It extends from the shores of the Arctic Ocean to the border with Mongolia, from the left bank of the Yenisei to the watershed ranges of the Far East;
It occupies 1/4 of the area of Russia;
Located in middle and high latitudes;
Removed from Atlantic Ocean;
Limited from the influence of the Pacific Ocean by a barrier of mountain ranges in the Far East
2. Complete the sentences.
1) The East Siberian region includes the republics of Khakassia, Tyva, Buryatia, the regions of Zabaikalsky and Krasnoyarsk and the Irkutsk region.
2) In relief Eastern Siberia Mountains predominate, the Central Siberian Plateau is located in the center.
3) The climate is sharply continental.
4) Large rivers Lena, Angara, Nizhnyaya Tunguska, Podkamennaya Tunguska flow through the territory of the district
5) Here is the deepest lake in the world - Baikal.
6) Ores of various metals (copper, nickel, polymetallic, molybdenum, uranium, gold) are mined in Eastern Siberia.
7) The branches of specialization of the district are non-ferrous metallurgy, mechanical engineering, timber industry, and agriculture.
3. Why is transport of particular importance for Eastern Siberia? Give at least 3-4 reasons to support this.
The vast distances of the region can only be overcome with a well-developed transport network. The Trans-Siberian Railway connected Siberia with the center of the country, the Far East and foreign countries. The development of the transport structure will make it possible to explore new mineral deposits. The construction of new highways will lead to the formation of industrial complexes, as well as create new jobs.
4. Using the texts "What was the role of the Trans-Siberian Railway?" (p. 173-174 of the textbook) and "What is BAM?" (p. 182-183 textbook), reveal the importance of the Trans-Siberian and Baikal-Amur highways for Siberia and the country.
The Trans-Siberian Railway, which is called the Great Siberian Way, connected the European part of Russia, the Urals, Siberia and the Far East. The highway played a significant role during the years of the Russo-Japanese War for supplying the army, in addition, it changed the economic situation in Siberia. The Trans-Siberian Railway is important not only for our country, but also for Asian countries, European and American countries.
The Baikal-Amur Mainline was a "backup" of the Trans-Siberian Railway and crossing mountain ranges and numerous rivers on its way, the railway passes north of the Trans-Siberian Railway. Its construction opened the way to the development of new areas and improved transport links with the Far East.
6. On the contour map (p. 78 of the Appendix):
1) mark the boundaries of the East Siberian region with conventional signs;
2) sign subjects Russian Federation, which are part of the East Siberian region.
7. On contour map(p. 78 of the Appendix) apply and sign the main landforms, the largest rivers and lakes, minerals of Eastern Siberia.
9. Compare physical and tectonic maps. Explain the structure of the surface of Eastern Siberia.
The tectonic structure of the Central Siberian plateau is confined to the Siberian platform with two shields: Anabar in the north and Aldan in the southeast. The relief of the plateau consists of wide plateaus and ridges, at the same time there are valleys with steep slopes. The average height of the difference in the relief is 500-700 meters, but there are parts of the plateau, where the absolute mark rises above 1000 meters, such areas include the Yenisei Ridge. One of the highest parts of the territory is the Putorana Plateau, its height is 1678 m above sea level. Thus, mountainous landforms predominate.
10. By map natural areas Find out the position of the forest-steppe and steppe zones in Eastern Siberia.
1) What is the area compared to the area of the district they occupy? In Eastern Siberia, the steppe occupies intermountain basins (Minusinsk, Tuva).
2) What is their area compared to the area of similar zones in the Central Black Earth Region and in the European South? The area is insignificant, since these zones do not form a continuous strip as in the Chernozem region and in the European south.
11. Academician V. A. Obruchev studied Eastern Siberia. Using additional literature available in the home, school or district library, the resources of the free encyclopedia "Wikipedia" on the Internet:
1) study the biography of the scientist;
2) find out what he did and what discoveries he made;
3) establish which geographical objects are named after him;
4) make a list of books written by him.
1) Vladimir Obruchev was born on October 10, 1863 in the village of Klepenino, now the Kalinin region. In 1886 he graduated from the Mining Institute in St. Petersburg. Was a professor at Tomsk Institute of Technology(1919-1921), Tauride University in Simferopol (1918-1919) and the Moscow Mining Academy (1921 - 1929). Since 1930 he has been chairman of the Commission (Committee) for the study of permafrost, since 1939 he has been director of the Institute of Permafrost Science of the USSR Academy of Sciences. In 1942-1946, Academician-Secretary of the Department of Geological and Geographical Sciences of the USSR Academy of Sciences.
2) Vladimir Obruchev is a well-known researcher of the geology of Siberia, Central and Central Asia. In the 80-90s of the 19th century, his work was associated with the design of the Trans-Caspian and Trans-Siberian railways. The main works of Obruchev are connected with the solution of the following problems: the origin of loess in Central and Central Asia; glaciation and permafrost in Siberia; general questions of tectonics and tectonic structure of Siberia; proposed the term "neotectonics"; geology of gold deposits in Siberia; the existence of the "ancient crown" of Asia.
3) In the name of V.A. Obruchev are named: a mountain range in the Tyva Republic, a mountain in the upper Vitim, an oasis in Antarctica and other geographical objects, as well as the mineral obruchevite, a hydrated uranium-yttrium variety of pyrochlore.
4) List of books by V.A. Obruchev:
1. Monographs: "Geology of Siberia" (1935-1938), "History of the geological exploration of Siberia" (vols. 1-5, 1931-1959);
2. Textbooks: "Field geology" (vols. 1-2, 1927), "Ore deposits" (parts 1 - 2, 1928-29);
3. Popular science books: "Formation of mountains and ore deposits" (1932), "Fundamentals of Geology" (1944);
4. Science fiction novels: "Plutonia" (1915, published in 1924), "Sannikov Land" (1924, published in 1926), "Gold Diggers in the Desert" (1928), "In the Wilds of Central Asia" (1951).
