How to use the star card? Why are the positions of the planets not shown on star charts? Why are the star maps depicted

Reshebnik in astronomy grade 11 for lesson number 2 ( workbook) - Celestial sphere

1. Complete the sentence.

The area is called a constellation. starry sky with a characteristic observable group of stars.

2. Using a star map, enter constellation diagrams into the appropriate columns of the table with bright stars. In each constellation, highlight the brightest star and write its name.

3. Complete the sentence.

Star charts do not indicate the position of the planets, since the charts are designed to describe the stars and constellations.

4. Arrange the following stars in descending order of their brightness:

1) Betelgeuse; 2) Spica; 3) Aldebaran; 4) Sirius; 5) Arcturus; 6) Chapel; 7) Procyon; 8) Vega; 9) Altair; 10) Pollux.

5. Complete the sentence.

Stars of the 1st magnitude brighter than the stars 6th magnitude 100 times.

The ecliptic is the apparent annual path of the Sun among the stars.

6. What is called the celestial sphere?

An imaginary sphere of arbitrary radius.

7. Indicate the names of points and lines of the celestial sphere, indicated by numbers 1-14 in Figure 2.1.

1. North Pole of the World
2. zenith; zenith point
3. vertical line
4. celestial equator
5. west; west point
6. center of the celestial sphere
7. noon line
8. south; south point
9. skyline
10. East; east point
11. south pole of the world
12. nadir; nadir current
13. north point
14. celestial meridian line

8. Using figure 2.1, answer the questions.

Where is the axis of the world relative to the Earth's axis?

Parallel.

How is the axis of the world located relative to the plane of the celestial meridian?

Lies on the plane.

Where does the celestial equator meet the horizon?

At points east and west.

Where does the celestial meridian intersect with the horizon?

At points north and south.

9. What observations convince us of daily rotation celestial sphere?

If you observe the stars for a long time, the stars will appear as a single sphere.

10. Using a moving star map, enter in the table two or three constellations visible at latitude 55 ° in the Northern Hemisphere.

The solution to the 10th task corresponds to the reality of the events of 2015, however, not all teachers check the solution of the task of each student on the star map for compliance with reality

We have already learned about what it is, as well as about the principles of its compilation. Now talk about how to use it to observe the starry sky.

To begin with, let's answer two questions: How to find out from the map which stars are now visible in the sky, which are not visible? What stars are visible in the east and in the west?

star map

Both problems are solved at once, but first we need to agree on what to consider as east and west. We usually divide the visible vault of heaven and the visible part of the earth's surface into two halves: either northern and southern, or eastern and western. They say, for example: "The sun rises in the east and sets in the west." This is true, but too inaccurate, since the Sun rises and sets every day in a different place. It is better to take four quite definite points instead of rather abstract sides - southern and northern, eastern and western. They can be marked in this way.

In the evening, standing under the open sky, find the North Star and stand facing it - so you will stand in the direction exactly to the north. Draw a long, straight line on the ground straight ahead, and imagine that you have brought this line to the visible edge of the sky. The point at which your imaginary line meets the line of the horizon visible in the distance will be north point.

After walking a few steps along your line, turn around and look straight ahead along the line. So you plan south point on the horizon line.

Draw another line across your line so that you get a regular cross with perfectly even, right angles. Stand in the middle of the cross, at the intersection of the two lines you have drawn, and imagine that the ends of the cross line of the cross are also brought to the horizon line. Those points at which they meet the horizon line, these will be east point And west point.

Remember once and for all in your area the points of south, north, east and west, so as not to mark them every time. To do this, notice some tree, bush, building at these points, but just choose these goals as far away from you as possible: otherwise, if you choose close goals, then as soon as you move a little, they will no longer coincide with the points of the north , south, east and west.

Remember the fifth point of the sky - zenith: if you put a tall straight vertical pillar in the middle of your cross of two lines and imagine that the top of this pillar rested against the sky, then the point at which it rests will be the zenith. Finally, if you imagine that your pillar has grown down through the earth, passed through the center the globe, went out on that side and rested there against the sky, then you get another fifth point of the sky, opposite to the zenith, in astronomy it is called nadir.

Determine the position of the stars on the star map

Let's return to our task. What stars are visible here, for example, at 11 pm in mid-July, and in what part of the sky should we look for each of them?

