Introduction
As a result of studying the materials of meteorological observations carried out in all areas the globe, it is established that the climate is not constant, but subject to certain changes. Started at the end of the 19th century. warming especially intensified in the 1920s and 30s, but then a slow cooling began, which stopped in the 1960s.
Studies by geologists of sedimentary deposits earth's crust showed that in the past epochs there were great changes in climate. Since these changes were due to natural processes, they are called natural.
Along with natural factors, global climate conditions are increasingly influenced by human economic activity .
The purpose of this work is to study climate change on planet Earth.
To achieve this goal, several tasks are required:
)To study the factors influencing climate change.
)Study the effects of climate change.
)Study climate change in the territory Russian Federation.
)Consider how climate change can affect humans.
1. Climate and factors influencing climate change
Climate change - long-term (over 10 years) directed or rhythmic changes in climatic conditions on the Earth as a whole or in its major regions. Climate change is directly or indirectly caused by human activities that cause changes in the composition of the global atmosphere.
Climatic changes can be divided with a certain degree of conditionality into long-term, short-term and fast, occurring in a very short period compared to the characteristic time of changes in the socio-economic sphere. Each of them has its own reasons, regarding which there are a number of hypotheses.
Some of the existing hypotheses are based on the possible influence of extraterrestrial factors on the climate system: changes in the activity of the Sun, features of the Earth's orbital motion, the fall of meteorites, a change in the position of the Earth's magnetic poles. Others try to explain the instability of the climate system by the action of internal causes, such as: an increase in volcanic activity, a change in the concentration of carbon dioxide in the atmosphere, shifts in the system of ocean currents, natural oscillations of the atmospheric circulation.
The sun is the main force that controls the climate system and even the smallest changes in the amount of solar energy can have serious consequences for the earth's climate. For many years, scientists believed that solar activity remained constant. However, satellite observations cast doubt on the validity of this hypothesis.
Solar activity waxes and wanes every eleven years (or twenty-two years, according to some experts) of the solar cycle. There may be other important solar cycles. In order to assess their influence, it is necessary to conduct continuous measurements of solar activity and study traces of the interaction between solar activity and climate over the past centuries and millennia.
Astronomical factors: In the middle of the 20th century, scientists found that for millions of years the most strong influence Earth's climate was affected by periodic changes in its orbit. Over the past 3 million years, regular fluctuations in the number sunlight falling on the surface of the planet, caused a series of ice ages, punctuated by short warm interglacial intervals.
One of the most famous and generally accepted theories of periodic icing of the Earth is astronomical model, proposed in 1920 by the Serbian geophysicist Milutin Milanković. In accordance with the Milankovitch hypothesis, the hemispheres of the Earth, as a result of a change in its movement, can receive less or large quantity solar radiation, which affects global temperature.
Over millions of years, many climatic cycles have changed. At the end of the last ice age, the ice cover that had fettered the north of Europe and North America for 100 thousand years began to decrease and disappeared 6 thousand years ago. Many scientists believe that the development of civilization falls mainly on the warm interval between the ice ages.
The atmosphere heats up, absorbing both solar radiation and the earth's own radiation. The heated atmosphere radiates by itself. Just like the earth's surface, it emits infrared radiation in the range of long waves invisible to the eye. A significant part (about 70%) of atmospheric radiation comes to the earth's surface, which almost completely absorbs it (95-99%). This radiation is called "counter radiation", since it is directed towards the own radiation of the earth's surface. The main substance in the atmosphere that absorbs terrestrial radiation and sends out counter radiation is water vapor.
In addition to water vapor, the atmosphere includes carbon dioxide (CO2) and other gases that absorb energy in the 7-15 µm wavelength range, i.e. where the energy of terrestrial radiation is close to maximum. Relatively small changes in the concentration of CO2 in the atmosphere can affect the temperature of the earth's surface. By analogy with the processes occurring in greenhouses, when radiation penetrating through the protective film heats the earth, the radiation of which is delayed by the film, providing additional heating, this process of interaction of the earth's surface with the atmosphere is called the "greenhouse effect".
The phenomenon of the greenhouse effect makes it possible to maintain a temperature on the Earth's surface at which the emergence and development of life is possible. If the greenhouse effect were absent, the average surface temperature of the globe would be much lower than it is now.
The influence of external factors on global air temperature is studied on the basis of modeling. Most of the works in this direction indicate that over the past 50 years, the estimated rates and scales of warming due to the increase in greenhouse gas emissions are quite comparable with the rates and scales of observed warming or exceed them.
Changes in the concentration of greenhouse gases and aerosols in the atmosphere, changes in solar radiation and the properties of the earth's surface change the energy balance of the climate system. These changes are expressed in the term radiation exposure”, which is used to compare how, due to a number of human and natural factors, the global climate has a warming or cooling effect.
Another obvious cause of climate change is volcanic eruptions. This possibility was discussed as early as the 17th century by Benjamin Franklin. The idea was that clouds of small particles (aerosols) formed during a volcanic eruption can noticeably weaken the flow of short-wave radiation coming to the earth's surface, almost without changing the long-wave radiation going into the world space. Further studies showed that the main influence on the radiation and thermal regime of the Earth is exerted by a layer of sulfuric acid aerosol, which is formed in the stratosphere from sulfur-containing gases ejected by the volcano. Of greatest interest is the effect of volcanic eruptions on air temperature. For general reasons, experts expect temperatures to drop for some time.
The oceans also play an important role in the global climate system. The atmosphere shares a common boundary with the ocean for more than 72% of the Earth's surface and responds to all changes that occur in the ocean. It should also be taken into account that at any moment of time the amount of heat stored in a vertical column of the atmosphere with a height from the Earth's surface to the boundaries of outer space is approximately the same as that contained in a column of ocean water 3 m high, counting from the surface. Therefore, it is the ocean that is the main accumulator and custodian of the energy of solar radiation coming to Earth, which is subsequently released into the atmosphere.
With a huge heat capacity, the oceans have a stabilizing effect on the atmosphere, making it more stable. At the same time, the main parameters of the oceans experience long-term and short-term changes, and some of them are comparable in their time characteristics to changes occurring in the atmosphere.
The current climatic conditions are largely due to the influence of the ocean. The heat reserve in the ocean is distributed unevenly and is constantly moved by ocean currents.
In addition to the constant transfer of heat by surface currents, the ocean undergoes a regular mixing of waters in depth, known as "thermohaline circulation", depending both on the temperature of the water and on its salt content, or salinity. salty water freezes at lower temperatures.
According to a study by Danish scientists, the Earth's magnetic field also significantly affects the climate, and this may lead to a revision of the established opinion that greenhouse gases are mainly responsible for global warming.
According to the 2007 IPCC Assessment Report, there is a 90% chance that observed climate change is due to human activity. A similar hypothesis was put forward back in 1992 at the UN Framework Convention on Climate Change.
The anthropogenic origin of modern climatic changes, in particular, is confirmed by paleoclimatic studies based on the analysis of the content of greenhouse gases in air bubbles frozen into ice. They show that there has not been such a concentration of CO2 as it is now in the last 650 thousand years. Moreover, compared with the pre-industrial era (1750), the concentration of carbon dioxide in the atmosphere increased by a third. Modern global concentrations of methane and nitrous oxide have also significantly exceeded pre-industrial values.
The increase in the concentration of these three main greenhouse gases since the middle of the 18th century, according to scientists, is associated with a very high degree of probability with human economic activity, primarily the combustion of carbon fossil fuels (oil, gas, coal, etc.), industrial processes, and also deforestation - natural sinks of CO2 from the atmosphere.
Global climate change involves the restructuring of all geosystems. Observational data indicate a rise in the level of the World Ocean, melting of glaciers and permafrost, increased unevenness of precipitation, changes in the flow of rivers and other global changes associated with climate instability.
The consequences of climate change are already manifesting themselves, including in the form of an increase in the frequency and intensity of dangerous weather events, the spread of infectious diseases. They cause significant economic damage, threaten the stable existence of ecosystems, as well as the health and life of people. Scientists' conclusions suggest that ongoing climate change may lead to even more dangerous consequences in the future if humanity does not take appropriate preventive measures.
2. Impacts of climate change
climate precipitation ecosystem glacier
In the second half of the XX century. In connection with the rapid development of industry and the growth of energy availability, climate change threats have arisen throughout the planet. Modern scientific research It has been established that the impact of anthropogenic activity on the global climate is associated with the action of several factors, of which the most important are:
· an increase in the amount of atmospheric carbon dioxide, as well as some other gases entering the atmosphere in the course of economic activity, which enhances the greenhouse effect in the atmosphere;
· increase in the mass of atmospheric aerosols;
· an increase in the amount of thermal energy generated in the process of economic activity entering the atmosphere.
