Taking advantage of the weakening of Russian positions in the southern part of the Kuriles, Japanese fishermen first appear in Kunashir in 1799, and the next year on Iturup, where they destroy Russian crosses and illegally set up a pillar with a sign indicating that the islands belong to Japan. Japanese fishermen often began to arrive on the shores of South Sakhalin, fished, robbed the Ainu, which was the reason for frequent skirmishes between them. In 1805, Russian sailors from the frigate "Yunona" and the tender "Avos" on the shores of Aniva Bay set up a pole with the Russian flag, and the Japanese parking lot on Iturup was devastated. The Russians were warmly welcomed by the Ainu.
In 1854, in order to establish trade and diplomatic relations with Japan, the government of Nicholas I sent Vice Admiral E. Putyatin. His mission also included the delimitation of Russian and Japanese possessions. Russia demanded recognition of its rights to the island of Sakhalin and the Kuril Islands, which had long belonged to it. Knowing full well the predicament Russia was in, waging a war with three powers in the Crimea [Crimean War] at the same time, Japan put forward unfounded claims to the southern part of Sakhalin. At the beginning of 1855, in Shimoda, Putyatin signed the first Russian- japanese treaty about peace and friendship, according to which Sakhalin was declared undivided between Russia and Japan, the border was established between the islands of Iturup and Urup, and the ports of Shimoda, Hakodate and Nagasaki were opened for Russian ships.
[The Shimoda Treaty of 1855 in Article 2 defines:
“From now on, the border between the Japanese state and Russia will be established between the island of Iturup and the island of Urup. The entire island of Iturup belongs to Japan, the entire island of Urup and the Kuril Islands to the north of it belong to Russia. As for the island of Karafuto (Sakhalin), it is still not divided by the border between Japan and Russia.”
In our time, the Japanese side claims that this treaty comprehensively took into account the activities of Japan and Russia in the region of Sakhalin and the Kuril Islands up to the time of its conclusion and was concluded as a result of negotiations between Japan and Russia in a peaceful atmosphere. The plenipotentiary representative of the Russian side at the talks, Admiral Putyatin, when signing the treaty, said: "In order to prevent future disputes, as a result of careful study, it was confirmed that Iturup Island is Japanese territory." Documents recently published in Russia show that Nicholas I considered Urup Island to be the southern limit of Russian territory.
The Japanese side considers it erroneous to say that Japan imposed this treatise on Russia, which was in a difficult situation during Crimean War. It is completely contrary to the facts. At that time, Russia was one of the great European powers, while Japan was a small and weak country that the US, England and Russia forced to abandon the 300-year policy of self-isolation of the country.
Japan also considers erroneous the assertion that Russia allegedly has "historical rights" to the islands of Iturup, Kunashir, Shikotan and the Habomai ridge, confirmed by this treatise as a Japanese possession, by virtue of their discovery and expeditions. As mentioned above, both Nicholas I and Admiral E.V. Putyatin (1803-1883+), on the basis of the then objective situation, concluded a treatise, realizing that the southern limit of Russia is the island of Urup, and Iturup and to the south of it is the territory of Japan. Since 1855 for more than 90 years, neither royal Russia nor the Soviet Union ever insisted on these so-called "historical rights".
There was no need for Japan to discover these islands, located at the shortest distance from her and visible from Hokkaido to the naked eye. On the map of the Shoho era, published in Japan in 1644, the names of the islands of Kunashir and Iturup are recorded. Japan ruled these islands before anyone else.
