Areca palm or Areca catechu
Poisonous!
The Latin name is Areca catechu.
Palm trees - Agesaseae (Palmae).
The parts used are fruits, leaves.
Pharmacy name - areca palm seeds - Agesae semen (formerly Semen Arecae).
Botanical description
Palm tree with feathery leaves, up to 30m tall, with a straight smooth trunk, 30-50cm thick. On the trunk there are ring-shaped scars that remain on the palm tree after fallen leaves. A young palm tree has up to 5 leaves, and an adult from 8 to 12. The leaves are alternate, pinnate, with their leaf sheaths they cover the trunk of a palm tree. One palm leaf lives no more than 2 years. Leaves lanceolate, smooth, pointed, 30 to 70 cm long.
The palm tree begins to bloom from 5-6 years of age. Male flowers are collected near the top, and female ones at the base of inflorescences, which are an ear, and later become paniculate, up to 1.3 m long. On one inflorescence there are 300-500 flowers. The flowers are creamy whitish in color. Pollen is carried by insects and wind.
The fruits are red, yellow or orange color, 5-7 cm long, resembles chicken, have a rounded shape, with a hard shell and one hard seed, which is called "betel nut". Under the peel is a dry, fibrous pulp that should not be eaten. The seed tightly fuses with the endosperm and is the main integral part betel gum.
A palm tree lives 60-100 years. It is found in India, Pakistan, Sri Lanka, China, Taiwan, the Malay Archipelago and many other tropical areas (it is also cultivated there). The areca palm is cultivated for its seeds, which, along with lime, are wrapped in betel leaves and chewed by the local population.
Active ingredients
Arecoline and other alkaloids, tannins, mucus, resin, fat.
Healing action and application
Formerly a favorite anthelmintic, especially in veterinary medicine; rarely used for diarrhea. Poisoning already from 8-10 g of pharmaceutical goods.
Areca palm or catechu is used in medicine, in veterinary practice, as a remedy for the treatment of skin diseases of fungal and protozoal origin, as a good antidiarrheal and antihelminthic agent. palm trees have antiseptic properties.
The fruits of the areca palm are used to make betel gum. For the treatment of respiratory diseases, catechu palm oil is used (inhalation, rinsing).
Contraindications
With frequent use, vomiting, dizziness, diarrhea may occur, disorders may occur nervous system. One of the main side effects is an emerging addiction. Due to the application given substance, the mood of a person significantly improving, a slight euphoria appears. Also, with prolonged use, heart problems appear, since these are strong biostimulants. Poisoning already from 8-10 g of pharmaceutical goods. When used in large doses, it causes paralysis and.
With prolonged chewing of betel gum, the oral cavity turns red. The saliva that is produced in this case must be spit out, swallowed, otherwise it can lead to intestinal disorders. This type of medicine is very poisonous. It is necessary to approach with great care to its use and use, in order to avoid causing harm to the entire body.
The palm tree is a plant that is perfect for adding a tropical touch to any garden. It is better to choose the type of palm tree for growing in the garden from those plants that are already cultivated in your climatic zone.
If there is a desire to experiment, then the plant must be chosen taking into account the appropriate conditions of detention that you can provide it with (lighting, temperature, watering, soil) - the conditions in which the selected type of palm tree is used to growing.
Lighting
For each type of palm there is an optimal and acceptable lighting. If the intensity of illumination of the palm tree goes beyond the permissible limits, then the plant begins to develop deviations: the leaves die prematurely, the shape changes, development slows down or stops.
Most of the palm trees different ages, requires different intensity of sunlight. For young palm trees that do not have a trunk, direct sunlight is contraindicated in most cases; they have enough scattered sunlight or partial shade. Mature plants grow, as a rule, in direct sunlight most of the day; for a smaller part of the day, they can develop with scattered sunlight or in partial shade.
For various kinds palm trees great importance has the length of daylight hours. Optimal, for the development of a plant, is such a length of daylight hours, which is equal to the length of the day in the homeland of the palm tree, that is, in its natural habitat.
If the light intensity is too high, then the palm leaves turn brown and die. If the light intensity is not sufficient, then parts of the plant are stretched and the palm tree takes on a "thin, lanky" appearance.