Highest value has the first of these causes of anthropogenic climate change. « greenhouse effect<#"201" src="doc_zip1.jpg" />
Figure 2.1 Change in the average annual air temperature in the surface layer of the Earth (1860-2000)
The following effects of global warming are predicted:
· rising sea levels due to the melting of glaciers and polar ice(over the last 100 years by 10-25 cm), which, in turn, results in flooding of territories, displacement of the boundaries of swamps and lowland areas, increased salinity of water in river mouths, as well as the potential loss of human habitation;
· change in precipitation (precipitation increases in northern Europe and decreases in southern Europe);
· change in the hydrological regime, quantity and quality of water resources;
· impact on ecological systems, agriculture (mixing of climatic zones in a northerly direction and migration of species of wild fauna, changes in the seasonality of growth and productivity of land in agriculture and forestry).
All of the above factors can have a catastrophic impact on human health, the economy and society as a whole. The increasing frequency of droughts and the subsequent crisis in agriculture increase the threat of hunger and social stability in some regions of the world. Difficulties with water supply in countries with a warm climate stimulate the spread of tropical and subtropical diseases. As warming trends intensify weather become more volatile and climate-related natural disasters more devastating. The damage caused by natural disasters to the world economy is increasing (Fig. 2.2). In 1998 alone, it exceeded the damage caused by natural disasters in the entire 1980s, tens of thousands of people died and about 25 million "environmental refugees" were forced to leave their homes.
Figure 2.2 Economic damage to the world economy, 1960-2000 (billion US dollars, annually)
At the end of the XX century. humanity came to understand the need to solve one of the most complex and extremely dangerous environmental problems associated with climate change, and in the mid-1970s. began active work in this direction. At the World Climate Conference in Geneva (1979), the foundations of the World Climate Program were laid. In accordance with the resolution of the UN General Assembly on the protection of the global climate for the benefit of present and future generations, the UN Framework Convention on Climate Change (1992) was adopted. The purpose of the convention is to stabilize the concentration of greenhouse gases in the atmosphere at a level that will not have a dangerous impact on the global climate system. Moreover, the solution of this problem is supposed to be carried out in a timeframe sufficient for the natural adaptation of ecosystems to climate change and avoiding the threat to food production, as well as ensuring further economic development on a sustainable basis.
To reduce the threat of global warming, it is necessary first of all to reduce carbon dioxide emissions. Most of these emissions come from the burning of fossil fuels, which still provide more than 75% of the world's energy. The rapidly increasing number of cars on the planet increases the risk of further emissions. Stabilization of CO in the atmosphere at a safe level is possible with an overall reduction (by about 60%) of greenhouse gas emissions that cause global warming. Further development of energy-saving technologies and wider use of renewable energy sources can help in this.
2.1 Changes in frequency and amount of precipitation
In general, the climate on the planet will become more humid. But the amount of precipitation will not spread evenly across the Earth. In regions that already receive enough rainfall today, their fallout will become more intense. And in regions with insufficient moisture, dry periods will become more frequent. Figure 2.1.1 shows how the amount of precipitation will change.
Figure 2.1.1 Map of the distribution of precipitation around the globe.
2.2 Sea level rise
During the 20th century, the mean sea level rose by 0.1-0.2m. According to scientists, in the 21st century sea level rise will be up to 1 m. In this case, coastal areas and small islands will be the most vulnerable. States such as the Netherlands, Great Britain, as well as the small island states of Oceania and the Caribbean will be the first to fall under the risk of flooding. In addition, high tides will become more frequent, and coastal erosion will increase. Figure 2.2.1 shows that the water level is constantly rising.
Figure 2.2.1 Graph of the increase in the level of water on the ground.
2.3 Threats to ecosystems and biodiversity
Species and ecosystems have already begun to respond to climate change. Migratory bird species began to arrive earlier in spring and depart later in autumn.
There are predictions of extinction of up to 30-40% of plant and animal species, as their habitat will change faster than they can adapt to these changes.
With an increase in temperature by 1 °C, a change in the species composition of the forest is predicted. Forests are a natural carbon store (80% of all carbon in terrestrial vegetation and about 40% of carbon in soil). The transition from one type of forest to another will be accompanied by the release of a large amount of carbon.
2.4 Melting glaciers
The current glaciation of the Earth can be considered one of the most sensitive indicators of ongoing global changes. Satellite data show that since the 1960s, there has been a decrease in the area of snow cover by about 10%. Since the 1950s in the Northern Hemisphere, the sea ice area has decreased by almost 10-15%, and the thickness has decreased by 40%. According to forecasts by experts from the Arctic and Antarctic Research Institute (St. Petersburg), in 30 years the Arctic Ocean will completely open from under the ice during the warm period of the year.
The thickness of the Himalayan ice is melting at a rate of 10-15 m per year. At the current rate of these processes, two-thirds of China's glaciers will disappear by 2060, and by 2100 all glaciers will have completely melted.
Accelerated glacier melt poses a range of immediate threats human development. For densely populated mountainous and foothill areas, avalanches, flooding or, conversely, a decrease in the full flow of rivers, and as a result, a reduction in reserves, are of particular danger. fresh water. A clear example of the melting of glaciers can be seen in the Himalayas (Fig. 2.2.4).
Figure 2.2.4 Melting Himalayas
2.5 Agriculture
The impact of warming on agricultural productivity is ambiguous. In some temperate areas, yields may increase with a small increase in temperature, but decrease with large changes in temperature. In tropical and subtropical regions, overall yields are projected to decline.
The worst hit could be inflicted on the poorest countries least prepared to adapt to climate change. According to the IPCC, by 2080 the number of people facing the threat of hunger could increase by 600 million, twice the number of people living in poverty today in sub-Saharan Africa.
2.6 Water consumption and water supply
One of the consequences of climate change may be the lack of drinking water. In regions with arid climates (Central Asia, the Mediterranean, South Africa, Australia, etc.), the situation will be further aggravated due to a decrease in precipitation.
Due to the melting of glaciers, the flow of the largest waterways in Asia - the Brahmaputra, the Ganges, the Yellow River, the Indus, the Mekong, Salween and the Yangtze - will significantly decrease. The scarcity of fresh water will affect not only human health and agricultural development, but will also increase the risk of political divisions and conflicts over access to water resources.
3. Global climate change in Russia
IN Russian society It is generally accepted that since Russia is a cold country, global warming will only benefit it. Estimated benefits are usually expected in agriculture and in reduced heating costs for residential and industrial buildings during the cold season. However, due to the length of the country's territory and the diversity of its natural and climatic features, the consequences of climate change manifest themselves differently in different regions of Russia and can have both positive and negative consequences. negative character.
Indeed, according to the estimates of Roshydromet, which are given in the "Strategic forecast of climate change in the Russian Federation for the period up to 2010-2015. and their impact on the sectors of the Russian economy"<#"232" src="doc_zip6.jpg" />.
Figure 3.1 Total number of dangerous hydrometeorological events in Russia, 1991-2006
It should be added to the above that global warming threatens to create or already creates such additional socio-economic threats as soil subsidence due to permafrost melting (such changes can be dangerous for buildings, engineering and transport structures); increased load on underwater pipelines and the likelihood of their accidental damage and rupture, as well as obstacles to navigation due to increased channel processes on rivers; expansion of the range of infectious diseases (for example, encephalitis, malaria) and others.
In Russia and Alaska, the processes of global warming are going twice as fast as in the rest of the world. About this, according to ITAR-TASS<#"justify">4. Impact of climate change on human health
A warming climate may bring some local benefits: in some areas, the fertile period is lengthening, food production is increasing. However, at the same time, other areas are subject to drought, the desert is encroaching on the once fertile land, which leads to famine, discontent of the population and the redistribution of resources. By 2090, climate change could lead to more drought-affected areas, doubling the number of extreme droughts and sixfold their average duration, experts predict.
In a global sense, climate change is affecting things that are essential for health: clean air, safe drinking water, sufficient food, and safe shelter.
