The entire modern relief of both Russia and the whole world began to form a very long time ago, at the dawn of the geological history of the Earth. The same applies to the folding of the planet - mountain ranges, depressions. It was formed over many geological epochs, and also continues to change its appearance even now. In this article, we would like to focus your attention on the Cenozoic folding - the "youngest" one. And let's start with a general analysis of geological epochs.
What are folding?
The relief of our planet is historically heterogeneous - some objects formed earlier, some - millions of years later. Accordingly, all existing foldings are named after the era in which they acquired their appearance. Let's get to know them briefly.
Archean folding. The oldest - its age is 1.6 billion years. Basically, it includes platforms - a kind of "core" of the continents, their most stable and even areas.
Baikal folding. Age - 1200-500 million years. It got its name from the name of the Russian lake, since the area where it is located was formed during this period. The Brazilian Peninsula, the Patom Highlands, and so on also belong to the Baikal.
Caledonian folding. Formed 500-400 million years ago. Named after about. Caledonia, where it was first discovered by geologists. Great Britain, eastern Australia, Scandinavia, southern China were formed during this era.
Hercynian folding. Relief formed 400-230 million years ago. Here we include the Urals, most of Europe, the Great Dividing Range, the Cape Mountains, the Appalachians.
Mesozoic folding. Age - 65-160 million years. Formed when dinosaurs ruled the earth. The Russian Far East, the Cordillera appeared just then.
Alpine or Cenozoic folding was the last to take shape. Let's talk more about her era.
Cenozoic - what is it?
Cenozoic - the Cenozoic era - this is the geological era in which we live today. And it began 66 million years ago. Its border was marked by mass extinction species that began at the end of the Cretaceous.
This name was first used in 1861 by John Phillips, an English geologist. Its short designation, which you can find in the scientific literature, is KZ. The word is formed from the fusion of two ancient Greek words: καινός ("new") + ζωή ("life"). Accordingly, "new life".
The Cenozoic itself is divided within itself into several more periods:
- Paleogene (65.5-23.03 million years ago). Includes:
- Paleocene;
- Eocene;
- Oligocene
- Neogene (23.03-2.59 million years ago). Consists of two stages:
- Miocene;
- Pliocene
- Quaternary period. It began 2.59 million years ago and continues to this day. So far, scientists have identified only two epochs within it - the Pleistocene and the Holocene.
What is remarkable about the Cenozoic era?
What happened significant for the geological history in the Cenozoic era? The following events are highlighted:
- Separation of New Guinea and Australia from Gondwana.
- The approach of the massifs indicated above to Southeast Asia.
- The establishment of Antarctica at the South Pole.
- The expansion of the Atlantic Ocean.
- Continuation of the drift of the continents, the junction of North America to South.
Conversions to biological world were also significant.
- All animals larger than the crocodile have disappeared from the face of the Earth.
- As a result of continental drift, unique biocommunities have formed on the continents.
- The onset of the era of mammals and angiosperms.
- The era of savannas, insects, flowering.
- The emergence of a new biospecies - Homo sapiens.
What is Cenozoic folding?
As we said, at present, geologists agree that the Alpine-Himalayan belt is rather complex. Its development continues in our era - it is at the orogenic stage. For humans, this is dangerously elevated seismic activity, volcanic eruption, which leads to the destruction of structures, settlements, human casualties.
Cenozoic regions in the Russian Far East
Now let's look at the specifics of the mountains of the Cenozoic folding on Far East. As for the West Kamchatka system, it is an Upper Cretaceous terigen complex. It is overlain by Paleogene and Neogene rocks.
The Central and Eastern Kamchatka systems were formed in the Paleogene. But the large basalt volcanoes of this area appeared in the Pliocene-Pleistocene era. What is interesting: the Eastern zone is actively formed today due to modern volcanism (28 active volcanoes).
The Kuril island arc (Big and Small Ridge) was formed in the Cretaceous and is crushed by transverse grabens (faults, lowered terrain). A deep-water trench is located in front of the arc front.
And, finally, the Cenozoic folding of Sakhalin. It is divided into the western and eastern parts by the Central Kuril graben. Sakhalin is rich in coal deposits, gas and oil fields.