Temperature
Palm trees come from different climatic zones:
- where it is hot all year round;
- during the day the temperature reaches +35 0 С, and at night it does not fall below + 25 0 С;
- winter hardiness of some palms reaches (-17) 0 С;
- some species can withstand temperatures of +45 0 C without problems.
Considering the temperature characteristics of your region, you can choose the right plant.
The soil
Soils suitable for growing various types of palms have some common properties:
High drainage capacity;
Soil acidity pH (5.5 - 7.0).
Landing / transfer
Most types of palms negatively tolerate transplantation, in which an earthen lump is destroyed. Therefore, it is allowed to transship the plant with the preservation of an earthy coma. Also, when planting or transplanting most types of palm trees, you cannot change the level of deepening of the plant. The place for planting should be chosen taking into account the fact that the plant should be:
2) protected from prevailing winds.
Landing time is selected depending on the region. In cold areas, planting in open ground is carried out in the spring, after the threat of returning frosts has passed. In the tropics, you can not plant a plant during a drought period. Young palms that do not have a trunk are most susceptible to damage from adverse weather factors.
In most cases, planting material is grown in seedlings in a container culture.
Planting palm trees in open ground
The planting hole is dug twice as large (wider) than the diameter of the earthen clod (the root system of the plant), and 10-15% deeper than the height of the root system (the container of the plant being planted).
- We take the plant out of the pot, place it in the planting hole.
- We cover the free space with loose soil.
- After planting, we carry out abundant watering so that the earth sags and fills all the voids.
- Mulch the soil around the plant.
Watering
The frequency of watering in different types of palm trees is:
Without drying the earthen coma;
With slight drying of the earthy coma;
With a strong drying of the earthy coma.
The frequency of watering for each type of palm is indicated individually. Newly planted palm trees are watered with frequency - without drying the earthy coma. The amount of water during one-time watering depends on the age of the plant and the size of the root system: for a young plant, 1-3 liters of water is enough, for an adult plant, up to 200 liters are needed.
Humidity
The degree of significance of relative air humidity for each type of palm is individual. Palm trees reach their maximum decorative effect at high humidity.
Fertilizer
Top dressing is carried out during the period of vegetative growth of the plant. In the subtropics, we apply fertilizers from mid-spring to the end of summer. In tropical regions, fertilization is carried out during the period of palm growth, but the period itself is adjusted depending on the alternation of dry and rainy seasons.
As fertilizers, we use organic fertilizers or slow-release mineral fertilizers for palm trees, which can be applied both in dry form and in the form of solutions. The frequency of top dressing is once a month or once a month and a half. For young plants, to accelerate development, foliar top dressing can be carried out.
When fertilizing adult trees, it is necessary to take into account the structural features of the root system and the length of the roots, which can reach 12-15m.
Pests
Pests reduce the decorativeness of the plant and slow down its development, up to the death of the palm tree. The range of pests depends on the region where the plant is grown. In most cases, these are caterpillars gnawing leaves, mealybugs, scale insects, herbivorous mites.
Pest Control:
1) the gardener should not create favorable conditions for the development of the pest; various agrotechnical measures need to complicate the life of pests;
2) to protect the plant, with a strong population of pests, it is necessary to use biological or chemical preparations.
Diseases
Palm diseases can be divided into two groups:
1) problems of the plant due to violations of the conditions of detention, the presence of pests or physiological abnormalities;
2) diseases of infectious origin, the causative agent of which are: bacteria, fungi, mycoses.
For example, palm leaves turn yellow en masse. The reason for this may be: the presence of pests, too high intensity of solar radiation, damage to the root system. In turn, the root system can suffer from infectious diseases, or maybe from prolonged drought or wetting. In order to determine the source of the problem and the way to solve it, you need your own experience or expert advice, in extreme cases - luck.
At first, I thought that weather forecasts were only needed to know what to wear and whether to take an umbrella with you. But then I learned that the work of meteorologists is important in many areas of life, and later I even got a little acquainted with this discipline myself (we had our own meteorological service at the military unit). So, I will try to tell below about meteorology as interestingly as possible and with details.