Make a conclusion: what is the scientist's contribution to the development of geological and geographical science? V.A. Obruchev substantiated the concept of vertical movements earth's crust and their role in the modern relief of Siberia, proposed the term "neotectonics", compiled a summary of data on gold deposits, a forecast for prospecting for gold placers in Siberia. Among the works published by Obruchev are textbooks on geology and geography that have become classics.
Formulate your attitude towards V. A. Obruchev as a science fiction writer. In the creation of science fiction novels, the author's desire not only for artistic, but also for scientific authenticity, in order to avoid inaccuracies that other writers made, played a certain role. If we assume that the land of Sannikov existed, then the events, people, nature described in the novel turn out to be scientifically quite reliable and accurate. One of the reasons for the success of the novels is the combination of V.A. Obruchev, scientist-researcher and artist.
12. Based on the knowledge gained in Western and Eastern Siberia:
1) compare the features of them geographical location;
2) explain how their geographical location affects nature;
3) install like natural conditions affect the lives of people and the economy of these regions;
4) fill in the table.
Make a conclusion: are the natural conditions of Western or Eastern Siberia the most favorable for the life and economic activities of people? Based on the data in the table, we can conclude that the conditions of Western Siberia are more favorable for the life and economic activity of people.
13. Lake Baikal is a natural area with a very sharp environmental situation. The main sources of economic impact on the ecosystem of Lake Baikal are the industrial complexes of Ulan-Ude and Selenginsk (industrial effluents and air emissions), the reservoir of the Irkutsk hydroelectric power station (change in lake level), the Irkutsk-Cheremkhovo industrial hub (air emissions), logging enterprises (cutting down forests in the catchment basin), a marble quarry in Slyudyanka, etc.
On May 1, 1999, the Government of the Russian Federation adopted the law "On the Protection of Lake Baikal". Use the resources of the Internet to read this document. Write down the types of activities prohibited or restricted in the Baikal natural territory.
1. In the Baikal natural territory, activities are prohibited or restricted, the implementation of which has a negative impact on the unique ecological system of Lake Baikal:
Chemical pollution of Lake Baikal or part of it, as well as its catchment area, associated with discharges and emissions of harmful substances, the use of pesticides, agrochemicals, radioactive substances, the operation of transport, the disposal of production and consumption waste;
Physical change in the state of Lake Baikal or its part (change in water temperature regimes, fluctuations in water level indicators beyond the permissible values, change in runoff into Lake Baikal);
Biological pollution of Lake Baikal associated with the use, breeding or acclimatization of aquatic biological objects that are not characteristic of the ecological system of Lake Baikal, in Lake Baikal and water bodies that have a permanent or temporary connection with Lake Baikal.
In the central ecological zone, it is prohibited to place production and consumption wastes of I - III hazard classes.
2. On the Baikal natural territory, the construction of new economic facilities, the reconstruction of existing economic facilities without a positive conclusion of the state environmental review of the project documentation of such facilities is prohibited.
14. Norilsk is one of the ten most environmentally polluted cities in the world. catastrophic state environment caused by the activities of MMC Norilsk Nickel. It must be said that the sulfur content in the atmospheric precipitation of Norilsk has the highest rates not only in the Siberian region, but throughout Russia. According to the Russian Federal Service for Supervision of Natural Resources, the content of pollutants in sewage enterprises are tens and hundreds of times higher than the maximum permissible concentrations for heavy metals (zinc, iron, nickel, copper), as well as oil products, phosphates and nitrites discharged into the rivers of the region.
The complexity of solving the problem is determined by the specific composition of raw materials, the position of Norilsk beyond the Arctic Circle, the lack of railway communication, as well as the impossibility of using sulfur dioxide utilization products on site - sulfuric acid and elemental sulfur.
Experts believe that it is necessary to create the latest technologies to ensure a gradual reduction of sulfur dioxide emissions to safe levels.
Environmentalists believe that it is necessary to carry out a large-scale environmental program for the modernization of MMC enterprises.
Do you have your own view on solving this acute problem? Discuss this problem during the discussion.
15. What features are not typical for the nature of Eastern Siberia?
a) permafrost;
b) flat flat relief;
c) slight snow cover;
d) severe swamping of the territory.
16. Determine the landforms located in Eastern Siberia:
a) Vitim Plateau; c) the Central Siberian Plateau;
b) Yukagir Plateau; d) Dzhugdzhur ridge.
Answer: A, B
17. Determine the geographical objects that are not located on the territory of Eastern Siberia:
a) the Northern Dvina river; c) Sikhote-Alin;
b) the Angara river; d) the Putorana plateau.
Answer: A, B
18. Choose the correct statements:
a) the East Siberian region includes the Krasnoyarsk and Zabaikalsky territories, the Irkutsk region, the republics of Khakassia, Tyva and Buryatia;
b) there are no millionaire cities in Eastern Siberia;
c) the largest lake in the world by area is located in Eastern Siberia;
d) oil, gas and iron ore are the main minerals of Eastern Siberia.
19. Determine Largest cities Eastern Siberia:
a) Bratsk and Ust-Ilimsk; c) Krasnoyarsk and Irkutsk;
b) Krasnoyarsk and Norilsk; d) Dudinka and Ulan-Ude.
20. What are the numbers on the map?
1 - Bratsk, 2 - Abakan, 3 - Chita, 4 - Krasnoyarsk, 5 - Norilsk, 6 - Ulan-Ude, 7 - Lower Tunguska, 8 - Yenisei
21. Choose branches of specialization of Eastern Siberia:
a) electric power industry; c) textile industry;
b) non-ferrous metallurgy; d) pulp and paper industry.
Answer: A, B, D.
22. Choose the correct answers. Eastern Siberia is very important for Russia great importance, because here:
a) large centers of the automotive industry are concentrated;
b) the largest centers of the aluminum industry are located;
c) 1/3 of the country's forest resources are concentrated;
d) are largest hydroelectric power plants countries.
Answer: B, G.
