolution in England:
Civil wars. Change of forms of government (1640-1649).
Republican government (1640 - 1653).
Military dictatorship - Cromwell protectorate (1653-1658).
Restoration of the monarchy (1659 - 1660).
slide 2
Let's check ourselves...
slide 3
Let's work on the concept
What is a bourgeois revolution?
- Transformations contributing to the replacement of the feudal system by capitalist (bourgeois)
- A revolution is a radical upheaval that leads to the replacement of one system by another.
slide 4
Causes of the Revolution
Contradictions between the emerging capitalist and the old feudal structures.
slide 5
Dissatisfaction with the policy of the Stuarts, aggravation of relations between Parliament and the king.
slide 6
Contradictions between the Anglican Church and the ideology of Puritanism.
Slide 7
Reason for revolution
1640. The House of Lords is the upper house. The House of Commons is the lower house. Short and Long parliaments. Thus began an open confrontation between parliament and the king.
Slide 8
In January 1642, the king uses force against the opposition
He tried to arrest the leaders of the rebellious Parliament. But the London militia (militia) rose to defend Parliament. Armed detachments of peasants and artisans flocked to the capital.
Slide 9
The king leaves the capital and leaves for the north of the country.
The first (parliamentary) stage of the revolution is over. In history, it is called peaceful. Now both sides (king and parliament) began preparations for the war, called the Civil War.
A civil war is a war between citizens of one country (compatriots).
Slide 10
Thus, the country was divided into two camps
Exercise. What sections of English society do you think could clash in the civil war: peasants, artisans, the royal court, the old nobles, the gentry, the bourgeoisie?
slide 11
I Civil War 1642-1646
slide 12
The first defeats in the war with the royal army pushed Parliament to urgently carry out military reform (1644)
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The first victories of the army of Parliament
- Battle of Naseby (June 1645).
- Battle of Marston Moor, July 2, 1644.
Slide 14
After the defeat of the king's army at Naseby, he himself, disguised as a servant, flees to Scotland. But in February 1647, the Scots sold Charles I to the English Parliament for 400 thousand pounds. Military operations stopped for a while. The first Civil War is over.
slide 15
New laws
- the abolition of the feudal right of the king;
- land received from the king by knightly right becomes private property;
- the peasants remain only the holders of the land with the preservation of all duties in relation to the landlords.
slide 16
And what is happening at this time in the English Parliament?
An important role in this political struggle pamphlets (accusatory writings) were played. Especially popular were the pamphlets of John Lilburn, the leader of the Levellers (equalizers)
Political struggle:
- Presbyterians:
- defended the interests of the middle class, the petty bourgeoisie.
- interested in reform.
- Independents:
- defended the interests of large landowners, bankers, merchants.
- They were not interested in deepening the revolution.
Slide 17
Lilburn pamphlets
Tasks of political reforms.
- He spoke out against the monarchical form of government and the existence of the House of Lords, for the republic, against all feudal privileges, for the equality of all before the law, defended the freedom of religious beliefs.
- He defended the inviolability of the person and property, freedom of the press. Of great importance for the deepening of the revolution were the demands of L. on the destruction of monopolies and patents, the abolition of tithes, and the relief of the tax burden. In 1646, by order of the House of Lords, he was thrown into prison. (before 1648)
Slide 18
Second Civil War (1648-1649)
King Charles I, dreaming of a restoration in England royalty(monarchy), colluded with the Scots and led the Scottish army into the north of England in February 1648.
In August 1648 - the army of Parliament managed to defeat the king and his supporters at Preston.
The civil war ended with the victory of Parliament.
Slide 19
The Scots handed over the king to the English Parliament.
The Presbyterians were not prepared to reconcile with the king on certain terms.
In December 1648, Colonel Pride forcibly expelled Presbyterians from Parliament who wanted to negotiate with the king. ("Pride Cleansing").
In January 1649, the investigation of the king began.
On January 26, the King of England, Scotland and Ireland was sentenced to death for "criminal acts against the English Parliament and people".
Slide 20
Execution of Karl Stewart
On January 30, 1649, Charles Stuart was executed as a "traitor and tyrant". Charles I was executed in the 49th year of his life and in the 24th year of his reign.
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The execution of the king caused outrage among European monarchs. Political and trade ties were curtailed or reduced to a minimum. France, Spain and Austria sent an official protest and tried to organize an armed intervention, but could not agree among themselves. Russia, where Tsar Alexei Mikhailovich Romanov ruled, expelled all English merchants.
