The Treaty of Friendship, Cooperation and Partnership between Russia and Ukraine was signed on May 31, 1997. It was to be automatically renewed every 10 years. But Petro Poroshenko signed a decree to terminate this agreement.
President of Ukraine Petro Poroshenko signed a decree on breaking the friendship treaty with Russia. Now, by September 30, Kyiv will officially inform Russia about the decision by a note from the Ukrainian Foreign Ministry, and Poroshenko will submit a corresponding bill to parliament.
This is discussed in the message of the presidential press service, distributed today, September 17.
"The Foreign Ministry must inform the Russian Federation of Ukraine's desire to terminate the Treaty of Friendship with the Russian Federation in accordance with Article 40 of this Treaty and submit, in the prescribed manner, for consideration by the President of Ukraine a draft law of Ukraine on the termination of the Treaty of Friendship, Cooperation and Partnership between Ukraine and Russia ",- the message says.
Moreover, in accordance with the decision of the National Security and Defense Council, the Ministry of Foreign Affairs must inform the UN, OSCE and other international organizations about Ukraine's desire to terminate the Friendship Treaty with Russia, as well as the reasons for its termination.
Poroshenko by his decree put into effect the decision of the council national security and Defense (NSDC) of Ukraine of September 6 on the termination of the Treaty of Friendship and Cooperation with Russia.
"We supported the proposals of the Ministry of Foreign Affairs of Ukraine regarding the termination by Ukraine of the Treaty on Friendship, Cooperation and Partnership between Ukraine and Russian Federation, signed on May 31, 1997" reported on Poroshenko's website.
In early September, Ukrainian Foreign Minister Pavlo Klimkin announced his intention to revise the entire legal framework with Russia.
After Klimkin announced that the Ukrainian authorities had prepared a package of documents on the denunciation of the friendship treaty with Russia. The Kremlin called this step of Kyiv unreasonable.
The same opinion, however, is shared by some deputies of the Rada. In particular, Vadim Rabinovich expressed confidence that the termination of the friendship treaty with Russia would bring great losses to Ukraine, since Moscow continues to be Kyiv's largest trading partner.
The court lawyer of the Ukrainian diaspora in Moscow, Leonid Kozak, commented on RT the signing by Ukrainian President Petro Poroshenko of a decree on the termination of the friendship agreement with Russia.
"It must be admitted that there is no peace, friendship and other things between Russia and Ukraine. This agreement expires in 2019. Accordingly, the question arises of its extension. It provides for the obligation of both sides, Russian and Ukrainian, to respect territorial integrity and do everything possible in order to avoid hostile relations between the parties.
Breaking this agreement is the most beneficial for Ukraine, because it will now be able to speculate in the international arena," Kozak said.
According to him, one should not count on a quick settlement of relations between the two countries.
"Concerning further developments, perhaps some tightening of measures in mutual relations between countries. But the gap itself is more formal," he concluded.
The Russian Foreign Ministry reacted to the termination of the friendship treaty by Ukraine
The Russian Foreign Ministry expressed "deep regret" in connection with the decision of the Ukrainian side to terminate the friendship treaty between the countries. Our Foreign Ministry believes, quote: "that in their anti-Russian frenzy, the current Kiev authorities will leave a mark in history about themselves as politicians who have inflicted enormous damage not only on Russian-Ukrainian relations, but also on the national interests of their country," - the end of the quote. Russian diplomats are confident that the current crisis in relations between the countries will be overcome. But it will be necessary to restore ties between countries with other, "more responsible Ukrainian politicians."
Yes, it was somehow strange to be in a state of friendship with the country, to increase trade every year and at the same time call it an aggressor ... It's like a free circus. Of course, something had to be done about this.
So, Poroshenko signed the verdict to Ukraine. Now Ukraine belongs to Russia to the Dnieper on legal grounds, and already on legal grounds it is possible and necessary to raise the issue of returning the primordially Russian territories to Russia. .In general, we can assume that Poroshenko signed a refusal to recognize the Ukrainian-Russian border.
What will result in the breaking of the Treaty of Friendship, Cooperation and Partnership between Ukraine and Russia by the Kyiv regime?