23. Establish a correspondence between industrial production and its center.
1. Pulp and paper industry. A. Norilsk.
2. Woodworking. B. Sayanogorsk.
3. Copper production. V. Selenginsk.
4. Aluminum production. G. Lesosibirsk.
Answer: 1 - C, 2 - D, 3 - A, 4 - B
24. Choose from the list three cities that are major centers of aluminum production:
a) Novosibirsk; c) Rostov-on-Don; e) Krasnoyarsk;
b) Bratsk; d) Volgograd; e) Yekaterinburg.
Answer: B, D, D,
25. Choose the correct statements:
a) in Eastern Siberia, the centers of the aluminum industry are concentrated in the south of the region;
b) Eastern Siberia - the main metallurgical base of the country;
c) in Eastern Siberia there is the largest hydroelectric power station in Russia - Bratskaya;
d) the country's largest Sayano-Shushenskaya HPP was built on the Yenisei.
General characteristics of North-Eastern Siberia
To the east of the lower reaches of the Lena lies a vast territory, bounded in the east by the mountain ranges of the Pacific watershed. This physical and geographical country was named North-Eastern Siberia. Including the islands of the Arctic Ocean, North-Eastern Siberia covers an area of more than $1.5 million sq. km. Within its borders is the eastern part of Yakutia and the western part of the Magadan region. North-Eastern Siberia is located in high latitudes and is washed by the waters of the Arctic Ocean and its seas.
Cape Svyatoi Nos is the northernmost point. The southern regions are in the Mai River basin. Almost half of the country's territory is located north of the Arctic Circle, which is characterized by a diverse and contrasting relief. There are mountain ranges, plateaus, flat lowlands along the valleys of large rivers. Northeastern Siberia belongs to the Verkhoyansk-Chukotka Mesozoic folding when the main folding processes took place. The modern relief was formed as a result of the latest tectonic movements.
Ready-made works on a similar topic
The climatic conditions of North-Eastern Siberia are severe, January frosts reach -$60$, -$68$ degrees. Summer temperature +$30$, +$36$ degrees. The temperature amplitude in some places is $100$-$105$ degrees, there is little precipitation, about $100$-$150$ mm. Permafrost fetters the soil to a depth of several hundred meters. On the flat territories, the distribution of soils and vegetation cover is well expressed in zonality - on the islands, the zone of arctic deserts, continental tundra and monotonous swampy larch woodlands. Altitudinal zonality is characteristic of mountainous regions.
Remark 1
Explorers I. Rebrov, I. Erastov, M. Stadukhin delivered the first information about the nature of North-Eastern Siberia. It was the middle of the $XVII$ century. northern islands studied A.A. Bunge and E.V. Toll, but the information was far from complete. Only in the $30$ years of the expedition of S.V. Obruchev changed the ideas about the features of this physical and geographical country.
Despite the diversity of the relief, North-Eastern Siberia is mainly a mountainous country, lowlands occupy $20% of the area. The mountain systems of the outlying ranges of the Verkhoyansk, Chersky, Kolyma Uplands are located here. In the south of North-Eastern Siberia there are the highest mountains, the average height of which reaches $1500$-$2000$ m. whose height is $3147$ m.
Geological structure of the North-East of Siberia
In the Paleozoic era and at the beginning of the Mesozoic era, the territory of North-Eastern Siberia belonged to the Verkhoyansk-Chukotka geosynclinal marine basin. The main evidence of this is the thick Paleozoic-Mesozoic deposits, reaching $20$-$22 thousand meters in places, and strong tectonic movements, which created folded structures in the second half of the Mesozoic. The most ancient structural elements include the median massifs Kolyma and Omolon. A younger age - Upper Jurassic in the west, and Cretaceous in the east - have other tectonic elements.
These elements include:
- Verkhoyansk folded zone and Sette - Dabansky atiklinorium;
- Yanskaya and Indigirsko-Kolyma synclinal zones;
- Tas-Khayakhtakhsky and Momsky anticlinoria.
By the end of the Cretaceous, northeastern Siberia was a territory elevated above neighboring regions. The warm climate of that time, and the denudation processes of mountain ranges leveled the relief and formed flat surfaces of leveling. The modern mountain relief was formed under the influence of tectonic uplifts in the Neogene and Quaternary period. The amplitude of these uplifts reached $1000$-$2000m. Cenozoic subsidences are occupied by lowlands and intermountain basins with strata of loose deposits.
Approximately from the middle of the Quaternary period, glaciation began, on mountain ranges that continued to rise, large valley glaciers appeared. The glaciation had an embryonic character, according to D.M. Kolosov, on the plains, firn fields formed here. The formation of permafrost begins in the second half of the Quaternary in the archipelago of the New Siberian Islands and in the coastal lowlands. The thickness of permafrost and ground ice reaches $50$-$60$ m in the cliffs of the Arctic Ocean.
Remark 2
The glaciation of the plains of northeastern Siberia was thus passive. A significant part of the glaciers were slow-moving formations that carried little loose material. The exaration impact of these glaciers had little effect on the relief.
Mountain-valley glaciation is better expressed, on the outskirts mountain ranges there are well-preserved forms of glacial exaration - cirques, trough valleys. Valley Middle Quaternary glaciers reached a length of $200$-$300$ km. The mountains of North-Eastern Siberia, according to most experts, experienced three independent glaciations in the Middle Quaternary and Upper Quaternary.
These include:
- Tobychanskoe glaciation;
- Elga glaciation;
- Bokhapcha glaciation.
The first glaciation led to the appearance of Siberian conifers, including Dahurian larch. During the second interglacial epoch, mountain taiga prevailed. It is typical for the southern regions of Yakutia at the present time. The last glaciation had almost no effect on the species composition of modern vegetation. The northern limit of the forest at that time, according to A.P. Vaskovsky, was noticeably shifted to the south.
The relief of the North-East of Siberia
The relief of North-Eastern Siberia forms several well-defined geomorphological tiers. Each stage is associated with a hypsometric position, which was determined by the nature and intensity of the latest tectonic movements. The position in high latitudes and the sharp continentality of the climate cause different altitudinal limits of the distribution of the corresponding types of mountainous relief. In its formation, the processes of nivation, solifluction, and frost weathering are of greater importance.
