The main structural divisions of the university. What is a department in a university? Legal status of a structural subdivision of the university with the powers of a legal entity

Department (division)- A department is a subdivision of a higher educational institution that trains students within a certain specialization. An independent scientific branch, which is in charge of a professor, scientist, as a subject of teaching in higher education ... ... Wikipedia

department- (from other Greek καθέδρα "seat; seat"): The pulpit is the place from which rhetors and orators made speeches. Department of elevation for a lecturer, teacher, orator. The pulpit (Christianity) in the Christian church is the place of honor of the bishop, also a symbol ... ... Wikipedia

department- (Greek kathédra, literally seat, chair) 1) in Ancient Greece and Rome is a place for speeches by rhetoricians, philosophers. 2) In the Christian church, an elevation from which sermons are delivered. Many K. were richly decorated with carvings, statues, ... ... Great Soviet Encyclopedia

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All of us, to one degree or another, have come across student life, otherwise we would not have been interested in this journal of the modern student. Let us recall the words of the classic: “We all learned a little, something and somehow”, but in fact we studied our specialty at the department at the university.

If we recall the departments of the university, we can safely say that the department is a separate realm dedicated to one specialty and providing deep knowledge in it. For those who do not quite understand what is at stake, it is worth explaining more clearly what a department at a university is.

Department and its role in the structure of the university

Let's start from afar, the faculty is a structural unit of the university, which combines several similar specialties at once. For example, in my university there was a machine-building, electrical engineering, transport, engineering and physics, law and philology departments.

Respectively, any faculty unites several departments. Here it is worth deciding what kind of structural unit it is, and what are its main characteristics?

So, department is a scientific and educational unit, which is part of the faculty, which provides and guarantees an in-depth study of one specialty.

For example, in my university, the electrical engineering faculty had several departments at once, including electric drive and automation systems, electrical machines, electrical apparatus, power supply of installations, and others.

It would seem that everyone is united general term"electricity", but in this case, as a specialist, I can safely say that we are talking about completely dissimilar specialties and narrow specialists in various fields of work.

Such a division is very important, because after the release, a really prepared one comes to production. certified specialist, and not "a polyglot with a crust about higher education." Although in our time there are plenty of mediocre university graduates (not only technical ones).

Features of the department at the university

The department, as a structural unit of the faculty, is responsible not only for pedagogical activity in the specialty, but also for the obligatory production practice, educational work, advanced training of personnel and training of worthy young specialists.

To be more precise, the department is the research link of the faculty, since here you can prepare not only term papers and theses, but also defend a dissertation as a graduate student, a doctoral dissertation as an associate professor.

Accordingly, the conclusion suggests itself: the department means big plans and prospects not only for students, but also for their teachers, who can also fulfill themselves and significantly move up the career ladder.

Of course, all this happens under the vigilant supervision of the employees of the dean's office and, in particular, the dean, but the possibilities at the department are also unlimited.

The teaching staff of the department

As mentioned earlier, the pulpit is a small kingdom, which necessarily has its own "government". In fact, this is loudly said, but the hierarchical ladder is still present, but looks something like this:

1. Chief, he is the head - this is the head of the department, who is elected by voting of all teaching staff for a period of five years (almost like a president).

2. Under his leadership is the entire teaching staff, including doctors of sciences, associate professors, laboratory assistants, teachers and even professors.

So it is obvious that decisions are made jointly, but the final word always remains with the head of the department. By the way, “just anyone” will not be hired for this position, and the applicant must have five years of work experience at the university, a good reputation, authority among colleagues and students, and, if possible, the academic title of professor, doctor of science, or at least associate professor.

This position is a great responsibility, and not just honor and an increase in wages. The head of the department before the dean's office represents the interests of not only his colleagues, but also students of his specialty.

That is why it is best to start solving any problems in studies with a visit to the head of the department, and there it is not in his interests to distinguish himself by the next expulsion of a student.

In fact, the head of the department is a teacher who also conducts lectures, practical and laboratory works, seminars and open lessons. But, as a rule, he does this much less frequently, since there are always enough organizational and scientific concerns in the department.

As for the teaching staff of the department, all teachers also give lectures, organize industrial practice and perform with students practical work. In addition, they are responsible for intermediate certifications, exams, tests, and in general - for sessions. Well, the graduation project is generally a separate topic, to which the department also pays special attention.

