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SOLAR SYSTEM The solar system is a stellar system consisting of the Sun and a planetary system that includes all natural space objects circulating around the Sun: planets and their satellites, dwarf planets and their satellites, as well as small bodies - asteroids, comets, meteoroids, space dust. The solar system is part of a galaxy Milky Way
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Even before opening solar system people thought that the Sun and the planets moved around the motionless Earth. It was not until the 16th century that Nicolaus Copernicus developed heliocentric system peace. He argued that it is the Sun, and not the Earth, that is in the center of the world, that the Earth rotates around its axis, due to which the day (day, night) exists.
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Almost the entire mass of the solar system (99.87%) is concentrated in the Sun. The size of the Sun also greatly exceeds any planet in its system. The sun is an ordinary star that shines on its own due to the high surface temperature.
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The Sun The Sun revolves around the center of the Galaxy and makes a complete revolution in 226 million years. The rotation speed of the Sun is 220 km/s. 226 million years are called in astronomy a galactic year. Relative to the galactic surface, the Sun makes vertical oscillations, it crosses the galactic plane every 30 - 35 million years and finds itself either in the northern or in the southern hemisphere. The picture was taken in May 1998 by the SOHO apparatus in the ultraviolet range.
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Terrestrial planets Small in size Solid surface They either have no or few satellites High surface temperature Not very dense atmosphere Weak magnetic field or none detected
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Mercury is the planet closest to the Sun, so the Sun shines on it and heats it 7 times stronger than on Earth -180oC Day length: 58.65 Earth days Distance from the Sun (average): 0.387 AU e. = 58 million km. Orbital period (year): 88 Earth days Diameter: 4870 km. (0.38 Earth diameter)
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Venus is the second planet from the Sun, has an almost circular orbit Atmosphere, which is a dense blanket of carbon dioxide, retains the heat that came from the Sun Venus has no satellites The surface of Venus is covered with hundreds of thousands of volcanoes Rotates in the direction opposite to the rotation of the Sun Orbital speed: 35 km /c Surface temperature: maximum + 480oC Day length: 243 Earth days Distance from the Sun (average): 0.723 AU e. = 108 million km. Orbital period (year): 224.7 Earth days Diameter: 12100 km. (0.949 Earth diameter)
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The Earth is the third planet from the Sun About 3 - 3.5 billion years ago, as a result of the natural evolution of matter, life arose on Earth, the development of the biosphere began. Day length: 23 h 58 min Distance from the Sun (average): 1 AU e. = 150 million km. Orbital period (year): 365.24219 days Diameter: 12756 km. Surface area: 510.2 million km2
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Mars is the fourth planet from the Sun, similar to Earth, but smaller and colder. Mars has deep canyons, giant volcanoes and vast deserts. Around the Red Planet, as Mars is also called, two small satellites fly: Phobos and Deimos. Orbital speed: 24.1 km/s Surface temperature: -23oC over most of the surface, -150oC at the poles, 0oC at the equator Daylength: 24.6229 hours Distance from the Sun (average): 1.5237 AU e. = 228 million km. Orbital period (year): 687 Earth days Diameter: 6670 km. (0.53 Earth diameter)
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Several thousand asteroids form an asteroid belt between the orbits of Mars and Jupiter. Some asteroids may be approaching Earth
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Giant planets Large in size Loose surface Have many satellites Have rings Very low surface temperature Very dense atmosphere Strong magnetic field.