So we presented the mountain systems of the Cenozoic folding regions, along which the regions of Russia - the Caucasus and the Far East - are also located. This geological zone is the youngest. Moreover, it is still being formed: for example, these processes are very noticeable in Kamchatka. However, they are accompanied by earthquakes and volcanism dangerous for people.
Sections: Geography
The purpose and objectives of the lesson: Continue to form students' understanding of the features of the pattern of relief formation and its modern development— the influence of internal and external factors on the example of the Belgorod region. Show the continuity of the development of the relief. To form skills to work with maps (tectonic, geological), tables. Describe the influence of man on landforms.
Equipment: Physical, tectonic, geological map of Russia and the Belgorod region; geochronological table.
During the classes
I. Organizational moment.
II. Repetition. Checking homework.
Card work. Test tasks.
Option 1 |
Option 2 |
| 1. Stable areas earth's crust are called: a) platforms b) shields; c) folded areas. |
1. The oldest geological era is called: a) Proterozoic; b) Paleozoic; c) Archean. |
| 2. The plains are located on: a) borders lithospheric plates; b) platforms; c) in folded areas. |
2. The geological era in which we live now is called: a) Mesozoic; b) Cenozoic; c) Paleozoic. |
| 3. Mountains are located on: a) platforms b) plates; c) in folded areas. |
3. Which peak corresponds to the Caucasus mountain system? a) Mr. Pobeda; b) Belukha; c) Narodnaya; d) Elbrus. |
| 4. Ridges rose into the Mesozoic folding: a) Altai; b) Sikhote-Alin; c) the Caucasus. |
4. What mountain ranges belong to the Alpine folding? a) Ural; b) the Caucasus; c) Altai. |
| 5. Deposits are confined to ancient folded areas: a) coal, oil, gas; b) iron ores, gold. |
5. Which mountains are younger? a) Chersky Ridge; b) Caucasian. |
| 6. What is the most high mountain in Russia? a) folk; b) Elbrus; c) Beluga whale; d) victory. |
6. What mountain system corresponds to a height of 1896m? a) folk; b) Elbrus; c) Beluga whale; d) victory. |
| 7. We live in what era of new life? a) Mesozoic; b) Cenozoic; c) Proterozoic. |
7. The most ancient orogeny? a) Hercynian; b) Proterozoic; c) Archean. |
Answers: Option 1: 1-a; 2-b; 3-in; 4-b; 5 B; 6-b; 7-b. Option 2: 1-a; 2-b; 3-d; 4-b; 5 B; 6-a; 7-in.
III. Learning new material.
- Look at the blackboard. These terms will be discussed in our lesson today.
Erosion, landslides, karst, suffusion phenomena, eolian processes, technogenic relief.
1. Work with the textbook "Geography of the Belgorod region" part 1. (in the process of work, make notes in a notebook)
- Using Fig. 2 page 5 of the textbook, answer - which large form relief lies at the base of the Belgorod region?
- What tectonic structure is located at the base of the East European Plain?
- What is the name of the ledge of the crystalline basement in the area of the Belgorod region? (Voronezh massif).
- How is the Voronezh anteclise, a large tectonic uplift, expressed in relief? (Central Russian upland).
- Using Fig.3. Geological table and fig. 4. map of the geological structure of the Belgorod region, determine what rocks the sedimentary cover is represented by? (Rocks of the Cenozoic and Mesozoic eras)
- Where on the territory of the region is dominated by Cretaceous deposits? (Along the river valleys and in the eastern part of the region).
- According to fig. 5 p.7 determine what is the thickness of the occurrence of rocks of various systems, deposits, formations?
- Why does the earth's surface on the territory of the region have a general slope in the south and south-west direction? (The north-east part of the region is confined to the arched (elevated) part of the Voronezh massif, and the rest of the territory is located on its south-western and southern slopes.
- What rocks are associated with terrestrial magnetic anomalies in the region? (The upper part of the crystalline massif is a series of narrow ridges consisting of layers of ferruginous quartzites (Stary Oskol)).
2. Work according to Fig. 6. with a map of minerals in the Belgorod region. Exercise. Answer the questions:
- What minerals are presented on the map of the Belgorod region?
- What is the leading mineral resource for the region?
- What iron ore regions can you name?