The northern circumpolar stars, up to the 30th northern parallel, depicted on a round map, are visible all, as at any time. Put the card in position June 22 (Ursa Minor - up) and turn it counterclockwise two hour divisions: you get the position of the stars on July 22 at 9 pm. Rotate two more hour divisions: you get the position of the stars at 11 o'clock. At the bottom of the map, at the point of the north, there will be the 7th hour, and at the top, at the zenith, the 19th hour. Between the 60th and 45th parallels, that is, at the zeniths of various places from St. Petersburg to the Crimea, there will be small stars of the Draco constellation, and Lyra will stand directly south of the zenith.

Of the stars depicted on a quadrangular map, exactly half will be visible. At the zenith, as you remember, is the 19th hour. Place the square card in front of you with the 19th hour (the constellation Sagittarius) facing you. This is where the south point will be - on the bottom edge of the map and at the 19th hour division. In the south, and only in the south, above the south point, you will see the whole map in the sky, from top to bottom.

Count from the south point six hours to the left and six hours to the right: there will be points east (1st hour) and west (13th hour). But these points will no longer have to be placed on the bottom edge of the map, but in the middle, on the equator: in the east and west, only the constellations north of the equator are already visible, that is, from the top to the middle of the map.

Count another six hours to the left of the east point and to the right of the west point: both counts will converge at 7 o'clock - there will be a north point. It will have to be placed on the upper edge of the map: none of the stars depicted on the long map under 7 o'clock can be seen above the north point - they will all be below the horizon, and above the horizon in the north there will be only stars depicted on the round map of the northern constellations.

Here's an even shorter and more direct way. After setting the south point and marking it on the bottom edge of the map, count from it 12 hour divisions to the right: there will be a north point, on the top edge of the map. Draw a straight line on the map from south to north. This line will represent the horizon line. What is above this line is visible on the western side of the sky; what is lower is hidden under the horizon.

The eastern half of the horizon line is also drawn in the same way, only it is necessary to count 12 hours to the left from the south point. All this is clearer in the drawing, especially if you compare this drawing with a drawing depicting a complete globe, not laid out on maps, and inside its circle is the horizon. In this way, it is not difficult to calculate which stars are visible, in which direction and at what height above the horizon.

Features of orientation on a star map

Another problem: where do different stars rise, where do they set, how do they move across the visible sky, and how much time is it from their sunrise to sunset?

It must be remembered that the equator line intersects with the horizon line at the points of east and west, so, for example, a star located on the equator of the globe (at least beta Orion) rises at the east point, and sets at the west point and describes an arc inclined over the point south. This arc is the line of the equator. In Crimea, the equator line runs along the middle of the apparent distance between the zenith and the south point, and in St. Petersburg it is much lower - at a height of one third of the distance between the zenith and the south point. A star located on the equator travels exactly 12 hours across the sky we see - both in St. Petersburg, and in the Crimea, and wherever else.

A star placed on a globe south of the equator obviously no longer rises in the east, but somewhere in the southeast, between the point of the east and the point of the south. It describes an arc along the southern side of the visible sky below the equator line and sets in the southeast. Such stars are visible in the sky for less than 12 hours. The further south the star, the closer to the point of the south it rises and sets, and the lower, shorter and shorter its apparent path.

The stars north of the equator rise in the interval between the east point and the north point, in a word, in the northeast quarter of the horizon. From there they move upward and at the same time to the south, pass to the southern side of the sky, describe an arc inclined over the line of the equator and set in the northwest. They describe in the visible firmament an arc of more than half a circle, and remain in the sky for more than twelve hours.

Finally, the stars that are even closer to the pole describe full circles in the firmament around the North Star and do not set at all, so that they can be seen in the sky at any time of the year, night and day, if you have a telescope.

In Crimea polar Star seen in the middle of the distance between the zenith and the north point, so that there a circle passing with its lower edge through the north point, with its upper edge passing through the zenith. This circle is described by the stars Capella and Deneb: they are placed on the globe at the 45th parallel, therefore, in the middle of the distance between the equator and the pole, and Crimea itself is in the middle of the distance between the equator and the pole, approximately 5000 kilometers from both.

Petersburg is closer to the pole, it stands under the 60th parallel. Here the North Star is visible at an altitude of two-thirds of the distance from the north point to the zenith. That is why in St. Petersburg the circle of non-setting circumpolar stars is one and a half times wider than in the Crimea.