Actually, Japan substantiates its claims to the so-called "Northern Territories" precisely by the content of the Shimodsky treatise of 1855 and by the fact that until 1946 the islands of Iturup, Kunashir, Shikotan and the Habomai ridge were always the territories of Japan and never became the territories of Russia. ]
The government of Alexander II made the Middle East and Central Asia the main direction of its policy and, fearing to leave its relations with Japan uncertain in the event of a new aggravation of relations with England, agreed to sign the so-called Petersburg Treaty of 1875, according to which all the Kuril Islands in exchange for the recognition of Sakhalin Russian territory passed to Japan. Alexander II, who had previously sold Alaska in 1867 for a symbolic and at that time amount of 11 million rubles, and this time made a big mistake, underestimating strategic importance Kuriles, which were later used by Japan for aggression against Russia. The tsar naively believed that Japan would become a peaceful and calm neighbor of Russia, and when the Japanese, substantiating their claims, refer to the treaty of 1875, they for some reason forget (as G. Kunadze "forgot" today) about its first article: "... and will henceforth be installed eternal peace and friendship between the Russian and Japanese empires. "Then it was 1904, when Japan treacherously attacked Russia. At the conclusion of the peace treaty in Portsmouth in 1905, the Japanese side demanded that Sakhalin Island be indemnity from Russia. The Russian side then stated that this was contrary to the agreement 1875. What was the Japanese response to this?
The war crosses out all agreements, you have been defeated and let's proceed from the current situation. Only thanks to skillful diplomatic maneuvers did Russia manage to keep the northern part of Sakhalin for itself, and South Sakhalin went to Japan.
At the Yalta Conference of Heads of Powers, participating countries anti-Hitler coalition, held in February 1945, it was decided after the end of World War II South Sakhalin and all the Kuril Islands to transfer Soviet Union, and this was the condition for the USSR to enter the war with Japan - three months after the end of the war in Europe.
On September 8, 1951, 49 states signed a peace treaty with Japan in San Francisco. The draft treaty was prepared during the period " cold war"without the participation of the USSR and in violation of the principles of the Potsdam Declaration. The Soviet side proposed to demilitarize and ensure the democratization of the country. Representatives of the United States and Great Britain told our delegation that they had come here not to discuss, but to sign the treaty, and therefore not a single line should be changed The USSR, and with it Poland and Czechoslovakia, refused to put their signatures under the treaty. And interestingly, Article 2 of this treaty states that Japan renounces all rights and titles to Sakhalin Island and the Kuril Islands. Thus, Japan itself refused territorial claims to our country, backing it up with his signature.
[At present, the Japanese side claims that the islands of Iturup, Shikotan, Kunashir and the Habomai ridge, which have always been Japanese territory, are not part of the Kuril Islands, which Japan has abandoned. The US government, regarding the scope of the “Kuril Islands” concept in the San Francisco Peace Treaty, stated in an official document: “(They) do not include and there was no intention to include (in the Kuriles) the Habomai and Shikotan ridges, or Kunashir and Iturup, which previously have always been part of Japan proper and therefore must rightly be recognized as being under Japanese sovereignty." ]
On February 7, 1855, in the Japanese city of Shimoda (now Shizuoka Prefecture) on the island of Honshu, Russia and Japan signed a treaty on trade and borders, which was the first ever diplomatic agreement between the two countries. The treatise was signed by E. V. Putyatin and Toshiakira Kawaji.
In 1853-1854, the first Russian-Japanese negotiations were held in Nagasaki between a mission headed by Vice Admiral Evfimy Vasilyevich Putyatin and representatives of the Japanese government regarding the establishment of interstate relations, trade and the definition state border. The negotiations ended without results, and E. V. Putyatin left Nagasaki for a while. However, Japan at that time concluded a treaty of friendship with America and opened the ports of Shimoda and Hakodate. Upon learning of this, E. V. Putyatin, with the approval of the tsarist government, demanded the resumption of negotiations. In this situation, in December 1854, the second round of negotiations between Japan and Russia began in Shimoda. Masanori Tsutsui and Toshiakira Kawaji were appointed as plenipotentiaries from Japan.
