Up to a certain level of anthropogenic impact, the required state natural conditions provided by nature itself through self-regulation and self-purification. The increasing impact of human activity on the natural environment requires regulation of its quality. To do this, we need standards for the maximum permissible human impact on nature.

Quality natural environment - this is the degree of compliance of natural conditions with the needs of living organisms, including humans.

Environmental regulation- this is a scientifically substantiated limitation of the impact of economic or other human activities on the purity and resources of the biosphere, which preserves the required quality of the natural environment and provides for the socio-economic needs of human society.

The norms and standards of the quality of the natural environment are divided into sanitary and hygienic, environmental, industrial and economic. To control and manage the quality of the natural environment, the following sanitary and hygienic standards are developed, determined and legally established: a) the maximum permissible concentration (MPC) of harmful substances in air, water, soil, food; b) the maximum permissible level (MPL) of exposure to radiation, noise, vibration, electromagnetic fields.

Standards for pollution of the natural environment. For quality assessment air environment The following types of MPC are used:

MPC R3. - the concentration of a substance in the air of the working area, which does not cause illness to the worker with an 8-hour daily inhalation of this air during the entire working experience;

MPC MR. (maximum one-time MPC) - the concentration of a substance in the air locality, which in 30 minutes of its inhalation does not cause reflex reactions in the human body;

MPCc.c. (average daily MPC is the concentration of a substance in the air of a settlement, which, if inhaled for an indefinitely long time, does not have a harmful effect on a person.

When assessing quality aquatic environment There are two types of MPC:

MPCv (MPC of a reservoir) - maximum concentration harmful substance in a reservoir that does not affect the health of a person and his descendants and does not worsen the conditions for water use;

MPC in. p (fishery MPC) is the concentration of a harmful substance in a water body that does not affect the vital activity of aquatic organisms (fish, algae, bacteria).

For soil as MPC are accepted maximum amount harmful substance (mg/kg) in the arable layer of dry soil, which guarantees the absence of its negative impact on human health, its offspring and sanitary living conditions of the population.

In Russia, MPCs have been set for 2,000 substances in the air, 1,400 in water and 200 in soil. The entire array of normalized pollutants can be divided into three groups.

group - substances with a large normalized concentration and wide distribution. These are oxides of sulfur and nitrogen, carbon monoxide CO, ammonia, halogens, low molecular weight hydrocarbons, metals of electroplating industries and their water-soluble compounds.

group - the largest group of regulated substances (from 60 to 80%), with a range of regulated concentrations lower than for substances of group 1. These are many organic pollutants, heavy metals and their water-soluble compounds.

group - clearly toxic substances with the lowest standardized concentrations. These are organophosphorus compounds, dioxins, 3,4 - benzpyrene, etc.

Standards for pollution sources of nature protection. Enterprises must have established standards for emissions, discharges and waste.

MPE - extremely allowable release harmful substances into the atmosphere, given by the source per unit of time, kg/day. MPE is set for each source of pollution, taking into account that its emissions, together with emissions from other sources of a given enterprise or other enterprises of a settlement, do not create a surface concentration of harmful substances Cm that exceeds the average daily MPCcc of a settlement (see calculations in paragraph 4.2.1).

PDS - discharge limit harmful substances into water bodies. PDS is the mass of a pollutant in Wastewater ah, the maximum allowable discharge into water streams per unit of time, which does not pollute water above the MPC at the control point (point) of the water stream. For water bodies (streams) for household and domestic purposes, the control point (target) is set at 1 km above first downstream of the water point. For water bodies for fisheries purposes, the target is set at a distance of not more than 500 m below wastewater disposal sites.

The values ​​of the maximum allowable discharge of MPD (g / h) are determined by the formula: MPD = Qst C st, where Qst is the maximum wastewater flow rate, m 3 / h; Cst is the concentration of pollutants, g/m 3 (see also calculations in Section 4.3.1).

Waste. PRO - limiting disposal of waste. The PRO limit is the amount or mass of waste that is allowed to be disposed of in a set period of time. Usually it is determined at the stage of development of the project and the technological regulations of the enterprise. Both the project and the regulations are undergoing a number of approvals and examinations, including environmental ones, which determine the missile defense standards.

In some cases, set temporary rules: VDC rz - temporarily permissible concentration of a harmful substance in the working area; similarly: VDK v, VDK p, etc. The standards for physical pollution of the natural environment are given in clause 2.3.6 and clause 2.3.7.

Benedict Spinoza

What is a person? What is a person? Why was man created? What is the true nature of man, which determines his essence? In part, human psychology, as well as other human sciences, gives us answers to these and many other questions about ourselves. But these answers are clearly not enough for us to fully understand ourselves and other people, so we are still in search of an answer to the question: “who are we and why are we here?”. The nature of man, which will be discussed in this article, has not yet been fully studied, but what we already know about it is quite enough for us to understand many of the most important points in human behavior. And this understanding of the causes of people's behavior will allow us to find the “key” to every person without exception, including ourselves. Let's figure out who we are, people, after all, and why we were created.