In general, we can say that the department is responsible for the study of university students, which competently draws up a schedule of lectures and prevents all overlays, problems and inconsistencies.

If the work of the entire teaching staff of the department is adjusted and brought to automatism, then students do not have organizational problems for five years of study in their specialty.

What is in the department?

A department at a university is a complex subdivision that can and even should have:

Research laboratories;

Numerous branches (not only within the walls of the university);

Production sites for testing;

Library (not always);

Educational units;

Possibility of additional higher education close specialty (for example, electrician - electromechanic).

That is why we can say that all conditions have been created for the student so that he masters his specialty with knowledge of the matter and becomes a real graduate.

Coordination of training and scientific activity is organized at the scheduled meetings of the department, where those teachers who advise students when writing term papers and graduation projects.

Their presence makes it possible to assess the real abilities of future students, even if this opinion is subjective.

The competence of this scientific and pedagogical unit includes the solution of any issues regarding course retraining, advanced training, postgraduate education and retraining of personnel.

The military department is a separate issue

Most universities of the fourth degree of accreditation necessarily have a military department, on the example of which one can consider in detail the work of this entire unit. So, at the military department, high-quality training of the junior officers without a break from educational process.

Only representatives of the stronger sex are admitted to the military department, and only if they successfully pass the entrance exams. As practice shows recent years, the number of places is limited, and the competition is growing from year to year.

This is not surprising, because upon graduation, a young specialist or master receives not only a diploma of higher education, but also a military ID with the assigned military rank. Accordingly, honor has been given to the motherland, and nothing else prevents you from successfully getting a job.

In the absence of a military ID and not passing military department, children of military age upon graduation from the university can be sent to military service and only upon return continue their employment according to the specialty received at the university.

So it only seems that the department is a small kingdom, in fact it is able to decide human destinies - in our case, the fate of students and future graduates.

But we still slightly deviated from the topic, but I would like to talk about the relationship between the student and the department: what are the prospects and “pitfalls” that are important to remember and never forget?

Student and department

In his student life a university student visits the department more often and visits the dean's office of his faculty much less often. This is not surprising, because teachers from the department solve all student problems, answer the questions posed in the most intelligible way, and even sometimes assist in their studies.

The student must understand that the issue within the department can still be resolved, but if the problem has reached the dean's office, then it is not far from expulsion.

That is why you should not leave all the difficulties for tomorrow, especially since the department is able to solve most of them today. So why not take this chance and expose yourself first?

As a rule, a department is a separate large office where several or all teachers of your specialty sit at once. So find the right teacher is not particularly difficult, just wait for the next change and knock on the cherished door.

The head of the department sits separately, but some students, having studied for five years, have never knocked on his door. And why bother the authorities if there are no problems and questions?

In any case, the student should not take the help of the department with hostility, since people who are not interested in his expulsion work here.

If you ask in a timely manner, then they will definitely extend a helping hand and help solve seemingly grandiose student problems. So all university students can only wish: be friends with the department, and then your chance of successfully graduating from the university will increase rapidly.

Conclusion: If you have any thoughts about your department, I will gladly listen to them! I hope now there will be no more confusion in such important student terms as department and faculty.

Now you know about what is a university department.

The article addresses three questions:
Legal status of a structural subdivision of the university with powers legal entity.
The legal regime of the property of the university and its structural divisions.
Budgetary regulation of the activities of the university.

L. B. Eliseeva,
Ural State University

STRUCTURAL DIVISIONS OF THE UNIVERSITY: LEGAL ASPECTS

Legal status of a structural subdivision of the university with the powers of a legal entity

For the first time, the definition of a separate subdivision appeared in the Tax Code of the Russian Federation after the entry into force of the Federal Law of July 9, 1999. N 154-FZ "On amendments and additions to the first part of the Tax Code Russian Federation", although the very concept in Russian legislation was used before.

Adoption July 10, 1992 Law of the Russian Federation N 3266-1 "On Education" and 22.08.1996 of the Federal Law 125-FZ "On Higher and Postgraduate Vocational Education" suggests the presence of special legislation regulating the activities of an educational institution. Consider the development of the concept of "structural unit" in time.

1992 In accordance with Article 7 of the Law "On Education", educational institutions can create branches, departments, structural subdivisions, which, by proxy of the parent organization, can fully or partially exercise the powers of a legal entity, incl. have an independent balance sheet and own accounts in banking and other credit organizations.