Shimodsky treatise on trade and borders between Russia and Japan was signed on February 7, 1855, which was a great diplomatic success of Putyatin's mission. It took place against the backdrop of a difficult foreign policy situation for Russia, which arose as a result of the Crimean War, which was unfortunate for her. The Russian side at that time did not have the possibility of any kind of forceful pressure on Japan, so during these negotiations the issue of determining the border line was resolved without threats of using military force. E. V. Putyatin achieved an agreement exclusively through negotiations. In this regard, the behavior of Russian diplomacy was radically different from the American “gunboat diplomacy”. It was with her help that the United States achieved the opening of the ports of Japan, sending four of its warships directly into Tokyo Bay in violation of the ban of its government and threatening to start shelling Edo Castle.
Shimodsky treatise consisted of 9 articles. The main idea of the treaty was the establishment of "permanent peace and sincere friendship between Russia and Japan." For Russians in Japan, essentially consular jurisdiction was introduced. The Kuril Islands to the north of Iturup Island were declared possessions of Russia, in turn, Japan received the Kunashir, Iturup, Shikotan and Habomai Islands, while Sakhalin continued to remain as a joint, inseparable possession of the two countries.
The ports of Shimoda, Hakodate, and Nagasaki were also open to Russian ships. Russia received the most favored nation treatment in trade and the right to open consulates in these ports.
The provision on joint ownership of Sakhalin was more beneficial for Russia, which continued its active colonization of Sakhalin (Japan at that time did not have such an opportunity due to the lack of a fleet). Later, Japan began to intensively populate the territory of the island and the issue of it began to become more acute and controversial. The conflicts between the parties were resolved in 1875 with the signing of the St. Petersburg Treaty, according to which Russia ceded all the Kuril Islands to Japan in exchange for full ownership of Sakhalin.
The date of the signing of the Shimoda Treaty since 1981 is celebrated in Japan as the "Day of the Northern Territories".
RUSSIAN-JAPANESE AGREEMENTS 1855, 1858, 1875
Treaty of 1855 on trade and borders - signed on 26 Jan. (February 7) in the city of Shimoda by E. V. Putyatin, Masanori Tsutsui and Toshiakira Kawaji. The treaty established diplomatic relations between countries. In the possessions of both states, Russians and Japanese were supposed to enjoy protection, protection of personal security and inviolability of property. State. the border was established between the islands of Iturup and Urup, with the former going to Japan, while the latter, like the other Kuril Islands to the north, were Russian possessions. Sakhalin (Karafuto) remained undivided. For Russian shipping, the ports of Shimoda, Hakodate and Nagasaki were opened. Mutual trade was allowed in the first two ports, and in one of them Russian could be opened. consulate. In Russian subjects extended extraterritoriality and all the rights and advantages that Japan has presented and will subsequently give to other nations. Regular Russian-Japanese were installed. diplomatic relationship. Treaty of 1858 on trade and navigation - signed 7 (19) Aug. in the city of Edo, E. V. Putyatin, Gembano Nagai, Shinanono Inovaye, and others. He kept in force the articles of the agreement of 1855 that did not contradict the new treatise. The parties agreed to exchange permanent diplomats. representatives. In addition to Hakodate and Nagasaki, 3 more ports were opened for the Russians in 1859-63. In all open ports, permanent Rus. consulates. Russians were allowed to freely visit Edo and Osaka for the purpose of trade, and live in open ports. Trade between the Russians and the Japanese was to be carried out freely, by mutual agreement, without the interference of the authorities of both states. Conflicts between subjects of the contracting parties were to be dealt with by consuls and representatives of local authorities, and those responsible were punished according to the laws of their country. The subjects of both countries were subject to all the rights and advantages granted to other foreigners. It operated until 1895. The customs tariff was attached to the agreement, which was canceled in 1867. The 1875 agreement on the exchange of territories was signed on April 25. (May 7) in St. Petersburg by A. M. Gorchakov and Takeaki Enomoto. Provided after the exchange of ratifications. letters of immediate transfer to Russia Yuzh. Sakhalin (Karafuto) in exchange for 18 Kuril Islands, departing to Japan. The border between both empires in this district was established through the strait between Cape Lopatka in Kamchatka and about. Shumshu. Residents of the exchanged territories could return to their fatherland or remain in place: while retaining freedom of religion, property and the right to engage in crafts, subject to acceptance of citizenship and submission to the laws of the country, to which these possessions departed. Japanese courts were entitled without paying bargaining. and customs duties for 10 years to visit the port of Korsakov on Yuzh. Sakhalin, where the Japan was established. consulate. Japanese ships, merchants and fishermen were given the right of most favored nation in the ports and waters of the Sea of Okhotsk and Kamchatka. 10(22) Aug. 1875 in Tokyo, an addendum was adopted. an article to the treaty regulating the procedure for the exchange of territories and the rights of residents remaining in the ceded territories.
