Shapovalov Igor Vasilyevich Head of the Department of Education. Biodamage of building materials by fungi Shapovalov Igor Vasilyevich. According to federal standards

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Mayor Yury Galdun said on his page on the social network that only hand in hand with the townspeople can stop violations. “Today we checked the objects of the service sector. Of the 98 checked, 94 were closed. For four, materials were collected for further prosecution. The list is constantly updated thanks to calls from caring citizens. This work will continue tomorrow. Call 112," the mayor warned. See also: ● In Belgorod, cunning...

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EDUCATIONAL SPACE OF THE BELGOROD REGION general education- 556, over 137 thousand people study in them. Boarding institutions - 11, in them pupils Pre-school educational institutions - 518, in them pupils of educational institutions with pre-school groups - 115, in them pupils Primary school - kindergarten- 7, pupils in them Orthodox non-state kindergartens - 2, children in them Orthodox orphanage - 19 pupils Orthodox gymnasiums - 2, students in them Orthodox seminary -1, in them seminarians - 85 (full-time), 190 (in absentia) theological faculty of BelSU. 2

REGULATORY AND LEGAL FRAMEWORK FOR THE ORGANIZATION OF THE SPIRITUAL AND MORAL EDUCATION OF CHILDREN AND YOUTH IN THE BELGOROD REGION 3 1. Law of the Belgorod Region dated July 3, 2006 57 “On the Establishment of the Regional Component of State Educational Standards for General Education in the Belgorod Region” 2. Strategy “Formation of a Regional Solidary Society” for years 3. Strategy for the development of preschool, general and additional education Belgorod region for years 4. Strategy of actions in the interests of children in the Belgorod region for years 5. State program "Development of education in the Belgorod region for years" 6. Subprogram "Strengthening the unity of the Russian nation and ethno-cultural development of Russian regions" of the state program "Providing the population of the Belgorod region with information on the activities of public authorities and the priorities of regional policy for years" 7. Agreement on cooperation between the Belgorod and Stary Oskol diocese and the department of education of the Belgorod region dated January 8, 2008 8. Order of the department of education, culture and youth policy of the region dated December 28, 2009 2575 " On the opening of the regional experiment "Regional model for the implementation of the spiritual and moral education of children in the system preschool education» 9. Comprehensive action plan for the joint activities of the Department of Education of the region and the Belgorod Metropolis on the spiritual and moral education of children and youth for years.

MAIN DIRECTIONS OF COOPERATION WITH THE BLESSINGS OF THE BELGOROD METROPOLIA - the work of spiritual and educational centers; -training and advanced training teaching staff(training courses, training and scientific-practical seminars, conferences, master classes, etc.); - holding joint competitions of professional skills of pedagogical workers; - holding mass events with children and youth 4

5 RESULTS OF SOCIOLOGICAL RESEARCH OF TEACHING THE SUBJECT "ORTHODOX CULTURE" Formed moral qualities: -42.1% - the ability to forgive insults, -32% - the desire to help those in need, - 35% - compassion, - 36% - good breeding, - 36% - general culture, - 31.1% - virtue, - 30.5 % - patience in relationships with peers Positive values introduction of the subject "Orthodox culture" into the educational process: - the importance of the spiritual and cultural development of children corresponds to - 59.3%; - expanding the horizons of children - 45.4%; - formation of a respectful attitude towards elders - 29.2%; - initiation of youth to the faith - 26.4%.

6 WINNERS AND WINNERS OF THE ALL-RUSSIAN STAGE OF THE OLYMPIAD ON THE FOUNDATIONS OF ORTHODOX CULTURE academic year - Kuzminova Kristina, MOU "Gymnasium 22" of Belgorod Bondarenko Mikhail, MOU "Secondary School 34 with in-depth study individual items» Stary Oskol academic year - Diana Ushakova MOU "Kustovskaya secondary school of the Yakovlevsky district" - holder of the Patriarchal diploma Mazina Inna, MOU secondary school 35 of Belgorod Dzhavadov Valery, NOU "Orthodox gymnasium in the name of Saints Methodius and Cyril of Belgorod" academic year - 6 winners: - Anna Solovieva, Alexander Zinoviev, Grigory Gasimov, Orthodox gymnasium in Stary Oskol; -Ushakova Diana, Gostishcheva Svetlana, MBOU "Kustovskaya secondary school of the Yakovlevsky district" -Veretennikova Natalia, MBOU "Afanasievskaya secondary school" of the Alekseevsky district academic year - 4 winners: Solovieva Anna, Zinoviev Alexander, Gasymov Grigory, Shipilov Svyatoslav, Orthodox gymnasium of Stary Oskol

RESULTS OF THE PROJECT "HOLY SOURCES OF THE BELGOROD REGION" Published to help teachers: -Atlas-guide "Holy springs of the Belgorod region"; -Multimedia optical disk "Databank of springs of the Belgorod region; -Guidelines"Study and Preservation of the Holy Springs of the Belgorod Region"

PROJECT "CHILDREN'S REGIONAL SPIRITUAL AND EDUCATIONAL CENTER "BLAGOVEST": Easter festival among students of educational institutions of all types and types: competition of essays, essays, research; competitions of research works for high school students “The Life and Asceticism of St. Joasaph of Belgorod”; "Holy defenders of Rus'"; competitions, exhibitions of fine arts and arts and crafts; competition-game "Connoisseur Orthodox culture»; festival of children's folklore groups "Belgorod reserved"; sacred music festival; competition of fine arts "Spiritual face of Russia"; regional photo contest "With love for the Belgorod region, we good deeds united." 10

11 COMPETITIVE MOVEMENT OF TEACHERS All-Russian competition"For the moral feat of a teacher" has been held since 2006. Over the years of the competition, over 250 teachers and authors' teams of educational institutions of the region took part, - 9 - winners and prize-winners in the Central Federal District. The interregional competition of the Central Federal District "Star of Bethlehem" has been held since 2011: - more than 70 teachers and authors of educational institutions of the region took part; and 2013 are absolute winners; year - winners in the nomination

12 ACTIVITIES OF SPIRITUAL AND EDUCATIONAL CENTERS Over 100 centers operate in the region on the basis of general education schools and institutions of additional education for children The main activities of the centers: - educational; - educational; - cultural-mass; - scientific and methodological; - local history; - tourist and excursion; - charitable.