However, in a particular case, these formulations are of no fundamental importance. It is important that this document, which for a long time remained a vestige of a non-existent system of relations between Moscow and Kiev, will cease to exist. This will happen on March 31, 2019, exactly on the day of the presidential elections scheduled in Ukraine and on the eve of the 20th anniversary of its entry into force.
Why is Ukraine afraid?
It should be noted that along with the Great Treaty of Friendship and Cooperation, Ukraine announced the revision of many other interstate agreements with Russia, including the 2003 agreement on the joint use of the waters of the Sea of Azov and Kerch Strait, the relevance of which remains one of the most discussed issues in the Ukrainian information field. True, Ukrainian Foreign Minister Pavlo Klimkin did not specify when this agreement would expire. The reason is surprisingly simple - in Kyiv they are afraid that Moscow will use the break in bilateral agreements against Ukraine.
Each agreement with the Russian Federation has a clause on the termination procedure, and we have inner plan how and when we will do it. But if we announce this plan right now, then Russia will use it against us in lawsuits, Klimkin admitted.
The rupture of the Friendship Treaty with Russia was also supported by Kurt Volker, the chief overseer of Ukraine from the White House. According to the special envoy of the US president, who visited Kyiv the day before to take part in the so-called Yalta European strategy, it is strange to have such an agreement in the conditions of "Russian invasion".
Poroshenko's decree is a great gift for Russia
Russia warned Ukraine about the possible consequences of the termination of the "Great Treaty".
According to the chairman of the State Duma Committee on CIS Affairs, Eurasian Integration and Relations with Compatriots Leonid Kalashnikov, breaking the "Big Treaty" will worsen the situation of Russian citizens living in Ukraine and citizens of Ukraine living in Russia. According to the deputy, Poroshenko does not care about Ukrainians living in Russia.
Aleksey Pushkov, Chairman of the Federation Council Commission on Information Policy, in turn noted that the termination of the Treaty of Friendship and Cooperation with Russia by Ukraine is a natural step of the Poroshenko regime, while they do not care about the damage to Ukraine itself.
"This is a great gift to us from Petro Alekseevich Poroshenko, - considers the deputy of the State Duma of the Russian Federation Konstantin Zatulin, who previously advocated the denunciation of the "Big Treaty" from the Russian side. “The Ukrainians denounced the Treaty, which is the basis for the territorial claims of modern Ukraine against Russia in connection with the situation with Crimea and Sevastopol.”
According to the politician, the Kiev regime solves its small-town problems in this way so that Poroshenko can position himself as the main patriot, Russophobe and fighter against "Russian aggression". After all, elections are approaching, and staying in power after March 31, 2019 for Poroshenko is now a matter of life and death. But such an obvious populist step, dictated not even by exorbitant ambitions, but rather by the instinct of self-preservation, will cost Ukraine dearly.
From that moment on, all these talks of Ukrainians that "you took something from us" lost their meaning. Today, the Ukrainian authorities, by their decision, put a question mark on Russian-Ukrainian state borders. Before that, we were in a somewhat awkward situation, and I myself paid attention to this and suggested that Russia denounce this Agreement, but the Russian government did not go for it and turned out to be right, because I personally thought that the Ukrainian authorities were not headed by such idiots, Zatulin explained in an interview with the FBA "Economy Today".
According to the permanent head of the LDPR faction in the State Duma, Vladimir Zhirinovsky, the Treaty of Friendship and Cooperation with Ukraine itself was unfavorable for Russia, since it consolidated the outlined in Soviet time boundaries of this "artificially created formation". It is noteworthy that Zhirinovsky was one of the most staunch opponents of the ratification of this agreement with Ukraine back in December 1998, but then everything was decided by the votes of representatives of the Communist Party of the Russian Federation and Yabloko.
Will there be an end to blackmail, betrayal and historical injustice?
Turning to our recent history, let us recall that the signing of the Treaty of Friendship, Cooperation and Partnership between Russia and Ukraine took place at a meeting in Kyiv between Presidents Boris Yeltsin and Leonid Kuchma. According to this agreement, which was ratified by the Verkhovna Rada of Ukraine on January 14, 1998 and State Duma Russia on December 25, 1998 and entered into force on April 1, 1999, both sides declared their commitment to strategic partnership and cooperation, recognition of sovereignty, territorial integrity and existing borders. All subsequent bilateral agreements between Moscow and Kiev, one way or another, proceeded from this "Big Treaty", which even then, in the late 1990s, was perceived extremely negatively by many Russian patriots of Ukraine.