Meteorology is a science
In fact, meteorology is a science that studies the atmosphere and climate. Simply put, meteorologists are engaged in weather forecasting. In general, people have been trying to do this for a long time, but this activity acquired a more or less scientific character only in the 19th century. It was then that forecasts appeared in the press, the first to be published by the English newspaper The Times.
With the development of science and technology, more and more perfect theories appeared. On this moment meteorology deals with the study of such processes:
- processes in the atmosphere of a physical and chemical nature;
- atmosphere, its composition and structure;
- moisture exchange and thermal regime in the atmosphere.
- various atmospheric phenomena (winds, cyclones / anticyclones, etc.).
Meteorology is used both for purely scientific and everyday purposes, and in transport (this is especially important in aviation and maritime communication). I guess I'm not the only one who had flight cancellations due to "non-flying weather".
Meteorology is also used by the military, and not only pilots and sailors. Gunners and snipers also have great respect for meteorologists, since the accuracy of the shot depends very much on the data on the atmosphere, wind, humidity, etc. I messed around a lot with weather reports in my time ... It was difficult, but they shot accurately, unlike those who neglected weather data.
Development of meteorology in Russia
For the first time, they began to study the weather back in the 17th century, but things did not go beyond simple fixation. Only from the second half of XVII century, the network of meteorological stations gradually began to expand, and in 1849 an observatory was created in St. Petersburg. Under Soviet rule, the meteorological service was also not forgotten; a decree on it was signed by Lenin back in 1921.
This is the science of the atmosphere, studying its composition, properties and the physical and chemical processes occurring in it. Meteorology is briefly and succinctly called atmospheric physics. Meteorology is part of more general science- geophysics, which studies the phenomena and processes occurring in the atmosphere, on the land surface and in the thickness of the soil (Figure 1). 
Picture 1. Structural scheme science - geophysics.
The main tasks of meteorology:
- the study of all physical and chemical processes and phenomena occurring in the atmosphere;
- the study of the patterns by which these processes and phenomena occur;
- forecasting the onset and development of atmospheric processes and phenomena;
- organization of an observation system for atmospheric phenomena and processes;
- development of methods for managing processes occurring in the atmosphere;
- use of the results of meteorological information in industries National economy: primarily in aviation, for sea, rail and road transport, in the design and construction of various critical structures (power lines, buildings, reservoirs, gas pipelines and power plants).
Agricultural production is directly and directly dependent on meteorological information.
Solving problems on ecology and protection environment are also associated with meteorological observations of the processes of pollution of the atmosphere and water bodies.
The listed main tasks of meteorology are based on the solution of the following specific, individual tasks or subtasks:
- study of the main characteristics of the atmosphere: composition, vertical stratification, horizontal heterogeneity, atmospheric pressure and etc.;
- study of solar, terrestrial and atmospheric radiation: fluxes solar energy in the atmosphere, the spectrum of solar radiation, the arrival and consumption of solar energy;
- thermal regime of soil and water bodies: heating and cooling of soil, daily and annual variation of soil surface temperature, change in soil temperature with depth, temperature regime of water bodies;
- thermal regime of the atmosphere: heating and cooling of air, daily and annual temperature fluctuations, the influence of vegetation, the geographical distribution of the temperature of the surface layer of the atmosphere, temperature changes with height, adiabatic processes in the atmosphere;
- water vapor in the atmosphere: evaporation, humidity, condensation of water vapor, the formation of various types and varieties of clouds;
- the formation of atmospheric precipitation: the type of precipitation and their characteristics, the distribution of precipitation over the earth's surface;
- air currents in the atmosphere: change in wind speed and direction, influence of obstacles on the wind, change in wind speed and direction in height;
- optical phenomena and electrical processes in the atmosphere: scattering and absorption of light, visibility range, refraction and reflection of light in the atmosphere, electric field and electrical conductivity of the atmosphere, lightning electricity;
- sound phenomena in the atmosphere: speed of sound, refraction and reflection of sound, attenuation of sound in the atmosphere.
Since meteorology solves a very wide range of problems, it is divided into several individual directions.
synoptic meteorology- the direction of meteorology, which studies the patterns of development of atmospheric processes that determine weather conditions, and methods for its forecast are being developed.
weather called the state of the atmosphere and the totality of phenomena observed in it at a given moment.