CONCEPTUAL APPROACHES TO THE SPIRITUAL AND MORAL EDUCATION OF THE CHILD'S PERSONALITY 13 Humanitarian, secular content (traditions of folk culture, modern cultural practice, works of literature and art, means of ethnopedagogics) based on the programs of social and moral development "Theocentric" (Orthodox worldview, morality and festive culture) based on the provisions of the Concept of Orthodox preschool education

IMPROVING THE STAFFING OF THE EDUCATIONAL PROCESS 14 Module on the formation of an Orthodox worldview among preschoolers in the course program for kindergarten teachers at the Belgorod Institute for the Development of Education Lectures and practical classes on the basis of spiritual and educational centers, Sunday schools, Orthodox book centers

Program and methodological materials of a “theocentric” orientation are implemented in 96 preschool organizations 72.7% of the municipalities of the children's region are covered by the "theocentric" programs in the current academic year, which is 85% higher than in 2011 (1073 children). 15

REGIONAL EXPERIMENT "REGIONAL MODEL OF IMPLEMENTATION OF SPIRITUAL AND MORAL EDUCATION OF CHILDREN IN THE SYSTEM OF PRESCHOOL EDUCATION" (YEAR) of preschool educational institutions 2 non-state preschool educational institutions 12 municipal preschool educational institutions with a priority of spiritual and moral education

RESULTS OF EXPERIMENTAL ACTIVITY testing and introduction to educational process preschool educational institution of the program "The World is a Beautiful Creation" by Lyubov Petrovna Gladkikh; activation of scientific and methodological activities of teachers and leaders of the system of preschool education on the spiritual and moral education of preschoolers on the basis of Orthodox culture; improving the quality of preschool education through the revival of the best domestic pedagogical traditions; information and educational support of continuous spiritual and moral education in the region, incl. through the media. 18

DURING THE EXPERIMENT, collections were published from the experience of teachers and priests on the issues of spiritual and moral education of preschoolers; educational and methodical films for parents and teachers were released; developed a complex didactic games And teaching aids relevant content; prepared and conducted more than 10 regional seminars. 19

MODEL OF SPIRITUAL AND MORAL EDUCATION IN THE EDUCATIONAL PROGRAM OF PRESCHOOL ORGANIZATION

RESULTS ACHIEVED Formation of citizenship and patriotic feelings of children in all preschool educational organizations defined as implementation priority educational program; program and methodological materials of a "theocentric" orientation are implemented in 96 (ninety-six) preschool organizations in 72.7% of the region's municipalities. the number of minors participating in crimes decreased from 336 to 335 (-0.3%), including among schoolchildren from 149 to 140 (-6%) (information from the Department of Internal Affairs); the share of educational institutions implementing programs for the spiritual and moral education of children and youth has been increased to 100 percent; the number of promising models of spiritual and moral education of children and youth has increased (spiritual and educational centers, pivotal schools, innovative sites up to 27.4% of the total number of educational institutions; the proportion of children and youth participating in regional and all-Russian events of a spiritual and moral orientation , amounted to more than 75%, the proportion of teachers participating in professional skills competitions on the problems of spiritual and moral education and upbringing of schoolchildren reached 27.5% (planned figure -25%).

PROSPECTS FOR THE DEVELOPMENT OF SPIRITUAL AND MORAL EDUCATION OF CHILDREN AND YOUTH development of systems for raising children and adolescents, which are based on the formation of basic national values, spirituality and morality, regional patriotism; implementation of development measures creativity all students, based on the individual capabilities of each; implementation of support for leading pedagogical workers implementing programs (projects) of a spiritual and moral orientation and demonstrating high results activities; implementation of the results of the work of the regional experimental site "Development of the regional model of spiritual and moral education of preschool children" (the program "The World is a Beautiful Creation") in the activities of institutions of preschool education for children in the region; development of a network of Orthodox preschool groups and kindergartens; development of a regulatory framework for the use of Orthodoxy in state and municipal educational institutions in the light of federal state educational standards of the new generation; development of research laboratories on the problems of spiritual and moral education; development of social partnership with deaneries, spiritual and educational centers. 22

1. Biodamages and mechanisms of biodegradation of building materials. Problem state.

1.1 Biodamage agents.

1.2 Factors affecting the fungus resistance of building materials.

1.3 Mechanism of mycodestruction of building materials.

1.4 Ways to improve the fungus resistance of building materials.

2 Objects and methods of research.

2.1 Objects of study.

2.2 Research methods.

2.2.1 Physical and mechanical research methods.

2.2.2 Physical and chemical research methods.

2.2.3 Biological research methods.

2.2.4 Mathematical processing of research results.

3 Myodestruction of building materials based on mineral and polymer binders.

3.1. Mushroom resistance of the most important components of building materials.

3.1.1. Mushroom resistance of mineral aggregates.

3.1.2. Fungus resistance of organic aggregates.

3.1.3. Mushroom resistance of mineral and polymer binders.

3.2. Mushroom resistance various kinds building materials based on mineral and polymer binders.

3.3. Kinetics of growth and development of mold fungi on the surface of gypsum and polymer composites.

3.4. Influence of metabolic products of micromycetes on the physical and mechanical properties of gypsum and polymer composites.

3.5. The mechanism of mycodestruction of gypsum stone.

3.6. Mechanism of mycodestruction of polyester composite.

Modeling the processes of mycodestruction of building materials.