1995 The first part of the Civil Code of the Russian Federation, put into effect on January 1, 1995, gave a legal definition of a representative office and a branch of a legal entity. In accordance with paragraphs 1, 2 of article 55 of the Civil Code of the Russian Federation, a representative office is a separate subdivision of a legal entity located outside its location, which represents the interests of a legal entity and protects them; a branch is a separate subdivision of a legal entity located outside its location and performing all or part of its functions, incl. representation functions.

The legal regime of branches and representative offices has much in common:

both the branch and the representative office must act on the basis of the regulation approved by the legal entity;
heads of the branch and representative office are appointed to the position by a legal entity;
the representative office and branch must be indicated in the constituent documents of the legal entity;
since neither a branch nor a representative office are independent subjects of law, the heads of the branch and representative office must have a power of attorney of a legal entity;
both the branch and the representative office are endowed with property by the legal entity itself. At the same time, the isolation of property is relative, since this property continues to be the property of the legal entity itself. Consequently, the property of a branch and a representative office can only be on a separate balance sheet, which is part of the independent balance sheet of a legal entity. However, this provision came into conflict with Article 7 of the Law "On Education", according to which structural units with the powers of a legal entity may have an independent balance sheet. In practice, legally fixed cases of transferring branches to an independent balance sheet also appeared. So, approved by the Decree of the Government of the Russian Federation of March 7, 1995 No. N 233 "Model Regulations on an educational institution of additional education for children" provided for the possibility for the institution to have branches, departments, structural subdivisions, which, by its power of attorney, can fully or partially exercise the powers of a legal entity, incl. have an independent balance sheet and own accounts in banks and other credit institutions. These divisions began to be recognized as a "branch with the rights of a legal entity."

1996 In the Federal Law of 22.08.96 adopted in 1996 N 125-FZ "On higher and postgraduate vocational education"an attempt was made to specify the concept of a branch. In accordance with paragraph 2 of article 7 of the above law, branches of the university are separate structural divisions located outside its location. In accordance with paragraph 3 of article 8, universities are independent in the formation of their structure; structural divisions universities can be endowed by proxy in full or in part with the powers of a legal entity in the manner prescribed by the charter of the university.

1999 Enacted from 01.01.99, part I of the Tax Code of the Russian Federation excluded branches and representative offices from tax legal relations, recognizing only legal entities as possible taxpayers. This position was a serious innovation in relation to the previous Russian tax legislation. Law of the Russian Federation of December 27, 1991 No. N 2118-1 "On the Fundamentals of the Tax System of the Russian Federation" referred to taxpayers as legal entities, other categories of taxpayers who, in accordance with legislative acts, were charged with the obligation to pay taxes. Private tax laws described subjects of taxation more specifically. For example, the law of the Russian Federation of December 27, 1991 No. N 2116-1 "On income tax of enterprises and organizations" included in the composition of taxpayers enterprises and organizations that are legal entities and carry out entrepreneurial activities, as well as branches and other separate divisions of enterprises and organizations that have a separate balance sheet and settlement (current, correspondent) account . The Tax Code left for branches and other separate subdivisions of the organization the functional obligation to pay taxes and fees in the territory where organizations and other separate subdivisions carry out the functions of the organization.

However, the question of the concept of "isolation" of the organizational unit remained open.

And only the Federal Law of 09.07.99, which came into force, No. N 154-FZ "On Amendments and Additions to Part I of the Tax Code of the Russian Federation" legislated clearly defined the concept of a separate subdivision.

In accordance with paragraph 2 of Article 11 of the Tax Code of the Russian Federation, a separate subdivision of an organization is any subdivision that is territorially isolated from it, at the location of which stationary workplaces are equipped. Wherein workplace is considered stationary if it is created for a period of more than 1 month.

The Tax Code did not define what a "workplace" is, however, clause 1 of Article 11 of the Tax Code of the Russian Federation provided for the possibility of using concepts from other branches of legislation. Therefore, we turn to labor law. Federal Law of July 17, 1999 N 181-FZ "On the Basics of Labor Protection of the Russian Federation" interprets the workplace as a place where an employee must be or where he should arrive in connection with his work and which is directly or indirectly under the control of the employer.

