There was no military unit in Russia whose lists would include so many famous and well-known names, starting from Peter the Great himself and his closest associates and ending with ministers and prominent statesmen times of the last Russian emperor. No other part of the guard or army had such an amazing, unique history.
"We do not strive to be the first, but we will not allow anyone to be better than us" - the proud motto of the cavalry guards - the most courageous and handsome men of the era. They were united by loyalty to traditions, exceptional honesty, natural aristocracy, self-sacrifice and selfless love for the Fatherland. It is said about them: "The highest chic of the cavalry guard is the absence of any chic."
The glorious history of the cavalry guards in Russia began on March 30, 1724, when, for the coronation of the wife of Peter I, Empress Catherine I, which took place on May 7 of the same year, the Cavalier Guard Corps was formed as an honorary guard. The first half company of cavalry guards opened the coronation procession from the Kremlin Palace to the Assumption Cathedral, the second closed it. During the coronation itself, the cavalry guards were located on the steps of the throne.
Peter himself assumed the rank of captain of the cavalry guard, and appointed generals and colonels of other regiments as officers of the corps, and lieutenant colonels as corporals. Ordinary cavalry guards were sixty of the tallest and most handsome handsome officers. However, after the coronation, the corps did not last long. At the end of May 1724, it was disbanded, and the officers were disbanded in their regiments. The corps of cavalry guards as such did not exist in Russia until the accession to the Russian throne of Catherine II (1762-1796). Then, from among the Life Campanians, who were created by the daughter of Peter the Great, Elizabeth Petrovna and served her as a personal guard, a special Cavalier Guard Corps was formed.
The cavalry guards guarded the empress and members of the imperial family, carried out guard duty in the imperial chambers in Moscow, St. Petersburg, in all country palaces and residences. Service in the cavalry guard was considered very honorable, and only nobles could enter there. Many noble parents began to enroll their young children in the corps in order to provide them with further service directly at the imperial court.
Under Emperor Paul I, the Cavalier Guard Corps was repeatedly disbanded and re-created, changing its name. So, in 1799 he was called the special guard of the Grand Master of the Order of St. John of Jerusalem, who was considered Paul. And only on January 11, 1800, the Life Guards Cavalier Guard Regiment was formed, which became part of the Russian army on the same position as others. guards regiments without retaining the privilege of recruiting from nobles. General Fyodor Petrovich Uvarov was appointed chief of the regiment, who performed this most honorable duty until his death in 1824.
In 1804, the uniforms of the cavalry guards, which retained the cut of the Pavlovian time for the longest time, acquire character traits military uniform of the 19th century - white double-breasted tunics with high collars, white elk pantaloons, over the knee boots, a helmet made of thick leather with a lush hair plume, which reliably protected from cold weapons. But the cuirasses, which were canceled in 1801, were put on by the cavalry guards in the summer of 1812. Combat experience showed the haste of the earlier decision ...
The baptism of fire, so glorious and so tragic, of the Life Guards Cavalier Guard Regiment, commanded by Major General N. Depreradovich, received Austerlitz on the field. As you know, on November 20, 1805, the allied armies, who hoped to secure a complete and unconditional victory over Napoleon, suffered a crushing defeat.
The confidence of the allies in victory was so great that before the battle the regiment was ordered to prepare for the royal review! The cavalry guards went to battle, as if to a parade. The regiment approached at the most critical moment of the battle, when the Russian guards infantry, which was in the direction of the main attack of the French, could no longer hold back the fierce attacks of the enemy and began to retreat.
The first three squadrons of cavalry guards attacked the French infantry, making it possible for scattered groups of Preobrazhenians to withdraw. The 4th squadron of Nikolai Repnin and the platoon of cornet Alexander Albrecht came to the aid of the Semyonovsky regiment. The Semyonov soldiers were surrounded by French guard cavalrymen, who were trying to recapture the guards' banners from them. The desperate blow of the squadron of cavalry guards allowed the Semenovites to cross the Raustitsky stream, and our cavalry also retreated behind them.