Firstly, it consolidated Russia's recognition of Ukraine within the boundaries in which it was artificially constructed by the Bolsheviks, and legitimized the transfer to the authorities of the "square" of all the civilian and military infrastructure that was built on this territory during the Russian Empire and the Soviet Union.
Let us pay attention to another important point: literally three days before Yeltsin and Kuchma signed the "Big Treaty", Moscow and Kiev, after long negotiations, came to an agreement on the division of the USSR Black Sea Fleet and the deployment of the Russian Black Sea Fleet in the Crimea and Sevastopol for a period of 20 years. According to the "Big Treaty" concluded, Moscow finally recognized Kyiv's sovereignty over the Crimea and Sevastopol. Only a few years will pass, and Ukraine will begin to blackmail Russia, threatening to refuse to prolong the agreements on Black Sea Fleet after 2017. This blackmail was put to an end only in March 2014, when, after the Nazi coup in Kiev, a popular uprising began in Crimea, ending in a referendum and the annexation of the peninsula to Russia.
Today, a real end was put to the Ukrainian statehood.
It is noteworthy that Poroshenko's decision to terminate the Treaty on Friendship, Cooperation and Partnership with Russia coincided with the 79th anniversary of the entry into force. Soviet troops to the territory of Western Ukraine. This event, which in Soviet historiography was called " liberation campaign", marked the beginning of the process of joining the Galician and Volyn lands occupied by the Poles to the Ukrainian Soviet Socialist Republic (Ukrainian SSR) created by the Russian Bolsheviks, the legal successor of which is still modern Ukraine.
That revision of the borders is sharply condemned by official Kyiv and at the suggestion of heralds of decommunization from the so-called Ukrainian Institute national memory is referred to only as "occupation", which only plays into the hands of the Poles and other western neighbors of Ukraine, who are already openly presenting territorial claims to Kyiv and presenting historical accounts.
Therefore, the current break of Poroshenko's "Big Treaty" with Russia, which removes all the obligations assumed by Moscow in relation to the "square", can be regarded as another step of the Kiev regime on the way to dismantling the Ukrainian statehood built and nurtured by the communists. And Russia's main task for the future is to extract the maximum benefits from this, corresponding to the interests of the entire artificially divided Russian people.
Dmitry Pavlenko
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The real sizes of all objects of the solar system
- The Sun is 300,000 times larger than our planet Earth.
- The sun rotates completely around its axis in 25-35 days.
- It takes light 8.3 minutes to get from the Sun to our Earth, so if the Sun goes out, we will not know right away.
- Earth, Mars, Mercury and Venus are also called "inner planets" because they are closest to the Sun.
- The distance between the Earth and the Sun is defined as an Astronomical Unit (abbreviated AU) and is equal to 149,597,870 kilometers.
- The sun is the largest object in the solar system.
- The sun loses up to 1,000,000 tons of its mass every second due to the solar wind.
- The solar system is about 4.6 billion years old. Scientists estimate that she will live for another 5,000 million years.
Mercury
- Mercury and Venus are unique in that they do not have any moons.
- Mariner 10 was the only spacecraft who has ever visited Mercury. He managed to take photographs of 45% of its surface.
- The hottest planet in our solar system is Venus. Many people believe that it must be Mercury, because it is closer to the Sun, but since Venus has too much carbon dioxide of high density in the atmosphere, a greenhouse effect forms on the planet.
- A day on Mercury is equivalent to 58 Earth days, but at the same time, a year is only 88 days! Let us clarify that this difference is due to the fact that Mercury rotates extremely slowly around its axis, but rotates around the Sun quite quickly.
- Mercury has no atmosphere, which means there is no wind or any other weather.
- Venus is the only planet that orbits in opposite side relative to other planets in the solar system.
- There are more volcanoes on Venus than on any other planet in our solar system.
A black hole is sucking matter out of a star (computer graphics)
- Stars near black holes can be torn apart by them.
- From the point of view of the Theory of Relativity, in addition to black holes, white holes should also exist, although we have not yet discovered any (the existence of black holes is also questioned).