In addition, the above law N 154-FZ "On Amendments and Additions to Part I of the Tax Code of the Russian Federation" for the first time gave definitions to a number of terms used in the legislation, but previously normatively vague and therefore causing a large number of disputes. In particular, location Russian organization should be determined solely by the place of its state registration.

A norm similar in content is contained in paragraph 2 of Article 54 of the Civil Code of the Russian Federation. However, in civil legal relations, this norm allows the establishment of a different location of the organization indicated in the constituent documents of the legal entity.

The issue of tax registration of separate divisions of organizations is fundamentally different from civil law relations. A certain criterion has appeared - the presence of stationary workplaces (created for a period of more than one month), equipped outside the place of state registration of the organization. From now on, it is not the form of introducing a separate subdivision into the constituent documents that matters, but the actual existence of a structural unit of a legal entity located outside its location. Failure to comply with the form indicates only a violation of the norms of civil and tax legislation. According to paragraph 4 of Article 83 of the Tax Code of the Russian Federation, an organization is obliged to submit an application for registration with the tax office at the location of its separate subdivision within one month from the date of creation of this subdivision.

The legal regime of the property of the university and its structural divisions

It was mentioned above about the legal regime of the property of branches and representative offices. Let us consider in more detail the issue of the legal regime of the property of an institution and its structural divisions.

An institution is the only type of non-profit organization that is not the owner of its property. There is an opinion that, like unitary enterprises, they are remnants of the former economic system, which is not characteristic of a developed commodity market. This opinion is debatable and deserves separate consideration.

Let us dwell only on the real right of property at the disposal of an institution (an equally separate subdivision).

The state, as the owner of the bulk of the property, being unable to directly manage the objects belonging to it and at the same time not wanting to lose the right of ownership to them, is objectively forced to assign its property to enterprises and institutions on a limited property right: the right of economic management and operational management. The difference between the rights of economic management and operational management lies in the content and scope of the powers that they receive from the owner on the property assigned to them. The right of economic management is broader than the right of operational management.

In accordance with Article 294 of the Civil Code, the right of economic management is the right of a state and municipal unitary enterprise to own, use and dispose of the owner's property within the limits established by laws and other legal acts. Property transferred under the right of economic management is removed from the actual possession of the owner-founder and credited to the balance sheet of the enterprise. In relation to such an enterprise, the founder-owner retains the powers provided for in paragraph 1 of Article 295 of the Civil Code: he has the right to create an enterprise, appoint a director, approve the charter, reorganize and liquidate it, exercise control over the use of property for its intended purpose, receive part of the profit from the use of the transferred property. It should be especially noted that with the property that the enterprise has under the right of economic management, it is responsible for its debts.

The right of operational management in accordance with paragraph 1 of Article 196 of the Civil Code is the right of an institution or state-owned enterprise to own, use and dispose of the property assigned to them within the limits, statutory, in accordance with the goals of its activities, the tasks of the owner and the purpose of the property. The right of operational management is much narrower than the right of economic management.

If an enterprise endowed with property on the right of economic management cannot dispose of only real estate, while it disposes of the rest of the property belonging to the enterprise on its own, then the institution, in accordance with the direct indication of paragraph 1 of Article 298 of the Civil Code, is generally deprived of the right to dispose of the property or property assigned to it received on a budget. The institution can independently manage only the funds spent by it in accordance with the estimate. Thus, an institution, even with the consent of the owner, is not entitled to alienate the movable and immovable property of the owner assigned to it. If such a need arises, it has the right to ask the owner to alienate the property belonging to him on his own behalf.

In a special legal position is the property of the institution, received from "income-generating" activities. The income received from conducting such activities and the property acquired at their expense in accordance with paragraph 1 of Article 298 come to the independent disposal of the institution and are accounted for on a separate balance sheet. We can talk about a special real right - the right of independent disposal.

Since the list of property rights in accordance with paragraph 1 of Article 216 of the Civil Code is closed, there is an opinion among civilists that the right of independent disposal is identical to the right of economic management. Indeed, these rights are very close, but in a detailed analysis of civil law norms they are not identical. Without getting into a discussion on this issue, we will only draw a conclusion of interest to us within the framework of the topic under consideration about the structural divisions of the university, that the property of the institution, received according to the estimate and as a result of income-generating activities, has a different legal regime: in the first case, the institution owns property on the right of operational management, in the second - on the right independent order. Thus, if an institution carries out income-generating activities or creates structural units that carry out paid educational services and other activities permitted by law, aimed at achieving the goals and objectives specified in the Charter or the Regulations, then the property received as a result of such activities acquires a special legal status and must be accounted for on a separate balance sheet.