On February 3, 1649, immediately after the execution of Charles I, his son Prince Charles, who fled to Holland, with the support of other monarchies, declared himself the rightful king of England.
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The death of the king was not the end of the revolution...
May 19, 1649 - England proclaimed a republic.
March 17, 1649 - an act of parliament on the uselessness and burdensomeness of royal power for the country.
19 March 1649 – House of Lords dissolved. All power passed to the lower house of parliament - the House of Commons.
Authorities:
- legislative - Parliament (house of commons);
- executive - State Council of 41 people headed by Cromwell.
slide 23
But actually...
Cromwell's dictatorship was established in England. The army obeyed him. Parliament and the Council of State were completely dependent on the will of Cromwell and his inner circle.
Dictatorship is unlimited power.
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Results of the Civil War
- The civil war between the King and Parliament ended in victory for the Puritans (Calvinist Protestants).
- Charles I was executed, the monarchy was destroyed.
- Parliament proclaimed the country a republic.
- But in the life of the urban lower classes and the peasantry, almost nothing has changed.
View all slides
1. Causes of the revolutionPolicy of Karl Stewart
Household:
1. Trade in monopolies by the English king.
2. Rising prices for goods.
3.Economic crisis.
Policy:
1. England expected the king to fight against Spain, but he went
to an alliance with her.
2. Conflict between the king and parliament over the introduction
new taxes for the war with Scotland.
Society and Church:
1. Church extortion weighed on all the English.
2. Inconsistency of the Anglican Church with ideas
Protestantism.
2. The beginning of the revolution.
Van Dyck.Charles I King of England
The treasury is empty. In the country
hunger riots began.
military action against
England start
Scotland. Charles I
there were petitions from
a demand to convene
parliament.
Carl, who needed
money, collected in 1640
"Long Parliament"
obtain from him the right
introduction of new taxes. IN
exchange for this parliament
demanded:
2. The beginning of the revolution.
not to dissolve Parliament withoutconsent of both chambers,
limit the powers of the Secret
council,
abolish monopolies,
the right to impose taxes belongs to
only to parliament
limit the arbitrariness of bishops,
streamline the judiciary.
All this was recorded in the "Great
remonstrations" - a document
containing the basic requirements
parliament.
Exercise.
Rewrite the main points
demonstrations in a notebook. Using
document on pages 118-119, define in
what articles of the Great Remonstrance were
these requirements are stated.
Engraving of the 17th century.
answer.
not to dissolve Parliament without the consent of both
Chambers, Article No. 125;
limit the powers of the Privy Council, art.
№ 130;
abolish monopolies, Article No. 115;
the right to impose taxes belongs only to
Parliament, Article No. 120;
limit the arbitrariness of bishops, article no. 132;
streamline legal proceedings, Article No. 140.
2. The beginning of the revolution.
Long ParliamentPresbyterians
(moderate)
- defended the interests
big landowners,
bankers, merchants.
Were not interested
deepening the revolution.
Independents (radicals)
- defended the interests
middle layer, fine
bourgeoisie.
Interested in more
radical reforms.
Carl tried to arrest the leaders
parliament, but could not, and soon
fled to the north of the country, where
there were his supporters, to collect
troops.
August 1642 - Charles declared war
parliament. The king's army was
of the cavaliers, they were opposed
round-headed.
In the beginning, luck was on the side of the king,
approached London.
Parliament urgently holds a military
reform, during which
command of the army are called
talented people of non-noble
origin.
These events started
civil war in
England.
3. Civil war 1642-1648.
Oliver Cromwell. 17th century medallionThese days the leader
the most determined parliamentarians
became O. Cromwell.
With the outbreak of war, he
officer and turned
your squad in a formidable
subdivision.
Cromwell's cavalry
chained in armor
nicknamed
"iron-sided".
Soon the first came
victory.
Battle of Naseby
June 14, 1645Geographical position
Battle of Naseby through the eyes of contemporaries
Composition of troops
Parliamentary army of the “new model”Commander-in-Chief: Thomas Fairfax
Infantry: 7 thousand people
Cavalry: 6.5 thousand
Army of King Charles I
Infantry: 4 thousand people
Cavalry: 4 thousand
generals
Charles I Stuart,commander in chief
royal
troops
Prince Rupert,
commanding
right wing
royal troops
generals
Sir Thomas Fairfax,commander in chief
parliamentary troops
Sir Oliver Cromwell -
cavalry commander
Battle of Naseby
Flight of King Charles ITO
A
R
l
I
cavalry
cavalry
Retreat of the king's troops
Prince Ruprecht
infantry
infantry
Cromwell
L o r d
F e r f a x
3. Civil war 1642-1648.
June 14, 1645 near the village of NasebyKarl was defeated and fled to
Scotland.