However, the French managed to close the encirclement around the brave squadron. All attempts to break through the ring from the outside were unsuccessful. For about 15 minutes, a fierce slaughter continued, until four squadrons of mounted French grenadiers shouted: "Let's make the St. Petersburg ladies cry!" did not fall on the Russian horsemen ...
All officers of the squadron of cavalry guards were wounded and taken prisoner. Those who could stand on their feet were brought before Napoleon after the battle. “Your regiment honestly fulfilled its duty!” Bonaparte told the squadron commander Repnin, and then added, pointing to the wounded 17-year-old cornet Sukhtelen, who was standing next to the commander: “He is very young to fight with us.” To which the young officer exclaimed: "You don't have to be old to be brave!"
Despite the fact that in their first battle the cavalry guards showed extraordinary courage and outstanding stamina, the consequences for the regiment were catastrophic - one third of the officers and 226 lower ranks died in the battle. The participation of the cavalry guards in the remaining battles of the campaign was not marked by significant success, and in April 1806 the regiment returned to Russia.
Of course, the daily service in the court regiment was marked by tension. Constant drill, endless worries about maintaining property in exemplary order, all kinds of reviews. But the cavalry guards also had plenty of benefits. So, the lower ranks, "excellent in service and behavior, had the right to receive from the Sovereign for a wedding: sergeants - 100 rubles, non-commissioned officers - 50 rubles each, privates - 25 rubles each."
The calm life of the cavalry guards, full of exercises and parades, continued until March 17, 1812, when the guards cuirassiers set out on a campaign against Vilna. With the outbreak of World War II, the Life Guards Cavalier Guard Regiment became part of the 1st Army of Barclay de Tolly and retreated. Like the rest of the elite units, the regiment was protected in every possible way by the command and did not take part in hostilities until the Battle of Borodino. Near Borodino, the Life Guards Cavalry Guards Regiment and the Life Guards Cavalry Regiment became part of the 1st Cuirassier Division of Major General N. Depreradovich.
The cavalry guards entered the battle in one of its most dramatic episodes. During the third French attack on the Raevsky battery, in fact, the Russian position was broken through, and the brigade remained the only obstacle to the enemy. The regiment at a trot went on the attack on Pear's cavalry. At the very beginning of the attack, the commander of the regiment, Colonel K. Levenvold, was hit by grapeshot. The death of the commander confused the cavalry guards only for a moment, and they cut into the enemy column at full gallop.
The enemy could not withstand such an onslaught and fled. The cavalry guards pursued the fleeing French cavalry until the signal "Appel!" sounded, according to which everyone was to stop the attack and gather at the regimental standard. But about a hundred horsemen, in the heat of battle, continued the pursuit and stopped only when they saw the formation of French horsemen in front of them. The situation was critical: you can’t stand - the enemy attacks, turn around - hit in the back. Divisional adjutant M. Buturlin ordered to attack the enemy. His decisiveness saved the cavalry guards. The French did not accept the battle, and the guards were able to connect with fellow soldiers.
In just an hour and a half, which the cavalry guards spent in the battle, they lost 14 officers and 93 lower ranks, but managed to defend the center of the Russian positions. Many cavalry guards were awarded orders, edged weapons and insignia of a military order.
After the Battle of Borodino in the campaign of 1812-1814, the regiment took part in the battles of Kulm, Ferchampenoise, Leipzig, and ended its combat path by entering Paris. The successes of the guards were marked by the salary of St. George's standards with the inscription: "For distinction in the defeat and expulsion of the enemy from Russia in 1812" and 15 St. George's pipes with the inscription: "Cavalier Guard Regiment". In 1814, the Life Guards Cavalry Guards Regiment returned to their homeland.
The history of the regiment is inseparable from the names of the Decembrists - heroes and martyrs on December 14, 1825. About 30 cavalry guard officers were involved in the uprising on Senate Square. No regiment in the Russian army was so closely associated with secret societies Decembrists.