3. Teacher's information about the iron ores of the Belgorod region.
On the state balance sheet for B.o. as of 01.01.1998 there were 14 deposits with balance reserves of iron ore 52.2 billion tons, or 51% of Russia's reserves. Ores are rich or poor in content pure iron. The main reserves of rich iron ores (97.6%) with an iron content of 67-69% are concentrated in the Belgorod iron ore region.
Poor iron ores (34.6% - total iron content - ferruginous quartzites) have been explored in the Oskol basin.
The share in iron ore production is 40% of Russia's. Currently, two GOKs (Lebedinsky, Stoilensky), the KMAruda plant are operating on the raw material base of iron ores, and the Yakovlevsky mine is being built for the extraction and processing of KMA iron ores.
The Lebedinsky iron ore deposit (fig. on page 10) is one of the unique ones in the KMA basin. Due to the huge reserves (22.4 billion tons) and the quality of the ore (the absence of harmful impurities), it is listed in the Guinness Book of Records. With the current rate of development of the deposit by Lebedinsky GOK, it will ensure uninterrupted, stable operation of the plant for a period of more than 500 years. Lebedinsky quarry is a huge man-made bowl on the surface of the Earth, which is visible from space orbital stations. Its dimensions are: surface length 5000m, width - 3500m, depth more than 300m.
(Physical pause)
4. Conversation with students.
- As a result of what processes is the relief formed? (internal - endogenous and external - exogenous processes)
Endogenous or internal processes are called the latest, which on the platforms are manifested in secular slow fluctuations of the earth's crust at a speed of 1 cm per year.
Exogenous processes occur under the influence of flowing waters (rivers, mudflows, glaciers), wind, permafrost.
— What are the decisive processes in the formation of the modern relief of the Belgorod region? (exogenous)
Exogenous processes:
- flowing waters(form river valleys, ravines, hollows);
- wind(eolian - dunes, hilly sands);
- Human(quarries, heaps).
The main features of the modern relief of the Belgorod region (Fig. 7. p. 14 Relief of the Belgorod region) began to be created at the end of the Neogene period, after it was freed from the Neogene sea - the last one that covered its territory. The region occupies part of the southern slope of the Central Russian Upland and is an erosion-denudation plain with an average height of about 200 m, dissected by a valley and a network of ravines and gullies. The maximum relief mark is 276 m on the watershed of the rivers Donetsk Seimitsy, Seym and Korocha. The total length of the ravine-beam network on the territory of B.O. about 50 thousand km, which is comparable in length to the length of the equator.
The natural processes that form the relief on the territory of B.O. are quite diverse. The most common are linear erosion, landslides, karst, suffusion phenomena, eolian processes, and man-made relief.
5. Work with the textbook. Find explanations of natural processes in the text on pages 15-16. Read aloud.
IV. Consolidation.
Students prepare questions to each other on the topic of the lesson and ask.
V. Homework.
VI. Reflection.
Literature: Geography of the Belgorod region: Proc. allowance for students in grades 8-9 secondary school: In 2 parts. Part one. Nature - M.: Publishing House of Moscow State University, 2006. - 72 p.
Results of the Hercynian epoch of folding
The Hercynian folding appeared in the Late Paleozoic. As a result of the Hercynian tectonic processes, the geosynclinal development in the Ural-Mongolian and Atlantic geosynclinal belts was completely completed.
In the Ural-Mongolian belt, the Hercynides include the Ural-Novozemel (1) folded region (the islands of Novaya Zemlya, Vaigach, the mountain structures of Pai-Khoi, the Urals, and Mugodzhar); Tien Shan (2) folded region (ridges Karatau, Ugam, Pskem, Chatkal, Fergana, Zeravshan, Turkestan, Gisar); Dzhungaro-Balkhash (3) zone (Zharma, Kalba and Narym ranges of Kazakhstan); Taimyr-Severozemelskaya (4) folded region (Taimyr Peninsula and Severnaya Zemlya archipelago), Mongolian-Okhotsk (10) folded region (Mongolian Altai, Gobi Altai, Khingai Range, Gobi Desert, Bureinsky Ridge), West Siberian (11) and Scythian-Turanian (12) plates.
In the Mediterranean belt, geosynclinal development ended on the territory of the Iberian Peninsula (5), in the northern part Western Europe(6), within the ranges of Kun-Lun (7), Qin-Ling (8); in Africa, in the Inner Atlas (9).