Lit .: Yuzefovich T., Political and trade agreements between Russia and the East, St. Petersburg, 1869; Fainberg E. Ya., Russian-Japanese. relations in 1697-1875, M., 1960; Sat. border treaties concluded by Russia with neighboring states, St. Petersburg, 1891; International relations in the D. East (1840-1649), 2nd ed., M., 1956.
Soviet historical encyclopedia. - M.: Soviet Encyclopedia. Ed. E. M. Zhukova. 1973-1982 .
See what "RUSSIAN-JAPANESE AGREEMENTS 1855, 1858, 1875" is in other dictionaries:
RUSSIAN JAPANESE AGREEMENTS: 1) 1855, about peace and friendship; signed on 26.1(7.2) in Shimoda, defined the maritime boundary, the Japanese government opened the ports of Shimoda, Hakodate, Nagasaki for Russian ships; 2) 1858, on trade and navigation, signed ... ... Russian history
1) R. I. 1855 on friendship, trade and borders was signed on 7. II in Shimoda by Vice Admiral E. V. Putyatin, authorized by Russia, and Tsutsuya Hizenno and Kawadi Saiemenni, authorized by Japan. Having activated in the 40-50s of the 19th century. its policy in the Far ... ... Diplomatic Dictionary
Treaty of 1855 on trade and borders, signed on January 26 (February 7) in the city of Shimoda by E. V. Putyatin on the part of Russia, Tsutsui Masanori and Kawaji Toshiakira on the part of Japan. According to the agreement, which consisted of 9 articles, ... ...
Russian japanese war Top: A ship during combat. Clockwise from left: Japanese infantry, Japanese cavalry, two ships Russian fleet, Russian soldiers stand over a trench with dead Japanese during the siege of Port Arthur. Date February 8, 1904 ... ... Wikipedia
Russo-Japanese War Top: The ship during the battle. Clockwise from left: Japanese infantry, Japanese cavalry, two ships of the Russian fleet, Russian soldiers standing over a trench with dead Japanese during the siege of Port Arthur. Date February 8, 1904 ... ... Wikipedia Soviet Historical Encyclopedia
- (Japanese Nippon, Nihon) I. General information I. a state located on the islands of the Pacific Ocean, near the coast of East Asia. There are about 4 thousand islands in the territory of Yakutia, stretching from the north-east to the south-west for almost 3.5 thousand ... ... Great Soviet Encyclopedia
Successful works of the Amur expedition led by G.I. Nevelskoy, her scientific discoveries and measures for the initial development of the Amur region and Sakhalin, Russia sought to consolidate through diplomatic means, establishing an official border with Japan. To do this, a mission was sent to the Far East, headed by Admiral Efim Vasilyevich Putyatin. Circumnavigation Russian diplomat and First stage negotiations are vividly described by a participant in these events, the future famous writer Ivan Alexandrovich Goncharov in the book "Pallada Frigate".