Armstrong's footprint on the moon
- The first man on the moon was from the USA and his name was Neil Armstrong.
- Armstrong's first footprint is still on the moon.
- All traces and imprints of lunar rovers will remain on the surface of the Moon forever, since there is no atmosphere there, and therefore no wind. Although theoretically all this can disappear due to a meteor shower or any other bombarding object.
- The tides on our planet are formed due to the gravity of the Sun and the Moon.
- NASA's exploratory satellite (LCROSS) has found evidence large volume water on the moon.
- The second man on the moon was Buzz Aldrin.
- Interestingly, Buzz Aldrin's mother's name was "Moon".
- Our Moon is moving away from the Earth by 4 cm per year.
- Our moon is about 4.5 billion years old.
- February 1865 and 1999 were the only months when no full moon was observed.
- The mass of the Moon is 1/80 of the mass of the Earth.
- Light takes 1.3 seconds to cover the distance from the Moon to the Earth.
Mars and Earth
- The highest mountain known as Olympus Mons is located on Mars. The height of the peak reaches 25 km, which is about 3 times higher than Everest.
- Mars has a much lower gravitational field, so a person weighing 100 kg on Earth would weigh only 38 kg on the surface of Mars.
- A Martian day has 24 hours 39 minutes and 35 seconds.
Jupiter and some of its satellites
- Scientific calculations suggest the presence of 67 moons around Jupiter, but so far only 57 of them have been discovered and named.
- 4 planets of the solar system are gas giants: Jupiter, Neptune, Saturn and Uranus.
- The planet with the most moons is Jupiter with 67 moons.
- Jupiter is also known as the dumping ground for the entire solar system (or Earth's shield), as a large percentage of asteroids are attracted by its gravitational force.
Saturn and its rings
- Saturn is the second largest planet in our planet after Jupiter.
- If you were driving at 121 kilometers per hour, it would take you 258 days to drive through one of Saturn's rings.
- Enceladus is one of the smallest moons of Saturn. This satellite reflects up to 90% of sunlight, which exceeds even the percentage of light reflected from snow!
- Although Saturn is only the second most massive planet, it is the first in brightness!
- Since Saturn has a low density, if you put it in water, it will float!
- The satellite Triton is gradually approaching Neptune as it rotates.
- Scientists' calculations predict that Triton and Neptune will eventually get so close that Triton will be torn apart, and Neptune will have many more rings than even Saturn currently has.
- Triton is also the only large moon in the entire solar system that rotates in the opposite direction relative to the rotation of its planet.
- Neptune takes 60,190 days (nearly 165 years) to go around the Sun. That is, since its discovery in 1846, it has completed only one rotation cycle!
- The Kuiper region is an area solar system, located beyond Neptune, which is a heap of various debris left after the creation of the solar system.
- Uranus has a blue glow due to methane in its atmosphere, as methane does not transmit red light.
- Uranus has recently discovered 27 satellites.
- Uranus has a unique tilt that makes one night on it last, just imagine, 21 years!
- Uranus was originally called "George's Star".
Pluto is smaller than Russia
List of dwarf planets and other small objects
- Pluto is even smaller than the Moon!
- Charon is a satellite of Pluto, but it is not much smaller than it in size.
- A day on Pluto lasts 6 days and 9 hours.
- Pluto (in English Pluto) is named after a Roman god, and not after a dog from Disney, as some believe.
- In 2006 International astronomical union reclassified Pluto as a dwarf planet.
- Now there are 5 dwarf planets in the solar system: Ceres, Pluto, Haumea, Eris and Makemake.
Soviet satellite
- First artificial satellite Earth was launched by the USSR in 1957 and was called "Sputnik-1".
- The first person to go into space was from Soviet Union and his name was Yuri Gagarin.
- German Titov became the second man in space. He was an understudy for Yuri Gagarin.
- The first female cosmonaut was a citizen of the USSR Valentina Tereshkova.
- Soviet and Russian cosmonaut Sergei Konstantinovich Krikalev is the record holder for the time spent in space. His record reaches 803 days, 9 hours and 39 minutes, which is equivalent to 2.2 years!
International space station
- The International Space Station is the largest object that humanity has ever launched into space.
- The International Space Station circles the Earth every 90 minutes.