4.1 Extreme heat
Extremely high temperatures that have recently become more frequent in Moscow are also consequences of global warming. During the hot period last summer, when the capital was also covered in smog from peat fires, deaths from cardiovascular and respiratory diseases increased, especially among the elderly. In hot and calm weather, levels of pollutants rise in the air, which exacerbates cardiovascular disease and diseases. respiratory tract. Air pollution in cities causes about 1.2 million deaths each year. Also, during the heat, the concentration of plant pollen and other allergens increases, which worsens the health of people with allergies, especially asthma. That is why it is desirable to spend summer outside the metropolis.
4.2 Natural disasters
Since the 1960s, the number of reported weather-related disasters has tripled.
Disasters associated with the sea (tsunamis, hurricanes, floods) lead to especially devastating consequences, and more than half of the world's population lives within 60 km from the sea.
The frequency and intensification of disasters leads to a decrease in fresh water supplies suitable for drinking. During any natural disaster, sanitation deteriorates, increasing the risk of diarrheal disease, which kills 2.2 million people every year. Floods contaminate fresh water supplies, increase the risk of water-borne diseases, and provide breeding grounds for disease-carrying insects such as mosquitoes. And this is not counting the direct impact on life and health: drowning, injuries, destruction of houses.
Until now, about a billion people suffer from hunger in the world, and 3.5 million die every year. The looming drought is likely to reduce staple food production in many of the poorest regions - up to 50% by 2020 in some African countries. This will further increase the prevalence of malnutrition.
4.3 Infections
Diseases transmitted through water and with the help of insects are especially dependent on climatic conditions. As a result of warming, deaths from intestinal infections, malaria and dengue fever - these diseases are extremely sensitive to climate.
Global warming is causing transmission seasons for vector-borne (vector-borne) diseases to be longer and their geographic areas to expand. Simply put, tropical diseases can appear in areas where they have never been recorded. For example, according to the WHO, dengue fever, which is spread by the Aedes mosquito, could currently infect 2.5 billion people, and by 2080, 4.5 billion people will be at risk due to climate change.
4.4 Health effects
Assessing the specific damage to health that global warming has already caused is very problematic. However, according to indirect data, WHO experts were able to do this, and they estimate the contribution of warming to the mortality structure as 140,000 deaths annually since 1970.
4.5 Group of people most at risk
The greatest impacts of climate change will be on people living in small island nations, coastal areas, metropolitan areas, and mountainous and polar regions.
Countries with poorly developed health systems will be the worst off in the face of changing environmental conditions. And the most vulnerable category of people are children, especially those living in poor countries, the elderly and those who already have any illnesses or health conditions.
Conclusion
In this term paper considered global climate change. It has been observed that the main factor in climate change on earth is anthropogenic.
It was also studied how global changes will affect the development of the planet as a whole, and climate change was considered in particular for the territory of the Russian Federation.
It was considered how climate change can affect humans, and what harm climate change can cause to humans.
List of sources used
Eye of the planet [Electronic resource]
Science and technology [Electronic resource]
Earth climate change [Electronic resource]
Climate [Electronic resource]
Russia info [Electronic resource]
Vita portal [Electronic resource]
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THE PROBLEM OF GLOBAL WARMING
Abramov Pavel Viktorovich
Moscow, st. Academician Anokhin 6-3-542
Tel. 336-90-58
How could states multilaterally address the problem of global warming?
At present, the problem of global warming is known to every inhabitant of the Earth. It made itself felt especially in 1996 - 1997, when the weather in various regions of the Earth brought many surprises. An already incomplete selection of information on this topic shows that in 1996, 600 different natural disasters occurred on Earth (hurricanes, earthquakes, floods, droughts, downpours, snowfalls). The element claimed 11 thousand people. human lives, causing $60 billion in property damage.
In literature recent years Numerous data are given on the trends in temperature changes on Earth over the past 100-150 years. In particular, it is shown that at the end of the 19th century, warming began, which especially intensified in the 20-30s of the 20th century. In the 40s, the warming ended and a slow cooling began, which stopped in the 60s and was replaced by a new warming. No clear explanation for this phenomenon has yet been given. The results presented show that, in general, over a hundred-year period, the average annual temperature on Earth increased by 0.5 C. For comparison, it should be noted that since the last ice age (10 thousand years ago), the temperature on the planet has increased by only 3-5 C. Warming occurs unevenly in certain areas of the Earth. There are areas where the average annual temperature increase significantly exceeds that of the entire planet, reaching 1.5 - 2.0 - 2.5C. However, against the background of general warming, there are areas where the weather is changing towards cooling. Some scientists are not talking about warming, but about cooling on the planet (Kapitsa A.P.), the appearance of cold currents (an offshoot of the El Niño current, which runs along the Northwest coast of the United States and brings cooling to this territory), the transformation of the Gulf Stream from a warm in the cold, etc. Currently, the upward trend in temperature continues. According to the UN, by 2100, the average temperature on the Earth's surface will increase by 2C. An increase in temperature will cause the disappearance of the "ice caps" of the Earth, the destruction of the ice layer of Antarctica will begin, and, consequently, an increase in the general level of the World Ocean and, as a result, the flooding of large areas. An increase in temperature is a violation of the overall ecological balance on Earth (soil, water, air, vegetation and animal world, Human).
Thus, it is now generally recognized that climate change is taking place on Earth: in most territories towards warming, and in some - towards cooling.
The issue of climate change was international Conference in the city of Kyoto (Japan) in 1997, organized by the UN, in which 160 countries took part. The central issue of the conference is the search for ways to slow down climate change.
Before answering the question posed in the title of the report, it is necessary to consider what causes global warming. At present, it is well known that the Earth is constantly undergoing both natural and anthropogenic climate change. Natural climate change is the result of the action of the "global climate system" consisting of three elements: "glaciation - ocean - atmosphere". This system works like a giant machine. Violation in one part of it causes response changes in other parts. To explain the work of the "global climate system" many geological, paleogeographical, astronomical theories were put forward, which tried to explain the causes of climate change on Earth.
The general conclusion that can be drawn after getting acquainted with these theories is that nature has its own laws of development, the so-called natural climatic cycles (periods of warming and cooling). They are affected by: solar energy, air and sea currents, level space dust, vertical movements of the earth's crust, sudden descents of large parts of the Antarctic ice sheet into the ocean, a change in the axis and angle of rotation of the Earth around the sun, the full cycle of which is completed in 22 thousand years, etc. There is reason to believe that under natural conditions there is an increase in the concentration of CO 2 in the atmosphere. It was shown that this concentration changed to different stages history of the Earth, but the reasons for this change are not fully disclosed. It is shown that its increase could be associated with the eruption of volcanic rocks. There is reason to believe that the decrease in carbon dioxide during certain periods of the life of the Earth (the Cenozoic Era) was the main cause of climate change towards cooling and the appearance of ice sheets in high latitudes. It must be said that none of existing theories cannot claim to be a complete explanation of the causes of climate change on Earth, because none of them has yet found its experimental confirmation. Natural temperature fluctuations in modern era by themselves have a relatively small effect on natural conditions and, accordingly, human economic activity. They cannot cause a sharp increase in temperature and those cataclysms that we are witnessing. “If nature developed according to its own laws and was not subject to human influence, then it would be possible to confidently predict that the climate of the future would first experience several warming and cooling periods (the so-called Little Ice Age), and then decisively move towards the next glaciation” ( M. Mitchell, 1977). However, life makes its own adjustments to this natural process. Thanks to man and his activities, the development natural environment may go in a completely different scenario. Here, the so-called anthropogenic factors, caused by human activity, come into play, which have a significant impact on the climate. Back in the 40s of the XX century, Academician V.I. Vernadsky warned that human production activity could acquire a scale comparable to geological transformations: "Man becomes a geological force capable of changing the face of the Earth."
Until a certain stage of development human society industry, in particular, there was an ecological balance in nature, i.e. human activity did not violate the basic natural processes. It continued until late XIX century. The 20th century went down in history as a century of unprecedented technological progress, the rapid development of science, energy, and agriculture. At the same time, the harmful impact of industrial human activity on the environment began to grow. As a result, unpredictable changes in ecosystems and the entire appearance of planet Earth occur. And over the world there was a threat of a global violation of the natural balance.
Thus, the Earth is constantly under natural and anthropogenic influences. Their effect on the Earth is different. The natural impact provides a change in climate cycles, while the anthropogenic impact disrupts the natural balance and natural ecosystems, which leads to climate change.