4.1. Kinetic model of growth and development of mold fungi on the surface of building materials.

4.2. Diffusion of metabolites of micromycetes into the structure of dense and porous building materials.

4.3. Predicting the durability of building materials used in conditions of mycological aggression.

Improving the fungus resistance of building materials based on mineral and polymeric binders.

5.1 Cement concretes.

5.2 Gypsum materials.

5.3 Polymer composites.

5.4 Feasibility study of the effectiveness of the use of building materials with high fungus resistance.

Recommended list of dissertations

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Introduction to the thesis (part of the abstract) on the topic "Biodamage of building materials by mold fungi"

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Please note that the scientific texts presented above are posted for review and obtained through original dissertation text recognition (OCR). In this connection, they may contain errors related to the imperfection of recognition algorithms. There are no such errors in the PDF files of dissertations and abstracts that we deliver.

Dissertation abstract on the topic "Biodamage of building materials by mold fungi"

As a manuscript

SHAPOVALOV Igor Vasilievich

BIODAMAGE OF BUILDING MATERIALS BY MOLDS

05.23.05 - Building materials and products

Belgorod 2003

The work was carried out in the Belgorod State technological university them. V.G. Shukhov

Scientific supervisor - doctor technical sciences, Professor.

Honored Inventor of the Russian Federation Pavlenko Vyacheslav Ivanovich

Official opponents - Doctor of Technical Sciences, Professor

Chistov Yury Dmitrievich

Leading organization - Design and survey and research institute "OrgstroyNIIproekt" (Moscow)

The defense will take place on December 26, 2003 at 1500 hours at the meeting dissertation council D 212.014.01 at the Belgorod State Technological University. V.G. Shukhov at the address: 308012, Belgorod, st. Kostyukova, 46, BSTU.

The dissertation can be found in the library of the Belgorod State Technological University. V.G. Shukhov

Scientific Secretary of the Dissertation Council

Candidate of Technical Sciences, Associate Professor Pogorelov Sergey Alekseevich

Dr. tech. Sciences, Associate Professor

GENERAL DESCRIPTION OF WORK

Relevance of the topic. The operation of building materials and products in real conditions is characterized by the presence of corrosion damage not only under the influence of environmental factors (temperature, humidity, chemically aggressive environments, various types of radiation), but also living organisms. Organisms that cause microbiological corrosion include bacteria, mold fungi and microscopic algae. The leading role in the processes of biodamage of building materials of various chemical nature, operated under conditions of high temperature and humidity, belongs to mold fungi (micromycetes). This is due to the rapid growth of their mycelium, the power and lability of the enzymatic apparatus. The result of the growth of micromycetes on the surface of building materials is a decrease in the physical, mechanical and operational characteristics of materials (reduction in strength, deterioration of adhesion between individual components of the material, etc.), as well as a deterioration in their appearance (discoloration of the surface, the formation of age spots, etc.). .). In addition, the mass development of mold fungi leads to the smell of mold in residential premises, which can cause serious diseases, since among them there are species pathogenic to humans. So, according to the European Medical Society, the smallest doses of fungal poison that have entered the human body can cause the appearance of cancerous tumors in a few years.

In this regard, it is necessary to comprehensively study the processes of biodamage of building materials by mold fungi (mycoderuction) in order to increase their durability and reliability.

The work was carried out in accordance with the research program on the instructions of the Ministry of Education of the Russian Federation "Modeling of environmentally friendly and waste-free technologies."

Purpose and objectives of the study. The aim of the research was to establish patterns of biodamage of building materials by mold fungi and increase their fungal resistance. To achieve this goal, the following tasks were solved:

study of the fungus resistance of various building materials and their individual components;

assessment of the intensity of diffusion of mold fungi metabolites into the structure of dense and porous building materials; determination of the nature of the change in the strength properties of building materials under the influence of mold metabolites

establishing the mechanism of mycodestruction of building materials based on mineral and polymer binders; development of fungus-resistant building materials through the use of complex modifiers.

Scientific novelty of the work.

Cement concrete compositions with high fungus resistance have been introduced at the OJSC KMA Proektzhilstroy.

The results of the dissertation work were used in the educational process at the course "Protection of building materials and structures against corrosion" for students of specialties 290300 - "Industrial and civil construction" and specialty 290500 - "Urban construction and economy". - -

Approbation of work. The results of the dissertation work were presented at the International scientific-practical conference "Quality, safety, energy and resource saving in the building materials industry on the threshold of the XXI century" (Belgorod, 2000); P of the regional scientific-practical conference "Modern problems of technical, natural science and humanitarian knowledge" (Gubkin, 2001); III International scientific-practical conference - school - seminar of young scientists, graduate students and doctoral students "Modern problems of building materials science" (Belgorod, 2001); International scientific-practical conference "Ecology - education, science and industry" (Belgorod, 2002); Scientific and practical seminar "Problems and ways of creating composite materials from secondary mineral resources" (Novokuznetsk, 2003); International congress "Modern technologies in the industry of building materials and building industry" (Belgorod, 2003).

Scope and structure of work. The dissertation consists of an introduction, five chapters, general conclusions, a list of references, including 181 titles and 4 appendices. The work is presented on 148 pages of typewritten text, including 21 tables and 20 figures.

The introduction provides a rationale for the relevance of the dissertation topic, formulates the purpose and objectives of the work, scientific novelty and practical significance.

The first chapter analyzes the state of the problem of biodamage of building materials by mold fungi.