In the Atlantic belt, the Hercynides include the south of Great Britain (13) and the Mexican-Appalachian (14) region (southwestern Appalachians, the coast of the Gulf of Mexico, the Florida peninsula).
In the Pacific geosynclinal belt, geosynclinal development ended in southern Africa in the Cape Mountains (15) and in eastern Australia within the Great Dividing Range (16).
By the beginning of the Mesozoic arose hercynian structure of the earth's crust, in which the following structural elements are distinguished: areas of more ancient consolidation, hercynides, geosynclinal belts (Fig. 9.4).
Mesozoic folding covers the Triassic, Jurassic and Cretaceous periods. It manifested itself most intensively in the Mediterranean and Pacific geosynclinal belts. In the Mediterranean belt, the Tibetan-Indochinese (1) folded region (southern Tibet, the Mekong river basin, the Malay Peninsula) is referred to as mesozoids. In the Pacific - (2) Sikhote-Alin, (3) Intra-Cordillera (Brooks Range, Mackenzie Mountains, Rocky Mountains, Great Basin, Colorado Plateau) and (4) Verkhoyansk-Chukotka (Verkhoyansk, Sette-Daban, Anyui, Chersky, Momsky ridges , Yudomsky, Semi-axle ridge, Chukotka Peninsula, Wrangel Island, New Siberian Islands, Laptev Sea) folded areas.
Mesozoic folding led to the emergence of depressions of the Atlantic, Indian and Northern arctic oceans. IN Mesozoic structure of the earth's crust(Fig. 9.5), formed by the beginning of the Paleogene period, ancient platforms and young platforms (areas of earlier consoidation), mesozoids and geosynclinal regions are distinguished.
8th grade
Option 1
1. In which of the listed epochs did plants and animals appear?
1) The age of the Earth is about 5 billion years.
3. What is the name of the upper layer of the platform, consisting of limestone, clay, sandstone?
a) basaltic c) sedimentary
b) granite d) calcareous
4. Stable sections of the earth's crust are called:
a) platforms c) shields
b) folded areas d) avalanche
5. The plains are located on:
a) platform c) in folded areas
b) boundaries of lithospheric plates d) on shields
6. Ridges rose into the Mesozoic folding:
a) Altai c) Sikhote-Alin
b) Caucasus d) Urals
7. Deposits are confined to ancient folded areas:
a) coal, oil, gas c) uranium
b) iron ores, gold d) table salt
8. What is the name of the science of minerals?
b) paleontology d) geology
9. Establish a correspondence between the mountains and their highest peaks:
1. Caucasus a) city of Pobeda
2. Altai b) Belukha
3. Sayans c) Elbrus
4. Chersky Ridge d) Munku-Sardyk
10. The structure of the earth's crust is shown on the map:
11. Underwater earthquakes often occur here, which generate in pacific ocean tsunami:
a) Sakhalin c) Kamchatka
b) Madagascar d) Byrranga
12. Name the largest coal basin.
a) Vladimir c) Yakut
b) Kuznetsk d) Kursk
13. Where are diamonds mined in Russia?
a) Tunguska basin c) Yakutia
b) Lena basin d) Buryatia
14. What are the names of the areas within which it occurs a large number of deposits of the same type of minerals?
a) deposit c) blockage
b) storage d) swimming pool
15. The most severe region of our country, its relief is represented by medium-high mountains of middle age.
16. What is rich in the Tunguska basin in Eastern Siberia?
a) gas c) coal
b) oil d) furs
17. Where in Russia can you find the echoes of an ancient glacier?
a) Far East c) Yakutia
b) Valdai Upland d) Karelia
18. The main destroyer and creator of the nature of the Caspian lowland is
a) pressure c) precipitation
b) wind d) air temperature
19. In what geological period of what geological era did we finish studying the topic “ Geological structure and the relief of Russia"?
a) Cambrian c) Neogene
b) Cretaceous d) Quaternary
20. What platform is the school you are on?
a) Russian c) Amur
Cartographic workshop
8th grade
Verification work on the topic "Geological structure and relief"
Option 2
1. In which of the listed epochs did reptiles dominate?
a) Cenozoic c) Paleozoic
b) Mesozoic d) Proterozoic
2. Are the following statements true?
1) The age of the Earth is about 8 billion years.