Budgetary regulation of the activities of the university

Let us consider the correlation of the above conclusions with the budgetary regulation of the activities of universities.

In the 1990s, the budgetary law of the Russian Federation changed significantly, which was due to the economic and political changes that had taken place. The changes were expressed in an increase in the level of independence of the subjects of budgetary relations, new features appeared related to the focus on the transition to market relations. A regulatory framework for budgetary law was created. Among the legislative acts of special content stand out the Law of the RSFSR N 734-1 dated 01/10/91 "On the basics of the budget structure and the budget process", Law of the Russian Federation N 4807-1 dated April 15, 1993 "On the fundamentals of budgetary rights and rights for the formation and use of extra-budgetary funds of representative and executive bodies of state power of the republics within the Russian Federation, the autonomous region, autonomous districts, territories, regions, cities of Moscow and St. Petersburg, bodies local government", Decrees of the President of the Russian Federation, Decrees of the Government of the Russian Federation, legal acts of the Ministry of Finance of the Russian Federation. On January 1, 2000, the Budget Code of the Russian Federation, adopted State Duma 07/17/98

If we trace the development of budget legislation over the past decade, we can clearly see the desire for centralization of state power, which primarily affects property relations. To do this, it is enough to analyze the revenue side of the budget.

The classification of state revenues can be carried out on various grounds: on a socio-economic basis, on a territorial basis, etc. The Budget Code distinguishes between tax and non-tax types of income. In accordance with paragraph 4 of Article 41 of the Budget Code, non-tax income includes income from paid services provided budget institutions under the jurisdiction of the federal executive authorities, authorities of the constituent entities of the Russian Federation, and local governments, respectively. Moreover, clause 1 of Article 51 of the BC focuses on the fact that non-tax revenues of the federal budget are formed from income from the use of state-owned property, income from paid services provided by budgetary institutions that are under the jurisdiction of state authorities of the Russian Federation in full .

The emerging trend of centralization is also demonstrated by the Decree of the Government of August 22, 1998 No. N 1001 "On measures to transfer to the federal treasury the accounts of organizations financed from the federal budget, for accounting for funds received from entrepreneurial and other income-generating activities." Thus, the right of the university to independently manage the property received from income-generating activities is reduced to the right of operational management, when the owner, through the treasury authorities, fully controls the income and expenses of the institution. There is a legal conflict between the legislative acts adopted in the first half of the 90s (the Law "On Education", the Civil Code), when society sought to build a legal state based on democratic principles and the legal norms of the late 90s, with the emerging trend towards rigid centralization.

The problem also turned out to be that the Decree N 1001 and the latest regulations adopted by the Ministry of Finance and the Central Bank of the Russian Federation in order to implement this resolution, we are talking about opening a personal account to account for funds received from entrepreneurial and other income-generating activities. If civil law, using the concept of "account" in singular, implies the type of account (settlement, current, personal, correspondent) in a qualitative, but not quantitative sense, and implies the possibility of an organization having several, for example, settlement accounts, then the term "personal account" in the Resolution N For some reason, 1001 was understood literally in the singular. It turned out that the institution, even if it has a complex internal structure, leads different kinds activities, should have one account for accounting for extrabudgetary funds.

Even if the state wishes to control all the income and expenses of the institution, it is inappropriate to artificially create unnecessary barriers to receiving and spending these funds, limiting the right of the institution to have several accounts for accounting for extrabudgetary funds, in comparison with other commercial and non-profit organizations. Why put the source of budget revenues in a deliberately disadvantageous position?