We can call human nature all those innate, genetically determined qualities and behaviors that are inherent in all people. Human nature is everything that has always been in us, from the moment of our appearance, and that makes us human. Human nature is that which is characteristic of man as a species. Human nature is what determines our eternal and unchanging aspirations and desires. Human nature is our ability to specifically respond to external stimuli and perceive in a certain way the world. Human nature is our ability to shape the world for ourselves. And finally, the nature of man is his ability to survive. The last definition, in my opinion, best of all explains the nature of a person, as a biopsychic construction necessary for him, as for a species. Therefore, let's focus on this definition and discuss it in more detail. After all, philosophical disputes about human nature have a long history, and there can be many opinions about what it is - human nature. We need to understand the obvious in this matter, which we can verify, if necessary, by elementary observations of ourselves and other people. And more obvious to us, in my opinion, is not the definition of what human nature is, but what is its meaning and what it is intended for. After all, if we humans cannot or do not want to determine the structure of human nature, then we need to study its functions in order to then link them to various elements of the structure and thus understand it. It's both easier and more interesting. After all, what is more important for us - to know who we are, or what we are capable of? In my opinion, the best way to study human nature is from the standpoint of our needs, desires, goals and capabilities. So let's do just that.

So, in order to better understand human nature, it is necessary to understand the meaning of its purpose, which is quite simple to understand, if you do not go into details - human nature is designed for the survival of man and mankind. By nature, we are what we must be in order to survive in this world, therefore, when studying and explaining human behavior, one should always proceed primarily from this basic need. This need gives rise to other needs, which in turn induce a person to certain actions necessary to satisfy these needs.

To understand what people are inherently capable of, let's look at human nature through the prism of biblical commandments that show us what negative qualities a person has and how they manifest themselves in him. With your permission, I will cite only some of them, namely, the sixth, seventh, eighth, ninth and tenth commandments. It is faster and easier for me to explain them, so I will show you, using their example, what is natural for people. So these commandments are: Thou shalt not kill; do not commit adultery; do not steal; do not bear false witness and do not covet what your neighbor has. That is, do not do what, attention - you want, you can, and in some situations you are forced and inclined to do. Do you understand what these commandments tell us? They tell us that all these actions and desires are characteristic of a person - he tends to kill, commit adultery, steal, lie, desire what others have, but what he does not have, and this, as you understand, is only a small part of those actions and desires to which we are inclined from birth, which are inherent in us by nature itself, or, if you like, given to us by God. Here, too, a logical question arises - if God does not like certain qualities of a person, then why did he endow him with them? To then punish a person for his natural behavior? What for? Okay, we will discuss these issues some other time, now we are not interested in religion, it has its own purpose, we are interested in human nature, which we need to understand well in order to understand ourselves and other people and live in accordance with this understanding, then is, in harmony with its nature.

So, as we can see, a person is characterized by everything that God forbids him to do with the help of his commandments, and much more that society forbids him to do with the help of his laws. It is also characteristic of man that what we call good, kind deeds. This, in turn, means that a person by nature is not good and not evil, not bad and not good, he is simply the way he is, the way he should be, so that not only he himself, but his kind, could survive in this harsh world. If we are inclined to kill, steal, deceive, commit adultery, and also to other, both bad and good deeds, then we need to perform them in certain life situations, to survive. Therefore, we should not evaluate our actions as good or bad, since they are all inherent in our nature, we need to understand their necessity for us in certain situations. We cannot completely change our nature, and probably should not, but we can supplement it, complicate it, improve it, develop it, and we can control it. But most importantly, we must subordinate our nature to ourselves, so that it does not rule us, but we do it. Then our behavior will be as rational, prudent, practical and adequate as possible, and therefore reasonable.

So as you can see, friends, our behavior can tell us who we are by showing us why we are. Our actions tell us about our capabilities, and our capabilities indicate our needs, for the satisfaction of which we perform these actions. And our needs are determined by the need to maintain life. Therefore, a person most often does something not because he wants to do it, but because he must and, most importantly, can do it. In some situations, we, due to our personal qualities, can be evil and cruel, in others, kind and sympathetic, ready to help our neighbor. We react to external stimuli and act according to our nature and our capabilities. And depending on who we have become in the course of our lives, our capabilities and abilities can vary greatly, and usually do. This means that we can behave differently in the same situations. We are different, friends, despite our nature, which is the same for all of us, and we have always been and will be different. A person is formed as a person under the influence of natural and social factors, so we are relatively easy to adapt and adapt to almost any conditions. But someone does it better, someone worse. We also tend to adapt the world for ourselves, creating a human situation, that is, an environment that suits us, in which we are comfortable and safe to live. We have, or rather may have, both the desire and the possibilities for this. And again, depending on the level of development that determines a person’s capabilities, he either wakes up with a desire to change everything around him, or not. The more primitive the creature, the weaker it is, and the weaker it is, the more often it is forced to adapt to external conditions, rather than change them. Therefore, a person adapts to everything that he cannot change. That is, it's not about desire, it's about opportunities. The ability to adapt makes us more tenacious, and the ability to adapt speaks of great strength and high level human development. This is how human nature can manifest itself in different ways, the basis of which is unchanged, but a person develops certain personal qualities in himself in the process of life, or life develops them in him, with the help of various life scenarios. Also, in the process of life, a person, if he is constantly engaged in self-development and self-improvement, discovers in himself more and more new opportunities inherent in his nature. That is why it is so difficult to say what it is - human nature in its holistic form, because there is no limit to human perfection, which means that we will always learn something new about ourselves and our capabilities.