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Jupiter is the fifth planet from the Sun, the largest planet in the solar system Jupiter has 16 satellites: Adrastea, Metis, Amalthea, Thebe, Io, Lysitea, Elara, Ananke, Karme, Pasiphe, Sinope, Europa, Ganymede, Callisto, Leda, Himalia A ring wide 20,000 km Orbital speed: 13.1 km/s Temperature of upper clouds: -160oC Length of day: 9.93 hours Distance from the Sun (average): 5.203 AU e. = 778 million km. Orbital period (year): 11.86 Earth years Diameter: 143760 km. (11.2 times the diameter of the Earth)
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Jupiter's moon Io has several active volcanoes November 26, 1999 February 22, 2000
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Saturn, the sixth planet from the Sun Has 17 satellites Has an amazing system of rings Saturn's rings are 400,000 km wide, but they are only a few tens of meters thick Orbital speed: 9.6 km/s Top cloud temperature: -150oC Day length: 10.54 hours Distance from the Sun (average): 9.54 AU e. = 1427 million km. Orbital period (year): 29.46 Earth years Diameter: 120420 km. (9.46 times the diameter of the Earth)
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Uranus is the seventh planet from the Sun Uranus' axis of rotation is tilted at an angle of 98o. It is said of him that he "lay down to rest." Uranus has 15 satellites: Miranda, Ariel, Umbriel, Titania, Oberon, Cordelia, Ophelia, Bianca, Cressida, Desdemona, Juliet, Portia, Rosalind, Belinda, Pack Has a system of rings. Rotates in the direction opposite to the rotation of the Sun Orbital speed: 6.8 km / s Temperature: -220oC Length of the day: 17.23 hours Distance from the Sun (average): 19.2 a. e. = 2.86 billion km. Orbital period (year): 84 Earth years Diameter: 51300 km (4 times the diameter of the Earth)
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Neptune is the penultimate planet in the solar system Neptune's orbit intersects with the orbit of Pluto in some places Has 6 satellites (one of them is Triton, which has its satellites) Neptune - in Roman mythology - the god of the seas Orbital speed: 5.4 km / s Temperature: - 213oC Day length: 17.87 hours Distance from the Sun (average): 30 AU e. = 4.5 billion km. Orbital period (year): 165 Earth years Diameter: 49,500 km. (3.9 times the diameter of the Earth)
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Pluto is the ninth planet from the Sun. It consists mainly of rock and ice Pluto has a satellite or twin planet Charon Pluto - in Greek mythology god of the underworld Since 2007, Pluto has ceased to be considered a planet Orbital speed: 4.7 km / s Temperature: -230oC Day length: 6.4 Earth days Distance from the Sun: 39.4 AU. e. = 5.91 billion km - average, 29.65 a.u. e. = 4.4475 billion km - minimum, 49.28 a.u. e. = 7.392 billion km - the maximum - in a highly elongated elliptical orbit. Orbital period (year): 247.7 Earth years Diameter: 2324 km. - dwarf planet solar system
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In addition to the eight large planets, many dwarf planets orbit the Sun. These are spherical bodies, which are smaller in size and mass than the Moon. Sedna, Quaoar and Pluto are shown in comparison with the Earth and the Moon.
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Small bodies of the solar system Back in the 18th century. astronomers tried to find a planet, repulsed by which passes in the space between the orbits of Mars and Jupiter. But there is no such planet in the solar system. In the very early XIX V. The Italian astronomer Piazzi accidentally discovered the first small planet - an asteroid, which was named Ceres (diameter 1000 km). Later, an asteroid belt was discovered between the orbits of Mars and Jupiter. Asteroids are named after great people (Lomonosov), states (Yugoslavia), observatories (Cincinnati), etc. Asteroids move around the Sun in the same direction as most planets. IN Lately succeeded in discovering satellites of some asteroids. Features: - Large elongation of the orbits. - Shapeless lumps. - The masses are too small to hold an atmosphere. - The total mass of all asteroids is 20 times less than the mass of the Moon.
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Small bodies of the solar system Under the influence of the attraction of the planets, the orbits of asteroids can intersect with each other. As a result, collisions of asteroids and their fragmentation are possible. This is how meteorites are formed Before they get to Earth, meteorites travel for a long time in interplanetary space. more complex organic compounds, including amino acids) iron-stone. The most famous are: Tunguska, Sikhote-Alin - When a meteorite moves in the Earth's atmosphere, a powerful shock wave, in which the temperature of compressed air reaches tens and hundreds of thousands of Kelvins. As a result of the dissociation of air molecules and subsequent multiple ionization, the air acquires the properties of a plasma
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Small bodies of the solar system Comets - tailed stars, has long attracted the attention of people, inspiring superstitious horror Features: - consists of a core, head and tail; - have highly elongated elliptical orbits; - have a circulation period; - the substance of a comet, concentrated in its core, consists of a mixture of frozen gases and dust particles of metal and stone particles of different sizes; - when the comet approaches the Sun, the nucleus gradually warms up, gases and dust are released from it, which envelop the nucleus and form the head and tail of the comet; - the tail of a comet consists of a very rarefied substance, through which stars even shine through. The most famous are: Halley's comet (orbital period 76 years), Encke's comet (orbital period 3.3 years), comet Shoemaker - Levy
The presentation "Solar System" was prepared for the physics lesson "Composition of the Solar System" for grade 11, studying according to the textbook by G.Ya. Myakishev. The presentation consists of 17 slides, which provide information about the giant planets, terrestrial planets, asteroids, comets, meteorites.