The circles described by non-setting stars in the local sky are located inside the 30th parallel north. They pass with their upper edge to the southern side of the sky, south of the zenith, and appear on it in the form of arcs passing above the equator. Only one Ursa Minor here never passes into the southern side of the sky and, even stretching upwards, does not reach the zenith.

So, on the southern side of the sky, all the stars describe arcs, inclined by the middle over the point of the south. On the northern side of the sky, a few stars close to the Polaris describe complete circles, more distant stars also complete circles, but some of these circles arc through the top of the southern side of the sky.

The stars farthest from Polaris and closest to the equator draw oblique lines - the beginnings and ends of large arcs, the middle of which runs along the southern side of the sky above the equator. This is how the paths of the stars are depicted on paper. And in the real sky, as we see it, the paths of the stars are represented in the form of circles and arcs, rising obliquely from north to south and parallel to each other.

Reshebnik in astronomy grade 11 for lesson number 2 (workbook) - Celestial sphere

1. Complete the sentence.

A constellation is a section of the starry sky with a characteristic observable group of stars.

2. Using a star chart, enter constellation diagrams with bright stars into the appropriate columns of the table. In each constellation, highlight the brightest star and write its name.

3. Complete the sentence.

Star charts do not indicate the position of the planets, since the charts are designed to describe the stars and constellations.

4. Arrange the following stars in descending order of their brightness:

1) Betelgeuse; 2) Spica; 3) Aldebaran; 4) Sirius; 5) Arcturus; 6) Chapel; 7) Procyon; 8) Vega; 9) Altair; 10) Pollux.

5. Complete the sentence.

1st magnitude stars are 100 times brighter than 6th magnitude stars.

The ecliptic is the apparent annual path of the Sun among the stars.

6. What is called the celestial sphere?

An imaginary sphere of arbitrary radius.

7. Indicate the names of points and lines of the celestial sphere, indicated by numbers 1-14 in Figure 2.1.

1. North Pole of the World
2. zenith; zenith point
3. vertical line
4. celestial equator
5. west; west point
6. center of the celestial sphere
7. noon line
8. south; south point
9. skyline
10. East; east point
11. south pole of the world
12. nadir; nadir current
13. north point
14. celestial meridian line

8. Using figure 2.1, answer the questions.

Where is the axis of the world relative to the Earth's axis?

Parallel.

How is the axis of the world located relative to the plane of the celestial meridian?

Lies on the plane.

Where does the celestial equator meet the horizon?

At points east and west.

Where does the celestial meridian intersect with the horizon?

At points north and south.

9. What observations convince us of the daily rotation of the celestial sphere?

If you observe the stars for a long time, the stars will appear as a single sphere.

10. Using a moving star map, enter in the table two or three constellations visible at latitude 55 ° in the Northern Hemisphere.

The solution to the 10th task corresponds to the reality of the events of 2015, however, not all teachers check the solution of the task of each student on the star map for compliance with reality

Page 22

Level 2: 3 - 4 points

Why are the positions of the planets not shown on star charts?

2. In what direction is the apparent annual movement of the Sun relative to the stars?

3. In what direction is the apparent movement of the Moon relative to the stars?

4. Which total eclipse (solar or lunar) is longer? Why?

6. As a result of which the position of the points of sunrise and sunset changes during the year?

Level 3: 5 - 6 points.

1. a) What is the ecliptic? What constellations are on it?

b) Draw what the moon looks like in the last quarter. At what time of the day is it visible in this phase?

2. a) What determines the annual apparent motion of the Sun along the ecliptic?

b) Draw what the moon looks like between the new moon and the first quarter.

3. a) Find on the star map the constellation in which the Sun is located today.

b) Why are total lunar eclipses observed in the same place on Earth many times more often than total solar eclipses?

4. a) Is it possible to consider the annual movement of the Sun along the ecliptic as proof of the revolution of the Earth around the Sun?

b) Draw what the moon looks like in the first quarter. At what time of the day is it visible in this phase?

5. (a) What is the cause of the visible light of the moon?

b) Draw what the moon looks like in the second quarter. What time of day does she look in this phase?

6. (a) How does the noon height of the Sun change during the year?

Draw what the moon looks like between the full moon and the last quarter.

4th level. 7 - 8 points

1. a) How many times during the year can you see all the phases of the moon?

The noon altitude of the Sun is 30o and its declination is 19o. Determine the geographic latitude of the observation site.

2. a) Why do we see only one side of the moon from Earth?

b) At what height in Kyiv (j = 50o) does the upper climax of the star Antares occur (d = -26o)? Make an appropriate drawing.