On August 10, 1853, the Russian squadron entered the harbor of Nagasaki. The Japanese met the Russian ambassador with extreme caution and in every possible way dragged out the negotiations, the purpose of which was to establish the state border, diplomatic and trade relations between the two countries.
The course of negotiations was significantly complicated by the Crimean (Eastern) War, in which Russia was opposed by a coalition consisting of Turkey, England and France. The last two sent a powerful military squadron to the Pacific Ocean, which spread fighting to the North Pacific. There was a real threat of seizure of the ships of the Russian mission and E.V. Putyatin was forced to leave Nagasaki. And in October 1854, on the frigate Diana, he set off from the Imperial (now Soviet) harbor to resume negotiations. The Japanese government appointed the port of Shimoda as the venue for them. Here E.V. Putyatin and the Diana team faced new challenges. On December 11, the city of Shimoda was almost completely destroyed. strong earthquake accompanied by tsunami waves. The frigate Diana was damaged and soon sank. In the village of Kheda on the Izu Peninsula, Russian sailors, with the help of local residents, built a new ship - the schooner Kheda.
Meanwhile, negotiations continued. The efforts of E.V. Putyatin to establish peaceful friendly relations with Japan ended with the signing of the first Russian-Japanese treaty in history, which consisted of 9 articles and additions to it. Officially, it was called the "Treatise on Trade concluded between Russia and Japan in Shimoda on January 26, 1855", but the content was much wider. Article 2 of the treaty stated that the border between the two states was established along the Friza Strait. This meant that Russia recognized the rights of Japan to the islands of Iturup and Kunashir, as well as the Lesser Kuril chain. As for the island of Sakhalin, it "remains undelimited between Russia and Japan, as it was until now." Thus, Japan was able to use the difficulties that Russia was experiencing at that moment in the Far East and prevent it from taking the entire island under its full control.
The unresolved status of Sakhalin for two decades complicated Russian-Japanese relations. Russia's further actions in relation to Sakhalin were determined by the following factors: firstly, the need to maintain Russian influence here under the terms of the Shimoda Treaty; secondly, the desire to protect Sakhalin from the invasion of third countries and solve the problem peacefully; thirdly, the needs of the economic development of the island and, above all, its coal deposits - the main fuel base of the Siberian flotilla.
In April 1856, Governor General Eastern Siberia N.N. Muravyov ordered a team of sailors to be sent to Sakhalin in order to extract coal for the steamer "America", which was sent on a mission by E.V. Putyatin to China next year. Captain-Lieutenant N.M. led the expedition to the island. Chikhachev, who on July 16, 1856 founded the post of the same name near Cape Due. Today it is one of the oldest settlements of our region is the working settlement of Due Aleksandrovsk-Sakhalinsk region, with which many pages of Sakhalin history are connected.
Russia's diplomatic efforts at that time were aimed at achieving the exercise of full sovereignty over Sakhalin. At the same time, the Russian side strove to ensure the exact fulfillment of the terms of the Shimoda Treaty by the Japanese side. In 1857 and 1858 E.V. Putyatin again visited the "Land of the Rising Sun", where a number of important trade agreements were signed.
Soon the first Russian consulate was opened in the city of Hakodate, headed by Iosif Antonovich Goshkevich. He was ordered to observe the principle of non-intervention and pursue a peaceful line towards Japan. The instruction of the Ministry of Foreign Affairs to the Russian consul said: “We only want the strengthening and expansion of our trade with Japan. Any other types, any idea of interfering in its internal affairs are alien to our policy. gave him the wrong notion of our intentions."
It is not by chance that the port of Hakodate became the residence of the Russian consul. He was closest to Sakhalin. Minister of Foreign Affairs A.M. Gorchakov wrote about this city: "Hakodate, by its very position, close to our possessions and in the north, where all our political interests are concentrated, has, in my opinion, undeniable advantages for us."