2) The Great Glaciation affected both the diversity of flora and fauna, and the topography of the earth's surface.
a) only 1 statement is true c) both statements are true
b) only 2 statements are true d) both statements are wrong
3. What is the name of the lower tier, representing the base of the platform?
a) base c) foundation
b) shield d) horst
4.Mountains are located in ……. areas
a) platform c) folded
b) weathered d) foundation
5. In what era did the Caucasus Mountains begin to form?
a) Alpine c) Hercynian
b) Baikal d) Caledonian
6. What mountains were formed during the period of the Caledonian and Hercynian folding between the ancient platforms and gradually began to collapse?
a) Altai c) Sikhote-Alin
b) Caucasus d) Ural
7. What minerals are located in the areas of folded areas?
a) coal c) oil
b) iron and copper ores d) gas
8. What is the name of the doctrine of the structure of the earth's crust and its movements?
a) petrography c) geotectonics
b) paleontology d) geology
9. Establish a correspondence between the mountains and their peaks:
1. Caucasus a) Ichinskaya Sopka
2. Altai b) Belukha
3. Sayans c) Dykhtau
4. Kamchatka d) Munku-Sardyk
10. Map with information about the age of rocks:
a) physical c) tectonic
b) geological d) climatic
11. Where is the country's only area of modern volcanism?
a) Sakhalin c) Kamchatka
b) Kurile Islands d) Byrranga
12. What is the name of the richest iron ore basin on the planet?
a) KMA c) KMJ
b) BZHB d) KAM
13. Why is the Udokan deposit of Transbaikalia rich?
a) potassium salts c) oil
b) gold d) copper ore
14. Useful substances are not scattered throughout the earth's crust, but are concentrated in certain areas of it, which are called ...
a) deposit c) deposits
b) storage d) swimming pool
15. What natural region are we talking about: “No region of our country has such a huge extent from north to south. Here are the youngest mountains of Russia”
a) North-East of Siberia c) Ural
b) Far East d) Western Siberia
16. What is rich in the Kuznetsk basin?
a) coal c) gas
b) oil d) diamonds
17. What is the name of the mud-stone streams resulting from heavy rains?
a) an avalanche c) mudflows
b) moraine d) cobblestones
18. Which settlement in Russia was completely destroyed in 1995 as a result of a strong earthquake?
a) Neftekamsk c) Neftegaz
b) Neftegorsk d) Severodvinsk
19. In which geological period of which geological era did you study the topic “Russian explorers of the 11th - 17th centuries”?
a) Cambrian c) Neogene
b) Cretaceous d) Quaternary
20. On which platform did you have breakfast today?
a) Russian c) Amur
b) West Siberian d) North American
Cartographic workshop
Determine geographic features, depicted on fragments of the map of Russia.
8th grade
Verification work on the topic "Geological structure and relief"
ANSWERS
CARTOGRAPHIC ASSESSMENT WORKSHOP
Option 1 Option 2 "5" - 10 - 9
"4" - 8 -7
"3" - 6 - 5
1. Russian plain 1. Caspian lowland
2. Sayans 2. Timan Ridge
3.d. Khibiny 3. Central Siberian Plateau
4. Aldan Highlands 4. Ural
5. Verkhoyansky ridge 5.g. Byrranga
6, Altai 6. Ridge Sikhote - Alin
7. West Siberian Plain 7. West - Sakhalin Mountains
8.Caucasus 8.Sayans
9. Sredinny Ridge 9. Chr. Dzhugdzhur
10. Chersksky ridge 10. Valdai Upland
ANSWERS ASSESSMENTS
Option 1 Option 2 "5" - 20 - 18
1.A 1.B "4" - 17 - 14
2.B 2.B "3" - 13 - 9
3.B 3.AB
4.A 4.B
5.A 5.A
6.V 6.G
7.A 7.B
8.A 8.B
9.1V,2B,3G,4A 9.1V,2B,3G,4A
10.B 10.B
11.AB 11.WB
12.B 12.A
13.V 13.G
14.G 14.A
15.A 15.B
16.B 16.A
17.VG 17.V
18.B 18.B
19.Y 19.Y
20.A 20.A
Option 1.