From the need to survive in our world, which is very unfriendly to humans, our basic instinctive needs also follow, which are the same for all of us. Our worldview and understanding of the world may be different, but the basic, or rather, primary needs are the same for everyone, and every person on this planet strives to satisfy them. This is the need for food, water, security, sexual satisfaction, in general, everything that a person needs for survival and procreation. This is followed by more sublime, secondary needs that a person begins to experience as he meets his basic needs [physiological needs and the need for security, that is, to guarantee the satisfaction of physiological needs]. Familiarize yourself with the pyramid of needs of Abraham Maslow, in my opinion, it perfectly demonstrates not only what needs may be due to the specific behavior of a particular person, but also what level of development this or that person or group of people is at, depending on their aspirations and capabilities meet one or another of their needs. The hierarchy of needs shows us what the nature of a person as a whole [known to us] is and how it manifests itself in different people, depending on their development, lifestyle, environment, opportunities. It is easier for a more developed person to satisfy his needs, especially the lower ones, so he is more calm and less aggressive. It should also be said that the higher the intelligence of a person, the more veiled and thoughtful will be his desire to satisfy his needs, and therefore more successful.

In general, our whole life comes down to satisfying our needs, and can differ only in what needs at one time or another of our lives each of us strives to satisfy. From this point of view, we are not much different from animals, except that only as we develop we awaken new, higher needs in ourselves and, thanks to our intellect, can find more opportunities to satisfy them. In this sense, we, as I have already said, have unlimited potential for expanding our capabilities. So it is still unknown how much we can change the world, but that we will strive for this is beyond doubt. After all, in addition to needs, a person also has desires that have gone far ahead of his capabilities, and they pull a person up to that stage of development, being at which he can fulfill these desires. In this sense, human nature is unique - we can want what is not there, but what we guess about, what we dream about. So dreams like more highest form needs also motivate us to take action. Curiosity and the desire to change the world, and at the same time oneself, is an integral feature of human nature. And this is not surprising. After all, the energy potential of a person is very high, so it is natural for him to strive for maximum action, after which, depending on the capabilities of each individual person, the world can change dramatically, both for the better and for the worse.

In general, friends, the nature and essence of a person is known through careful observation of different people, the study of their culture and history, traditions and laws, as well as through self-observation, because some part of human nature is manifested in each of us. Those qualities that a person has and that manifest themselves in him in certain situations are an integral part of his nature, and the more primitive a person is, the easier it is to understand his innate, unchanging essence, which changes the more the more actively a person develops, improves, and consequently complicates its behavior and habits. The very tendency of a person to change his life and complicate his behavior is also his natural quality. Therefore, what we call the human mind is undoubtedly present in it, but it requires development, since the higher the rationality of a person, the more adequate to the existing reality he behaves. And as you and I know, a person is not always adequate in his behavior, which in turn means that human nature is unreasonable, but it is in our power to make ourselves enough sentient beings, using the potential inherent in us.

The most interesting and, perhaps, important thing in human nature is that it, this nature, can be adapted to almost any lifestyle. Man is a suggestible being, you can suggest anything to him, thereby creating in him the so-called “second nature”. The second nature is the first nature modified, or better to say, supplemented by man. That is, the second nature is a set of sensory, cognitive, and operational traits acquired in addition to the basic personality. It can be said even more simply - the permanent qualities of the personality that are acquired are the second nature of man. A person, as a rule, considers the qualities he has acquired as a natural part of his personality, like everything that is given to him genetically. Thus, a person, thanks to suggestion and self-suggestion, can consider as part of his nature such moments in his behavior, and such his desires and needs that are not characteristic of him by nature, according to his “first nature”, but which he acquired and developed during life. For example, the “second nature” of a person is his cultural education, as well as his professional skills and demeanor, which he developed in himself. The second nature of a person is expressed in such situations, for example, when a person begins to associate himself with his activities, with his cultural and mental merits, as well as with his hobbies and achievements. As for suggestions, it is possible, for example, to inspire a person with the idea that sex is a sin and it is a sin to engage in it, and therefore it is not necessary. And a person who believes in this will not have sex, thus going against his own nature, that is, against his first nature. You can also inspire a person with the idea that he is a certain person who has certain qualities, for example, you can inspire him that he is a slave, born to serve his master. And this role accepted by a person will become his second nature, and he will behave accordingly to this role. So, friends, a lot depends on what other people inspire us and what we inspire ourselves in our life, maybe even everything. Each of us will be in this life what other people or ourselves make us. Human nature is quite flexible and even to some extent unpredictable, because we still don’t know much about what a person can be if we create certain conditions for him or subject him to certain tests, or if we inspire him with something like that, which will completely change his personality and behavior. Therefore, it is very important to pay serious attention to everything that enters our head in order not to allow thoughts, emotions, opinions, actions, values ​​and goals that are abnormal for us to become normal.

So far, we know about human nature only what people have been able to learn about it throughout their history and what we ourselves can see by observing human behavior. But we still do not know much about ourselves, since a person is not fully known, and it is not known whether he will ever be fully known at all, especially by himself. However, we can conclude that human nature is fundamentally unchanged, our basic needs and primitive ways of satisfying them have not changed throughout our history. This, in turn, means that every newly born person is like a blank slate on which you can draw anything, regardless of who his ancestors were. By nature, all people are almost the same, they all have the same instincts that control them and determine their needs. Any qualities inherent in one person, under certain circumstances, can be inherent in another person. Whatever one person can do, other people can, if they make the necessary efforts. From this we can draw a very simple, but very useful conclusion for us - by ourselves we can partially know other people, just as well as how well we know ourselves, and by other people we can understand what a person can be like, what qualities are inherent in him by nature, what abilities he has and therefore, we can understand what kind of person we are capable of becoming. That is, everything that is in other people is in each of us, in an active or passive state. And everything that is in us is also in other people. A completely logical conclusion follows from this - do not judge, so that you will not be judged, for what is inherent in others is inherent in you, and under certain circumstances you can behave the way those whom you condemn behave.