Faculty of Fundamental Medicine (FFM) - a structural subdivision of the Moscow state university named after M.V.
Special department of the university
Educational, scientific and administrative division of the university
Educational, scientific and administrative unit of the university, which trains students and graduate students in a particular specialty
Educational department of the university
Department of Higher Education
Part of a higher education institution

Department of Radiochemistry and Applied Ecology - Department of the Physico-Technological Institute of the Ural Federal University.
Structural unit uniting teachers and researchers of a given field of knowledge or scientific discipline
Structural subdivision of the university, including teaching and research staff in one or a number of related disciplines
The main association of the scientific and teaching staff of the university in one or more related academic disciplines
Association of teachers in the university
An independent field of knowledge, which is in charge of a scientist, scientific discipline as a subject of teaching in a higher educational institution

DEAN'S OFFICE

The deanery of Neusiedl am See is the deanery of the Catholic diocese of Eisenstadt. The deanery includes 15 parishes.
Administrative and educational department of the faculty of the university
Management body at the university
Leadership at the university
Faculty management at the university
University management
"headquarters" of the university faculty

The seven-shot icon of the Mother of God - revered in Orthodox Church icon of the Virgin. The celebration of the icon takes place on August 13 (according to the Julian calendar).
Academic semester at the university
Academic semester
Academic semester at universities
Half school year in universities
Six months at university
M. lat. half a year; in educational institutions, the annual study is divided into two semesters, separated by Christmas time and holidays
(Latin 6-month) half of the academic year in higher and secondary specialized educational institutions

INTRODUCTION

The higher educational institution in the Russian Federation is educational institution which has the status of a legal entity and implements professional educational programs of higher professional education.

In the Russian Federation, the following state bodies for managing higher education operate: the federal (central) state body for managing higher education - State Committee Russian Federation for higher education; subdivisions of management of higher education of the central bodies of federal executive power; republican.

Higher education provides fundamental, scientific, professional and practical training, citizens receive educational and qualification levels in accordance with their vocation, interests and abilities, improve scientific and vocational training retraining and improvement of their qualifications.

Today, according to F. Ziyatdinov, the importance of the educational policy implemented by the state is increasing, and in sociology it is considered as part of social policy. Education policy includes the strategy and tactics of activities in the educational sphere, means, forms and methods of achieving educational goals and objectives.

HIGHER EDUCATIONAL INSTITUTION, ITS OBJECTIVES AND STRUCTURE

1. A higher educational institution in the Russian Federation is an educational institution that has the status of a legal entity and implements professional educational programs of higher professional education.

2. Higher educational institution is created, reorganized, functions and liquidated in accordance with the Law of the Russian Federation "On Education", other legislative acts of the Russian Federation, these Regulations and its charter.

3. State, municipal, non-state (private, public and religious organizations) higher education institutions.

For non-state higher educational institutions, this Regulation is exemplary.

4. Higher educational institutions are created, reorganized and liquidated: federal subordination - by the Council of Ministers - the Government of the Russian Federation; the subordination of the republics within the Russian Federation, except for the regions, autonomous entities, the cities of Moscow and St. Petersburg - by the relevant state authorities and administration in agreement with the federal (central) state authority for higher education; municipal - by the relevant local governments in agreement with the federal (central) state body for managing higher education.

After the issuance of an act on the establishment of a state higher educational institution, the functions of the founder of a higher educational institution are performed by the relevant body government controlled in whose jurisdiction it is.

5. The Russian Federation has the following state governing bodies for higher education: the federal (central) state governing body for higher education - the State Committee of the Russian Federation for Higher Education; subdivisions of management of higher education of the central bodies of federal executive power; republican (republics within the Russian Federation) government bodies of higher education.

6. The main tasks (main activity) of a higher educational institution as a center of education, science and culture are: meeting the needs of the individual in intellectual, cultural and moral development, acquiring higher education and qualifications in the chosen field professional activity; meeting the needs of society in qualified specialists with higher education and scientific and pedagogical personnel of the highest qualification; organization and conduct of fundamental, search and applied scientific research and other scientific, technical, experimental design work, including on education issues; retraining and advanced training of specialist teachers; accumulation, preservation and enhancement of moral, cultural and scientific values of the society; dissemination of knowledge among the population, raising its general educational and cultural level.

7. Higher educational institutions may have branches, faculties, departments, preparatory departments, research laboratories, postgraduate studies, doctoral studies, educational units of additional professional education, experimental farms, educational theaters and other structural units. Enterprises, institutions and organizations may be included in and attached to higher educational institutions.

8. The creation of structural subdivisions of higher educational institutions (except for branches) is carried out by the educational institution itself, with subsequent notification of the founder and introduction of amendments to the charter of the higher educational institution in the prescribed manner.