- Buzz Lightyear's toy from the famous cartoon "Toy Story" was in open space! He spent 15 months aboard the ISS and returned to Earth on September 11, 2009.
Comparison of the Earth with other space objects
- The Earth's daily rotation is increasing by 0.0001 second every year.
- Stars appear to twinkle in the night sky due to the light coming from them being destroyed in the Earth's atmosphere.
- Only 24 people have seen our planet from space. But thanks to the project Google Earth, the rest of the people have downloaded a view of the Earth from space more than 500 million times.
- IN Lately the movement for flat earth". And it is not clear whether they are joking or talking seriously. Any person with logic can independently make many observations and establish that the Earth has a spherical shape (more precisely, a geoid, a slightly flattened sphere).
Whirlpool Galaxy
- The Whirlpool Galaxy (M51) was the very first cosmic spiral object.
- A light year is the distance that light travels in one year. This distance is equal to 95 trillion kilometers!
- Our Milky Way galaxy is about 100,000 light-years across.
- The force of gravity of large objects sometimes breaks comets flying nearby.
- Any fluid that finds itself in free motion in space will take on the shape of a sphere due to surface tension forces. The sphere will then have the smallest possible surface area that will be possible for this fluid.
- It's funny, but we know much more about space than about the depths of our oceans.
Prospero X-3
- The only satellite launched by Britain is called Prospero X-3.
- The chance of being killed by space debris is 1 in 5 billion.
- There are three types of galaxies in space: spiral, elliptical, and irregular.
- Our galaxy Milky Way consists of approximately 200,000,000 stars.
- In the northern part of the sky, you can see two galaxies - the Andromeda Galaxy (M31) and the Triangulum Galaxy (M33).
- The closest galaxy to us is the Andromeda Galaxy.
- The first supernova not from our galaxy was first observed in the Andromeda galaxy and was called Andromeda S. It erupted in 1885.
- The Andromeda Galaxy is visible in the sky as a small patch of light. It is the farthest object you can see with the naked eye.
- If you screamed in space, then no one would hear you, since sound requires an atmosphere to propagate, and there is none in space.
- Due to the lack of gravity in space, astronauts can grow up to about 5 cm in height.
- In total, there are 166 satellites in our solar system.
R136a1 compared to Sun and Earth
- The largest of famous stars- this is the star R136a1, the mass of which is 265-320 more than the Sun!
- The farthest galaxy we have been able to detect is called GRB 090423, which is 13.6 billion light years away! This means that the light emanating from it began its journey only 600,000 years after the formation of the universe!
- The most massive object known to us is Quasar OJ287. The predicted mass should exceed the mass of the Sun by 18 billion times.
An image from the Hubble Telescope shows some of the most distant galaxies seen using modern technology, each of which is made up of billions of stars. It's just part of the universe.
- Asteroids are by-products of the formation of the solar system that arose more than 4 billion years ago.
- The first mammal to travel into space was the Soviet dog Laika. Before her, there were a number of unsuccessful launches with a fatal outcome for animals.
- The term "astronaut" came straight from Ancient Greece and literally consists of the words "star" (astro) and sailor (navt), so astronaut means "star sailor".
- If you sum up all the time that people have spent in space, then 30,400 days or 83 years will come out!
- Red dwarf stars have the smallest mass and can burn continuously for 10 trillion years.
- There are about 2 * 10 23 stars in space. Speaking in Russian, this number is 200,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000!
- Since there is no gravity in space, ordinary pens will not work there!
- There are 88 constellations in our night sky, some of which coincide with the names of the signs of the zodiac.
- The center of a comet is called the "nucleus".
- Even before 240 BC. Chinese astronomers began to document the appearance of Galileo's comet.
Space has been intriguing people's minds for a long time. And for those who just love to look at the sky, and for those who spend time reading astronomy textbooks, there are many seemingly obvious questions, which can be quite problematic to find answers to.
1. Do astronauts wear diapers?
Yes, this is true - during launch, during return to Earth and during all work outside the ship or space station in orbit, astronauts wear diapers. True, the astronauts do not call them "diapers", but "the most absorbent clothing."
2. Is it true that even a scream is not heard in space?
This is true. Any sound that a person hears is sound waves, which are actually vibrations in the air. There is no air in space, so there is nothing to vibrate there.