In the 1970s, works were published that substantiated the concept of climate change in the direction of its warming and indicated the accumulation of carbon dioxide in the atmosphere as the main reason for this process. The main source of CO 2 formation is the combustion of fossil fuels (coal, oil), as well as its derivatives (fuel oil, kerosene, gasoline, methane, natural gas). CO 2 enters the atmosphere from industrial enterprises (metallurgical, chemical, thermal power plants, etc.), domestic facilities (boiler house, residential buildings, waste incineration, etc.), as well as from transport (land, air, water). It is generally accepted that an increased content of CO 2 creates the so-called greenhouse effect. Carbon dioxide does not prevent solar radiation from reaching the Earth, but does not transmit long-wave radiation coming from the Earth, which leads to an increase in the temperature of the lower air layer, and, consequently, to a warming of the Earth's climate. It has now been shown that the content of other gases (nitrous oxide, methane) has also increased in the atmosphere. These gas impurities, like CO 2, are able to influence the climate, and they can also be called greenhouse gases. An additional source of carbon dioxide for the atmosphere is the reduction of the Earth's vegetation cover - deforestation, which is a powerful absorber of CO 2 from the atmosphere. In addition, the destruction of vegetation leads to a strong heating of the Earth's surface, air and an increase in temperature. The level of carbon dioxide in the atmosphere is influenced by ocean temperature, which affects the dissolution of CO 2 in water, as well as photosynthesis in the ocean. To stop the process of global warming on the planet, it is necessary to reduce by 2050 general level CO2 emissions by 70% compared to 1990 levels. Economic calculations show that if urgent measures are not taken and the rate of use of carbon fuel is not reduced, then the concentration of CO 2 in the atmosphere will increase to 0.04% at the beginning of the 21st century, and by 2030 it will be 0.05-0.07 %, i.e. double that of the pre-industrial period. Further calculations showed that after 2030, the concentration of carbon dioxide will continue to grow for one or two centuries, and only after reaching values 5-10 times higher than its pre-industrial level, it will begin to slowly decrease.
Thus, in the foreseeable future, our Earth will continue to be under the influence of increased CO 2 content, experiencing global warming. All this can lead to unpredictable climate changes on Earth, which can border on its catastrophe. The disturbances that man has caused to the Earth will naturally be corrected for thousands of years.
In this regard, it is necessary to develop a system of measures that will first sharply reduce and then stop the flow of CO 2 into the atmosphere. These measures can be effective only if they are based on scientific data on the state of the environment, on knowledge of the laws of interaction of various environmental factors, on new modern methods research, on scientific approaches to eliminating the causes that give rise to environmental troubles.
Scientific developments, as well as the experience of a number of countries, show that the reduction of CO 2 in the atmosphere can be achieved by:
reducing the use of natural fuels in industry and replacing it with new types of energy (nuclear, solar, wind energy, tides, geothermal sources);
creating less energy-intensive processes;
creation of non-waste industries and production lines with a closed cycle (it has now been shown that in some processes, waste makes up 80-90% of the feedstock).
All of the above shows that global warming has become a pressing international problem. It is carried out by organizations and institutions in almost all countries of the world, as well as international organizations such as the UN, UNESCO, WHO, the World Meteorological Organization (WMO), the World Weather Watch (WWW), the International Union for Conservation of Nature and Natural Resources (IUCNPR), the World Charter nature, etc. International public organizations(Green Peace). Such a wide public and international response made it possible to draw attention to this problem, both from the side of the government of different countries, and the entire population of the Earth. This allows hopes for success in solving the problem of global warming.
Thus, the UN program considers environmental problems in various territories, problems of human health and welfare, protection of terrestrial ecosystems, the World Ocean, vegetation, wild animals, environmental issues energy, as well as environmental education and information, trade, economic and technological aspects. In the WHO program, a special section includes research on environmental protection and its impact on human health. Much attention is paid to the possibility of increasing the incidence of already known infections (malaria and other natural focal infections), as well as the possibility of new infections. The WMO program provides for the development of methods for long-term forecasting of possible climate changes and its impact on humans, as well as the impact of various factors on climate. The practical significance of the program lies in the fact that it will help nations use climate data in the planning and regulation of all parties. human activity. The INREP program summarizes the experience of all countries in the field of nature protection, identifies the main environmental problems of our time and offers a system of rational methods for managing biosphere resources. The WWW program coordinates the activities of all interested countries in the field of collection and exchange of meteorological information and has three world centers - in Moscow, Washington and Melbourne.
In general, the programs of these organizations are aimed at solving a single problem. Each of the programs reflects one or another aspect of the problem of global warming. Probably, now is the time to create a single large-scale international program - "Global Warming", with the participation of all countries.
At present, the global warming program should be addressed on an international platform, in accordance with a single international program drawn up with the participation of the governments of all countries and the world community, under a single international leadership. It should provide for fundamental scientific and theoretical developments (for example, the causes of natural climate change), as well as applied problems that are the result of warming that has already begun. Since the execution of this program will be designed for long years, it is necessary to designate the stages of its implementation, their deadlines, provide for a system of control and reporting.
Global warming has economic, political and social aspects. The economic aspect of the problem is, first of all, the need to create environmentally friendly production. Further, it is necessary to determine the further direction of economic development in a particular country. As you know, the economy is closely related to climatic conditions. Therefore, noticeable and long-term climate change will require large investments in order to adapt economic activity to new conditions. Perhaps this will require a change in the economic orientation in some territories, the creation of new sectors of the economy, and so on. The economic costs necessary for the implementation of the program must include the costs of restoring the damage caused by this to nature. In addition, the economic aspect of the program is determined by the fact that its implementation requires large financial costs. Naturally, the financing of the program should be carried out at the state level within each country, as well as through international funding. Large economic costs must be combined with the need for strict control, up to sanctions against those who do not comply with mandatory requirements.
Tough environmental laws are already in place in many highly developed industrial countries: emissions cleaning requirements have been established, new technologies are being developed to prevent air pollution, standards for car exhaust emissions have been tightened, and so on. In some states (USA, Canada) a central body for environmental management has been created. Its purpose is the development of national environmental standards that ensure the improvement of the environmental situation and control over their implementation. The specificity of Japanese culture (the cult of housing, human, health) allows solving all problems not at the level of government agencies, but at the level of the city, district, which gives good results. In general, it must be said that in Europe the control of emissions into the atmosphere is not as strict as in the United States.
The political aspect of the program is based on the need to understand that global warming threatens the whole world equally. Humanity must fully realize that ecology is a global, not a regional science, therefore, there must be sincerity and complete openness in its decision. The implementation of programs should be under the control of the heads of government, who will also take part in a stage-by-stage discussion of the results obtained. Now, when it is impossible not to think about the possible adverse effects of climate change on all people, we need to forget about interregional conflicts, open wars, political disagreements that are taking place in the world, and unite all material and universal values in order to protect the Earth from catastrophe. You need to think not about confrontation, but about later life. It is important that the internal needs of any state do not conflict with international requirements.
Great and social aspect this program. Climate change will affect the interests of all inhabitants of the planet. And this can continue for a long period. A possible change in the economy of the state can lead to a change in the entire way of life of people in a particular territory. In addition, the predicted rise in the level of the world ocean and, in connection with this, the flooding of large areas of land, will require not only the construction of protective structures, but also the resettlement of entire peoples, which can cause social upheaval. The big problem of this plan will be the impact of climate change on human health, and, above all, the need to adapt it to new climatic conditions. It is possible that new diseases will appear and the level of existing diseases will increase. All the changes that occur on Earth do not pass without a trace for our body. Our barbaric attitude towards the Earth has made it aggressive for us. The ecological tragedy of the Earth turned into a physical and moral tragedy of man.
The problem of global warming should be solved only on an international platform. If the integration of the economy, trade, space and ocean exploration for all countries is the requirement of the present, then the solution of the problem caused by human activity must be solved by joint efforts. In the modern era, humanity has come into conflict with nature. Americans joke: "Finally, we met with the enemy, and this enemy is ourselves." Unlimited use of natural resources, free disposal of waste into the environment has led to the fact that in nature there are no natural undisturbed ecosystems capable of performing their environmental functions. Sustainable development human society is constrained by global environmental problems: a population explosion, famine, environmental pollution, deforestation, arable land, etc. Among these problems is global warming.
The people of the Earth are united not only by political, economic, cultural ties, but also by a single air and water oceans, a single earthly surface. Air masses don't know state borders, and man has not yet learned to manage them. Creating good weather in limited areas is not a matter of the near future. Therefore, Earth, Air, and Water are universal values, and all mankind must protect and save them from catastrophe.