The role of domestic and foreign scientists E.A. Andreyuk, A.A. Anisimova, B.I. Bilay, R. Blahnik, T.S. Bobkova, S.D. Varfolomeeva, A.A. Gerasimenko, S.N. Gorshina, F.M. Ivanova, I.D. Jerusalem, V.D. Ilyicheva, I.G. Kanaevskaya, E.Z. Koval, F.I. Levina, A.B. Lugauskas, I.V. Maksimova, V.F. Smirnova, V.I. Solomatova, Z.M. Tukova, M.S. Feldman, A.B. Chuiko, E.E. Yarilova, V. King, A.O. Lloyd, F.E. Eckhard et al. in isolating and identifying the most aggressive building material biodegraders. It has been proven that the most important agents of biological corrosion of building materials are bacteria, mold fungi, microscopic algae. Their brief morphological and physiological characteristic. It is shown that the leading role in the processes of biodamage of building materials of various

chemical nature, operated in conditions of high temperature and humidity, belongs to mold fungi.

The degree of destruction of building materials by mold fungi depends on a number of factors, among which, first of all, it should be noted the ecological and geographical factors of the environment and the physicochemical properties of materials. A favorable combination of these factors leads to the active colonization of building materials by mold fungi and the stimulation of destructive processes by the products of their vital activity.

The mechanism of mycodestruction of building materials is determined by a complex of physicochemical processes, during which there is an interaction between the binder and the waste products of mold fungi, resulting in a decrease in the strength and performance characteristics of materials.

The main methods of increasing the fungus resistance of building materials are shown: chemical, physical, biochemical and environmental. It is noted that one of the most effective and long-acting methods of protection is the use of fungicidal compounds.

It is noted that the process of biodamage of building materials by mold fungi has not been studied fully enough and the possibilities of increasing their fungus resistance have not been fully exhausted.

The second chapter presents the characteristics of objects and methods of research.

The least fungi-resistant building materials based on mineral binders were chosen as objects of study: gypsum concrete (building gypsum, hardwood sawdust) and gypsum stone; based on polymer binders: polyester composite (binder: PN-1, PTSON, UNK-2; fillers: Nizhne-Olynansky quartz sand and tailings of ferruginous quartzites (tailings) of LGOK KMA) and epoxy composite (binder: ED-20, PEPA; fillers: Nizhne-Olshansky quartz sand and dust from OEMK electrostatic precipitators). In addition, the fungus resistance of various types of building materials and their individual components was studied.

To study the processes of mycodestruction of building materials, we used various methods(physico-mechanical, physico-chemical and biological), regulated by the relevant GOSTs.

The third chapter presents the results of experimental studies of the processes of biodamage of building materials by mold fungi.

An assessment of the intensity of damage by mold fungi, the most common mineral fillers, showed that their fungal resistance is determined by the content of aluminum and silicon oxides, i.e. activity module. It has been established that non-fouling (fouling degree of 3 or more points according to method A, GOST 9.049-91) are mineral aggregates with an activity modulus of less than 0.215.

An analysis of the growth rate of mold fungi on organic aggregates showed that they are characterized by low fungal resistance, due to the content of a significant amount of cellulose in their composition, which is a source of nutrition for mold fungi.

The fungus resistance of mineral binders is determined by the pH value of the pore fluid. Low fungus resistance is typical for binders with a pore fluid pH of 4 to 9.

The fungus resistance of polymer binders is determined by their chemical structure. The least stable are polymer binders containing ester bonds, easily cleaved by exoenzymes of mold fungi.

An analysis of the fungus resistance of various types of building materials showed that gypsum concrete filled with sawdust, polyester and epoxy polymer concrete exhibit the least resistance to mold fungi, and ceramic materials, asphalt concrete, cement concrete with various fillers exhibit the highest resistance.

Based on the research, a classification of building materials according to fungus resistance was proposed (Table 1).

Mushroom resistance class I includes materials that inhibit or completely suppress the growth of mold fungi. Such materials contain components having a fungicidal or fungistatic effect. They are recommended for use in mycologically aggressive environments.

To the II class of fungus resistance are materials containing in their composition a small amount of impurities available for absorption by mold fungi. The operation of ceramic materials, cement concretes, under the conditions of aggressive action of mold fungi metabolites is possible only for a limited period.

Building materials (gypsum concrete, based on wood fillers, polymer composites), containing components easily accessible to mold fungi, belong to class III of fungus resistance. Their use in conditions of mycologically aggressive environments is impossible without additional protection.

Class VI is represented by building materials that are a source of nutrition for micromycetes (wood and its products).

processing). These materials cannot be used in conditions of mycological aggression.

The proposed classification makes it possible to take into account fungus resistance when selecting building materials for operation in biologically aggressive environments.

Table 1

Classification of building materials according to their intensity

damage by micromycetes

Fungus resistance class Degree of resistance of the material in conditions of mycologically aggressive environments Characteristics of the material Fungi resistance according to GOST 9.049-91 (method A), points Example of materials

III Relatively stable, needs additional protection The material contains components that are a source of nutrition for micromycetes 3-4 Silicate, gypsum, epoxy carbamide, and polyester polymer concrete, etc.

IV Unstable, (non-fungus resistant) unsuitable for use under conditions of biocorrosion The material is a source of nutrition for micromycetes 5 Wood and products of its processing

Active growth of mold fungi producing aggressive metabolites stimulates corrosion processes. Intensity,

which is determined by the chemical composition of waste products, the rate of their diffusion and the structure of materials.

The intensity of diffusion and destructive processes was studied on the example of the least fungi-resistant materials: gypsum concrete, gypsum stone, polyester and epoxy composites.

As a result of the study of the chemical composition of mold fungi metabolites developing on the surface of these materials, it was found that they contain organic acids, mainly oxalic, acetic and citric acids, as well as enzymes (catalase and peroxidase).