And that's what I want to tell you in the end, dear friends. Regardless of our nature, we can become whoever we want to be in this life. Man invents himself, according to his own desire. His, this desire, you only need to have. And even if the nature of man is unchanged, nevertheless, firstly, it is not fully understood and therefore you and I do not know what else we can be capable of, in addition to what we already know and what we know about ourselves, and secondly, it in no way prevents us from changing ourselves and our behavior, both as necessary and depending on our desires. Remember, you will be who you choose to be in this life. So do not deprive yourself of the opportunity to determine your own destiny.

natural qualities

We are all born in the bosom of our beautiful world and live our lives in it. Accordingly, the universal immateriality of nature directly penetrates into our souls and is deposited in them. Because of this, the human soul has:

• A) natural qualities as such;
• b) natural states;
• c) the ability to feeling.

Natural qualities as such

Universal natural qualities . Plants and animals are in direct unity with the cosmic and meteorological life of the planet. People also have a direct connection with nature, but to a lesser extent. The more people are educated and separated from it by the benefits of civilization, the less they are dependent on the processes taking place in it.

Change of seasons. In humans, the change of seasons manifests itself in the form of a change predispositions souls. Conditions winters dispose to self-deepening, to learning, to focusing our forces on creativity and home life. Spring enhances the feeling of natural unity of the individual with the family, which, on the one hand, is expressed in an increase in attraction to the opposite sex, and on the other, in an aggravated sense of loneliness. Summer- a fussy time when a person feels that he has escaped (or pushed) out of the usual rhythm of everyday work to freedom. It is conducive to active recreation, to rapprochement with nature, to travel. autumn there is a growing predisposition to restore the rhythm of work and life, to consolidate the results achieved, to switch a person's attention to creativity, to creation.

And every autumn I bloom again.

Russian cold is good for my health.

Desires boil - I'm happy again, young,

I am full of life again...

A.S. Pushkin

Alternating time of day causes change mood souls. In the morning the soul is still in a state of immersion in itself, in the essential world of man. Therefore, in the morning we are dominated by a mood of concentration and seriousness in relation to the upcoming affairs. Afternoon the soul indulges in work, during which it intensively perceives the diverse material of the reality surrounding us. In the evening the soul is in a state of dispersal. She is tuned in to abstract thoughts and entertainment. At night the human soul passes into a state of concentration in itself. During sleep, all the diversity of daytime impressions plunges into the depths of the soul and is sensually experienced by it.

weather change. Plants and animals foresee a change in the weather for a long time, which is clearly reflected in their behavior. Changes in the weather also affect well-being of people. If the temperature per day changes by 15-20 degrees and, accordingly, changes Atmosphere pressure, it affects the condition of all people. Less sudden weather changes are felt weather sensitive People. But unlike the change of seasons and the alternation of parts of the day, which are subject to a certain pattern, weather changes are less predictable.

Special natural qualities determined by the following factors:

• - religious;
• - national;
• - family (tribal);
• - zodiac.

Religions. Being base element cultures of peoples, religion leaves its mark on the mental warehouse of people who profess it. The first difference is between representatives of world religions: Buddhism, Judaism, Christianity, Islam. Further differences are already observed within the religions themselves. The Christian world is divided into Catholics, Protestants, Orthodox and other confessions. The Islamic world - on Sunnis and Shiites. In Buddhism - Mahayana, Lamaism, Tantrism.

All differences contained in religions are reflected in spiritual qualities ah people. But with varying degrees of intensity, which depends on the conditions of upbringing, the level of education, the ideology of society in relation to the church. For some people, they may appear more, for others - less, but if we take as a whole the whole people professing a particular religion, then these differences appear very clearly: Christian Europe, the Muslim Near and Middle East, Buddhist China and Southeast Asia .

Nations. In the formation of the national qualities of a particular people, the influence of the geographical features of the territory of its residence affected: the sea, the steppe, the tundra, the mountains ... We single out the character mountain, steppe, northern peoples. Territory of residence great Peoples includes, as a rule, a diverse relief: forests, steppes, mountains, sea, which is also reflected in their national character.

In addition to external factors, in the course of the formation of the national spirit of peoples, their reflection in relation to each other plays a significant role. Each nation, striving to realize its originality, develops in itself those special qualities that are less developed in others. In other words, features national character developed according to the principle "what is pleasant to one, is not good to another." As a result, today at the mention of such words as a Englishman, Frenchman, Italian, German, Russian, Chinese etc., in our mind, a quite definite image of a person appears, which differs from all the others in a set of its national spiritual qualities.

Family (generic) qualities. They also have a place to be and be inherited. They say, for example: "Everyone in our family sings well." Or: "They have a whole family obsessed with cats."