3. a) Yesterday was observed moon eclipse. When can we expect the next solar eclipse?

b) The Star of Peace with a declination of -3o12/ was observed in Vinnitsa at an altitude of 37o35/ of the southern sky. Determine the geographical latitude of Vinnitsa.

4. a) Why does the total phase of a lunar eclipse last much longer than the total phase of a solar eclipse?

b) What is the noon height of the Sun on March 21 at a point whose geographical height is 52o?

5. a) What is the minimum time interval between solar and lunar eclipses?

At what geographical latitude will the Sun culminate at noon at a height of 45o above the horizon, if on that day its declination is -10o?

6. a) The moon is visible in the last quarter. Could there be a lunar eclipse next week? Explain the answer.

b) What is geographical latitude places of observation, if on June 22 the Sun was observed at noon at an altitude of 61o?

10. Kepler's laws.

Key questions: 1) subject, tasks, methods and tools of celestial mechanics; 2) formulations of Kepler's laws.

The student should be able to: 1) solve problems using Kepler's Laws.

Page 5 of 5

5. CONTROL QUESTIONS FOR TOPICS AND SECTIONS

SECTION 1. INTRODUCTION

Introduction to Astronomy

1. What does Astronomy study?
2. How is the universe studied?
3. What objects does the universe consist of?
4. What modern telescopes have you met?
5. Tell us about the purpose of telescopes.

SECTION 2. PRACTICAL FOUNDATIONS OF ASTRONOMY

Stars and constellations. Celestial coordinates and star charts

1. What is a constellation?
2. How are the stars in the constellations?
3. What does stellar magnitude depend on?
4. What is the celestial sphere?
5. How to determine the axis of the world and the poles of the world?
6. What coordinates of the sun are called equatorial?
7. What is the ecliptic?
8. Where do the ecliptic and the celestial equator intersect?
9. What is the upper and lower culmination of the luminary?
10. Why is it that only stars are shown on a star map, but there is no Sun, no Moon, no Earth, no planets?

The apparent movement of the planets and the Sun.

Moon movement and eclipses

1. Why are planets called wandering stars?
2. Describe the path of the Sun among the stars during the year.
3. What is a sidereal month?
4. Describe the phases of the moon.
5. What is the range of the angular distance of the Moon from the Sun?
6. Why don't lunar and solar eclipses happen every month?

1. Is it possible with reverse side Moon to see a total solar eclipse?
2. Predict an eclipse of the Sun. A total solar eclipse occurred on March 29, 2006. When will the next such eclipse be sure to occur?

Time and calendar

1. What are solar and sidereal days?
2. What explains the introduction of the lap time system?
3. Why is the atomic second used as the unit of time?
4. What are the difficulties in compiling an accurate calendar?
5. What is the difference between old and new leap years?

SECTION 3. STRUCTURE OF THE SOLAR SYSTEM

Development of ideas about the structure of the world. planetary configuration.

1. What is the difference between geocentric and heliocentric systems peace?
2. What is called the configuration of the planet?
3. Which planets are considered outer and which are inner?
4. What planets can be in opposition? Which ones can't?
5. Name the planets that can be observed near the Moon during its full moon.

The laws of planetary motion solar system. Determination of distances and sizes of bodies in the solar system.

1. How are the laws of planetary motion formulated by Kepler based on the results of observations?
2. How does the speed of a planet change as it moves from aphelion to perihelion?
3. At what point in its orbit does the planet have its maximum kinetic energy; maximum potential energy?
4. What measurements made on the Earth testify to its compression?
5. Does the horizontal parallax of the Sun change during the year and for what reason?
6. What method determines the distance to the nearest planets at the present time?

Movement celestial bodies under the influence of gravitational forces.

1. Why doesn't the planets move exactly according to Kepler's laws?
2. How did Newton change Kepler's third law?
3. How was the location of the planet Neptune determined?
4. Which of the planets causes the greatest perturbations in the motion of other bodies in the solar system and why?
5. What are the trajectories spacecraft to the moon; to the planets?

SECTION 4. NATURE OF THE BODIES OF THE SOLAR SYSTEM

Modern viewsabout the structure, composition and origin of the solar system.