Analysis of acid production showed that the highest concentration of organic acids is produced by mold fungi that develop on the surface of gypsum stone and gypsum concrete. So, on day 56, the total concentration of organic acids produced by mold fungi developing on the surface of gypsum concrete and gypsum stone was 2.9-10-3 mg / ml and 2.8-10-3 mg / ml, respectively, and on the surface of polyester and epoxy composites 0.9-10"3 mg/ml and 0.7-10"3 mg/ml, respectively. As a result of enzymatic activity studies, an increase in the synthesis of catalase and peroxidase was found in mold fungi developing on the surface of polymer composites. Their activity is especially high in micromycetes,

living on

the surface of the polyester composite, it was 0.98-103 µM/ml-min. Based on the method of radioactive isotopes, were

the dependences of the penetration depth

metabolites depending on the duration of exposure (Fig. 1) and their distribution over the cross section of the samples (Fig. 2). As can be seen from fig. 1, the most permeable materials are gypsum concrete and

50 100 150 200 250 300 350 400 exposure time, days

I am a plaster stone

Gypsum concrete

Polyester composite

Epoxy Composite

Figure 1. Dependence of the depth of penetration of metabolites on the duration of exposure

gypsum stone, and the least permeable - polymer composites. The depth of penetration of metabolites into the structure of gypsum concrete, after 360 days of testing, was 0.73, and into the structure of the polyester composite - 0.17. The reason for this lies in the different porosity of the materials.

Analysis of the distribution of metabolites over the cross section of the samples (Fig. 2)

showed that in polymer composites the diffuse width, 1

the zone is small, due to the high density of these materials. \

It amounted to 0.2. Therefore, only the surface layers of these materials are subject to corrosion processes. In gypsum stone and, especially, gypsum concrete, which have high porosity, the width of the diffuse zone of metabolites is much larger than that of polymer composites. The depth of penetration of metabolites into the structure of gypsum concrete was 0.8, and for gypsum stone - 0.6. The consequence of active diffusion of aggressive metabolites into the structure of these materials is the stimulation of destructive processes, during which the strength characteristics are significantly reduced. The change in the strength characteristics of the materials was evaluated by the value of the fungus resistance coefficient, defined as the ratio of the compressive or tensile strength before and after 1 exposure to mold fungi (Fig. 3.). As a result, it was found that exposure to mold metabolites for 360 days helps to reduce coefficient of fungus resistance of all studied materials. However, in the initial period of time, the first 60-70 days, in gypsum concrete and gypsum stone, an increase in the coefficient of fungus resistance is observed as a result of compaction of the structure, due to their interaction with the metabolic products of mold fungi. Then (70-120 days) there is a sharp decrease in the coefficient

relative depth of cut

gypsum concrete ■ gypsum stone

polyester composite - - epoxy composite

Figure 2, Change in the relative concentration of metabolites over the cross section of the samples

exposure duration, days

Gypsum stone - epoxy composite

Gypsum concrete - polyester composite

Rice. 3. Dependence of the change in the coefficient of fungus resistance on the duration of exposure

mushroom resistance. After that (120-360 days) the process slows down and

mushroom coefficient

durability reaches

minimum value: for gypsum concrete - 0.42, and for gypsum stone - 0.56. In polymer composites, compaction was not observed, but only

the decrease in the fungus resistance coefficient is most active in the first 120 days of exposure. After 360 days of exposure, the fungus resistance coefficient of the polyester composite was 0.74, and that of the epoxy composite was 0.79.

Thus, the obtained results show that the intensity of corrosion processes is determined, first of all, by the rate of diffusion of metabolites into the structure of materials.

An increase in the volume content of the filler also contributes to a decrease in the coefficient of fungus resistance, due to the formation of a more rarefied structure of the material, therefore, more permeable to micromycete metabolites.

As a result of complex physical and chemical studies, the mechanism of mycodestruction of gypsum stone was established. It was shown that as a result of the diffusion of metabolites represented by organic acids, among which oxalic acid had the highest concentration (2.24 10-3 mg / ml), they interact with calcium sulfate. At the same time, organic calcium salts are formed in the pores of the gypsum stone , represented mainly by calcium oxalate.The accumulation of this salt was recorded as a result of differential thermal and chemical analysis of gypsum stone exposed to mold fungi.In addition, the presence of calcium oxalate crystals in the pores of gypsum stone was recorded microscopically.

Thus, the sparingly soluble calcium oxalate formed in the pores of the gypsum stone first causes a compaction of the material structure, and then contributes to an active decrease in

strength, due to the occurrence of significant tensile stress in the walls of the pores.

Gas chromatographic analysis of the extracted products of mycodestruction made it possible to establish the mechanism of biodamage of the polyester composite by mold fungi. As a result of the analysis, two main products of mycodestruction (A and C) were isolated. An analysis of the Kovacs retention indices showed that these substances contain polar functional groups. The calculation of the boiling points of the isolated compounds showed that for A it is 189200 C0, for C it is 425-460 C0. As a result, it can be assumed that compound A is ethylene glycol, and C is an oligomer of the composition [-(CH)20C(0)CH=CHC(0)0(CH)20-]n with n=5-7.

Thus, the mycodestruction of the polyester composite occurs due to the cleavage of bonds in the polymer matrix under the action of exoenzymes of mold fungi.

In the fourth chapter, a theoretical substantiation of the process of biodamage of building materials by mold fungi is given.

As experimental studies have shown, the kinetic growth curves of mold fungi on the surface of building materials are complex. To describe them, a two-stage kinetic model of population growth was proposed, according to which the interaction of the substrate with the catalytic centers inside the cell leads to the formation of metabolites and the doubling of these centers. On the basis of this model and in accordance with the Monod equation, a mathematical dependence was obtained, which makes it possible to determine the concentration of mold fungi metabolites (P) during the period of exponential growth:

where N0 is the amount of biomass in the system after the introduction of the inoculum; ¡us-

specific growth rate; S is the concentration of the limiting substrate; Ks is the affinity constant of the substrate for the microorganism; t - time.