Zodiac types. In addition to religious, national and family qualities, people also differ in the zodiacal features of their mental makeup. Someone takes into account these differences, someone does not, but almost no one denies their existence.

religious, national, tribal And zodiacal differences form the special natural qualities of human souls. They manifest themselves through their appearance, lifestyle, their predisposition to certain types of activities, professions, etc. However, highlighting these qualities, it is important to remember that they all refer only to steps natural definitions souls. The consciousness of people is free from these qualities and does not depend on them. And this means that segregation theorists of all stripes - racists, nationalists and religious fundamentalists - should understand that all arguments about the spiritual superiority of one race, nation or religion over others do not contain any truth! The main thing in a person is the mind, for which there are no restrictions associated with the natural qualities of the soul.

TO single natural qualities relate:

• a) natural inclinations: talent And genius;
• b) temperament;
• c) character.

TO natural inclinations belong talent And genius. Both words express a certain predisposition that a person receives from nature, but genius is wider than talent. Genius creates something new in the field universal, whereas talent generates something new only in the sphere special. In other words, genius creates (develops) a new principle, while talent operates within the boundaries of what has already been discovered.

If talent and genius are manifested through one or another type of activity, then temperament has no direct connection with the difference in the types of activities of people. It cannot be said that all musicians are sanguine and librarians are phlegmatic. The main difference between the generally accepted types of temperament is sanguine, phlegmatic, choleric And melancholy - lies in how subjective world human is integrated into objective processes . One person easily tunes in to work and immediately begins to perform it. Others, on the contrary, need time to internally prepare for it. Some football players warm up before the game. Others, on the contrary, sit in a relaxed state. One person needs a measured way of life, where everything goes "according to the schedule", and at the same time he does not forget about anything and manages to do everything. The other person is more easily reorganized from one job to another, but that is why he is less predictable and reliable. natural feeling feeling

The contrast of different types of temperament in antiquity and in the Middle Ages appeared in the behavior of people more sharply and directly than at the present time. In the modern urbanized and technologically advanced world, the parameters of human behavior are already set mainly by society - education and the moral norms operating in it.

Unlike temperament. character a person is what distinguishes him from all other people. Only through character does a person acquire his stable certainty, his individuality. Character is the procedural side of a person's activity, during which he, not allowing himself to be led astray from the chosen path, pursues his goals and interests, maintaining agreement with himself in all actions. A person with character impresses other people, because they know who they are dealing with in his face. Every man should be required to show character.

If makings And temperament human beings are of natural origin, character, as they say, it will come with time. Nevertheless, it cannot be denied that character also has a natural basis, that some people are already from birth predisposed to possessing a stronger character than others.

More unique qualities of human souls include idiosyncrasies : fear of heights, a tendency to steal, the ability to move the ears, the ability to easily sit on the twine, multiply in the mind big numbers, feel sympathy for some words and names and dislike for others, etc. These properties are of a single, random nature and therefore cannot have a universal value.

We are all born in the bosom of our world and live our lives in it. Accordingly, the universal immateriality of nature in all its concrete manifestations directly penetrates into our souls and is deposited in them. By virtue of such natural predestination, the soul of each person has:

Natural qualities as such;

natural states;

The ability to feel.

Natural qualities as such

The first group consists universal natural qualities. Plants and animals are in direct unity with the cosmic and meteorological life of the planet. People also have a direct connection with nature, but to a lesser extent. The more people are educated and separated from it by the benefits of civilization, the less they are dependent on the processes taking place in it.

Change of seasons. In humans, the change of seasons manifests itself in the form of a change predispositions souls. Conditions winters dispose to self-deepening, to learning, to focusing our forces on creativity and home life. Spring enhances the feeling of natural unity of the individual with the family, which, on the one hand, is expressed in an increase in attraction to the opposite sex, and on the other, in an aggravated sense of loneliness. It is in the spring that both the mass flowering of love feelings and the largest number of suicides occur. Summer- a fussy time when a person feels that he has escaped (or pushed) out of the usual rhythm of everyday work to freedom. It is conducive to active recreation, to rapprochement with nature, to travel. autumn there is a growing predisposition to restore the rhythm of work and life, to consolidate the results achieved, to switch a person's attention to creativity, to creation.

And every autumn I bloom again.

Russian cold is good for my health.

Desires boil - I'm happy again, young,

I am full of life again...

Alternating time of day causes change mood souls. In the morning the soul is still in a state of immersion in itself, in the essential world of man. Therefore, in the morning we are dominated by a mood of concentration and seriousness in relation to the upcoming affairs. Afternoon the soul indulges in work, during which it intensively perceives the diverse material of the reality surrounding us. In the evening the soul is in a state of dispersal. She is tuned in to abstract thoughts and entertainment. At night the human soul passes from the tiring state of daily bustle to the state of solitude in itself. In a dream, all the diversity of daytime impressions plunges into the depths of the soul and is sensually experienced by it.

weather change. Plants and animals foresee a change in the weather for a long time, which is clearly reflected in their behavior. Changes in the weather also affect well-being of people. If the temperature changes by 15-20 degrees per day and, accordingly, atmospheric pressure changes, then this affects the condition of all people. Less sudden weather changes are felt weather sensitive People. But unlike the change of seasons and the alternation of parts of the day, which are subject to a certain pattern, weather changes are less predictable.

The second group consists special natural qualities which are determined by the following factors:

Religious;

National;

Family (generic);

Zodiacal.

Religions. Being a basic element of the culture of peoples, religion leaves its mark on the spiritual warehouse of the people who profess it. The first difference is between representatives of world religions: Buddhism, Judaism, Christianity, Islam. Further differences are already observed within the religions themselves. The Christian world is divided into Catholics, Protestants, Orthodox and other confessions. The Islamic world is against Sunnis and Shiites. In Buddhism - Mahayana, Lamaism, Tantrism.