Establishment of state enterprises, institutions and organizations (including budget ones) as part of or attached to a state higher educational institution, including those with the status of a legal entity, is carried out by the founder in the prescribed manner.

Branches of state (municipal) higher educational institutions, institutions for advanced training and retraining of personnel at a higher educational institution are created by the founders in agreement with the federal (central) state body for managing higher education.

9. All higher education institutions (including their independent structural units, as well as enterprises, institutions and organizations at higher educational institutions) can act as founders of enterprises, institutions and organizations of all organizational and legal forms, can purchase shares, bonds at their own expense and other securities, if it is aimed at the development of their core business.

10. A higher educational institution, including its structural divisions and enterprises, institutions, organizations attached to it, having the status of a legal entity, is a single educational, scientific and industrial complex - an educational institution.

11. The functioning of a higher educational institution as a single educational, scientific and industrial complex is ensured by: the mandatory participation of scientific organizations and all other structural divisions of higher educational institutions in the education of students and graduate students or in the organization (support) of the educational process; execution by all structural divisions of the decisions of the academic council and the management of the higher educational institution; education in a higher educational institution of centralized funds at the expense of deductions made by its constituent units, enterprises, institutions and organizations. The procedure for using these funds is established by the academic council of the higher education institution.

Specific forms and content of organizational and legal relations within a single educational, scientific and industrial complex are determined by the charter of a higher educational institution.

12. Education for the purpose of obtaining higher education is carried out in the following types of educational institutions: university, academy, institute, college.

According to Art. 10 of the Federal Law "On Higher and Postgraduate Professional Education" the university is created and reorganized by the founder in accordance with the legislation of the Russian Federation. IN state universities the founders are the government of the Russian Federation or the executive authorities of the constituent entities of the Russian Federation.

Higher education is one of the necessary components for the development of a civilized democratic society.

The centralized multi-level education system in Russia was created in the 19th century, and its reform and expansion took place in the second half and the beginning of the 20th century, when more than a hundred classical and technical universities, institutions of other profiles (military and pedagogical institutes and so on.).

A higher educational institution is an educational institution established and operating on the basis of the legislation of the Russian Federation on education, having the status of a legal entity and implementing educational programs of higher professional education in accordance with a license.

The main tasks of a higher educational institution are:

1. Satisfying the needs of the individual in intellectual, cultural and moral development through higher and (or) postgraduate professional education;

2. Development of sciences and arts through scientific research and creative activity scientific and pedagogical workers and students, the use of the results obtained in educational process;

3. Training, retraining and advanced training of workers with higher education and scientific and pedagogical workers of higher qualification;

4. Formation of students' civic position, ability to work and live in conditions modern civilization and democracy;

5. Preservation and enhancement of the moral, cultural and scientific values of society;

6. Dissemination of knowledge among the population, raising its educational and cultural level.

Higher educational institutions are independent in the formation of their structure, with the exception of their branches, unless otherwise established. federal laws.

The status and functions of a structural subdivision of a higher education institution are determined by the charter of the higher education institution or in the manner prescribed by it.

At its core, the structure of higher education institutions appeared more than 500 years ago.

The higher education institution is headed by the rector, his deputies in various areas of work are vice-rectors, who solve operational and tactical issues of the university. Strategic issues of the development of the university are usually decided by its Academic Council.

The main divisions of higher educational institutions.

Faculty - an educational, scientific and administrative structural unit of a higher educational institution that trains students and graduate students in one or more related specialties, improves the qualifications of specialists, as well as manages the research activities of the departments that it unites. In universities and academies, individual faculties can function as intra-university institutions.

A department is a subdivision that trains students within a certain specialization. IN Russian universities the department traditionally represents the main cell of educational and scientific activities, as well as the "substrate" of the scientific and pedagogical school at the university in this specialization.

Postgraduate and doctoral studies.

Preparatory department for applicants.

Also, colleges can exist at universities (in this case, upon graduation, a university diploma is also given, but not about higher education, but about secondary vocational education). The structure of a higher educational institution may include libraries, computer centers, pilot production, agricultural land, clinics, research institutes, etc. Many higher educational institutions publish their own newspapers.

At the leading higher educational institutions, the HAC organizes dissertation councils for the award of academic degrees.

Structural divisions of a higher educational institution may implement educational programs of primary general, basic general, secondary (complete) general, primary vocational and secondary vocational education, as well as educational programs additional education if the higher education institution has the appropriate license.