The analysis of diffusion and degradation processes caused by the vital activity of mold fungi is similar to the corrosion destruction of building materials under the action of chemically aggressive environments. Therefore, to characterize the destructive processes caused by the vital activity of mold fungi, models were used that describe the diffusion of chemically aggressive media into the structure of building materials. Since in the course of experimental studies it was found that dense building materials (polyester and epoxy composite) have a width

diffuse zone is small, then to estimate the depth of penetration of metabolites into the structure of these materials, one can use the model of liquid diffusion into a semi-infinite space. According to it, the width of the diffuse zone can be calculated by the formula:

where k(t) is the coefficient that determines the change in the concentration of metabolites inside the material; B - diffusion coefficient; I - duration of degradation.

In porous building materials (gypsum concrete, gypsum stone), metabolites penetrate to a large extent; therefore, their total transfer into the structure of these materials can be

estimated by the formula: (e) _ ^

where Uf is the filtration rate of the aggressive medium.

Based on the method of degradation functions and experimental results of the study, mathematical dependencies were found that allow determining the degradation function of the bearing capacity of centrally loaded elements (B(KG)) through the initial modulus of elasticity (E0) and the material structure index (n).

For porous materials: d / dl _ 1 + E0p.

For dense materials, the residual value of the modulus is characteristic

pgE, (E, + £■ ") + n (2E0 + £, 0) + 2 | - + 1 elasticity (Ea) therefore: ___I E "

(2 + E0n) - (2 + Eap)

The obtained functions make it possible to assess the degradation of building materials in aggressive environments with a given reliability and to predict the change in the bearing capacity of centrally loaded elements under conditions of biological corrosion.

In the fifth chapter, taking into account the established regularities, it is proposed to use complex modifiers that significantly increase the fungus resistance of building materials and improve their physical and mechanical properties.

To increase the fungus resistance of cement concretes, it is proposed to use a fungicidal modifier, which is a mixture of superplasticizers C-3 (30%) and SB-3 (70%) with the addition of inorganic hardening accelerators (CaCl2, No. N03, Nag804). It is shown that the introduction of 0.3 wt % of a mixture of superplasticizers and 1 wt % of inorganic hardening accelerators makes it possible to completely

suppress the growth of mold fungi, increase the coefficient of fungus resistance by 14.5%, density by 1.0-1.5%, compressive strength by 2.8-6.1%, and also reduce porosity by 4.7-4 .8% and water absorption by 6.9 - 7.3%.

The fungicidal activity of gypsum materials (gypsum stone and gypsum concrete) was ensured by introducing superplasticizer SB-5 into their composition at a concentration of 0.2–0.25% wt. stone by 38.8 38.9%.

Efficient compositions of polymer composites based on polyester (PN-63) and epoxy (K-153) binders filled with quartz sand and production wastes (wastes of enrichment-iron quartzites (tailings) of LGOK and dust of electrostatic precipitators of OEMK) with organosilicon additives (tetraethoxysilane and Irganoks ""). These compositions have fungicidal properties, high coefficient of fungus resistance and increased compressive and tensile strength. In addition, they have a high coefficient of stability in solutions of acetic acid and hydrogen peroxide.

The technical and economic efficiency of the use of cement and gypsum materials with increased fungus resistance is due to an increase in the durability and reliability of building products and structures based on them, operated in biologically aggressive environments. The compositions of cement concretes with fungicidal additives are introduced at the enterprise. JSC "KMA Proektzhilstroy" during the construction of basements.

The economic efficiency of the developed compositions of polymer composites in comparison with traditional polymer concretes is determined by the fact that they are filled with production waste, which significantly reduces their cost. In addition, products and structures based on them will eliminate molding and associated corrosion processes. The estimated economic effect from the introduction of a polyester composite amounted to 134.1 rubles. per 1 m3, and epoxy 86.2 rubles. per 1 m3.

GENERAL CONCLUSIONS 1. The fungus resistance of the most common components of building materials has been established. It is shown that the fungus resistance of mineral aggregates is determined by the content of aluminum and silicon oxides, i.e. activity module. It was revealed that non-mushroom resistant (fouling degree of 3 or more points according to method A, GOST 9.049-91) are mineral aggregates with an activity modulus of less than 0.215. Organic aggregates are characterized by low

fungus resistance due to the content in their composition of a significant amount of cellulose, which is a source of nutrition for mold fungi. The fungus resistance of mineral binders is determined by the pH value of the pore fluid. Low fungi resistance is typical for binders with pH=4-9. The fungus resistance of polymer binders is determined by their structure.

7. Functions have been obtained that allow, with a given reliability, to evaluate the degradation of dense and porous building materials in aggressive environments and predict a change in the bearing capacity

of centrally loaded elements under conditions of mycological corrosion.

8. The use of complex modifiers based on superplasticizers (SB-3, SB-5, S-3) and inorganic hardening accelerators (СаС12, NaN03, Na2S04) is proposed to increase the fungus resistance of cement concretes and gypsum materials.

9. Efficient compositions of polymer composites based on polyester resin PN-63 and epoxy compound K-153, filled with quartz sand and production waste, have been developed, which have increased fungus resistance and high strength characteristics. The estimated economic effect from the introduction of a polyester composite amounted to 134.1 rubles. per I m3, and epoxy 86.2 rubles. per 1 m3. .

1. Ogrel L.Yu., Shevtsova R.I., Shapovalov I.V., Prudnikova T.I., Mikhailova L.I. Biodamage of polyvinylchloride linoleum by mold fungi // Quality, safety, energy and resource saving in the building materials industry and construction on the threshold of the XXI century: Sat. report International scientific-practical. conf. - Belgorod: BelGTASM Publishing House, 2000. - 4.6 - S. 82-87.

2. Ogrel L.Yu., Shevtsova R.I., Shapovalov I.V., Prudnikova T.I. Biodamage of polymer concrete by micromycetes and Modern problems of technical, natural science and humanities knowledge: Sat. report II region, scientific-practical. conf. - Gubkin: Polygraph Publishing House. Center "Master-Garant", 2001. - S. 215-219.