13.2. The St. Petersburg Treaty of 1875 and the transfer of the Kuril Islands belonging to Russia to Japan.
After the signing of the Aigun (1858) and Beijing (1860) treaties, the territory of the Russian Far East amounted to 3.9 million square kilometers. It included the lands east of Lake Baikal, the Amur region, Primorye, the Okhotsk coast, Chukotka, Kamchatka, the Commander Islands and part of the Great Kuril Ridge. Administratively, these territories belonged to the Primorsky Region, formed in 1856, with its center in the city of Nikolaevsk. Until 1867, Russia owned Alaska and the Aleutian Islands, which were controlled by the Russian-American Company, which also had its trading posts in the Kuril Islands. In connection with the conclusion of the Treaty of Shimoda, by a royal decree of April 9, 1856, Sakhalin was transferred from the jurisdiction of the company to the subordination of the Governor-General of Eastern Siberia.
Since Sakhalin was jointly owned by Russia and Japan, this gave rise to a number of problems in relations between the two countries. The uncertainty of the Russian-Japanese border held back the development of the natural resources of the island and, above all, deposits of coal, which was so necessary for the development of Russian shipping on pacific ocean. Strategically, it was extremely important for Russia to ensure control over the La Perouse Strait.
In December 1858, the Governor-General of Eastern Siberia N.N. Muravyov-Amursky received an order to go to Japan to establish a border on Sakhalin. As an experienced diplomat, he understood the complexity of his mission, about which he wrote in one of his letters to Grand Duke Konstantin Nikolayevich: “... I myself volunteered for this business, especially because it ended without delay, until the British settled in Eponia and decided still capture a corner on Sakhalin.
June 12, 1859 N.N. Muravyov-Amursky arrived in Japan. At negotiations in the capital of the shoguns, Edo (now Tokyo), he raised the issue of recognizing Russia's right to own all of Sakhalin. The Japanese side, having rejected this proposal, insisted on maintaining the former status of the island. In this regard, Muravyov-Amursky informed the Minister of Foreign Affairs Alexander Mikhailovich Gorchakov: “Considering that this island, by both its names - Sakhalin and Karafuto - does not contain anything Japanese in itself, I could not agree to any division of it between Japan and us, and especially in those forms that, due to the weakness of Japan, any foreign state can easily take possession of that part that will be recognized as Japanese, establish itself in it and thereby cause significant harm to us for all future times, especially with regard to the La Perouse Strait, which constitutes the nearest and the only way out for our ships from the Tatar Strait to the Eastern Ocean.” N.N. Muravyov-Amursky asked to obtain permission from Emperor Alexander II to occupy the southern tip of Sakhalin with the opening of the forthcoming navigation by Russian troops and “build fortifications there for shelter by our ships, which will pass through the La Perouse Strait and, according to the literal meaning of the 1855 treatise.”
Such permission was obtained, and in the summer of 1860 a small detachment of Russian troops, having landed at the mouth of the Kusunai River, began to build a military post. (Now it is a working settlement of Ilyinsky, Tomarinsky district). At the same time, the Russian garrison of the Douai post was also reinforced.
In August 1862, Nikolai Pavlovich Ignatiev, authorized by the Russian government, negotiated with members of the Japanese mission on drawing the border along the La Perouse Strait. Japanese diplomats again suggested establishing a border along the 50th parallel, putting forward arguments in favor of Japan's "historical rights" to South Sakhalin. As a result, negotiations stalled. On July 30, 1863, the Russian consul in Hakodate I.A. Goshkevich informed the Japanese government that Emperor Alexander II authorized Admiral P.V. Kazakevich to continue negotiations on Sakhalin. However, the Japanese avoided dialogue, hoping to buy time to settle on the island. In the spring of 1864, they occupied the area on the Pilvo River in the middle part of the island and were going to establish their post near the mouth of the Poronai River.