Within North-Eastern Siberia, in accordance with morphogenetic features, the following are distinguished:
- Accumulative plains;
- Erosion-denudation plains;
- Plateau;
- low mountains;
- Mid-mountain and low-mountain alpine relief.
Separate areas of tectonic subsidence occupy accumulative plains, characterized by a slightly rugged relief and small fluctuations in relative height. Such forms are spreading, which owe their formation to permafrost processes, large ice content of loose deposits and thick underground ice.
Among them are:
- Thermokarst basins;
- Permafrost heaving mounds;
- Frost cracks and polygons;
- High ice cliffs on the sea coasts.
The accumulative plains include the Yano-Indigirskaya, Sredne-Indigirskaya, and Kolyma lowlands.
At the foot of a number of ridges - Anyuisky, Momsky, Kharaulakhsky, Kulara - formed erosion-denudation plains. The surface of the plains has a height of no more than $200$ m, but can reach $400$-$500$ m near the slopes of a number of ridges. Loose deposits here are thin and they are composed mainly of bedrock. different ages. As a result, gravel placers, narrow valleys with rocky slopes, low hills, spots-medallions, and solifluction terraces can be found here.
Between the Verkhoyansky ridge and the Chersky ridge there is a pronounced plateau terrain- Yanskoye, Elginskoye, Oymyakonskoye, Nerskoye plateaus. Most of the plateaus are composed of Mesozoic deposits. Their modern height is from $400$ to $1300$ m.
Those areas that were subjected to uplifts of moderate amplitude in the Quaternary are occupied low mountains, with a height of $300$-$500$ m. They occupy a marginal position and are dissected by a dense network of deep river valleys. Typical landforms for them are an abundance of stony placers and rocky peaks.
Middle mountain relief is mainly characteristic of most of the massifs of the Verkhoyansk Range system. Yudomo-May Highland, Chersky Ridge, Tas-Khayakhtakh, Momsky. In the Kolyma Highlands and the Anyui Range, there are also mid-mountain massifs. Their height is from $800$-$2200$ m. The mid-mountain massifs of North-Eastern Siberia are located in the mountain tundra, above the upper limit of woody vegetation.
High Alpine relief. These are the ridges of the highest mountain ranges - Suntar-Khayata, Ulakhan-Chistai, Tas-Khayakhtakh, etc. They are associated with the areas of the most intense uplifts of the Quaternary period. The height is more than $2000$-$2200$ m. The activity of Quaternary and modern glaciers plays a significant role in the formation of the Alpine relief, therefore large amplitudes of heights, deep dissection, narrow rocky ridges, cirques, cirques and other glacial landforms will be characteristic.
Eastern Siberia occupies a vast territory from the Yenisei to the Pacific Ocean. She is famous for her many natural resources and minerals. The features of the relief and this region made it so valuable in terms of raw materials. Mineral resources of Eastern Siberia are not only oil, coal and iron ores. A significant part of Russia's gold and diamonds, as well as valuable metals, is mined here. In addition, almost half of the country's forest resources are located in this region.
Eastern Siberia
Minerals are not the only feature of this region. Eastern Siberia covers an area of more than 7 million square kilometers, which is about a quarter of the whole of Russia. It stretches from the valley of the Yenisei River to the most mountain ranges on the Pacific coast. The region borders the Arctic Ocean to the north and Mongolia and China to the south.
Eastern Siberia does not include as many regions and settlements as in the European part of Russia, because this area is considered sparsely populated. Here are the country's largest Chita and Irkutsk regions, as well as the Krasnoyarsk and Trans-Baikal regions. In addition, the autonomous republics of Yakutia, Tuva and Buryatia belong to Eastern Siberia.
Eastern Siberia: relief and minerals
The diversity of the geological structure of this region explains such a wealth of its raw materials. Due to their huge number, many deposits have not even been explored. What minerals are Eastern Siberia rich in? It is not only coal, oil and iron ores. The subsoil of the region contains rich reserves of nickel, lead, tin, aluminum and other metals, as well as sedimentary rocks necessary for industry. In addition, Eastern Siberia is the main supplier of gold and diamonds.
This can be explained by the features of the relief and geological structure of this region. Eastern Siberia is located on the ancient Siberian platform. And most of the territory of the region is occupied by the Central Siberian Plateau, elevated above sea level from 500 to 1700 m. The foundation of this platform is the oldest crystalline rocks, whose age reaches 4 million years. The next layer is sedimentary. It alternates with igneous rocks formed as a result of volcanic eruptions. Therefore, the relief of Eastern Siberia is folded, stepped. It contains many mountain ranges, plateaus, terraces, deep river valleys.
Such a variety of geological processes, tectonic shifts, deposits of sedimentary and igneous rocks led to the wealth of minerals in Eastern Siberia. The table allows you to find out that more resources are mined here than in neighboring regions.
Coal reserves
Due to geological processes since the Paleozoic and Mesozoic eras, the largest in Russia coal deposits of minerals in Western and Eastern Siberia are located in the lowlands of the region. These are the Lena and Tunguska basins. There are also a lot of smaller deposits. And although there is less coal in them, they are also promising. These are the Kama-Achinsk and Kolyma-Indigirsk basins, the Irkutsk, Minusinsk, South Yakut deposits.
Hard coal reserves in Eastern Siberia account for 80% of all coal mined in Russia. But many places of its occurrence are very difficult to develop due to the harsh climatic conditions of the region and the features of the relief.
Iron and copper ores
The main minerals of Eastern Siberia are metals. Their deposits are found in the most ancient rocks, even the Precambrian period. Most of all in the region are hematites and magnetites. Their deposits are located in the south of the Yakutsk region, in the basin on and also on the Angara, in Khakassia, Tuva and Transbaikalia.