Documents found on the battlefield
the English king called
monarchs of Europe start
intervention.
Parliament confiscated the king's lands,
his supporters and bishops. They
went on sale.
Parliament freed the nobility of farmers from feudal
payments to the crown.
Subordinated the Church to Parliament.
However, all these innovations
improved the lives of the common people.
The Independents demanded
continuation of the revolution.
Battle of Naseby. 3. Civil war 1642-1648.
In February 1648, Charles I entered
in collusion with the Scots and again
unleashed a war.
In August 1648 Parliament's army
succeeded in defeating the king and his
supporters at Preston.
The civil war is over
parliamentary victory.
The Scots betrayed the king
the English Parliament.
The Presbyterians were ready
reconcile with the king
certain conditions.
Charles I
3. Civil war 1642-1648.
A number of laws of Parliament gavebroad rights to the rich, and
people still didn't have
no political rights
earth.
John Lilburn led
levellers (equalizers),
who believed that all people
equal before God and
demanding universal
suffrage,
establishment of a republic.
John Lilburn.
Engraving of the 17th century.
3. Civil war 1642-1648.
More revolutionary wereconfigured diggers (true
equalizers), people from
the poorest segments of the population.
Gerald Winstanley, stated
that people should be equal
not only politically, but also
economically. He offered
create a classless
state. called his
capture supporters
empty lands.
Parliament will later suppress
the movement of the levellers and
diggers.
J. Winstanley in prison.
Modern miniature.
In December 1648
Colonel Pride by force
expelled from parliament
Presbyterians who wanted
negotiate with the king.
Soon the House of Lords was
liquidated. All
power passed to
lower house
parliament - chamber
communities.
Session of the Long Parliament.
Engraving of the 17th century.
4. Establishment of the English Republic.
In January 1649began
investigation over
king.
Task: read
document. Orally
draw a conclusion about
how it was
sentence
English
king. What
served
basis for
such a verdict?
From the judgment of the Supreme Court
chambers above the king.
January 20, 1649
The real judgment of reason and conscience
made sure he... Carl Stewart is guilty
in raising a war against Parliament and
people ... guilty of state
treason, murder, robbery, fires,
violence, devastation, harm and
the misfortune of the nation committed ... in
named war. The present court decided
what for all these betrayals and crimes
he ... Karl Stuart - like a tyrant, a traitor,
killer and as an enemy good people this
nation - must be put to death through
cutting off the head from the body. Compare your conclusions with the proposed
answer.
Charles I Stuart English people sentenced
to the most cruel punishment - the death penalty
through cutting off the head.
The basis for such a harsh sentence
was the accusation of Charles I of inciting
civil war between supporters
parliament and royalists, supporters of the king.
During this war, England and its people were
great harm has been done.
4. Establishment of the English Republic.
January 30, 1649 Charles Iwas publicly executed
presence
crowded crowd.
19 May 1649 England
was proclaimed
republic.
Execution of Charles I.
Task for the lesson:
1. Who was interested in the revolution inEngland?
2. The interests of which sections of society during
revolutions were satisfied? Homework.
Main task:
Working with concepts and dates recorded in
notebooks, according to paragraph 16 (design
abstract).
Individual task:
Messages:
1. O. Cromwell - Lord Protector.
2. Restoration of the Stuarts.
Historical misspelling
Lesson plan 1. Teacher's story: 1. The reasons for the revolution. 2. The course of the revolution. 3. Protest movements. 4. Cromwell protectorate. 5. Completion of the revolution. 6. Creation of a parliamentary monarchy. 7. Creation of parties. 2. Work in a group. 3. Individual work. 4. Summing up the lesson.
The course of the revolution of 1640 - the convocation of the Long Parliament. The beginning of the revolution of the city is the beginning of the war between parliament and the king. EnglishmenEnglishmen RoundheadsRoundheadsCavaliersCavaliers Supporters of the King Supporters of Parliament Establishment of a New Model Army 1645 1645 - defeat of the king's army at the Battle of Naseby
The Creation of the Whig Parties The Whig Party was a party to which the bourgeoisie and gentry belonged, who defended the rights of Parliament and advocated reform. Tories - The Tories were a party to which large landlords and clergy belonged, who advocated the preservation of traditions.