In January 1865, the Governor-General of Eastern Siberia, Mikhail Semenovich Korsakov, presented to the government a note “Review of the action and present state of affairs regarding the possession of the island of Sakhalin”, where he noted the desire of the Japanese to evade negotiations and seize the southern part, putting Russia before a fait accompli. M.S. Korsakov proposed a number of measures to strengthen the Russian positions on Sakhalin, which received the approval of the tsar.
In July 1867, the military schooner Sakhalin delivered a company of soldiers of the 4th East Siberian linear battalion to Busse Bay with two copper landing guns. Here they founded the Muravievsky post, the first head of which was Lieutenant V.K. Schwan. In July 1869, Fyodor Mikhailovich Depreradovich landed with a detachment of soldiers in the Ainsk village of Kusun-Kotan on the shores of Aniva Bay, where he founded the Korsakovsky post. On August 9 of the same year, the Tikhmenevsky post (now the city of Poronaysk) was established at the mouth of the Poronai River. On August 21, 1870, Lieutenant V.T. Firsov founded the Russian post of Mauka (now the city of Kholmsk) on the southwestern coast. In total, by this time there were up to 20 Russian settlements on Sakhalin: military posts and peasant villages. The largest of them was the post of Due, where about a thousand people lived - soldiers, officers, officials, exiles and their families.
Having ensured the actual occupation of the island, the Russian government stepped up diplomatic efforts to finally resolve the "Sakhalin issue".
At the Russian-Japanese negotiations in Tokyo in 1872-1873, the parties did not come to an agreement. Japan offered Russia to sell part of Sakhalin, but was refused. Then the Japanese government announced the renunciation of its rights to Sakhalin, provided that Russia would give him a free hand in Korea. Petersburg rejected this proposal as well, refusing to facilitate any foreign invasion of Korea. As a result, Japan decided to abandon its claims to Sakhalin in exchange for the transfer of the entire Kuril ridge to it. Russia was in a hurry to solve the "Sakhalin issue" in view of the complicated relations in the Balkans and therefore went towards the Japanese proposals.
April 25 (May 7), 1875 A.M. Gorchakov and Enomoto Takeaki signed an agreement in St. Petersburg, according to which all of Sakhalin remained with Russia in exchange for 18 Kuril Islands, which went to Japan. The border between the states was established along the first Kuril Strait and the La Perouse Strait. Japanese ships had the right to visit the port of Korsakov for ten years without paying duties. Japanese merchants and fishermen were granted the right of most favored nation in the ports and waters of the Sea of Okhotsk and Kamchatka. In July 1876, a Japanese vice-consulate was opened on Sakhalin in the post of Korsakovsky (since 1889 - a consulate).
13.3. The Kuriles - the base of the Japanese invasion of Kamchatka during the Russo-Japanese War of 1904-1905.
The Kuril Islands became the base for the first ever Japanese invasion of Russian lands. Back in the 90s of the XIX century, a retired naval officer Gunji Sagetada created the Patriotic Society, the purpose of which was the development of the northern Kuriles and founded a small settlement on the island of Shumshu. The Japanese colonists were engaged in fishing and sea animal production.
Having learned about the war with Russia, Lieutenant Gunji, who longed for samurai exploits, decided to attack the Russian coast. Having formed a detachment of volunteers, on May 6 (19), 1904, at his own peril and risk, he landed on the southwestern coast of Kamchatka near the village of Yavino, and captured it. But the triumph of the aliens was short-lived.
Local residents - Cossacks, peasants and experienced Kamchatka hunters - came out to fight the invaders. They were headed by the head of the Petropavlovsk district A.P. Silnitsky, a brave and active person. On July 16 (29) he suddenly attacked the Japanese camp. Most of the uninvited guests fled in panic to Shumshu, and several participants in this adventure, including Lieutenant Gunji himself, were captured.
1 foreigners.