1) 5895 m 2) 6960 m 3) 5642 m
2. Mountains in Russia occupy about ...
1) the third part of the territory
2) a quarter of the territory
3) half of the territory
3. The greatest extent in Russia has a mountain structure ...
1) Caucasus 2) Sikhote-Alin 3) Ural
4. The foundation of the most ancient platforms in Russia has ... age
1) Paleozoic 2) Precambrian 3) Mesozoic
5. The foundation of the Siberian platform comes to the surface in the form of shields ...
1) Baltic and Anabar 3) Aldan and Anabar
2) Aldan and Baltic
6. The foundation of the West Siberian young platform was formed simultaneously with ...
1) Ural 2) Caucasus 3) Sikhote-Aline
7. In the first half of the Paleozoic, ... folding
1) Alpine 2) Caledonian 3) Hercynian
8. At the boundaries of modern lithospheric plates formed ...
1) Koryak Highlands and the mountains of Kamchatka 3) Timan Ridge and the Urals
2) Ural and mountains of Taimyr
9. A folded base formed in the Mesozoic folding…
1) ridges: Chersky, Verkhoyansky, Sikhote-Alin
2) Caucasus, Koryak Highlands, Sakhalin
3) Ural, Altai, Sayan
10. The height of the mountains depends on ...
1) the speed of uplifts of the earth's crust
2) speed of destruction of the relief
3) the relationship between the rate of uplift and the rate of destruction
11. The Caucasus is higher than Altai, because ...
1) later formed
2) is composed of harder rocks
3) experiences more intense uplift
12. The ravine-gully network on the East European Plain is the most developed ...
1) on the Caspian lowland 3) on the Valdai Upland
2) on the Central Russian Upland
13. The relief created by river sediments is the most widespread ...
1) on the West Siberian lowland 3) on the Central Siberian plateau
2) on the East European Plain
14. Active volcanoes in Russia are located ...
1) in the Caucasus
2) in the Urals
3) in Kamchatka and the Kuril Islands
15. Minerals are found on the platforms ...
1) only of igneous origin
2) igneous and sedimentary origin
3) igneous, sedimentary and metamorphic origin
Relief, geological structure.
Option 2.
1. Highest point Russia is located within…
1) Caucasus 2) Altai 3) Sayan
2. The highest and most dissected plain in Russia is ...
1) East European Plain
2) Central Siberian Plateau
3) West Siberian Plain
3. The relief of the East European Plain is an alternation ...
1) plateaus and hills
2) uplands and lowlands
3) lowlands and plateaus
4. On the ancient platforms are ...
1) East European and West Siberian plains
2) West Siberian Plain and Central Siberian Plateau
3) Central Siberian Plateau and East European Plain
5. The foundation of the East European Platform comes to the surface in the form of ... a shield
1) Baltic 2) Anabar 3) Aldan
6. In the second half of the Paleozoic, ... folding
1) Caledonian 2) Hercynian 3) Baikal
7. On the borders of modern lithospheric plates are located ... the outskirts of Russia
1) northern 2) western 3) eastern
8. A folded base arose in the Paleozoic folding ...
1) Caucasus and Urals
2) Ural and Altai
3) Verkhoyansk Range and Sikhote-Alin
9. The revived fold-block mountains include: ...
1) Ural, Altai, Sayan Mountains 2) Sayan Mountains, Koryak Highlands, mountains of Kamchatka
2) Caucasus, Sikhote-Alin, Altai
10. If the rate of uplift of the earth's crust is equal to the rate of destruction, then ...
1) mountains 2) depressions 3) plains
11. Moraine relief was formed as a result of geological activity ...
1) wind 2) running water 3) glacier
12. Quaternary glaciations on the territory of Russia spread south of all ...
1) in the European part 3) in the Far East
2) in Siberia
13. Areas of manifestation strong earthquakes in Russia are...
1) Ural, Central Siberian Plateau
2) Kola Peninsula, West Siberian Lowland
3) Kamchatka, Kuril Islands, Caucasus
14. The largest active volcano in Russia ...
1) Kronotskaya Sopka 3) Avachinsky Sopka
2) Klyuchevskaya Sopka
15. Minerals predominate in the mountains ...
1) ore igneous
2) ore sedimentary
3) combustible (oil, gas, coal)