3. When will Halley's comet next appear?
Halley's Comet will be visible from Earth again in 2061. Interestingly, Mark Twain was born during the passage of Halley's comet and died during its next appearance. During his life, he predicted his death, stating: "We are two inexplicable freaks who came together and must leave together."
4. When will humans land on Mars?
Today, the most realistic date is 2030. One of the main problems of getting a man to Mars is finance. And it is quite possible that the first on Mars will not be NASA, but a private Space X expedition.
5. Are there really "spy satellites" in orbit?
Unfortunately yes. For example, Japan launched the last spy satellite in March 2017 to monitor North Korea.
6. What do the names of the planets of the solar system mean?
With the exception of Earth, all the planets in the solar system were named after gods and goddesses from Greek and Roman mythology. Pluto was the god of the underworld, Mercury was the messenger of the gods, Venus was the goddess of love and beauty. Uranus, the only planet named after a Greek god, was the god of the sky. Saturn was a Roman god Agriculture, Mars was the god of war; Jupiter, the largest planet in our solar system, was named after the ruler of the gods, while Neptune was the god of the sea.
7. Is there a mysterious "Planet X" in the solar system?
This is quite likely. NASA has found evidence that a planet the size of Neptune revolves around the Sun in an even more distant orbit than Pluto. It should make a complete revolution around the Sun in about 10,000 years.
8. What happens in space with a fart?
Firstly, the gases will not fly away, since there is no gravity for the heavy air to begin to sink down, and there are also no air currents to lift them up and disperse them. They just hang in one place. Fortunately, the suits are equipped with modifications to filter gases.
9. Why do stars seem to twinkle?
This is because their light has to travel through various gases in the Earth's atmosphere. The principle is roughly the same as in the case of water, in which light is refracted and causes the water to "sparkle".
10. Can blood boil in space without a space suit?
Yes. This is due to how pressure affects the boiling point of a liquid. The lower the pressure, the lower the boiling point, because it is easier for molecules to move around and change from liquid to gas. Thus, the boiling point of the blood can drop to the natural temperature of the body in an airless space.
11. What is the temperature in space?
She really is different. For example, near the stars it is quite hot and matter instantly evaporates. It's pretty cold in the depths of space. For example, on the ISS (without thermal protection) it would be about 121°C on the side facing the Sun and -157°C on the dark side.
12. How much debris is flying in orbit?
People are incorrigible and begin to litter wherever they appear. There are currently over 500,000 pieces of "space debris" in Earth orbit that could damage a spacecraft.
13. How many space stations are there?
There are currently two such structures. The International Space Station (or ISS) and Tiangong-1, which belongs to China. While the ISS is always manned, Tiangong-1 is generally not. The ISS was created jointly by Russia, the USA, Japan, Canada and the European Space Agency.
14. How far away is the nearest star (other than the Sun)?
Proxima Centauri is 4.24 light-years from Earth. The best way visualize this distance - imagine that the Sun and Proxima Centauri are the size of a grapefruit and are at a distance of 4000 kilometers (approximately, like from Moscow to Krasnoyarsk or from the US East Coast to the West Coast).
15. What are the other dwarf planets in the solar system?
There are five dwarf planets in the solar system: Ceres, Pluto, Eris, Makemake and Haumea. Pluto is not even the largest of them, Eris is 27% larger than Pluto.
Almost all children are fond of space. Someone only for a short time, until he learns about how the world works. And someone - seriously and for a long time, dreaming of one day flying to the moon or even further, repeating Gagarin's feat or discovering a new star.
In any case, the child will be interested to learn about what is hidden behind the clouds. About the Moon, about the Sun and stars, about spaceships and rockets, about Gagarin and the Queen. Fortunately, there are many books that will help kids, schoolchildren, and even adults to discover the Universe for themselves. And here are some excerpts from them:
1. Moon
The moon is a satellite of the earth. So astronomers call it because it is constantly near the Earth. It revolves around our planet and cannot get away from it anywhere, because the Earth attracts the Moon to itself. Both the moon and the earth celestial bodies but the moon is much smaller than the earth. The Earth is a planet and the Moon is its satellite.
Illustration from the book Fascinating Astronomy
2. Month
The moon itself does not shine. The glow of the Moon, which we observe at night, is the light of the Sun reflected by the Moon. On different nights, the Sun illuminates the Earth's satellite in different ways.