Consisted of 9 articles. The main idea of the treaty was the establishment of "permanent peace and sincere friendship between Russia and Japan." For Russians in Japan, essentially consular jurisdiction was introduced. The Kuril Islands to the north of Iturup Island were declared possessions of Russia, in turn, Japan received the Kunashir, Iturup, Shikotan and Habomai Islands, and Sakhalin continued to remain as a joint, inseparable possession of the two countries.
The ports of Shimoda, Hakodate, and Nagasaki were also open to Russian ships. Russia received the most favored nation treatment in trade and the right to open consulates in these ports.
The provision on joint ownership of Sakhalin was more beneficial for Russia, which continued its active colonization of Sakhalin (Japan at that time did not have such an opportunity due to the lack of a fleet). Later, Japan began to intensively populate the territory of the island and the issue of it began to become more acute and controversial. The contradictions of the parties were resolved in 1875 with the signing of the Treaty of St. Petersburg, according to which Russia ceded all the Kuril Islands to Japan in exchange for full ownership of Sakhalin.
The date of the signing of the Shimoda Treaty since 1981 has been celebrated in Japan as "Northern Territories Day".
In 1997, a cartoon was filmed in Japan Bakumatsu no Spasibo, which received the title " Difficult Friendship" in the Russian box office. A cassette with a recording of the film in 1997 was presented during a meeting "without ties" in Krasnoyarsk to the President Russian Federation Boris Yeltsin by Japanese Prime Minister Ryutaro Hashimoto. In the cartoon, the history of the conclusion of the Shimoda Treaty is displayed in a condensed form.
Sources
- Sysoeva E. A.: dissertation ... candidate historical sciences: 07.00.03. - Vladimir, 2004. - 217 p.
- Klyuchnikov Yu. V., Sabanin A. International politics of modern times in treaties, notes and declarations. Part 1. S. 168-169.
- Japanese foreign policy. History and present: tutorial/ [Vinogradov K. G. and others; resp. ed. E. V. Molodyakova]; Russian acad. Sciences, Institute of Oriental Studies, Assoc. Japanologists. - Moscow: Vost. lit., 2008. - 317 p.
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He heard about the Rostovs that they were in Kostroma, and the thought of Natasha rarely came to him. If she came, it was only as a pleasant memory of the past. He felt himself not only free from the conditions of life, but also from this feeling, which, as it seemed to him, he had deliberately put on himself.
On the third day of his arrival in Moscow, he learned from the Drubetskys that Princess Marya was in Moscow. death, suffering, last days Prince Andrei often occupied Pierre and now came to his mind with new vivacity. Having learned at dinner that Princess Marya was in Moscow and living in her unburned house on Vzdvizhenka, he went to her that same evening.
On his way to Princess Marya, Pierre kept thinking about Prince Andrei, about his friendship with him, about various meetings with him, and especially about the last one in Borodino.
“Did he really die in that evil mood in which he was then? Was not the explanation of life revealed to him before death? thought Pierre. He remembered Karataev, his death, and involuntarily began to compare these two people, so different and at the same time so similar in love, which he had for both, and because both lived and both died.
In the most serious mood, Pierre drove up to the house of the old prince. This house survived. Traces of destruction were visible in it, but the character of the house was the same. The old waiter who met Pierre with a stern face, as if wanting to make the guest feel that the absence of the prince did not violate the order of the house, said that the princess was deigned to go to her rooms and was received on Sundays.
- Report; maybe they will," said Pierre.
- I'm listening, - answered the waiter, - please go to the portrait room.
A few minutes later, a waiter and Dessalles came out to Pierre. Dessalles, on behalf of the princess, told Pierre that she was very glad to see him and asked, if he would excuse her for her impudence, to go upstairs to her rooms.
In a low room, lit by a single candle, sat the princess and someone else with her, in a black dress. Pierre remembered that the princess always had companions. Who and what they are, these companions, Pierre did not know and did not remember. “This is one of the companions,” he thought, glancing at the lady in the black dress.