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solar system
terrestrial planets Mercury Venus
earth mars
The general properties of the terrestrial planets consist of heavy elements, have a small number (0-2) of satellites, there is an atmosphere (except for Mercury); the surface is hard; small weight and dimensions; high density; are close to the sun, receive a lot of energy
Giant planets Jupiter Saturn
Uranus Neptune
In one complete revolution of Neptune around the Sun, our planet makes 164.79 revolutions.
General properties of giant planets: - large sizes and masses; - rotate relatively quickly own axis; - are far from the Sun, low surface temperature; - have a large number of satellites; - no solid surface; - differ in chemical composition from the terrestrial planets, mainly consist of light elements; - have strong magnetic fields; - belts of high-energy particles (radiation belts) are formed around the planets.
Asteroid from Greek "starlike"
Comet from Greek "hairy", "long-haired"
The structure of the comet
Halley's comet was studied by AMS "Vega - 1", "Vega - 2", "Giotto" The nucleus had dimensions of 14x7.5x7.5 km Every second 8 tons of dust, 45 tons of gas are ejected
When a comet breaks up, a meteor swarm is formed
Meteor speed 11 - 75 km/s altitude 80 - 130 km meteor shower Leonids 1998
Meteorite meteorite crater in Arizona. Width - 1.2 km, depth - 183 m.
All objects of the solar system can be divided into four groups: the Sun, large planets, satellites of planets and small bodies. So far, we have not said anything about satellites of small bodies, since only two such objects have been discovered so far, and observational information is not enough to study them in detail.
The sun is the dynamic center of the system. Its gravitational influence is dominant in the solar system, except for small areas in the vicinity of other objects. Major planets business card solar system. The five major planets closest to Earth have been known since early history humanity. These are Mercury, Venus, Mars, Jupiter and Saturn. Mercury Venus Mars Jupiter Saturn
The discovery of Uranus came as a surprise. In the spring of 1781, William Herschel, with his 7-foot (2.1 m) telescope, made observations using a program for determining the parallaxes of stars. On March 13, 1781, he recorded the discovery of a misty star or comet. The dispute about the nature of the discovered object continued until 1787, when Herschel discovered two satellites of Uranus: Oberon and Titania. Uranus
The discovery of Neptune was a triumph for Newton's theory of gravity. Analyzing the inequalities in the motion of Uranus, Bessel in Königsberg in 1840, Adams in Cambridge in 1841, and Le Verrier in France in 1845 independently calculated the orbit of the planet responsible for these perturbations. On September 23, 1846, Galle and d Arrest from the Berlin Observatory on the ephemeris of Le Verrier discovered Neptune. Neptune
The discovery of Pluto can be called programmed. In 1896, Percival Lovell discovered residual discrepancies in the motion of Uranus after taking into account perturbations from Neptune and hypothesized that these perturbations were produced by an unknown planet beyond Neptune. In the mid-1990s, Lovell built an observatory in Arizona, which became the center of the search for a new planet. For nearly 30 years, there have been several campaigns to search for Pluto. But to no avail. In 1916 Lovell died. In 1929, Claude Tombo launched a new attack on Pluto with a 13-inch (0.33 m) refractor. Pluto
The discovery came on February 18, 1930, when Tombaugh was comparing photographic plates taken on January 23 and 29, 1930. The director of the Lovell Observatory reported the discovery on March 13, 1930, the 149th anniversary of Herschel's discovery of Uranus and the 75th anniversary of the birth of Percival Lovell . During the search for Pluto, about 90 million images of stars were compared.
This presentation deals with the planets of the solar system - mercury, venus, earth, mars, jupiter, saturn, pluto, uranium, neptune.
Interesting facts about satellites in the solar system
- The Miranda satellite is made up of mountain ranges that are many times larger than the Grand Canyon in the United States. If you throw a rock down, it will reach the bottom in 10 minutes.
- Asteroids can also have satellites. The large asteroid Ida has its own satellite Dactyl.
- Two satellites revolve around Saturn in the same trajectory. Perhaps they used to be one.
- Saturn's moon Enceladus reflects 100% sunlight(so it appears white). Ice constantly explodes on its surface - the source of Saturn's rings.
- Triton is a satellite of Neptune, the only one in the solar system that rotates in opposite side from your planet.
- Europa, Jupiter's moon, has the smoothest surface. The entire satellite is a continuous ocean of water under a layer of ice.
- Jupiter's moon Io is constantly vulcanizing (reminds me of Mordor from The Lord of the Rings). Its entire surface is covered with volcanoes. But the craters do not have time to form, they are flooded with lava.