The international organizations created in the 1940s - the UN, UNESCO - set themselves the goal of creating a world without wars. To a large extent it succeeded. Now these organizations must set a goal - to protect the world from environmental disasters. If an ecological catastrophe occurs, there will be neither winners nor losers. A person should not contradict the laws of nature, in order to conquer nature, one must obey it.
Bibliography
J. Imbri, K.P. Imbry. Secrets of the Ice Ages, M.1988.
Kriskunov E.A. Ecology (textbook), M.1995.
Greenhouse effect, climate change and ecosystems (under the editorship of B. Bolin, B.R. Dess and others), L. 1989.
Nikitin D.P., Novikov Yu.V. Environment and man, M.1986.
Balandin R.K., Bondarev L.G. Nature and civilization, M.1988.
"In the world of science". Magazine, 1990, #10.
"Kaleidoscope". Magazine, 1997., #12.
P. Revell, C. Revell. Our habitat. 1995 book. 2, 4.
countries and peoples. Earth and Humanity. Global problems. M.1985
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The problem of Earth's climate change as one of the main issues of human survival. Essence and prerequisites of global warming, directions and prospects for solving problems associated with it. Causes of the increase in the concentration of carbon dioxide in the atmosphere.
Shatkovsky municipal district
MOU Smirnovskaya secondary school
Research
Global warming:
Greenhouse effect
With. Smirnovo
year 2013
1) Study materials on global warming;
2) Find out the causes of global warming;
3) Experimentally test the greenhouse effect;
3) Determine: what impact this problem has on people's lives.
Stages of work:
To study the causes contributing to the emergence of "global warming";
Experimentally test the greenhouse effect;
Consider the impact of global warming on the lives of people, cities, entire states;
Conduct a survey among students.
Introduction.
In order to get to know this topic as best as possible and try to find all possible ways to solve this problem, first of all, you need to correctly understand the term “Global warming” itself, consider all the reasons that cause these terrible catastrophes, the consequences of which I will try to acquaint you with. . One of the problems of global warming, such as the "greenhouse effect", I examined in more detail.
Causes of global warming
The main methods for tracking changes are:
Historical documents and annals,
Archives of meteorological observations,
Measurements of the area of the polar caps, ice, vegetation zones and tracking atmospheric processes thanks to satellite photography,
Analysis of fossil animals and plants,
Radiological analysis to ancient polar ice,
Observation of glaciers, climate change is especially visible if you look at photos of glaciers taken in the same month of different years.
Climate indicators: ocean level change (blue), 18 O (ozone) concentration in sea water, CO 2 concentration in Antarctic ice. The division of the time scale is 20,000 years.
The diagram shows that sea level peaks, CO 2 concentrations and 18 O minima coincide with interglacial temperature maxima.
Climate systems change both as a result of natural internal processes and in response to external influences (anthropogenic and non-anthropogenic).
On this moment none of the scientists can say with complete certainty exactly what causes long-term climate change. There is a certain number of the most reliable assumptions recognized as working hypotheses by research centers in the USA, Russia and Europe. We list them here.
First hypothesis: Solar Activity
The sun is the only and main source of heat for our planet, and even the smallest cyclical changes in its activity greatly affect temperature fluctuations. Scientists believe that the sun has at least three different activity cycles: 11, 22-year, and approximately 90-year. Coincidences and discrepancies of these cycles explain temperature fluctuations. In addition, it is assumed - but not proven - that there is a much longer cycle of growth in solar activity, approximately a thousand years. Thus, climate change is natural and will subside on its own over time.
Second hypothesis: a shift in the angle of rotation of the earth and a gradual change in orbit.
According to the author of the hypothesis, these astronomical changes cause a gradual shift in the radiation balance of the planet, and hence the climate. Astronomer Milankovich, guided by this theory, quite accurately (according to paleontologists) calculated the dates and duration of past ice ages of our planet. According to this hypothesis, changes will occur over tens, and possibly hundreds of thousands of years, but this hypothesis is unlikely to be relevant to the relatively rapid global warming of the last century.
The third hypothesis oceanic.
The oceans cover three-quarters of the planet's surface area and are the most powerful factor influencing climate and climate change. At present, the nature of this influence has been studied rather poorly, for example, the average temperature of the oceanic thickness is 3.5 ° C, and the surface of the earth is 15 ° C, therefore, the speed and rate of heat transfer between the ocean and the lower layers of the atmosphere can be the cause of significant climatic shifts. . In addition, the amount of carbon dioxide dissolved in the waters of the ocean is more than 60 times higher than its total amount in the atmosphere, and as a result of some natural processes, greenhouse gases can enter the atmosphere from the ocean, significantly changing the Earth's climate.
Hypothesis four: Volcanoes.
Each volcanic eruption ejects as much aerosols, gas and dust into the upper atmosphere as the whole of humanity produces in a few years. All recorded cases of volcanic activity were accompanied by a short-term cooling due to dust emission, and subsequently by a long-term increase in the average annual temperature due to carbon dioxide released into the atmosphere.
Fifth and the most discussed hypothesis regarded as the main cause of global warming human activity.
One of the most widely discussed causes is the anthropogenic greenhouse effect.
Greenhouse effect
The greenhouse effect was discovered by Joseph Fourier in 1824. He suggested that the earth's atmosphere serves as a kind of glass in a greenhouse: the air lets in the sun's heat, while preventing it from evaporating back into space. The same thing happens in greenhouses, which is where the term "greenhouse effect" comes from. This effect is achieved due to some atmospheric gases of secondary importance, for example, water vapor and carbon dioxide. They transmit visible and "near" infrared light emitted by the sun, but absorb "far" infrared radiation, which has a lower frequency and is formed when the earth's surface is heated by the sun's rays. If this did not happen, the Earth would be about 30 ° colder than it is now, and life on it would practically freeze. This means that the more carbon dioxide in the atmosphere, the more infrared rays will be absorbed, the warmer it will become.
In the natural biosphere, the content of gas in the air was maintained at the same level, since its intake was equal to its removal. Humans are currently upsetting this balance by cutting down forests and using fossil fuels.
Now mankind annually burns 4.5 billion tons of coal, 3.2 billion tons of oil and oil products, as well as natural gas, peat, oil shale and firewood. All this turns into carbon dioxide, the content of which in the atmosphere has increased from 0.029% at the beginning of the 20th century to 0.035% at the present time. In addition, emissions of another greenhouse gas, methane, into the atmosphere have sharply increased (the concentration in the atmosphere has increased by 140% compared to the beginning of the 20th century), as well as chlorofluorocarbons (CFCs) and carbon oxides, which absorb infrared radiation 50-100 times stronger, than CO 2 . Therefore, although their content in the air is much lower, they affect the temperature regime of the planet in much the same way.
To understand the essence of the greenhouse effect, I performed practical work GREENHOUSE EFFECT(Annex 1).
Goal of the work:
Understand the essence of the greenhouse effect,
Build a demonstrative model,
Find out how surfaces of various materials absorb thermal energy.
Here are the results of my work.
In nature, this effect appears when the cloudiness increases in the late afternoon. At night, heat does not go into outer space, there is no strong temperature difference. At the same time, dark soil heats up more than light soil, since darker surfaces absorb energy more. This phenomenon can be seen in the temperature graphs.
Population and production growth markedly change chemical composition atmosphere, increasing the amount of greenhouse gases in it.
Over the past century, the average recorded temperature of the surface atmosphere has increased by 0.8°C, which is not explained by any of the "natural" hypotheses, especially since changes of this magnitude usually occurred over many hundreds of years. And over the past 20 years, the rates have increased even more - 0.3-0.4°C.
The most plausible assumption seems to be that the global warming that we observe is the result of the coincidence of a large number of factors at once, especially since the planet Earth is a huge living organism that we have studied too little.
Consequences of global warming
Here are ten of the scariest effects of global warming.
1. The spread of disease.
The habitat of dangerous insects is getting hotter, and the climate of the northern countries is warmer and more temperate, ideal for their existence. Insects move north, bringing with them all the diseases that they themselves can become infected with. This effect cannot be stopped, because in fact scientists have not been able to destroy dangerous viruses in countries in which they are already present, not to mention those that can still be infected. 
2. Floods.
When the water level in the oceans rose, floods became the first symbols of global warming. An increase of at least another meter will lead to incredible consequences. For example, it will be able to easily remove one-sixth of the entire territory of Bangladesh, many islands will become history, even the highest dams will not be able to withstand the rapid flow, so a significant part of the coastline of the continents will disappear. In addition, rising temperatures cause more intense water evaporation, making showers more frequent and heavy. 