The largest ore deposits are Korshunovskoye and Abakanskoye. There are also many of them in the Angara-Pitsky district. 10% of all Russian iron ore reserves are concentrated here. In Transbaikalia and in the north of the region there are also large deposits of tin and valuable metals.
The environs of Norilsk are famous for large deposits of copper-nickel ores. Almost 40% of Russian copper and about 80% of nickel are mined here. In addition, there is a lot of cobalt, there are also platinum, silver, tellurium, selenium and other elements. In other places, copper, mercury, manganese, antimony are mined. There are large deposits of bauxite.
Non-metallic minerals
Our country is the world's largest supplier of natural gas, and a lot of oil is produced here. And the first supplier of these minerals is the deposits of Eastern Siberia. In addition, geological processes have led to the emergence of rich deposits of sedimentary rocks.
Gold and diamonds of Eastern Siberia
The most valuable metal has been mined here for almost the second century. The oldest deposit is Bodaibo in the Irkutsk region. There are rich placer and bedrock deposits of gold in the Aldan, Yan, Allah-Yun regions. Deposits have recently begun to be developed in the region of the Yenisei Ridge, near Minussinsk and in the east of Transbaikalia.
Thanks to the special geological processes that have been going on in this region since the Mesozoic era, many diamonds are now being mined here. The largest deposit in Russia is located in Western Yakutia. They are mined from the so-called diatremes filled with kimberlites. Each such "explosion tube" in which diamonds are found even got its own name. The most famous are "Udachnaya-Vostochnaya", "Mir" and "Aikhal".
Natural resources
The complex topography of the region, vast undeveloped territories covered with taiga forests provide a wealth of natural resources. Due to the fact that the most full-flowing rivers of Russia flow here, the region is provided with cheap and environmentally friendly hydroelectric power. The rivers are rich in fish, the surrounding forests are rich in fur-bearing animals, of which sable is especially valued. But due to the fact that man has become more and more actively interfering with nature, many species of plants and animals are dying out. Therefore, the region has created Lately many reserves and national parks to preserve natural wealth.
The richest areas
Eastern Siberia occupies almost a quarter of the territory of Russia. But there are not many people living here. In some places, there are more than 100 square kilometers per person. But Eastern Siberia is very rich in minerals and natural resources. Although they are unevenly distributed throughout the region.
- The richest in economic terms is the Yenisei basin. Krasnoyarsk is located here, in which more than half of the entire population of Eastern Siberia is concentrated. The richness of this area in minerals, natural and hydro resources led to the active development of industry.
- The wealth located in the upper reaches of the Angara River began to be used only in the 20th century. A very large polymetallic deposit has been discovered here. And the reserves of iron ore are simply huge. The best magnesites in Russia are mined here, as well as a lot of antimony, bauxites, nephelines, and slates. Deposits of clay, sand, talc and limestone are being developed.
- Evenkia has the richest resources. Here in the Tunguska basin there are such minerals of Eastern Siberia as stone and high-quality graphite is mined in the Noginsk deposit. Icelandic spar deposits are also being developed.
- Khakassia is another richest region. A quarter of East Siberian coal and all iron ore are mined here. After all, the Abakansky mine, located in Khakassia, is the largest and oldest in the region. There is gold, copper, a lot of building materials.
- One of the richest places in the country is Transbaikalia. Mostly metals are mined here. For example, it supplies copper ores, Ononskoye - tungsten, Sherlokogonskoye and Tarbaldzheyskoye - tin, and Shakhtaminskoye and Zhrikenskoye - molybdenum. In addition, a lot of gold is mined in Transbaikalia.
- Yakutia is a treasure trove of minerals in Eastern Siberia. Although only after the revolution, deposits of rock salt, coal and iron ore began to be developed. There are rich deposits of non-ferrous metals, mica. In addition, it is in Yakutia that the richest reserves of gold and diamonds have been discovered.
Problems of development of minerals
Huge, often unexplored territories of the region lead to the fact that many of its natural resources are not developed. There is a very low population density here, therefore, promising mineral deposits of Eastern Siberia are mainly developed in populated areas. After all, the lack of roads over a large area and the huge distance from the center make the development of deposits in remote regions unprofitable. In addition, most of Eastern Siberia is located in the permafrost zone. A sharply continental climate hinders the development of natural resources in the rest of the territory.
Northeastern Siberia and the Far East
Due to the peculiarities of the relief and climatic conditions, the minerals of North-Eastern Siberia are not so rich. There are few forests here, mainly tundra and arctic deserts. Most of the territory is dominated by permafrost and year-round low temperatures. Therefore, the minerals of North-Eastern Siberia are not very developed. Basically, coal is mined here, as well as metals - tungsten, cobalt, tin, mercury, molybdenum and gold.
The easternmost and northern regions of Siberia belong to the Far East. This area is also rich, but also more populated due to its proximity to the ocean and milder climate. Mineral resources of Eastern Siberia and the Far East are similar in many respects. There are also many diamonds, gold, tungsten and other non-ferrous metals, mercury, sulfur, graphite, mica are mined. The region has rich deposits of oil, coal and natural gas.
Questions and tasks
1. Compare the relief of Eastern and Western Siberia.
The modern relief of Western Siberia is due to geological development, tectonic structure and the influence of various exogenous relief-forming processes. The main orographic elements are closely dependent on the structural-tectonic plan of the plate, although the prolonged Meso-Cenozoic subsidence and the accumulation of a thick layer of loose deposits largely leveled the unevenness of the basement. The low amplitude of geotectonic movements is due to the low hypsometric position of the plain. The maximum amplitudes of uplifts reach 100–150 m in the peripheral parts of the plain, and in the center and in the north they are replaced by subsidences up to 100–150 m. However, a number of lowlands and uplands stand out within the plain, commensurate in area with the lowlands and uplands of the Russian Plain.
Western Siberia has the form of a stepped amphitheater, open to the north, to the coast of the Kara Sea. Three high-altitude levels are clearly traced within its limits. Almost half of the territory has a height of less than 100 m. The second hypsometric level is located at heights of 100–150 m, the third is mainly in the range of 150–200 m with small areas up to 250–300 m.