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SOLAR SYSTEM Completed by: Students gr. IS-17 Vdovenko V. A. Pestova S. I. Checked by: Shkuratova G. A. Ministry of Education of the Krasnoyarsk Territory Regional State Autonomous Professional educational institution"Achinsk Oil and Gas College"
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The solar system is a planetary system that includes the central star - the Sun - and all natural space objects revolving around the Sun.
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Terrestrial Planets (The four closest planets to the Sun): Mercury: The closest planet to the Sun in the solar system, the smallest of the terrestrial planets. It is named after the ancient Roman god of trade - Mercury. Area 74,800,000 km² Weight 3.33×10²³ kg Average temperature 66.8 °C Second space velocity 4.25 km/s
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Venus: The second planet from the Sun in the solar system. Named after the ancient Roman goddess of love, Venus. The Venusian year is 224.7 Earth days. It has the longest period of rotation around its axis among all the planets. It has a thick silicate shell around an iron core and an atmosphere. Located at 0.723 a.u. from the sun. The planet has no satellites. Area 460,000,000 km² Mass 4.87 × 10²⁴ kg Average temperature 463 °C Second escape velocity 10.4 km/s core partially composed of molten metal crust mantle
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Earth: The third planet from the Sun in the solar system. The fifth in diameter, mass and density among all the planets and the largest among the terrestrial planets. Located on 1 a. e. from the Sun The Earth has one natural satellite - the Moon, the only large satellite of the terrestrial planets of the solar system. Area 510,072,000 km² Mass 5.97×10²⁴ kg Average temperature 14.8 °C Satellites Moon, artificial satellite Lands Population 7,530,103,737 people (September 5, 2017)
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Mars: The fourth farthest from the Sun and the seventh largest planet in the solar system; the mass of the planet is 10.7% of the mass of the Earth. Named after Mars - the ancient Roman god of war, corresponding to the ancient Greek Ares. Sometimes Mars is called the "red planet" because of the reddish hue of the surface, given to it by the mineral maghemite - γ-iron oxide. Located at 1.5 a. e. from the Sun. The planet has two satellites - Phobos and Deimos. Area 144,370,000 km² Weight 6.42×10²³ kg Average temperature -63.1°C Second escape velocity 5.03 km/s Satellites: Phobos, Deimos
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2. Giant planets (also called gas giants): Jupiter: the largest planet in the solar system, the fifth furthest from the sun. Along with Saturn, Uranus and Neptune, Jupiter is classified as a gas giant. It consists mainly of hydrogen and helium. Jupiter's high internal temperature causes many semi-permanent vortex structures in its atmosphere, such as cloud bands and the Great Red Spot. Jupiter has 69 moons. Weight 1.9×10²⁷ kg Average temperature -108 °C Second space velocity 59.5 km/s Satellites Io, Ganymede, Callisto, Europa, Jupiter Rings, Amalthea, Thebes, Lysithea, Himalia, Metis...
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Saturn: The sixth planet from the Sun and the second largest planet in the solar system after Jupiter. Saturn has 62 confirmed moons; two of them are Titan and Enceladus Mass 5.68×10²⁶ kg Second escape velocity 35.5 km/s Satellites: Titan, Rings of Saturn, Enceladus, Iapetus, Mimas, Dione, Pandora, Tethys, Rhea, Hyperion...
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Uranus: The planet of the solar system, the seventh in distance from the Sun, the third in diameter and the fourth in mass. Named after the Greek sky god Uranus. With a mass 14 times that of Earth, Uranus is the lightest of the giant planets. What makes it unique among other planets is that it rotates “lying on its side”: the inclination of its axis of rotation to the plane of the ecliptic is approximately 98 °. Uranus has 27 satellites. km/s Satellites Titania, Umbriel, Miranda, Rings of Uranus, Ariel, Oberon, Perdita, Cressida, Pak, Cordelia…. Discovery date March 13, 1781 Pioneer William Herschel
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Neptune: The eighth and farthest planet from Earth in the solar system. Neptune is also the fourth largest planet by diameter and the third largest by mass. The mass of Neptune is 17.2 times, and the diameter of the equator is 3.9 times that of the earth. The planet was named after the Roman god of the seas. Her astronomical symbol is a stylized version of Neptune's trident. Neptune has 14 known moons. The largest, Triton, is geologically active, with liquid nitrogen geysers. Triton is the only large satellite moving in the opposite direction. Area 7,640,800,000 km² Weight 1.02 × 10²⁶ kg Average temperature -201 °C Second space velocity 23.5 km / s Satellites: Triton, Nereid, Neptune's Rings, Larissa, Naiad, Protea, Despina, Neso, Thalassa, Galatea .. Opening date September 23, 1846