3. Hurricanes.
Global warming causes an increase not only in the atmospheric temperature, but also in the ocean. Giving strength to hurricanes warm waters. As the effects of global warming have been getting worse over the past few years, we have witnessed several such hurricane disasters during this period, proving that our bad attitude towards the planet will not go unnoticed. 
4. Drought.
Drinking water is already a luxury in parts of Africa, but the worst is yet to come. This continent will be the most affected by the big climate change, as will the southern part of Europe. The lack of fresh water can cause conflicts and war. Small rivers and lakes will disappear all over the world. And this is a real disaster for the living organisms that lived in them. With the loss of their habitat, they will also disappear without a trace. 
5. Forest fires.
In arid regions, wildfires are dealt with every summer. California, Australia and Greece have suffered the most in the past decade. However, they will not be the only ones if climate change continues. Every year spring comes earlier, causing the snow to melt faster, thereby depriving the earth of moisture for a long period of time. That is why forest fires are becoming more and more frequent every year. 
6. Harsh winters.
Global warming makes the climate look very strange. While some parts of the world suffer from drought, others from floods, some suffer from severe winters. For example, countries such as Germany, Poland and Slovakia have suffered the coldest winters in recent years. 
7. Smog. 
When someone dies from smog, it will definitely mean that humanity's behavior towards the planet has reached its peak. Luckily, we haven't reached that point yet, but the smog is slowly creeping up on its victims. Mixing in the air of many pollutants (nitrogen oxides, tropospheric ozone, volatile organic matter etc) do big cities terrible place for people who suffer from asthma or other respiratory problems.
8. Increase in volcanic activity.
The rapid melting of glaciers located on the tops of the mountains will contribute to their growth. The fact is that the ice, which for millions of years pressed the mountains to the surface of the Earth, has disappeared, thereby allowing them to rush higher. As a result, many volcanoes will wake up, which will release solid particles into the atmosphere, helping global warming and paralyzing air traffic. However, the most dangerous in this case will be the deadly effect of lava for people who live near volcanoes.
Scientists have found that global warming can cause thunderstorms that are dangerous to humans. They will spawn more often and hit with more force. You can observe them in arid regions, but they will not bring downpours with them, but simply hit the ground, causing fires.
10. Loss of biodiversity.
If the average temperature rises, humanity risks losing as much as 30% of animal and plant species. This will happen due to desertification, loss of water, deforestation, as well as due to the inability to adapt living organisms. The scientists noted that some of the more resilient species have migrated to the poles to maintain the habitat they need. A person is not protected from this threat either. 
Our contribution to the protection of nature
In my survey, 78% of respondents agreed with the global warming hypothesis, but 14% denied the fact of global warming. (diagram #1)
The question was then asked about the impact of global warming. However, the topic of global warming was discussed, of course, only with those who believe that it is really happening. Most of them 82% believe that global warming negatively affects the life of mankind, and only a few consider its impact positive 5% or deny any impact of this process on people's lives 12%. (diagram #2)
Then the respondents were asked about the causes of global warming. At the same time, half of those who consider global warming to be real consider it exclusively as a result of human activity - 70%, as a result of a combination of anthropogenic and natural factors - 24%, and only some 6% believe that climate change is entirely due to natural processes. (diagram #3)
And the last question was whether a person can stop the process of climate change. In my survey, 30% of respondents believe that prevention is not possible, 70% have the opposite view. (Diagram No. 4)
Those who believe that resistance to warming is possible have been asked an open question about what exactly humanity can do. Respondents spoke about the need to respect nature in general (88%), about limiting and controlling industrial emissions and introducing new cleaning systems (65%), stopping deforestation (94%), it is necessary “All countries should take this problem seriously and join forces” to solve the problem of global warming at the international level (98%).
Every year we take part in the regional action "Let's make the world cleaner". Schoolchildren and teachers clean the adjacent and assigned territories from garbage, patronize the monument to the soldiers who died during the Great Patriotic War.
Successful conservation operation Clean pond”, in which high school students cleaned the shores of the largest Barsky Pond in Smirnov. During operations "School Garden" and "Rural Park", about 1,000 seedlings of fruit and berry and other plants were planted by schoolchildren.
The operation "Feeding Trough" was very interesting at the school, in which schoolchildren of grades 1-6, pupils of the preschool educational institution and their parents took part.
Schoolchildren are very actively involved in environmental research activities. Research is carried out both in the classroom and during after hours. Under the guidance of teachers, the children studied in detail the water bodies of the villages of Smirnova, Kostyanki, Alemaeva, Vechkusova; studied the Trinity holiday from the point of view of ethno-ecology; to the problems of protecting forest plants, they found not only an ecological approach, but also a poetic one. In addition to many research works, albums with paintings by artists or with their own illustrations are additionally designed.
Our school is also actively working with the population. In various public places, environmental leaflets and leaflets with a call not to litter, to protect surrounding nature etc.
Over the past 10 years, the MOU Smirnovskaya secondary school has been closely cooperating with the World Organization for Nature Conservation GRINPIS. So in May 2012, we participated in the Green Weekend campaign, in which interesting events were held, environmental projects. During this action, the area around the school was put in order, a fair of "unnecessary" things was organized.
At the suggestion of GRINPIS, many schoolchildren and teachers took part in the “Second Life of Things” competition. Photos of things made from garbage were presented. Mikhail Dedaev, who assembled a bicycle from scrap metal, was declared the winner of the competition. All participants were awarded certificates, badges, and the winners - gifts.
During the action "Green Weekend" the school corresponded with the organizers. We received a lot of warm words for the work we do.
I am very pleased to make my own, albeit small, contribution to solving the problem, which is now the No. 1 problem in the world. It is not in vain that we try to improve the situation so that our life would be easier and better.
Conclusion
According to the results of research by the UN Intergovernmental Commission, the consequences of global warming are disappointing. Most of Europe will be flooded. The melting of mountain glaciers and permafrost regions will begin. Agriculture in southern Europe and Asia will suffer from an unprecedented drought. In Africa, the amount of drinking water will decrease, infectious diseases carried by mosquitoes and other insects will become more frequent. The island states will be completely flooded.
Despite such pessimistic forecasts, there are scientists who do not share them. The latest images from Earth satellites do not confirm these fears, which means that there is hope to prevent the impending threat. Greenhouse gas emissions can be reduced by improving energy efficiency and switching to less hazardous fuels such as natural gas. It is possible to slow down the consumption of such an irreplaceable natural resource as fossil fuels. And the use of energy should be transferred to alternative environmentally clean technologies. The sooner humanity realizes its destructive activity, the greater the hope for preventing a global catastrophe.
Literature:
A.V. Sakharov. Development of students' cognitive interest in the study of physics on the basis of experimental tasks of an ecological orientation. Arzamas, 2000
Install the lamp 20-30 cm directly above the vessel so that the light falls on the bulb of the thermometer.
Turn it off, let the temperature drop to room temperature. Record this temperature.
Turn off the lamp. Let the temperature drop to room temperature. Moisten the soil again and repeat the experiment by removing the lid of the vessel.
Construct a graph by plotting temperature on the y-axis and time on the abscissa.
Do the same work again, replacing the dark ground with a light one.
Table 1
| Time (min) | Temperature (0 C) |
|||
| with lid | Without cover |
|||
| Dark ground | Light priming | Dark ground | Light priming |
|
| 1 | 28 | 27 | 26 | 26 |
| 2 | 29 | 27,5 | 26 | 26 |
| 3 | 30 | 27,5 | 27 | 26 |
| 4 | 30 | 27,5 | 27 | 27 |
| 5 | 30 | 28 | 27 | 27 |
| 6 | 30 | 28 | 28 | 27 |
| 7 | 31 | 28 | 28 | 28 |
| 8 | 31 | 29 | 28 | 28 |
| 9 | 31 | 29 | 28 | 28 |
| 10 | 32 | 29 | 28 | 28,5 |
| 11 | 32 | 29 | 28 | 29 |
| 12 | 32 | 29 | 28,5 | 29 |
| 13 | 32 | 29 | 29 | 29 |
| 14 | 32 | 29 | 29 | 29 |
| 15 | 32 | 29 | 29 | 29 |
| 16 | 32 | 29 | 29,5 | 29 |
| 17 | 33 | 29 | 29,5 | 29 |
| 18 | 33 | 30 | 30 | 30 |
| 19 | 33 | 30 | 30 | 30 |
| 20 | 33 | 30 | 30 | 30 |
Appendix 2
Do you agree with the global warming hypothesis?