1. How did the formation of the Sun take place according to modern ideas?
2. Name the objects in the solar system.
3. How did the planets form?
4. What is the composition of the Kuiper Belt and Oort Cloud?
5. What is the age of the solar system?
6. What is the precession of the earth's axis?
7. What causes the precession of the earth's axis?
8. What is the internal structure of the Earth?
9. What is the nature of the moon? Name the main landforms of the moon.
10. How does the moon cause tides on earth?
11. When is the highest tide on Earth? Justify your answer.

planets terrestrial group.

1. What do terrestrial planets have in common? What is the reason for this similarity?
2. What are the differences between the terrestrial planets? What are these differences due to?
3. What explains the absence of an atmosphere on the planet Mercury?
4. What is the reason for the differences in the chemical composition of the atmospheres of the terrestrial planets?
5. What forms of surface relief have been found on the surface of the terrestrial planets with the help of spacecraft?
6. What information about the presence of life on Mars has been obtained by automatic stations?

Giant planets. Satellites and rings of giant planets.

1. What are physical properties Jupiter? Saturn? Uranus? Neptune?
2. What is the nature of the rings of giant planets?
3. What explains the presence of dense and extended atmospheres in Jupiter and Saturn?
4. Why do giant planets have different atmospheres? chemical composition from the atmospheres of the terrestrial planets?
5. What are the features of the internal structure of the giant planets?
6. What are the landforms for the surface of most satellites of the planets?
7. What are the rings of giant planets in their structure?
8. What unique phenomenon was discovered on Jupiter's moon Io?
9. What physical processes underlie the formation of clouds on various planets?
10. Why are the giant planets many times larger in mass than the terrestrial planets?

Small bodies of the solar system. dwarf planets.

1. What are dwarf planets and where are they located?
2. How to distinguish an asteroid from a star during observations?
3. What is the shape of most asteroids?
4. What are their approximate dimensions?
5. What causes comet tails to form?
6. What is the state of matter in the nucleus of a comet? her tail?
7. Can a comet that periodically returns to the Sun remain unchanged?
8. What phenomena are observed during the flight of bodies in the atmosphere at cosmic speed?
9. What types of meteorites are distinguished by their chemical composition?
10. How do meteor showers occur?

SECTION 5. SUN AND STARS

The sun is the nearest star

1. From which chemical elements is the Sun and what is their ratio?
2. What is the source of solar energy?
3. What changes with its substance occurs in this case?
4. What layer of the Sun is the main source of visible radiation?
5. What is the internal structure of the Sun? Name the main layers of its atmosphere.
6. How does the temperature on the Sun change from its center to the photosphere?
7. How is energy transferred from the interior of the Sun to the outside?
8. What explains the granulation observed on the Sun?
9. What manifestations of solar activity are observed in different layers of the Sun's atmosphere? What is the main reason for these phenomena?
10. What explains the decrease in temperature around sunspots?
11. What phenomena on Earth are associated with solar activity?

Distance to the stars. Characteristics of the radiation of stars

1. How are distances to stars determined?
2. What determines the color of a star?
3. What is the main reason for the difference in the spectra of stars?
4. What determines the luminosity of a star?

Masses and sizes of stars. Variable and non-stationary stars

1. What explains the change in brightness of some binary stars?
2. How many times do the sizes and densities of supergiant stars and dwarfs differ?
3. What are the sizes of the smallest stars?
4. List the types of variable stars you know.
5. List the possible final stages of stellar evolution.
6. What is the reason for the change in the brightness of Cepheids?
7. Why are Cepheids called "beacons of the universe"?
8. What are pulsars?
9. Can the Sun erupt like a new or supernova? Why?

SECTION 6. STRUCTURE AND EVOLUTION OF THE UNIVERSE

Our Galaxy

1. What is the structure and size of our galaxy?
2. What objects make up the galaxy?
3. How does the interstellar medium manifest itself? What is its composition?
4. What sources of radio emission are known in our Galaxy?
5. What is the difference between open and globular star clusters?

Other star systems are galaxies.

1. How are distances to galaxies determined?
2. What are the main types of galaxies according to their appearance and form?
3. How do spiral and elliptical galaxies differ in composition and structure?
4. What explains the "redshift" in the spectra of galaxies?
5. What extragalactic sources of radio emission are currently known?
6. What is the source of radio emission in radio galaxies?

Fundamentals of modern cosmology. Life and mind in the universe

1. What facts testify that the process of evolution is taking place in the Universe?
2. What is the ratio of the masses of "ordinary" matter, dark matter and dark energy in the Universe?