All the differences contained in them are reflected in the qualities inherent in human souls, but with varying degrees of intensity, which depends on the conditions of upbringing, the level of education, the ideology of society in relation to the church. For some people, they may appear more, for others - less, but if we take as a whole the whole people professing a particular religion, then these differences appear very clearly: Christian Europe, Muslim Middle East and Central Asia, Buddhist China and Southeast Asia. Asia.

nations. The special qualities of the soul are further specified through national spirit , or national character the people to which the person belongs. In the formation of national qualities, the influence of the geographical features of the territory where the people lived affected: the sea, the steppe, the forest-steppe, the tundra, the mountains. We highlight character mountain peoples, character steppe peoples, character northern peoples. Territory of residence great Peoples includes, as a rule, a diverse relief: forests, steppes, mountains, sea, which is also reflected in their national character.

In addition to external factors, in the formation of the national spirit of peoples, their reflection in relation to each other plays a significant role. Each nation, striving to realize itself in its national identity, develops in itself those special qualities that are less developed in others. In other words, the traits of the national character developed according to the principle "what one likes, another is not good for." As a result, today at the mention of such words as a Englishman, Frenchman, Italian, German, Russian, Chinese etc., in our mind, a quite definite image of a person appears, which differs from all the others in a set of its national spiritual qualities.

Family (generic) qualities. They also have a place to be and be inherited. They say, for example: "Everyone in our family sings well." Or: "They have a whole family obsessed with cats."

Zodiac types. In addition to religious, national and family qualities, people also differ in the zodiacal features of their mental makeup. These qualities are described according to two schemes: European, where the year is divided into 12 periods, and Eastern, where the division is carried out according to the years of the 12-year cycle.

Religious, national, tribal and zodiac differences make up the special natural qualities of people. They manifest themselves through their appearance, lifestyle, their predisposition to certain types of activities, professions, etc. However, highlighting these qualities, it is important to remember that they all refer only to steps natural definitions souls and do not affect the very essence of the human spirit. The consciousness of people is free in relation to the natural qualities of souls and does not depend on them. And this means that segregation theorists of all stripes - racists, nationalists and religious fundamentalists - should understand that all arguments about the spiritual superiority of one race, nation or religion over others do not contain any truth! The main thing in a person is the mind, for which there are no restrictions associated with the natural qualities of the soul.

The third group is formed single natural qualities, which include:

a) natural inclinations: talent And genius;

b) temperament;

c) character.

Under naturalmakings one should understand the totality of those qualities of a person that are given to him from birth, in contrast to all the knowledge and skills that he acquires in the course of his life. To the natural inclinations belong talent And genius. Both words express a certain predisposition that a person receives from nature, but genius wider talent.

Genius creates something new in the field universal, whereas talent generates something new only in the sphere special. In other words, genius creates (develops) a new principle, while talent operates within an already discovered principle.

If talent and genius are manifested through one or another type of human activity, then temperament On the contrary, it has no direct connection with various types people's activities. It cannot be said that all musicians are sanguine and librarians are phlegmatic. The main difference between the generally accepted types of temperament is sanguine, phlegmatic, choleric And melancholy - lies in how subjective world human is integrated into objective processes .

One person easily tunes in to work and immediately begins to perform it. Another, on the contrary, needs some time to internally prepare for it, to focus on its implementation. Some football players warm up before the game. Others, on the contrary, sit on the grass in a relaxed state. One person needs a measured way of life, where everything goes “according to the schedule”, according to which he methodically moves from one thing to another and at the same time does not forget about anything and has time for everything. The other person is more impulsive. It is easier to change from one job to another, but for this very reason it is less predictable and reliable.

The contrast of different types of temperament in antiquity and in the Middle Ages appeared in the behavior of people more sharply and directly than at the present time. In today's urbanized and technological society, this distinction is losing its former meaning. The parameters of human behavior are already set mainly by society - education and the moral norms operating in it.

Unlike temperament. character a person is what distinguishes him from all other people. Only through character does a person acquire his stable certainty, his individuality. Character is the procedural side of a person’s activity, during which, without letting himself be led astray, he pursues his goals and interests, maintaining agreement with himself in all actions. A person with character impresses other people, because they know who they are dealing with in his face. Every man should be required to show character.

If makings And temperament human beings are of natural origin, character, as they say, it will come with time. Nevertheless, it cannot be denied that character also has a certain natural basis, that some people are already from birth predisposed to possessing a stronger character than others. Therefore, we consider character here, in the doctrine of the natural qualities of the soul.

More unique qualities of human souls include idiosyncrasies : fear of heights, a tendency to steal, the ability to move your ears, the ability to easily sit on a twine, multiply large numbers in your mind, feel sympathy for some words and names and dislike for others, etc. These properties are of a single, random nature and therefore cannot have a universal value.

We are all born in the bosom of our world and live in it all our lives. Accordingly, the universal immateriality of nature in all its concrete manifestations directly penetrates into the souls of people and is deposited in them.

By virtue of such natural predestination, the soul of each person has:

a) natural qualities as such,

b) a change in natural states,

c) the ability to feel.

Natural qualities as such

§541. Natural qualities precede all that rich content that the soul of each person acquires independently in the process of his whole life.