Branches of higher educational institutions are separate structural subdivisions located outside its location.

Branches of federal state higher educational institutions are created by the founder in agreement with the federal executive body that performs the functions of developing public policy and legal regulation in the field of education, by the relevant executive authorities of the constituent entities of the Russian Federation and local governments at the location of the branch. Branches of federal state higher educational institutions subordinate to federal executive bodies, in which federal laws provide for military service, are created by the founder in agreement with the federal executive body responsible for the development of state policy and legal regulation in the field of education.

The standard regulation on branches of federal state higher educational institutions and the procedure for their organization are developed and approved by the federal executive body.

The performance indicators of branches of higher educational institutions are taken into account during the state accreditation of such higher educational institutions.

To obtain the right to study at Russian universities, you must have a certificate for an 11-year general education school or a diploma of secondary vocational education. The vast majority of young people are competitive entrance exams, the programs of which are established by the Ministry of Education, taking into account the content of secondary school subjects and the requirements of higher education for the level of knowledge of applicants. Universities and other institutions of higher learning are fairly autonomous in conducting entrance exams(form, number, introduction of additional disciplines, time, etc.) and in the details of the selection of applicants.

As in secondary education, the academic year in universities begins on September 1, is divided into two semesters (or 3 in separate institutions) and continues until June with short breaks for holidays and between two semesters.

The processing of important disciplines ends with an exam or some type of testing. Grading system: the highest mark is 5 (excellent), 4 (good), 3 (satisfactory), which is enough to enroll the discipline, 2 (unsatisfactory), which does not allow continuing education. Less significant disciplines can be evaluated on a two-point scale: "pass" (the teacher believes that the student has generally met the requirements) and "fail" (the student's work is unsatisfactory, the subject must be repeated or studied independently).

There are public and private universities. The university may have branches and representative offices in other localities.

Each higher educational institution has a charter and is an autonomous subject of legal relations. The university must have a license that gives the right to educational activities. In order to have the right to issue state diplomas to university graduates, the university must be accredited (accreditation is given to the university, as a rule, after attestation). Education at a university, as a rule, lasts from 4 to 6 years and can be full-time (full-time), evening (part-time) and part-time. The most common forms of education are classroom and distance learning. Conventionally, universities are divided into humanitarian and technical.

The general management of the university is carried out by the Academic Council of the University - an elected representative body.

According to the position, the Academic Council includes the rector, who is its chairman, vice-rectors and deans of faculties.

Academic Council of the University:

- defines the rules of its work;

– considers and approves the strategic plan for the development of the university;

– solves the issues of approval and changes in the structure of the university;

– considers and approves the rules for admission to the university;

- establishes the volume and structure of admission of students for the first year to study at the branch at the expense of the federal budget;

– solves the issues of changing the term of study for certain categories of students;

– postpones, if necessary, the start of the academic year;

– approves the provisions (about current control progress and intermediate certification of students; about the branch; about representation; about the faculty; about the department; about the center and others regulating the activities of the university);

– establishes the procedure for awarding scholarships and nominal scholarships of the university;

– introduces students to scholarships of the President of the Russian Federation, special state scholarships of the Government of the Russian Federation and personal scholarships;

– makes decisions on socio-economic issues and economic activities of the university;

- decides on the content and organization of the educational process at the university;

– determines the directions of scientific research, reviews and approves plans scientific works;

– conducts a competitive selection of candidates for the position of professor and presents university employees to academic titles professors and associate professors, and in the cases provided for by the founder, conducts a final examination of submissions to these academic titles;

– elects deans of faculties and heads of departments;

– petitions the founder and other state bodies for the provision of university employees with state and industry awards and for conferring honorary titles on university employees;

– annually hears the rector's report on the activities of the university.

The rector directly manages the activities of the university.

The rector is the sole executive body of the university, acting on the basis of unity of command:

– acts on behalf of the university, represents the university without a power of attorney in all management bodies, organizations, institutions, enterprises;

– disposes of the property of the university in accordance with the established procedure, concludes contracts, issues powers of attorney, opens bank accounts of the university;

- is personally responsible for organizing the protection of information constituting a state secret;

- approves local regulations governing the activities of the university;

- Issues within the competence of the university orders and instructions that are binding on all structural units, employees and students.

The rector distributes duties among his deputies (vice-rectors).