Climatology- the direction of meteorology, which studies the conditions and patterns of climate formation, distribution over the globe and climate change over time.
climate A given locality is called the weather regime characteristic of this locality in a long-term context and due to solar radiation, the nature of the underlying surface (the surface on which solar radiation is directed) and the circulation of the atmosphere.
The heterogeneity of the underlying surface determines the different climate. The study of climate features associated with the heterogeneity of the underlying surface is microclimatology.
Actinometry- the direction of meteorology, which studies solar, terrestrial and atmospheric radiation in atmospheric conditions.
Atmospheric physics- the direction of meteorology, which studies the physical laws of processes and phenomena occurring in the surface, that is, the lower layers of the atmosphere, in the free atmosphere (aerology) and in the upper atmosphere.
Actinometry is sometimes referred to as atmospheric physics. Atmospheric physics is subdivided into atmospheric optics, atmospheric electricity and atmospheric acoustics.
Dynamic meteorology- a branch of meteorology that studies the dynamics of the atmosphere (movement) and related energy transformations based on the laws of hydromechanics and thermodynamics.
One of the important tasks in this direction is the development mathematical models atmospheric processes for making weather forecasts, studying the ecology of the environment, changes in climatic phenomena.
Applied meteorology- the direction of meteorology, which studies the influence of various meteorological processes on the functioning of various sectors of the national economy.
There are agricultural meteorology (agrometeorology), medical meteorology (biometeorology), aviation meteorology, etc.
Meteorology (from the Greek metéōros - raised up, heavenly, metéōra - atmospheric and celestial phenomena and ... Logia
the science of the atmosphere and the processes occurring in it. The main section of M. - Atmospheric physics ,
researching physical phenomena and processes in the atmosphere. Chemical processes in the atmosphere are studied by atmospheric chemistry - a new, rapidly developing section of M. The study of atmospheric processes by theoretical methods of hydroaeromechanics (See Hydroaeromechanics) - the problem of dynamic meteorology (See Dynamic meteorology) ,
one of the important problems of which is the development numerical methods weather forecasts (See Weather Forecast). Dr. The sections of meteorology are: the science of the weather and the methods of its prediction - Synoptic meteorology and the science of the Earth's climates - Climatology ,
developed into an independent discipline. In these disciplines, both physical and geographical methods of research are used, but in Lately the physical directions in them became leading. The influence of atmospheric factors on biological processes is studied by biometeorology, including page - x. M. and human biometeorology. Atmospheric physics includes: physics of the surface layer of air, which studies processes in the lower layers of the atmosphere; Aerology ,
devoted to processes in the free atmosphere, where the influence of the earth's surface is less significant; physics of the upper atmosphere, considering the atmosphere at altitudes of hundreds and thousands km, where the density of atmospheric gases is very low. Aeronomy deals with the study of the physics and chemistry of the upper layers of the atmosphere. Atmospheric physics also includes Actinometry ,
studying solar radiation in the atmosphere and its transformations, Atmospheric optics - the science of optical phenomena in the atmosphere, Atmospheric electricity and Atmospheric acoustics.