3. Shapovalov I.V. Study of the biostability of gypsum and gypsum polymer materials // Modern problems of building materials science: Mater, dokl. III Intern. scientific-practical. conf. - schools - a seminar for young people, scientists, graduate students and doctoral students - Belgorod: BelGTASM Publishing House, 2001. - 4.1 - P. 125-129.

4. Shapovalov I.V., Ogrel L.Yu., Kosukhin M.M. Improving the fungus resistance of wood-filled cement composites // Ecology - education, science and industry: Sat. report International scientific method. conf. - Belgorod: BelGTASM Publishing House, 2002. -Ch.Z-S. 271-273.

5. Shapovalov I.V., Ogrel L.Yu., Kosukhin M.M. Fungicidal modifier of mineral building compositions // Problems and ways of creating composite materials and technologies from

secondary mineral resources: Sat. work, scientific-practical. semin. - Novokuznetsk: Publishing House of SibGIU, 2003. - S. 242-245. Shapovalov I.V., Ogrel L.Yu., Kosukhin M.M. The mechanism of mycodestruction of building gypsum // Vestnik BSTU im. V.G. Shukhov: Mater. International congr. "Modern technologies in the building materials industry and the construction industry" - Belgorod: Publishing House of BSTU, 2003. - No. 5 - P. 193-195. Kosukhin M.M., Ogrel L.Yu., Shapovalov I.V. Biostable modified concrete for hot humid climate conditions // Vestnik BSTU im. V.G. Shukhov: Mater. International congr. "Modern technologies in the industry of building materials and the construction industry" - Belgorod: Publishing House of BSTU, 2003. - No. 5 - P. 297-299.

Ogrel L.Yu., Yastribinskaya A.V., Shapovalov I.V., Manushkina E.V. Composite materials with improved performance characteristics and increased biostability // Building materials and products. (Ukraine) - 2003 - No. 9 - S. 24-26. Kosukhin M.M., Ogrel L.Yu., Pavlenko V.I., Shapovalov I.V. Bioresistant cement concretes with polyfunctional modifiers // Building materials. - 2003. - No. 11. - S. 4849.

Ed. persons. ID No. 00434 dated 11/10/99. Signed for publication on 25.11.03. Format 60x84/16 Conv. p.l. 1.1 Circulation 100 copies. ;\?l. ^ "16 5 Printed at the Belgorod State Technological University named after V.G. Shukhov 308012, Belgorod, Kostyukova st. 46

Introduction.

1. Biodamages and mechanisms of biodegradation of building materials. Problem state.

1.1 Biodamage agents.

1.2 Factors affecting the fungus resistance of building materials.

1.3 Mechanism of mycodestruction of building materials.

1.4 Ways to improve the fungus resistance of building materials.

2 Objects and methods of research.

2.1 Objects of study.

2.2 Research methods.

2.2.1 Physical and mechanical research methods.

2.2.2 Physical and chemical research methods.

2.2.3 Biological research methods.

2.2.4 Mathematical processing of research results.

3 Myodestruction of building materials based on mineral and polymer binders.

3.1. Mushroom resistance of the most important components of building materials.

3.1.1. Mushroom resistance of mineral aggregates.

3.1.2. Fungus resistance of organic aggregates.

3.1.3. Mushroom resistance of mineral and polymer binders.

3.2. Mushroom resistance of various types of building materials based on mineral and polymeric binders.

3.3. Kinetics of growth and development of mold fungi on the surface of gypsum and polymer composites.

3.4. Influence of metabolic products of micromycetes on the physical and mechanical properties of gypsum and polymer composites.

3.5. The mechanism of mycodestruction of gypsum stone.

3.6. Mechanism of mycodestruction of polyester composite.

Modeling the processes of mycodestruction of building materials.

4.1. Kinetic model of growth and development of mold fungi on the surface of building materials.

4.2. Diffusion of metabolites of micromycetes into the structure of dense and porous building materials.

4.3. Predicting the durability of building materials used in conditions of mycological aggression.

Improving the fungus resistance of building materials based on mineral and polymeric binders.

5.1 Cement concretes.

5.2 Gypsum materials.

5.3 Polymer composites.

5.4 Feasibility study of the effectiveness of the use of building materials with high fungus resistance.

Introduction 2003, dissertation on construction, Shapovalov, Igor Vasilyevich

The relevance of the work. The operation of building materials and products in real conditions is characterized by the presence of corrosion damage not only under the influence of environmental factors (temperature, humidity, chemically aggressive environments, various types of radiation), but also living organisms. Organisms that cause microbiological corrosion include bacteria, mold fungi and microscopic algae. The leading role in the processes of biodamage of building materials of various chemical nature, operated under conditions of high temperature and humidity, belongs to mold fungi (micromycetes). This is due to the rapid growth of their mycelium, the power and lability of the enzymatic apparatus. The result of the growth of micromycetes on the surface of building materials is a decrease in the physical, mechanical and operational characteristics of materials (reduction in strength, deterioration in adhesion between individual components of the material, etc.). In addition, the mass development of mold fungi leads to the smell of mold in residential premises, which can cause serious diseases, since among them there are species pathogenic to humans. So, according to the European Medical Society, the smallest doses of fungal poison that have entered the human body can cause the appearance of cancerous tumors in a few years.

In this regard, a comprehensive study of the processes of biodamage of building materials is necessary in order to increase their durability and reliability.

The work was carried out in accordance with the research program on the instructions of the Ministry of Education of the Russian Federation "Modeling of environmentally friendly and waste-free technologies"

Purpose and objectives of the study. The aim of the research was to establish patterns of mycodestruction of building materials and increase their fungus resistance.

To achieve this goal, the following tasks were solved: study of the fungus resistance of various building materials and their individual components; assessment of the intensity of diffusion of mold fungi metabolites into the structure of dense and porous building materials; determination of the nature of the change in the strength properties of building materials under the influence of mold metabolites; establishing the mechanism of mycodestruction of building materials based on mineral and polymer binders; development of fungus-resistant building materials through the use of complex modifiers. Scientific novelty.