The highest level is confined to the marginal parts of the plain, to the Outer Tectonic Belt. It is represented by the North Sosva, Upper Taz and Lower Yenisei uplands, the Ob plateau, the Turin, Ishim, Kulunda, Ket-Tym plains.
Eastern Siberia is located on the ancient Siberian platform. And most of the territory of the region is occupied by the Central Siberian Plateau, elevated above sea level from 500 to 1700 m. The foundation of this platform is the oldest crystalline rocks, whose age reaches 4 million years. The next layer is sedimentary. It alternates with igneous rocks formed as a result of volcanic eruptions. Therefore, the relief of Eastern Siberia is folded, stepped. It contains many mountain ranges, plateaus, terraces, deep river valleys.
2. Explain the climatic features of Eastern Siberia.
The formation of the climate in Eastern Siberia is affected by its territorial location and relief features. Far from the Atlantic Ocean, Eastern Siberia is characterized by pronounced continental climate features. This is manifested in exceptionally large seasonal differences in air temperature, low cloud cover, and low precipitation in the flat area. In winter, the weather in Eastern Siberia is formed under the influence of a vast area of high pressure - the Asian anticyclone. However, the position of the center of the anticyclone, the pressure in it, and the area of distribution change significantly during the cold period. This determines the variability of the circulation, which is also associated with interdiurnal fluctuations in air temperature, which is especially typical for the southwest of Yakutia. Although cyclonic activity is weakened in winter, it significantly affects the weather: air masses change, precipitation falls, and snow cover forms. Continental air prevails here, which cools in the surface layer, and in December - February in the lower layers it becomes colder than the Arctic. The average air temperature in January in the vast expanse of Eastern Siberia varies from -26 in the southwest to -38, -42 ° in the Central Lowland. In valleys and hollows, the air temperature can drop to -60°C. However, against the background of a very low average monthly temperature, with the removal of warmer continental air from Central Asia and China, relative warming is observed in the Baikal and Transbaikal regions, accompanied by an increase in temperature to –15° and above. With a long-term removal of relatively warm air masses, the daytime air temperature in Eastern Siberia can be above 0°. Summer in Eastern Siberia is warm: up to 30-40% of solar heat is spent on air heating, and up to 50% in the south of Transbaikalia and the east of the Central Yakutsk lowland. Therefore, despite the inflow of cold air from the Arctic seas, from the north of Western Siberia and from the Sea of Okhotsk, the average temperatures in July vary across the territory from north to south from 14 to 18°. The highest temperatures in these areas occur during the removal of continental air from China and Mongolia (35 - 38 °). In summer, the frequency of cyclones over Eastern Siberia is greater than in winter. They mainly come from the west, southwest and northwest. In the second half of summer, there are outlets of southern cyclones, which are associated with significant precipitation. The relief and features of atmospheric circulation distribute precipitation over the territory. The annual amount of precipitation varies within 130 - 1000 mm, and there is no well-pronounced, as in the European territory of Russia and Western Siberia, a gradual decrease in precipitation to the south. The combination of heat and moisture contributes to the growth of forests in most of Eastern Siberia. However, the complex relief of this region violates the natural zonality.
3. Select from the text the features of the lake-river network of Eastern Siberia. What is their significance for the economic development of the region?
The basis of the river network is formed by the Yenisei and Lena, which are among the greatest rivers the globe. Both of them begin in the mountains of Southern Siberia and flow north almost in a meridional direction.
Both the Yenisei and the Lena are striking in their size and abundance of water; each of them collects water from a pool of more than 2 million square meters. km and has a length of more than 4 thousand km; annually in the seas of the Arctic Ocean they take out over 1100 cubic meters. km of fresh, relatively warm water.
The interfluves of these rivers are drained by a dense network of their tributaries. The upper reaches of many large tributaries are often located close to each other, and this feature of the river network has long been used Russian population Siberia.
There are a huge number of lakes in Eastern Siberia. The main one is the Baikal. This is the deepest lake in the world - 1637 m. It contains the world's largest supply of fresh water (1/5).
Oz. Taimyr is located in the center of the Taimyr Peninsula, beyond the Arctic Circle, at the foot of the Byrranga plateau. This is the northernmost of the large lakes of the USSR. The area of its water surface is 4650 km2. The lake is shallow. Its average depth is 2.8 m, the maximum is 26 m. The river flows into the lake. Upper Taimyr, and the river flows out. Lower Taimyr, which flows into the Taimyr Bay of the Kara Sea. The average monthly surface water temperature in July is 5-7°C. The lake is ice-free for about 3 months.
It should be noted that some lakes of alas-like depressions are significantly saline. The primary mineralization of these lakes, apparently, is associated with minerals contained in buried ice. Other lakes in the region In the north-west of the region, in the lower reaches of the Yenisei, the Khantai group of lakes of glacial origin stands out. The largest of this group is the shallow lake. Pyasino with an area of about 850 km2. Lakes Lama, Glubokoe, Khantaiskoe, Vivi, and others also belong to this group. An exceptional abundance of lakes is characteristic of the region of the Kolyma and Alazeya lowlands. In the Vitim basin there are groups of Eravna and Arakhlei lakes. A significant number of lakes are located in the Baikal region and in Transbaikalia, as well as in the upper part of the Yenisei basin, in the so-called Minusinsk basin.
4. Name the features of the natural zones of Eastern Siberia, using the text of the paragraph and the maps of the atlas.
The northern plains and mountainous areas are dominated by tundra and forest-tundra, and in the Far North, on the ocean coast of Taimyr and on the Arctic islands (Severnaya Zemlya), arctic deserts dominate.
Most of Eastern Siberia is covered with light coniferous larch forests, the border of which in the north goes quite far - up to 70 s. sh. In the Krasnoyarsk Territory, larch forests occupy half of the entire taiga.