The first researches in the field of M. belong to antique time (Aristotle). The development of meteorology accelerated from the first half of the 17th century, when the Italian scientists G. Galilei and E. Torricelli developed the first meteorological instruments, the barometer and thermometer. In the 17-18 centuries. the first steps were taken in the study of the regularities of atmospheric processes. Of the works of this time, one should single out the meteorological studies of M. V. Lomonosov and B. Franklin, who paid special attention to the study of atmospheric electricity. In the same period, instruments for measuring wind speed, precipitation, air humidity, and other meteorological elements were invented and improved. This made it possible to begin systematic observations of the state of the atmosphere with the help of instruments, first at individual points, and later (from the end of the 18th century) at a network of meteorological stations. A world network of meteorological stations conducting ground-based observations on the main part of the surface of the continents took shape in the middle of the 19th century. Observations of the state of the atmosphere at various altitudes began in the mountains, and soon after the invention of the balloon (late 18th century) in the free atmosphere. From the end of the 19th century Pilot balloons and sounding balloons with self-recording instruments are widely used to observe meteorological elements at various heights. In 1930, the Soviet scientist P. A. Molchanov invented the Radiosonde, a device that transmits information about the state of the free atmosphere by radio. Subsequently, observations with the help of radiosondes became the main method for studying the atmosphere at a network of aerological stations. In the middle of the 20th century a world actinometric network has been formed, at the stations of which observations are made of solar radiation and its transformations on the earth's surface; methods were developed for observing the ozone content in the atmosphere, for the elements of atmospheric electricity, for chemical composition atmospheric air, etc. In parallel with the expansion of meteorological observations, climatology developed, based on the statistical generalization of observational materials. A great contribution to the foundations of climatology was made by A. I. Voeikov, who studied a number of atmospheric phenomena: the general circulation of the atmosphere (see Atmospheric circulation), Moisture circulation ,
snow cover, etc. In the 19th century developed empirical research atmospheric circulation in order to substantiate the methods of weather forecasts. The work of W. Ferrel in the USA and H. Helmholtz in Germany marked the beginning of research in the field of the dynamics of atmospheric motions, which were continued at the beginning of the 20th century. Norwegian scientist V. Bjerknes and his students. Further progress in dynamic weather was marked by the creation of the first method for numerical hydrodynamic weather forecasting, developed by the Soviet scientist I. A. Kibel, and the subsequent rapid development of this method. In the middle of the 20th century great development received methods of dynamic magnetism in the study of the general circulation of the atmosphere. With their help, the American meteorologists J. Smagorinsky and S. Manabe built world maps of air temperature, precipitation, and other meteorological elements. Similar research is underway in many countries and is closely linked to the International Global Atmospheric Research Program (GAPAP). Considerable attention in modern mathematics is given to the study of physical processes in the surface layer of air. In the 20-30s. these studies were started by R. Geiger (Germany) and other scientists with the aim of studying the microclimate; later they led to the creation of a new section of mathematics - the physics of the boundary layer of air. A large place is occupied by research on climate change, in particular the study of the increasingly noticeable influence of human activities on climate. M. in Russia reached high level already in the 19th century. In 1849, the Main Physical (now Geophysical) Observatory, one of the world's first scientific meteorological institutions, was founded in St. Petersburg. G. I. Wild ,
who directed the observatory for many years in the second half of the 19th century, created in Russia an exemplary system of meteorological observations and a weather service. He was one of the founders of the International Meteorological Organization (1871) and chairman of the international commission for the 1st International Polar Year (1882-83). Over the years of the Soviet The authorities created a number of new scientific meteorological institutions, including the Hydrometeorological Center of the USSR (formerly the Central Institute of Forecasts), the Central Aerological Observatory, the Institute of Atmospheric Physics of the Academy of Sciences of the USSR, etc. The founder of the owls school of dynamic M. was A. A. Fridman. In his studies, as well as in later works by N. E. Kochin, P. Ya. Kochina, E. N. Blinova, G. I. Marchuk, A. M. Obukhov, A. S. Monin, M. I. Yudina et al. studied the regularities of atmospheric movements of various scales, proposed the first models of climate theory, and developed a theory of atmospheric turbulence. K. Ya. Kondratiev's works were devoted to the regularities of radiation processes in the atmosphere. In the works of A. A. Kaminsky, E. S. Rubinshtein, B. P. Alisov, O. A. Drozdov, and other Soviet climatologists, the climate of our country was studied in detail and the atmospheric processes that determine climatic conditions were investigated. The studies