The relationship between the activity modulus and the fungus resistance of mineral aggregates of various chemical and mineralogical compositions is revealed, which consists in the fact that aggregates with an activity modulus of less than 0.215 are non-fungus resistant.

A classification of building materials according to fungus resistance is proposed, which makes it possible to conduct their targeted selection for operation in conditions of mycological aggression.

The patterns of diffusion of mold fungi metabolites into the structure of building materials with different densities were revealed. It has been shown that in dense materials metabolites are concentrated in the surface layer, while in materials with low density they are evenly distributed throughout the volume.

The mechanism of mycodestruction of gypsum stone and composites based on polyester resins has been established. It is shown that the corrosion destruction of gypsum stone is caused by the occurrence of tensile stress in the walls of the pores of the material due to the formation of organic calcium salts, which are products of the interaction of metabolites with calcium sulfate. The destruction of the polyester composite occurs due to the splitting of bonds in the polymer matrix under the action of exoenzymes of mold fungi.

The practical significance of the work.

A method is proposed for increasing the fungi resistance of building materials by using complex modifiers, which makes it possible to ensure fungicide and high physical and mechanical properties of materials.

Fungus-resistant compositions of building materials based on cement, gypsum, polyester and epoxy binders with high physical and mechanical characteristics have been developed.

Cement concrete compositions with high fungus resistance have been introduced at the OJSC KMA Proektzhilstroy.

The results of the dissertation work were used in the educational process at the course "Protection of building materials and structures against corrosion" for students of specialties 290300 - "Industrial and civil construction" and specialty 290500 - "Urban construction and economy".

Approbation of work. The results of the dissertation work were presented at the International Scientific and Practical Conference "Quality, safety, energy and resource saving in the building materials industry on the threshold of the XXI century" (Belgorod, 2000); II regional scientific-practical conference "Modern problems of technical, natural science and humanitarian knowledge" (Gubkin, 2001); III International scientific-practical conference - school-seminar of young scientists, graduate students and doctoral students "Modern problems of building materials science" (Belgorod, 2001); International Scientific and Practical Conference "Ecology - Education, Science and Industry" (Belgorod, 2002); Scientific and practical seminar "Problems and ways of creating composite materials from secondary mineral resources" (Novokuznetsk, 2003);

International congress "Modern technologies in the industry of building materials and building industry" (Belgorod, 2003).

Publications. The main provisions and results of the dissertation are presented in 9 publications.

Scope and structure of work. The dissertation consists of an introduction, five chapters, general conclusions, a list of references, including 181 titles, and appendices. The work is presented on 148 pages of typewritten text, including 21 tables, 20 figures and 4 appendices.

Conclusion thesis on the topic "Biodamage of building materials by mold fungi"

GENERAL CONCLUSIONS

1. The fungus resistance of the most common components of building materials has been established. It is shown that the fungus resistance of mineral aggregates is determined by the content of aluminum and silicon oxides, i.e. activity module. It was revealed that non-mushroom resistant (fouling degree of 3 or more points according to method A, GOST 9.049-91) are mineral aggregates with an activity modulus of less than 0.215. Organic fillers are characterized by low fungal resistance due to the content of a significant amount of cellulose in their composition, which is a source of nutrition for mold fungi. The fungus resistance of mineral binders is determined by the pH value of the pore fluid. Low fungi resistance is typical for binders with pH=4-9. The fungus resistance of polymer binders is determined by their structure.

2. Based on the analysis of the intensity of mold fungi overgrowth of various types of building materials, their classification according to fungus resistance was proposed for the first time.

3. The composition of metabolites and the nature of their distribution in the structure of materials were determined. It is shown that the growth of mold fungi on the surface of gypsum materials (gypsum concrete and gypsum stone) is accompanied by active acid production, and on the surface of polymeric materials (epoxy and polyester composites) - by enzymatic activity. An analysis of the distribution of metabolites over the cross section of the samples showed that the width of the diffuse zone is determined by the porosity of the materials.

4. The nature of the change in the strength characteristics of building materials under the influence of mold fungi metabolites was revealed. Data have been obtained indicating that the decrease in the strength properties of building materials is determined by the penetration depth of metabolites, as well as the chemical nature and volumetric content of fillers. It is shown that in gypsum materials the entire volume undergoes degradation, while in polymer composites only surface layers are subjected to degradation.

5. The mechanism of mycodestruction of gypsum stone and polyester composite has been established. It is shown that the mycodestruction of gypsum stone is caused by the occurrence of tensile stress in the walls of the pores of the material due to the formation of organic calcium salts, which are products of the interaction of metabolites (organic acids) with calcium sulfate. Corrosion destruction of the polyester composite occurs due to the splitting of bonds in the polymer matrix under the action of exoenzymes of mold fungi.

6. Based on the Monod equation and a two-stage kinetic model of mold growth, a mathematical dependence was obtained that allows determining the concentration of mold fungi metabolites during exponential growth.

Functions have been obtained that allow, with a given reliability, to assess the degradation of dense and porous building materials in aggressive environments and to predict the change in the bearing capacity of centrally loaded elements under conditions of mycological corrosion.

The use of complex modifiers based on superplasticizers (SB-3, SB-5, S-3) and inorganic hardening accelerators (CaCl, Na > Yuz, La2804) is proposed to increase the fungus resistance of cement concretes and gypsum materials.

Efficient compositions of polymer composites based on polyester resin PN-63 and epoxy compound K-153, filled with quartz sand and production waste, possessing increased fungus resistance and high strength characteristics have been developed. The estimated economic effect from the introduction of a polyester composite amounted to 134.1 rubles. per 1 m, and epoxy 86.2 rubles. per 1 m3.

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