Rice. 1
What impact does global warming have on humanity?
Fig.2
What are the causes of global warming? Underline whatever applicable.
Rice. 3
What exactly can humanity do? List specific actions.
Rice. 4
What is being done in your school to solve this problem? List activities.
We rarely think about what should happen in the future. Today we have other things to do, responsibilities and chores. Therefore, global warming, its causes and consequences are perceived more as scenarios for Hollywood films than as a real threat to the existence of mankind. What signals speak of an impending catastrophe, what are its causes and what future awaits us - let's figure it out.
To understand the degree of danger, to assess the growth of negative changes and to understand the problem, we will analyze the very concept of global warming.
What is global warming?
Global warming is a measure of the rise in average ambient temperature over the past century. Its problem lies in the fact that, starting from the 1970s, this figure began to increase several times faster. The main reason for this lies in the strengthening of industrial human activity. Not only did the water temperature increase, but also by about 0.74 °C. Despite such a small value, the consequences can be enormous, according to scientific papers.
Studies in the field of global warming report that the change in temperature regimes has accompanied the planet throughout its life. For example, Greenland is a testament to climate change. History confirms that in the 11th-13th centuries Norwegian sailors called this place “Green Land”, since there was no snow and ice cover, as it is today.
At the beginning of the 20th century, heat again prevailed, which led to a decrease in the scale of the glaciers of the Arctic Ocean. Then, from about the 40s, the temperature dropped. A new round of its growth began in the 1970s.
The causes of climate warming are explained by such a concept as the greenhouse effect. It consists in raising the temperature of the lower layers of the atmosphere. Greenhouse gases contained in the air, such as methane, water vapor, carbon dioxide and others, contribute to the accumulation of thermal radiation from the Earth's surface and, as a result, the heating of the planet.
What causes the greenhouse effect?
- Fires in the forest area. First, there is a release of a large amount. Secondly, the number of trees that process carbon dioxide and provide oxygen is decreasing.
- permafrost. Earth, which is in the grip of permafrost, emits methane.
- Oceans. It is they who give a large number of water vapor.
- Eruption. It releases huge amounts of carbon dioxide.
- Alive organisms. We all contribute our share to the formation of the greenhouse effect, because we exhale the same CO 2 .
- Solar Activity. According to satellite data over the past few years, the Sun has significantly increased its activity. True, scientists cannot give exact data on this matter, and therefore there are no conclusions.
We have considered the natural factors influencing the greenhouse effect. However, the main contribution is made by human activities. The increased development of industry, the study of the Earth's interior, the development of minerals and their extraction served as the release of a large amount of greenhouse gases, which led to an increase in the temperature of the planet's surface.
What exactly is man doing to increase global warming?
- Oilfield and industry. By using oil and gas as fuel, we emit large amounts of carbon dioxide into the atmosphere.
- Fertilization and tillage. Pesticides and the chemicals used to do this contribute to the release of nitrogen dioxide, which is a greenhouse gas.
- Deforestation. Active exploitation of forests and cutting down of trees leads to an increase in carbon dioxide.
- Overpopulation of the planet. The growth in the number of inhabitants of the Earth explains the reasons for point 3. To provide a person with everything necessary, more and more territories are being developed in search of minerals.
- Landfill formation. Lack of waste sorting, wasteful use of products lead to the formation of landfills that are not recycled. They are either buried deep in the ground or burned. Both of these lead to changes in the ecosystem.
Automobile and the formation of traffic jams also contribute to the acceleration of environmental catastrophe.
If the current situation is not corrected, the temperature increase will continue further. What else will be the consequences?
- Temperature variation: in winter it will be much colder, in summer it will be either abnormally hot or quite cold.
- The volume of drinking water will be reduced.
- The harvest in the fields will be noticeably poorer, some crops may disappear altogether.
- In the next hundred years, the water level in the world's oceans will rise by half a meter due to the rapid melting of glaciers. The salinity of the water will also begin to change.
- Global climate catastrophes, hurricanes and tornadoes will not only become commonplace, but will also spread to the scale of Hollywood films. Heavy rains will fall in many regions, which have not appeared there before. Winds and cyclones will begin to increase and become a frequent occurrence.
- An increase in the number of dead zones on the planet - places where a person cannot survive. Many deserts will become even larger.
- Due to a sharp change in climatic conditions, trees and many animal species will have to adapt to them. Those who do not have time to do it quickly will be doomed to extinction. This applies most of all to trees, because in order to get used to the terrain, they must reach a certain age in order to produce offspring. Reducing the number of “ ” leads to an even more dangerous threat - a colossal release of carbon dioxide, which there will be no one to turn into oxygen.
Ecologists have identified several places where global warming will affect the Earth in the first place:
- Arctic- melting arctic ice, rising permafrost temperatures;
- Sahara Desert- snowfall;
- small islands- rising sea levels will simply flood them;
- some Asian rivers- they will spill and become unusable;
- Africa- the depletion of the mountain glaciers feeding the Nile will lead to the drying up of the floodplain of the river. Surrounding areas will become uninhabitable.
The permafrost that exists today will move further north. As a result of global warming, the course of sea currents will change, and this will cause uncontrolled climate changes throughout the planet.
As the number of heavy industries, oil and gas refineries, landfills and incinerators grows, the air will become less usable. Already, this problem is preoccupied by the inhabitants of India and China.
There are two forecasts, in one of which, with the same level of greenhouse gas generation, global warming will become noticeable in about three hundred years, in the other - in a hundred if the level of emissions into the atmosphere continues to grow.
The problems that the inhabitants of the Earth will face in the event of global warming will affect not only ecology and geography, but also financial and social aspects: the reduction of territories suitable for life will lead to a change in the locations of citizens, many cities will be abandoned, states will face food shortages and water for the population.
Reports of the Ministry of Emergency Situations report that over the past quarter century, the number of floods in the country has almost doubled. At the same time, many parameters of such disasters are recorded for the first time in history.
Scientists predict the impact of global warming in the 21st century primarily on Siberia and the subarctic regions. Where it leads? Rising permafrost temperatures are threatening radioactive waste storage facilities and causing serious economic problems. By the middle of the century, temperatures are projected to rise by 2-5 degrees in winter.
There is also the possibility of periodic occurrence of seasonal tornadoes - more often than usual. floods on Far East have repeatedly brought great harm to the inhabitants of the Amur Region and the Khabarovsk Territory.
Roshydromet suggested the following problems related to global warming:
- In some regions of the country, unusual droughts are expected, in others - floods and soil moisture, which leads to the destruction of agriculture.
- The growth of forest fires.
- Disruption of the ecosystem, displacement of biological species with the extinction of some of them.
- Forced air conditioning in the summer in many regions of the country and the resulting economic costs.
But there are also some advantages:
- Global warming will increase navigation on the sea routes of the north.
- There will also be a shift in the boundaries of agriculture, which will increase the territory of agriculture.
- In winter, the need for heating will decrease, which means that the cost of funds will also decrease.
It is still quite difficult to assess the danger of global warming for humanity. Developed countries are already introducing new technologies in heavy production, such as special filters for air emissions. And the more populated and less developed countries suffer from the man-made consequences of human activity. This imbalance without affecting the problem will only grow.
Scientists monitor changes thanks to:
- chemical analysis of soil, air and water;
- studying the rate of glacier melting;
- charting the growth of glaciers and desert zones.
These studies make it clear that the rate of impact of global warming is increasing every year. Greener ways of working in heavy industry and restoration of the ecosystem are needed as soon as possible.
What are the ways to solve the problem:
- rapid landscaping of a large area of land;
- creation of new varieties of plants that are easily accustomed to changes in nature;
- use of renewable energy sources (for example, wind energy);
- development of more environmentally friendly technologies.
Scientists are considering different ways to solve the problem: special carbon dioxide traps have already been created, located in mines. Aerosols have been developed that affect the reflective properties of the upper layers of the atmosphere. The effectiveness of these developments has not yet been proven. The automotive combustion system is constantly being modified to protect against harmful emissions. Alternative energy sources are being invented, but their development costs a lot of money and progress is extremely slow. In addition, the operation of mills and solar panels also releases CO 2 .