The first group consists of those natural qualities that are deposited in the soul under the influence of the cosmic and meteorological process of the planet and therefore have a universal character:

change of seasons,

Alternating parts of the day

Weather changes.

The second group consists of those natural qualities that are due to the division of the entire mass of humanity into special parts:

religious,

national,

Zodiacal.

The third group of natural qualities has a single character:

The innate inclinations of a person

Temperament,

Character.

§542. General qualities. Plants and animals are in direct unity with the cosmic and meteorological life of the planet. One might therefore say that they are closer to it, but this expression is meaningless, since plants and animals are themselves part of nature. People also have a direct connection with the cosmic and meteorological life of the planet, but to a lesser extent. The more people are educated and separated from nature by the benefits of civilization, the less they are dependent on the processes taking place in it.

Change of seasons. Plants are entirely dependent on the change of seasons. In the spring they come to life and bloom, in the summer they grow and form fruits, in the fall they bear fruit, and in winter they have a suspension of development. The behavior of animals also directly depends on the change of seasons, according to which they have mating periods, migration seasons, hibernation, etc.

In humans, the change of seasons manifests itself in the form of a change in the dispositions of the soul. The conditions of winter dispose us to self-deepening, to learning, to concentrating our forces on creativity and home life. Spring enhances the feeling of natural unity of the individual with the family, which, on the one hand, is expressed in an increase in attraction to the opposite sex, and on the other, in an aggravated sense of loneliness. It is in the spring that both the mass flowering of love feelings and the largest number of suicides occur. Summer is a hectic time, when a person feels that he has escaped (or pushed) out of the usual rhythm of everyday work to freedom. It is conducive to active recreation, to rapprochement with nature, to travel. In autumn, there is a growing predisposition to restore the rhythm of work and life, to consolidate the results achieved, to switch a person's attention to creativity, to creation.

And every autumn I bloom again.

Russian cold is good for my health.

Desires boil - I'm happy again, young,

I am full of life again...

The change of seasons does not cause in a person any manifestations beyond the control of his consciousness. And if, for example, many religious holidays are tied to one or another period of the year, then this was done not by natural instinct, but by quite conscious calculation.

The alternation of the time of day causes a change in the mood of the soul. In the morning, the soul is still in a state of immersion in itself, in the essential world of man. Therefore, in the morning we are dominated by a mood of concentration and seriousness in relation to the upcoming affairs. During the day, the soul indulges in work, during which it intensively perceives the diverse material of the reality around us. In the evening, the soul is in a state of dispersal. She is tuned in to abstract thoughts and entertainment. At night, the soul of a person passes from the tiring state of daytime bustle to a state of solitude in itself. In a dream, all the diversity of daytime impressions plunges into its depths and is sensually experienced by it.

Weather change. Plants and animals foresee a change in the weather for a long time, which is clearly reflected in their behavior. Changes in the weather also affect people's well-being. If the temperature changes by 15-20 degrees per day and, accordingly, atmospheric pressure changes, then this affects the condition of all people. Less abrupt weather changes are felt by weather-sensitive people. But unlike the change of seasons and the alternation of parts of the day, which are subject to a certain pattern, weather changes are less predictable. But, again, the influence of weather on the state of the soul is only procedural in nature and does not affect the very essence of human activity.

§543. special natural qualities. Anthropological differences of human races (Negroid, Caucasoid, Mongoloid) are associated with the geographical features of those territories of the planet where they were formed. But by themselves they do not affect the natural qualities of human souls. It doesn’t matter what race a person belongs to, what matters is the environment in which he grew up, what upbringing and education he received. The special natural qualities of our souls are determined by the following factors:

Religious

national,

Zodiacal.

§544. Religions. Being a basic element of the culture of peoples, religion leaves its mark on the spiritual warehouse of the people who profess it. The first difference here is between representatives of world religions: Buddhism, Judaism, Christianity, Islam. Further differences are already observed within the religions themselves. The Christian world is divided into Catholics, Protestants, Orthodox and other confessions. The Islamic world is against Sunnis and Shiites. In Buddhism - Mahayana, Lamaism, Tantrism.

All the differences contained in them are reflected in the qualities inherent in human souls, but with varying degrees of intensity, which depends on the conditions of upbringing, the level of education, the ideology of society in relation to the church. For some people, they may manifest more, for others less, but if we take the whole people as a whole, then these differences appear very clearly: Christian Europe, the Muslim Middle East and Central Asia, Buddhist China and Southeast Asia.

§545. Nations. The special qualities of the soul receive further specification through the national spirit, or the national character of the people to which the person belongs. In the formation of national qualities, the influence of the geographical features of the territory where the people lived affected: the sea, the steppe, the forest-steppe, the tundra, the mountains. We single out the character of the mountain peoples, the character of the steppe peoples, the character northern peoples. The territory of residence of great peoples includes, as a rule, a diverse relief: forests, and steppes, and mountains, and the sea, which is also reflected in their national character.

In addition to external factors, in the formation of the national spirit of peoples, their reflection in relation to each other plays a significant role. Each nation, striving to realize itself in its national identity, develops in itself those special qualities that are less developed in others. In other words, the traits of the national character developed according to the principle "what one likes, another is not good for." As a result, today, at the mention of such words as Englishman, Frenchman, Italian, German, Russian, Chinese, etc., a very definite image of a person arises in our mind, which differs from all others in a set of its national qualities.