The Earth, and with it the Moon, revolve around the Sun. If you take a ball and shine it with a flashlight in the dark, then on the one hand it will appear round, because the light of the flashlight falls directly on it. On the other side, the ball will be dark because it is between us and the light source. And if someone looks at the ball from the side, he will see only part of its surface illuminated.
A flashlight is like the Sun, and a ball is like the Moon. And we from the Earth look at the Moon on different nights with different points vision. If the light of the sun falls directly on the moon, it appears to us in a full circle. And when the light of the Sun falls on the Moon from the side, we observe a month in the sky.
Illustration from the book Fascinating Astronomy
3. New Moon and Full Moon
It happens that the moon is not visible at all in the sky. Then we say that the new moon has come. It happens every 29 days. On the night following the new moon, a narrow lunar crescent appears in the sky, or, as it is also called, a month. Then the crescent begins to grow and gradually turns into a full circle, the moon - the full moon comes.
Then the moon decreases again, “falls down”, until it again turns into a month, and then the month disappears from the sky - the next new moon will come.
Illustration from the book Fascinating Astronomy
4. Lunar Jump
Do you want to know how far you could jump if you were on the moon? Go outside with chalk and a tape measure. Jump as far as you can, mark your result with chalk and measure the length of your jump with a tape measure. Now measure six more of the same segments from your mark. That's what your moon jumps would be like! This is because the moon has less gravity. You will be in the jump longer and you will be able to set a space record. Although, of course, the suit will prevent you from jumping.
Illustration from the book Fascinating Astronomy
5. Universe
The only thing we know for sure about our Universe is that it is very, very big. The universe began around 13.7 billion years ago with the Big Bang. Its cause remains one of the most important mysteries of science to this day!
Time passed. The universe expanded in all directions and finally began to take shape. From the whirlpools of energy, tiny particles were born. Hundreds of thousands of years later, they merged and turned into atoms - “bricks” that make up everything that we see. At the same time, light arose, which began to move freely in space. But it took hundreds of millions more years before the atoms united into huge clouds, from which the first generation of stars was born. When these stars separated into groups to form galaxies, the universe began to resemble what we see now when we look at the night sky. Now the Universe continues to grow and every day it only gets bigger!
6. The birth of a star
Do you think stars can only be seen at night? But no! Our Sun is also a star, but we see it during the day. The sun is not much different from other stars, it's just that the rest of the stars are much further from the Earth and therefore seem so small to us.
Stars are formed from clouds of hydrogen gas left over from big bang or after the explosions of other stars, older. Gradually, the force of gravity connects the hydrogen gas into clumps, where it begins to rotate and heat up. This continues until the gas becomes dense and hot enough for the nuclei of hydrogen atoms to fuse. As a result of this thermonuclear reaction, a flash of light occurs, and a star is born.
Illustration from the book "Professor Astrocat and his journey into space"
7. Yuri Gagarin
Gagarin was a fighter pilot in the Arctic, then he was selected from hundreds of other military pilots in the cosmonaut corps. Yuri studied well and was ideally suited for height, weight and physical training. April 12, 1961, after the famous 108 minutes of flight in space, Gagarin became one of the most famous people in the world.
Illustration from the book "Cosmos"
8. Solar system
The solar system is a very busy place. Eight planets revolve around the Sun in elliptical (slightly elongated circular) orbits, including our Earth. Seven more are Jupiter, Saturn, Uranus, Neptune, Venus, Mars and Mercury. The rotation of each of the planets lasts differently, from 88 days to 165 years.
1. The red giant - the star Betelgeuse, has a diameter larger than the Earth's orbit around the Sun.
2. 19% solar energy absorbed by the atmosphere, 47% falls to Earth, and 34% returns to space.
3. The duration of the full solar eclipse does not exceed 7.5 minutes; complete lunar eclipse- 104 minutes.
4. If the Earth rotated in reverse side around its axis, then there would be two days less in a year.
5. The first star catalog was compiled by Hipparchus in 150 BC.
6. 99 percent of the mass of the solar system is concentrated on the Sun.