In the Angara basin, large areas are also occupied by pine forests, and in the Western Baikal region - by dark coniferous spruce-cedar forests. Only in the southern regions of the region in the basins (Minusinsk, Kuznetsk) there are areas of steppes and forest-steppes. The area has huge reserves of wood raw materials. The total timber stock is almost 40% of the all-Russian fund. However, the main tracts of forests are located in the poorly developed territory, where logging is almost not carried out.
An important wealth of the region is fur-bearing animals: sable, squirrel and arctic fox, the main object of hunting for the indigenous population of this region. Agricultural land is concentrated mainly in the southern part of the region, in the steppe and forest-steppe areas and along the banks of rivers in the taiga zone. Severe climatic conditions and the inaccessibility of many regions, a sparse population, despite the innumerable natural resources, are a deterrent to the economic development of Eastern Siberia.
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Goals and objectives.
1) Educational:
Formation of the image of the study area;
Formation of knowledge about the relief, climate and inland waters of Eastern Siberia;
Acquaintance with new concepts: “traps”, “temperature inversion”, “kurums”, “ice” (“taryn”), “hydrolaccolith” (“bulgunnyakh”).
2) Developing:
Development cognitive interest to the subject;
Development of mental activity skills (analyze, argue, establish cause-and-effect relationships, formulate conclusions);
Development of the emotional sphere of students;
Development of general educational skills of students (setting goals, managing attention, evaluating the results of their activities, reflective analysis);
Development of communication skills.
3) Educational:
To continue the formation of a careful attitude to nature through the study of the unique natural complex of Eastern Siberia;
Education of a conscious attitude to educational work.
Equipment: computer, projector, screen, textbooks, atlases, electronic presentation with lesson materials (animation is done on click).
Forms of organization: individual, group.
During the classes
1. Organizing moment.
2. Formulation of the topic, goals and objectives of the lesson (slides 1-2).
The teacher invites students to consider the panorama of Eastern Siberia, accompanying the viewing by reading an excerpt from A.T. Tvardovsky:
Siberia!
Forests and mountains in a crowd,
The earth is enough so that on it
To be distributed in breadth to five Europes,
With all the music...
Sister of the Urals and Altai,
Own, native far and wide,
With the shoulder of great China
Shoulder closed, Siberia!
Students formulate the topic and objectives of the lesson, which are specified by the teacher.
3. Learning new material.
3.1. Geographical position (slide 3).
Search conversation. Students answer questions using the physical map in the atlas.
What parts does the territory of Eastern Siberia consist of?
What landforms are included?
What are common features geographical location of Eastern Siberia?
What are the consequences of geographical location study area? (variety of nature)
(Teacher) Eastern Siberia is (slides 4-10)
Wetlands of the arctic tundra,
Fascinating basalt canyons of the Putorana Plateau;
Coastal sea of larch taiga;
The power and beauty of the great rivers;
majestic mountain slopes;
Islets of steppes in the south of the territory.
The study of the components of nature is based on menu - slide 11.
3.2. Relief and geological structure of the territory (slides 12-24).
Slide 12. The eastern half of Russia is under the influence Pacific lithospheric plate moving under the mainland of Eurasia. As a result, here in the Mesozoic and Neogene-Quaternary times, significant uplifts of the earth's crust occurred, covering the most diverse tectonic structures in terms of structure and age (work with a tectonic map to determine the structural features of the territory, enumeration of tectonic structures).
Slide 13 rift system- the main tectonic formation in the northeast. This intracontinental rift is filled with sediments up to 1000 m thick and bounded by the Chersky Ridge in the southwest and the Momsky Ridge in the northeast. Neotectonic activity manifests itself in the form of slow uplifts. Seismicity - 8 points.
Rift (English rift - crack, fault) - a large tectonic structure of the earth's crust, formed by the system grabens arising from horizontal stretching of the earth's crust.
Slide 14. The Central Siberian Plateau was formed within the Siberian Platform in the Neogene-Quaternary. It is characterized by the alternation of wide plateaus and ridges.
Slide 15. Uplifts of hard sections of the earth's crust were accompanied by numerous faults. Magmatic masses penetrated into the depths of the platform along the faults, in some places they poured out to the surface. The erupted magma solidified, forming lava plateau.
Slide 16. The stepped relief of Central Siberia is explained by the presence traps(Swedish "ladder") - layers of igneous rocks. Their formation occurred as a result of fissure outpouring of basalts - one of the most powerful on Earth over the past 500 million years.
Slide 17. Some sections of the ancient basement of the Siberian platform turned out to be highly elevated due to the presence of folds. Among them is the Yenisei Ridge.
Slide 18. The ridges of North-Eastern Siberia were formed during the Mesozoic folding, and during the Alpine they split into separate blocks, some of which rose (handfuls), while the others went down (grabens). They belong to revived fold-block mountains, the relief of which does not repeat the outlines of the internal folds.
Slide 19. Byrranga - the northernmost mountains of Russia, formed by parallel ridges 250-400 meters high, alternating with formed glaciers trough valleys. By age, these mountains are the same age as the ancient Ural Mountains.
Slide 20. As a result frost weathering hard rocks that make up the ridges of Eastern Siberia were formed kurummy (Turk. “rocky placers”)- accumulations of stone acute-angled boulders, located mainly in the lower part of the mountain slope.
Slide 21. The lowlands occupy in Eastern Siberia troughs between mountains and uplands (Vilyuiskaya, North Siberian) or the lowered northern edge of the mainland (Yano-Indigirskaya, Kolyma). They are composed of marine and glacial deposits, sandstones and shale.
Slide 22. The composition of minerals is determined by the structure of the earth's crust (work with physical and tectonic maps). The deposits of iron (Korshunovskoye and Nizhneangarskoye) and copper-nickel ores (Talnakhskoye) are associated with outcrops of crystalline rocks of the basement. The largest coal deposits are located in tectonic troughs. Among them, the largest coal basin is Tunguska. Coals are mined in the south of Yakutia (South Yakutsk basin) and Krasnoyarsk Territory (Kansk-Achinsk basin). The territory of the coal basins is traced with the help of the marker tool.