§546. Zodiac signs. In addition to religious and national qualities, people also differ in the zodiacal features of their mental makeup. These differences are described according to two schemes: according to the European one, where the year is divided into 12 periods, and according to the eastern one, where the division is carried out according to the years of the 12-year cycle.

Differences in the psychological types of people born under different signs The zodiac are so obvious and, moreover, so thoroughly studied that it is impossible not to take them into account. Another question: how are they determined? Three factors can be pointed out here.

1. By the influence of periodically changing combinations of stars, on which astrologers themselves insist.

2. The difference in the seasons during which the period of intrauterine development of a person took place. If spring crops differ from winter crops, then it must be assumed that the souls of people born in different periods years, may also be somewhat different from each other.

3. Between the universal qualities of people, which among individual peoples appear in the form of national traits of their character, and the individual qualities of each individual person, there must be a feature connecting them. So, such a natural feature can be precisely the zodiacal differences in the mental types of people. In other words, the division of the entire mass of people into several zodiac types is necessary for the harmonization of the life of society itself. Thanks to them, the necessary richness of the special spiritual qualities of the individuals that make up the fabric of society is ensured.

These are the three factors that can be considered as the reasons for the existence of zodiacal differences. As for a more detailed description of these differences, one should refer to the relevant literature on this issue.

§547. Religious, national and zodiac differences make up the special natural qualities of people. They are manifested through the appearance of people, their way of life, their predisposition to certain types of activities, professions, etc. However, highlighting these qualities, we need to remember that they all refer only to the stage of the natural definitions of the soul and do not affect the very essence of the human spirit. The consciousness of people is free in relation to the natural qualities of their souls and does not depend on them. And this means that segregation theorists of all stripes - racists, nationalists and religious fundamentalists - should understand that all arguments about the spiritual superiority of representatives of one race, nation or religion over others do not contain any truth. The main thing in a person is his mind, for which there are no restrictions associated with the natural qualities of the soul.

§548. Single natural qualities. Universal and special qualities receive their actual manifestation only through the souls of specific people. The soul of each person contains a certain measure of all the qualities discussed above. They are joined by his individual natural qualities, which are:

a) natural inclinations,

b) temperament

c) character.

§549. Natural inclinations should be understood as the totality of those qualities of a person that are given to him from birth, in contrast to all the knowledge and skills that he acquires in the course of his life. Talent and genius belong to natural inclinations. Both words express a certain predisposition that the soul of a person receives from nature, but genius is wider than talent.

Genius generates something new in the sphere of the universal, while talent generates something new only in the sphere of the special. In other words, genius generates a new principle, while talent operates within an already discovered principle. For example, Wilhelm Hegel himself possessed genius, since he first developed in his encyclopedia the principle of logical systematization of the entire arsenal of definitions of our mind. All subsequent commentators on his teachings are at best mere talents.

But the inclinations of nature in themselves, without the will of man to put them into practice, are worth little. In order for talent and genius to be developed and embodied in real deeds corresponding to their measure, a person must work hard. In the words of the born inventor Thomas Edison: "I'm 1% genius and 99% sweat." In religion, this thought is expressed differently: "To whom much is given, much will be required."

In addition to great work, talent and genius also imply the need for a person to master all the achievements that mankind has already accumulated in the relevant field of activity. Without this, the natural inclinations of a person are doomed either to perish or to degenerate into empty originality.

§550. If talent and genius are manifested through one or another type of human activity, then temperament, on the contrary, has no direct connection with various types of human activity. It is impossible, for example, to say that all musicians are sanguine, and all librarians are phlegmatic.

It is difficult to determine what exactly is meant by temperament. It does not refer to the content of actions, nor to the abilities of a person, nor to the passion of his attitude to the matter. The main difference between the generally accepted types of temperament - sanguine, phlegmatic, choleric and melancholic, is, apparently, in how the subjective world of a person is integrated into objective processes.

One person easily tunes in to work and immediately begins to perform it. Another, on the contrary, needs some time to internally prepare for it, to focus on its implementation. Some football players warm up before the game. Others, on the contrary, sit on the grass in a relaxed state. One person needs a measured way of life, where everything goes “according to the schedule”, according to which he methodically moves from one thing to another and at the same time does not forget about anything and has time for everything. The other person is more impulsive. It is easier to change from one job to another, but for this very reason it is less predictable and reliable.

It can be assumed that sanguine and choleric people are more easily involved in work, while melancholic and phlegmatic people are more dependent on their subjectivity, they need more time to tune in to it. On the other hand, sanguine and choleric people are more mobile and easily move from one thing to another, while phlegmatic and melancholic people, on the contrary, go deeper into the essence of the work and find it more difficult to get out of it.

Temperament is an unstable quality that changes depending on both the age of a person and the change in the external circumstances of his life. The more civilized our life becomes, the less those manners of human behavior that are dictated by their natural (animal) nature are manifested. The contrast of different types of temperament in antiquity and in the Middle Ages appeared in the behavior of people more sharply and directly than at the present time. In today's urbanized and technological society, this distinction is losing its former meaning. The parameters of human behavior are already set mainly by society - education and the norms in force in it.

§551. Unlike temperament, a person's character is what distinguishes him from all other people. Only through character does a person acquire his stable certainty, his individuality. Character is the procedural side of a person’s activity, during which, without letting himself be led astray, he pursues his goals and interests, maintaining agreement with himself in all actions. A person with character impresses other people, because they know who they are dealing with in his face. Every man should be required to show character.