carried out at the Main Geophysical Observatory studied the heat balance the globe and atlases were prepared containing world maps of the components of the balance. Work in the field of synoptic weather (V. A. Bugaev, S. P. Khromov, and others) contributed to a significant increase in the level of success in meteorological forecasts. In the studies of owls. agrometeorologists (G. T. Selyaninov, F. F. Davitaia, and others) substantiated the optimal placement of agricultural crops. cultures in our country. Significant results have been obtained in the Soviet Union in work on active influences on atmospheric processes. Experiments on influencing clouds and precipitation, begun by V. N. Obolensky, were widely developed in post-war years. As a result of research conducted under the guidance of E.K. Fedorov, the first system was created that allows weakening hail damage over a large area. A characteristic feature of modern mathematics is the use in it of the latest achievements in physics and technology. Thus, for observing the state of the atmosphere, meteorological satellites are used, which make it possible to obtain information on many meteorological elements for the entire globe. For ground-based observations of clouds and precipitation, radar methods are used (see Radar in meteorology). The automation of meteorological observations and the processing of their data is finding increasing application. In research on theoretical weather, computers are widely used, the use of which was of great importance for improving the numerical methods of weather forecasting. The use of quantitative physical methods of research is expanding in such areas of mathematics as climatology, agrometeorology (see Agricultural meteorology), and human biometeorology (see Medical climatology), where previously they were almost never used. Hydrology is most closely associated with oceanology and land hydrology. These three sciences study various links of the same processes of heat exchange and moisture exchange developing in geographical envelope Earth. M.'s connection with geology and geochemistry is based on the general tasks of these sciences in the study of the evolution of the atmosphere and changes in the Earth's climates in the geological past. In modern M. methods are widely used theoretical mechanics, as well as materials and methods of many other physical, chemical and technical disciplines. One of the main tasks of M. is the weather forecast for various periods. Short-range forecasts are especially necessary for aviation operations; long-term - are of great importance for Agriculture. Since meteorological factors have a significant impact on many aspects of economic activity, materials on the climatic regime are needed to meet the demands of the national economy. The practical importance of active influences on atmospheric processes, including influences on cloudiness and precipitation, protection of plants from frost, etc., is rapidly growing. The activities of the meteorological services of various countries are united by the World Meteorological Organization and other international meteorological organizations. International scientific conferences on various problems of meteorology are also held by the Association of Meteorology and Atmospheric Physics, which is part of the Geodetic and Geophysical Union. The largest conferences on meteorology in the USSR are the All-Union Meteorological Congresses; the last (5th) congress took place in June 1971 in Leningrad. Work carried out in the area of meteorology is published in meteorological journals (see Meteorological journals). Lit.: Khrgian A. Kh., Essays on the development of meteorology, 2nd ed., vol. 1, L., 1959; Meteorology and hydrology for 50 years Soviet power, ed. Edited by E. K. Fedorova. Leningrad, 1967. Khromov S.P., Meteorology and climatology for geographical faculties, L., 1964; Tverskoy P. N., Course of meteorology, L., 1962; Matveev L. T., Fundamentals of General Meteorology, Atmospheric Physics, L., 1965; Fedorov E.K., Hourly weather, [L.], 1970. M. I. Budyko. Big soviet encyclopedia. - M.: Soviet Encyclopedia.
1969-1978
.
See what "Meteorology" is in other dictionaries:
Meteorology… Spelling Dictionary
- (Greek meteorologia, from meteoros meteor, and I say lego). The science of air phenomena, meteors; studies the phenomena occurring in the atmosphere. Dictionary of foreign words included in the Russian language. Chudinov A.N., 1910. METEOROLOGY Greek ... ... Dictionary of foreign words of the Russian language
Meteorology- Meteorology: the science of the atmosphere about its structure, properties and physical processes occurring in it, one of the geophysical sciences (the term atmospheric sciences is also used). Note The main disciplines of meteorology are dynamic, ... ... Official terminology
meteorology- and, well. meteorologie, c. meteorology. science studying physical state the earth's atmosphere and processes occurring in it. BAS 1. Meteorology is the science of phenomena in the air. Corypheus 1 24. Not a single science has represented until now ... ... Historical Dictionary of Gallicisms of the Russian Language
- (from the Greek meteora atmospheric phenomena and ... ology) the science of earth's atmosphere and the processes that take place in it. The main branch of meteorology is atmospheric physics. Meteorology studies the composition and structure of the atmosphere; heat transfer and thermal regime in the atmosphere and ... Big Encyclopedic Dictionary
- (Meteorology) department of geophysics, which studies all phenomena occurring in the gaseous shell of the globe, i.e. in the atmosphere. Samoilov K.I. Marine Dictionary. M. L.: State Naval Publishing House of the NKVMF USSR, 1941 ... ... Marine Dictionary