Slide 23. In the areas of ancient volcanism, the so-called "explosion tubes" to which the diamond deposits of Yakutia are confined. They arose during the breakthrough of gases through the earth's crust and are filled with diamond-bearing rock - kimberlite. The largest of them is located in the village of Mirny (Yakutia).
Slide 24. A significant part of ore and placer gold in Russia is mined in Yakutia. It owes its origin to the magmatic processes of past geological epochs.
3.3. Climate (slides 25-28).
Slide 25. Working with the textbook (pp. 96-97) by definition climatic zones and climate types within Eastern Siberia. Identification of climate-forming factors: the size and extent of the territory, flat relief, significant absolute heights, remoteness from the Atlantic Ocean and the limitation of the influence of the Pacific Ocean, the influence of the Asian High in winter.
During a conversation, a click will appear settlements within all climatic zones: Dikson (arctic), Igarka (subarctic), Yakutsk (temperate, climate type is sharply continental). An excerpt from the diary of the head of the geological expedition to the “unknown mountains” of Yakutia S.V. is read out. Obruchev (1927) on the climate of Oymyakon: “Despite the relatively early time of the year (early November), all the mercury thermometers of the expedition froze, and the so-called “whisper of the stars” was observed - a phenomenon in which a person’s breath begins to “rustle” as it were and resemble the noise of poured grain. This phenomenon is possible only at a temperature of -48.5 o C.
slide 26. Oymyakomn - a village in Yakutia, on the left bank of the Indigirka River, "pole of cold” northern hemisphere. In January 1926, a record low air temperature of -71.2 °C was recorded here. In winter, temperatures often drop below -45°C. Oymyakon is called the coldest "cellar" of the globe. Here, in January, the air temperature drops to -70 o C, the snow thickness is 10-11 cm, so the unprotected soil freezes to a great depth. Snow lasts 230 days, and for about 40 days the air temperature rises above zero. At such low winter temperatures, cracks in the soil can occur.
What causes the severity of the climate? Answer: high latitudes, remoteness from the ocean, the height of the territory (700 m above ocean level), anticyclonic weather and the hollow nature of the relief.
For North-Eastern Siberia, the phenomenon is characteristic temperature inversion- increase in temperature with height. Its causes are the hollow relief and anticyclone weather.
Slide 27. Consequence of frosty weather - false sun- occurs when light is refracted in prisms of ice crystals or reflected from their surface.
Slide 28. Among the adverse climatic phenomena, children name a blizzard, frosty fogs, heat and drought in the south of the territory, polar night.
3.4. Inland waters (slides 29-38).
Slide 29. A number of large rivers flow through Eastern Siberia (what, definition by physical map), originating in the mountains of the extreme south and east of the country, where relatively much precipitation falls, and carry their waters to the seas of the Arctic Ocean. In their upper reaches, the course is stormy; when they enter the plain, it becomes calm.
Slide 30. On their way, rivers cross faults in the earth's crust, so their valleys often have the character gorges with numerous rapids. Huge reserves of hydropower are used in hydroelectric power stations.
Slide 31. The main food of the rivers of Eastern Siberia is melted snow and rainwater. The ubiquity of permafrost interferes with the supply of rivers with groundwater. The regime is characterized by spring floods and winter low water. Freeze-up begins in the lower reaches from the end of October, and the spring flood - at the end of April.
Slide 32. The Indigirka is considered the coldest river in the world. Her path to the East Siberian Sea runs through the snowy deserts of Yakutia. In winter, the lower waters of the Indigirka freeze through. Indigirka begins to turn into ice already at the end of September, and thaws only in June.
Slide 33. A common phenomenon, especially in the northern part of Eastern Siberia, are frost - layered ice massifs on the surface, formed during the freezing of periodically erupting waters and the most widespread in the area of permafrost rocks. Ice-covered waters flood ice-covered riverbeds, river floodplains and entire valleys, forming huge ice fields. In summer, they gradually melt and serve as an additional source of food for the rivers. Large ice can persist all summer.
Slide 34. There are few lakes in Eastern Siberia and they are very unevenly distributed. Thermokarst and glacial-tectonic lakes predominate.
Slide 35. The abundance of moisture brought by the Arctic front in summer leads to the formation of glaciers and snowfields in the mountains of Eastern Siberia. They are most widely developed in the south of the Chersky Ridge.
Slide 36. The landforms characteristic of areas of development of permanently frozen ground are called permafrost, or cryogenic. Among them, the most developed are small landforms.
Bulgunnyakhs (Yakut), heaving mounds, hydrolaccoliths - a form of relief in the area of permafrost development. They are formed as a result of an increase in the volume of groundwater when it freezes, mainly in leveled, heavily swamped areas. All have a more or less large ice core. Height 1-70 m, diameter 3-200 m. They are best developed in the lower reaches of the Indigirka and Kolyma rivers.
slide 37. thermokarst- the process of uneven subsidence of soils and underlying rocks due to the thawing of underground ice in the area of development of permafrost rocks. As a result, depressions and dips are formed. A necessary condition for the development of thermokarst is the presence of underground ice in the form of deposits or in loose deposits.
4. Solving a problematic task in interactive groups (2 people). All groups receive the same problem task (slide 38).
The teacher voices the text: “Along with the freezing to the bottom of most small and medium-sized rivers of Eastern Siberia, there are relatively small rivers on its territory that do not even freeze in winter, and extensive polynyas are observed on large rivers during the entire frosty period. In a harsh climate, this phenomenon seems surprising at first glance. What explains this phenomenon?
Students discuss the options, voice them and justify the group answers.
Answer: this phenomenon is due to the release of relatively warm subpermafrost waters, confined mainly to areas of relatively young faults in the earth's crust.
5. Summing up. Reflection.
Students answer the questions: What new did we learn today at the lesson? What new terms did you learn? What did you like? What caused the difficulty? Which class was the most active? and etc.
6. Homework: §40, questions, cartographic nomenclature, preparation for groups of messages about the reserves of Eastern Siberia.