Global warming Goals Goals 1. Show the relevance of the environmental problem at the present time 2. Consider the environmental situation in the world Work plan Work plan 1. Consequences of an ecological catastrophe 2. Ice drifting. 3. Figures, facts on Earth's climate change. 4. Impact of global warming on animals. 5. Environmentally hazardous industries. 6. Measures to improve the environmental situation. 7. Homework. Research methods Research methods 1. Proposing hypotheses, assumptions 2. Awareness of this problem 3. Searching for appropriate sources of necessary information 4. The process of solving problems.
The work was done Spirina Marina Ivanovna teacher of geography and biology Spirina Marina Ivanovna teacher of geography and biology MOU "Cherdyn evening (replaceable) school" Perm region
The global problems of mankind are a set of socio-natural problems, on the solution of which depends social progress humanity and the preservation of civilization. These problems are characterized by dynamism, they arise as an objective factor in the development of society, and for their solution they require the combined efforts of all mankind. Global problems are interconnected, cover all aspects of people's lives and concern all countries of the world. it is a set of socio-natural problems, on the solution of which the social progress of mankind and the preservation of civilization depend. These problems are characterized by dynamism, they arise as an objective factor in the development of society, and for their solution they require the combined efforts of all mankind. Global problems are interconnected, cover all aspects of people's lives and concern all countries of the world.
Classification global problems Ecological Ecological Demographic Demographic Prevention of global nuclear war Prevention of a world nuclear war Using the world ocean Using the world ocean Peaceful space exploration Peaceful space exploration Overcoming the backwardness of developing countries Overcoming the backwardness of developing countries Food Food energy and raw materials Energy and raw materials
Environmental problem Environmental degradation (deforestation and soil depletion) Environmental degradation (deforestation and soil depletion) Pollution from solid, liquid and gaseous wastes Pollution from solid, liquid and gaseous wastes Environmental poisoning chemicals, created during the production process Poisoning the environment with chemicals created during the production process
7 Most of the scenarios of the apocalypse that come out with frightening regularity from the pen of the most respected scientists involve a terrible ecological catastrophe. Ecologists trying to prevent deadly climate change constantly frighten humanity with a global flood that will result in the melting of glaciers, the displacement of the poles, powerful hurricanes, terrible drought and other cataclysms that threaten huge destruction and casualties among the population. Someone even proved that after warming, a severe cooling will come. The latest research, conducted under the auspices of the UN, finally deprived earthlings of the opportunity to escape from a worldwide catastrophe. A new computer model has shown that global warming in this century may exceed a critical threshold and become a rapid irreversible process. Man is no longer able to stop global warming. First of all, this means that we have no way to even somehow postpone the ecological catastrophe that threatens us in the coming decades. Consequences of ecological catastrophe
A gigantic piece the size of 11,000 football fields has broken away from an ice shelf in the Canadian Arctic.
The mass of ice began to drift 16 months ago off the coast of Ellesmere Island, which is located about 800 km from the North Pole, but then no one noticed it. Drifting ice island, leaving behind you with ice and ice fragments, scientists have found on satellite images. A few days later, the floating shelf was carried several miles from the coast. He traveled about 60 kilometers to the west, until he froze into sea ice and because of the early winter. ice drift
Experts fear that the prevailing winds will carry the uncontrollably drifting ice island south into the Botfort Sea, and it will fall into the zone of offshore oil and gas fields. The Eilis Ice Shelf, at approximately 106 square kilometers, was one of the six largest in the Canadian Arctic. According to scientists, this is the largest case of its kind in Canada in 30 years, and clearly points to climate change towards warming. According to scientists, the area of the remaining Canadian ice shelves has decreased by 90% compared to 1906. The Canadian ice shelves are made up of ancient ice that is over 3,000 years old. They swim in the sea, but are connected to the mainland. Scientists say that glaciers are becoming more fragile every year due to an increase in the average annual temperature. There are many shelves in the Arctic that are much larger than Eiles, but warmer weather threatens to cause many glaciers to break away from the Arctic ice mass and drift.
Here are some figures and facts confirming the process of global warming, climate change on planet Earth. From 2002 to 2005, due to the melting of the Antarctic shelf alone, the level of the World Ocean rose by 1.5 mm; Greenland ice melt doubled between 1996 and 2005; the total increase in the water level is about 3 mm per year; since the pre-industrial period of the mid-18th century, concentrations of carbon dioxide and methane have increased by 31% and 149%, respectively, about half of the increase in carbon dioxide in the atmosphere occurs after 1965.
Compared to the 70s. of the last century, the average ice thickness in the Arctic has decreased from 3 m to 1 m 80 cm
Greenhouse gas emissions Change in solar activity Observed warming is within natural variability climate Warming has been observed for too short a time, so it is not possible to say with certainty whether it occurs at all causes
Predictions The report of the Intergovernmental Commission on Climate Change (Shanghai, 2001) presented seven models of climate change in the 21st century. The main conclusions made in the report are the continuation of global warming, accompanied by an increase in greenhouse gas emissions, an increase in greenhouse gas emissions, an increase in surface air temperature (by the end of the 21st century, an increase in surface temperature by 6 °C is possible); an increase in surface air temperature (by the end of the 21st century, an increase in surface temperature by 6 °C is possible); sea level rise (average 0.5 m per century) sea level rise (average 0.5 m per century) Most likely changes in weather factors are Most likely changes in weather factors include increased precipitation; more intense precipitation; higher maximum temperatures, an increase in the number of hot days and a decrease in the number of frosty days in almost all regions of the Earth; with heatwaves becoming more frequent in most continental areas; higher maximum temperatures, an increase in the number of hot days and a decrease in the number of frosty days in almost all regions of the Earth; with heatwaves becoming more frequent in most continental areas; reduction in temperature spread. reduction in temperature spread.
Global warming, illustration
Global warming is causing everything more changes in the environment. The most famous of them are the melting of glaciers, the rise in the level of the world ocean and the rumors associated with this about the possibility of a new “global warming” in the future. However, there are things that are not so conspicuous to an ordinary person, but are visible only to a specialist. In particular, this is how warming affects the animal world of the planet. Biologists dealing with this problem, meanwhile, are already ready to sound the alarm. Their observations showed that entire shoals of cod, whiting and sole (a family of flounder fish) are leaving their usual habitat and heading to northern latitudes. The same shoals that still remained in this sea went to a much greater depth of habitation. Scientists came to the conclusion that the reason for the atypical behavior of fish was the increase in water temperature in the North Sea. The impact of global warming on fish
The impact of global warming affects more than just the behavior of fish. Many representatives of the Earth's fauna are changing not only their habitat, but also their established "habits". The researchers found that recently brown and Himalayan bears have stopped hibernating, because due to warming they can now get their own food at any time of the year without any problems. In Africa, the warming, on the contrary, makes the animals starve. The increase in drylands threatens the existence of elephants, rhinos, lions, leopards and buffaloes. So soon the number of animals listed in the Red Book may increase dramatically. And the reason for this will be not so much unregulated shooting, as it was in the last century, but the achievement of scientific and technological progress.
Criticism of the theory of global warming D.Belami D.Kolman B.Lomborg
The most environmentally hazardous industries Coal mining Production of artificial materials, military-industrial complex Their concentration in one place Energy
Improvement activities Ecological situation Transfer to environmentally friendly technologies of obsolete industries Use of a complex of treatment facilities Accounting for geographical features in the design and construction of enterprises Implementation effective technologies Creation and implementation of environmental programs Elimination of environmentally harmful technological processes
The latest research, conducted under the auspices of the UN, finally deprived earthlings of the opportunity to escape from a worldwide catastrophe. A new computer model has shown that global warming in this century may exceed a critical threshold and become a rapid irreversible process. Man is no longer able to stop global warming. First of all, this means that we have no way to even somehow postpone the ecological catastrophe that threatens us in the coming decades. Lesson summary List of used literature 1. shtml 2. shtml V.P. Maksakovskiy. Geography textbook for grade 10 educational institutions M.: Enlightenment, 2007
Rationale for the chosen topic I chose the topic "Global Warming" because it is, in my opinion, relevant at the present time. In connection with the accelerated growth of man-made interference in nature, man is actively invading the natural processes of all the shells of the Earth. As a result, uncontrolled climate change occurs, the destruction of the ozone layer of the stratosphere. That's why ecological problem has now become almost main problem the survival of mankind. Guidelines on the use of work This work can be used as a lesson-conference, the final lesson in the study of the course. Economic and social geography of the world". The practical significance lies in the fact that the proposed methods can contribute to cognitive activity and the formation of students positive qualities personality, responsible attitude to the environment. Can be used by teachers in various structural divisions schools.