Conclusions 1. The king's war with parliament ended in victory for the "roundheads". 2. Destruction of traditional society. 3. Destruction of the absolute monarchy. 4. Adoption of a parliamentary monarchy in the country. 5. The coming to power of wealthy landowners, the bourgeoisie. 6. Creation of conditions for the development of capitalism.
Lesson plan 1. Teacher's story: 1. The reasons for the revolution. 2. The course of the revolution. 3. Protest movements. 4. Cromwell protectorate. 5. Completion of the revolution. 6. Creation of a parliamentary monarchy. 7. Creation of parties. 2. Group work - 10 minutes 3. Individual work. 4. Summing up the lesson.
Questions for group discussion 1. What are the causes of the English Revolution. 2. What are the main events of the English revolution. What forces were victorious in it? 3. Explain the concept of a protectorate. When and by whom was it installed? 4. What event happened in 1688? 5. What form of government was established in England after the events of 1688? 6. What two parties appeared in England?
Lesson plan 1. Teacher's story: 1. The reasons for the revolution. 2. The course of the revolution. 3. Protest movements. 4. Cromwell protectorate. 5. Completion of the revolution. 6. Creation of a parliamentary monarchy. 7. Creation of parties. 2. Work in a group. 3. Individual work - 10 minutes 4. Summing up the lesson.
Individual work. On "3" Below are the causes of the revolution in England. Enter Wrong answer. 1) The dissatisfaction of Parliament with the desire of the Stuarts to rule alone; 2) Dissatisfaction of Parliament with the economic policy of the Stuarts; 3) embezzlement and bribery at the royal court; 4) Translation of the Bible into English language and conducting services in this language.
Individual work. On "4" Use the "+" or "-" sign to indicate whether you agree with these judgments:) The revolution in England destroyed absolutism. 2) The English Revolution established a parliamentary monarchy in the country. 3) The restoration of the Stuarts returned the power of this dynasty for 200 years. 4) After the revolution, capitalism began to develop in the country. 5) The English Parliament became unicameral. 6) Catholicism became the state religion in the country.
Individual work. On "5" 1) Answer the question: What is common and what differences existed in the views of levellers and diggers? levellerdiggers Differences 1.… ……………… 2………… ……………… General ………………………………………………
Homework § (tasks in IEP)
slide 1
REVOLUTION IN ENGLAND
MBOU "Lyceum No. 12", Novosibirsk teacher VKK Stadnichuk T.M.
slide 2
ON THE EVE OF THE REVOLUTION
At the beginning of the 17th century, England was one of the most economically developed countries: Manufactory production developed rapidly, especially in cloth making - the export of raw materials was prohibited, and finished products were traded. New industries also developed: cotton, soap, glass, and silk manufactories.
slide 3
ON THE EVE OF THE REVOLUTION
Trade gained momentum at a rapid pace. Merchants became more and more respected people. Maritime trading companies were created and successfully operated, they spread their influence around the world.
MOSCOW TRADING COMPANY
East India Trading Company
AFRICAN TRADING COMPANY
slide 4
ON THE EVE OF THE REVOLUTION
The number of Puritans in the country was growing, declaring the need to purge the Anglican Church of magnificent services, demanding the abolition of the offices of bishops, accusing them of serving not God, but the king. Among the Puritans there were many representatives of the new nobility, wealthy merchants, craftsmen, owners of manufactories, wealthy peasants.
slide 5
CAUSES OF THE REVOLUTION
After the death of Elizabeth I English throne passed to James I Stuart (1603 - 1625), who sought to follow the formula "from God - the king, from the king - the law": he sought to limit the influence of Parliament, introduced a state monopoly on trade, supported the old guild system, defended the Anglican Church and persecuted the Puritans.
slide 6
CAUSES OF THE REVOLUTION
The persecution of the Puritans led to the fact that many of them were forced to leave their "hardened in superstition" homeland and head for the unknown and harsh shores of North America in the hope of freeing themselves from the hated king and church.
Slide 7
CAUSES OF THE REVOLUTION
In 1625, Charles I (1625-1649), son of James Stuart, becomes the new king. Significant changes in domestic politics the state did not occur. He strove for one-man rule. He waged devastating wars with Spain and France. He was influenced by the Duke of Buckingham.