7. About forty new stars appear in our galaxy every year.
8. The height of the Nix Olympic volcano, located on Mars, is more than 20 km.
9. When we look at the farthest visible stars, we are looking at 4 billion years in the past. The light from it, traveling at a speed of almost 300,000 km / second, does not reach us until many years later.
10. In 10 minutes spaceship can photograph up to 1 million square meters. km of the earth's surface, while such a surface is removed from an aircraft in 4 years, and geographers and geologists would need at least 80 years for this.
11. The only married couple who flew into space are American astronauts Jan Davis and Mark Lee, who were part of the crew of the Endever shuttle (September 12-20, 1992).
12. A car moving with average speed 60 miles per hour, it would take approximately 48 million years to reach our nearest star (after the Sun) Proxima Centauri.
13. 12 billion years - this is the age of the oldest galaxies photographed by the Hubble Space Telescope.
14. Over the past 500 years, the mass of the Earth has increased by a billion tons due to cosmic matter.
15. The Southern Cross is the smallest constellation in the sky, but it has the largest concentration bright stars.
16. The distance to the nearest (after the Sun) star from us (Proxima Centauri) is 4.24 light years.
18. All the planets in the solar system could fit inside the planet Jupiter.
19. The pressure at the center of the Earth is 3 million times higher than the pressure in the earth's atmosphere.
20. The duration of the first spacewalk (Leonov) was 12 seconds.
21. In one minute, the Sun produces more energy than the entire Earth consumes in a year.
22. During the entire existence of the Mir station, 135 people from 11 countries visited it.
23. There are more than 14 tons of various research equipment on board the Mir station.
24. The total mass of the Mir station with two docked ships is more than 36 tons.
25. The duration of one "year" on the planet Pluto is 247.7 Earth years.
26. The first space flight of Yuri Gagarin lasted exactly 1 hour 48 minutes.
27. 2.5 km - the maximum thickness of the ice cover at the north pole of Mars.
29. Asteroids 4147, 4148, 4149 and 4150 are named after the Beatles: John Lennon, Paul McCartney, George Harrison and Ringo Starr, respectively.
30. If you fill a teaspoon with the substance that makes up neutron stars, then its weight will be approximately 110 million tons!
31. The largest lunar crater visible from Earth is called Bailey or "killing field". It has an area of approximately 26,000 square miles.
32. The first black man to fly into space was Guyon Blufo Jr., who was part of the crew of the third flight of the Challenger (August 30, 1983).
33. Earth is the only planet not named after a god.
34. The first maps of the Moon were made in 1609 by Thomas Harriot.
35. Carolyn Schumacher discovered 32 comets and over 800 asteroids.
37. The atmosphere of Mars is 95% carbon dioxide.
39. The first observatory was built in South Korea.
42. The world's largest planetarium is located in Moscow.
43. Mountains on Mars reach a height of 20-25 kilometers.
44. The planet Uranus is visible from Earth with the naked eye.
45. Of the twelve brightest stars, Capella is the northernmost.
46. The night temperature on the moon reaches -150 g
radii Celsius.
47. About 200 thousand meteorites fall to Earth every day.
48. To sunlight It takes about 8.5 minutes to reach Earth.
49. If you stretch the web to the nearest star to us in the constellation Centaurus, then it would weigh five hundred thousand tons.
50. About 27 tons space dust falls to the ground every day. More than 10,000 tons of dust lands on Earth every year.
51. The solar surface area the size of a postage stamp shines with the same energy as 1,500,000 candles.
52. Astronomers believe that in the Universe there are approximately 400 liters of outer space for each atom of matter.
53. Neutron stars are the most strong magnets in the Universe. The magnetic field of a neutron star is a million million times greater than the Earth's magnetic field.
54. Ganymede, the largest of the satellites of the planet Jupiter, is larger than the planet Mercury. The diameter of Ganymede is approximately 5269 kilometers.
55. A day on the planet Mercury is twice as long as a year. Mercury rotates around its axis very slowly, and one revolution around the Sun takes a little less than 88 days.
56. For all the time of launching satellites into space, only one of them was destroyed by a meteorite that fell into it (satellite of the European Space Agency "Olympus" in 1993).
57. The diameter of the moon is 3476 kilometers.
58. On Venus, a day is longer than a year.
59. The earth weighs approximately 600 trillion tons.
60. The moon is 80 times lighter than the Earth.