Slide 8
CAUSES OF THE REVOLUTION
In 1628, parliament, using the government's difficulties caused by the war with three states simultaneously - France, Spain and Austria, forced the king to sign the Petition of Right.
PETITION ON THE RIGHT Prohibition of tax collection without parliamentary approval. Inviolability of the inhabitants of England. Prohibition on the application of military laws in peacetime.
Slide 9
CAUSES OF THE REVOLUTION
As soon as Charles I tried to violate the "Petition ..." Parliament protested violently. Then the king dissolved this obstinate parliament and did not convene it for 11 years. Thus, the causes of the revolution were: the strengthening of absolutism in England; the existence of a royal monopoly on trade; religious contradictions between Anglicans and Puritans; foreign policy of kings unfavorable to the bourgeoisie.
Slide 10
THE BEGINNING OF THE REVOLUTION
The reason for the beginning of the revolution was an uprising in Scotland, where the English bishops began to forcibly introduce worship according to the model of the Anglican Church. It showed the weakness of the king and absolutism.
slide 11
THE BEGINNING OF THE REVOLUTION
Money was needed for the war, and Charles I had to convene a parliament, which went down in history under the name of the Long Parliament (it did not disperse for 12 years). This event was the beginning of the revolution.
slide 12
THE BEGINNING OF THE REVOLUTION
Parliament, where the majority of deputies were Puritans, carried out a number of important reforms: such courts as the Star Chamber and the High Commission were liquidated; censorship of bishops and police was banned; Parliament was given the right to impose taxes; all trade monopoly patents were cancelled; parliament established control over all the ministers of the king; Parliament was to meet at least once every 3 years. At the same time, he could be dissolved only at his own request.
slide 13
THE BEGINNING OF THE REVOLUTION
The king's assistants, Earl Strafford and Archbishop Laud, were put on trial. Strafford was charged with treason. Four years later, Archbishop Lod was executed.
Slide 14
CIVIL WAR
In January 1642, after an unsuccessful attempt to arrest the leaders of the rebellious Parliament, Charles I fled from London to the north of the country. At the end of August 1642, Charles I raised the royal standard on the roof of the castle in Nottingham. A civil war broke out between the King and Parliament.
"CAVALIERS" - Northern and Western Counties
"ROUNDHEADS" - Southeast Counties
slide 15
CIVIL WAR
At first, military operations did not bring victories to parliament, since the army of the king, where most of the nobles served, was more familiar with the art of warfare. The soldiers were mercenaries who fought for the highest bidder. By the end of 1642, the king was 50 kilometers from London and continued to advance.
slide 16
CIVIL WAR
Nevertheless, at the beginning of 1645, the House of Commons took measures to strengthen the army of Parliament, creating a single army. The creator of the new army was the nobleman Oliver Cromwell (1599-1658), who received the rank of lieutenant general. His cavalry detachments were nicknamed "iron-sided" for iron discipline and stamina in battle.
Slide 17
CIVIL WAR
In this army, in order to become an officer, noble origin was not required at all. Among the colonels were the shoemaker Houston, the cabman Pride, the boilermaker Fox, and others. Many officers were quite young.
Slide 18
CIVIL WAR
The army of Parliament, which included Cromwell's cavalry, on June 14, 1645, near the village of Naseby, defeated the king's army in a fierce battle. Charles I fled, followed by his entire army.
naseby
London
Slide 19
CIVIL WAR
Charles I tried to take refuge in Scotland. However, in February 1647, the Scots handed over Charles I to Parliament for 400,000 pounds. The first civil war is over.
Slide 20
PARLIAMENT REFORM
The defeat of the army of "cavaliers" made it possible for the parliament, the majority of which were moderate Puritans, to carry out important reforms: the noble landowners were exempted from feudal taxes; merchants could now not buy a trade permit; the church completely submitted to parliament; royal and episcopal lands were confiscated.
slide 21
SECOND CIVIL WAR
But the Puritans, who served in the army and were more determined, demanded freedom of religion and greater limitation of royal power.
slide 22
SECOND CIVIL WAR
Oliver Cromwell could not allow an alliance between the moderates and the king. In the winter of 1647, the king was placed under guard in the castle. In this situation, the army carried out a purge of Parliament - they expelled all moderate Puritans (Colonel Pride led the operation, hence the name "Pride Purge"). The remaining MPs supported the army's demand.