The peaceful everyday life of the guards continued for a hundred years. Life went on as usual: regimental commanders changed, officers came and went, the staff structure and name changed. Since 1894, the regiment has been called the Cavalry Guard of Her Majesty Empress Maria Feodorovna. The cavalry guards adorned parades and imperial reviews with their presence, served at court, enlivened the life of the society of the Russian capital.
This court existence continued until the tragic summer of 1914. The flywheel of the First World War was already beginning to unwind. On July 21, a parting prayer service was served in the barracks on Shpalernaya Street in St. Petersburg. On the same night, the first squadron of cavalry guards was loaded onto wagons at the Varshavsky railway station. Upon arrival at the front, the guards became part of the right group of the army cavalry of the 1st Russian army and soon participated in reconnaissance in battle over the Shirvint border river.
However, the Cavalry Guards Regiment took its first real battle in a series of upcoming battles on August 6, 1914 near the village of Kaushen. The cavalry guards attacked the enemy in cavalry formation, but the German artillery set up a powerful fire screen. I had to leave. Nervousness appeared in the ranks of the regiment, and the rear platoons began to charge forward. Then the cornet Veselovsky shouted to the soldiers: "The cavalry guards do not leave at a gallop!" These words were enough to calm people down.
Dismounting, the guards again attacked the enemy under heavy machine-gun and artillery fire. Ahead of the chains with a drawn sword was the commander of the regiment, Major General Prince Alexander Dolgorukov. I had to stop, lie down, dig in. It was only possible to break through the German defenses when the horse guards came to the rescue and the attack was supported by the guards artillery. Exactly a week later, the Cavalry Guards Regiment stormed the city of Friedland, famous for the campaign of 1807.
On the roads of the First World War, the regiment will pass from the Augustow and Kozlovo-Rudsky forests to Warsaw, Petrakov and Sventsyan, several times change its subordination, which sometimes defied any logic. Soon it will be difficult to recognize in the trenches those same brilliant guards-riders, the personal guard of the Russian emperor.
Artillery, machine guns, chemical weapons turned out to be an unbearable enemy for the cavalry. White uniforms and golden cuirasses were replaced by khaki uniforms, and training in equestrian formation changed to digging, running, crawling. The infantry in the active army required much more than the cavalry. In May 1916, a rifle division was formed, consisting of four foot squadrons. The officers of the 1st squadron came from the cavalry guard regiment, which is why it is called the cavalry guard regiment.
In July 1916 they took part in the Brusilovsky breakthrough in the Kovel region. All tasks of the cavalry guards are carried out with honor, but soon near the village of Krovatki they are replaced by infantrymen of the Irkutsk infantry regiment, and the regiment goes to the rear. On March 5, 1917, the regiment received a telegram about the abdication of the emperor. The guardsmen didn’t have to fight anymore - a revolution begins in the country ...
The revolutionary forces were well aware that the collapse of the state machine must begin with the armed forces. The belligerent army is decomposing before our eyes, discipline in units and subunits is rapidly falling. Since March 1917, the Cavalier Guard Regiment has been guarding railway stations Shepetovka and Kazatin, but not from the Germans and Austrians, but from Russian deserters. And although the first waves of deserters were stopped and order was restored at the stations, after a while the cavalry guards could only witness the unheard-of shame of the Russian army. All sorts of agitators of various stripes frequented the regiment, calling for "the overthrow of the last stronghold of tsarism", which had retained its combat capability - the Cavalier Guard Regiment.
Rallies of soldiers are held in the divisions of the cavalry guards, at which they decided to express no confidence officers and replace it with a more democratic one. Many of the officers begin to leave the regiment, not waiting for the Bolshevik turmoil. By November, only four officers remained in the regiment, who left the location of the unit on November 3. Vladimir Zvegintsev wrote in his book "Cavalier Guards in the Great and civil war": "With the departure of the last officers, the last connection with the past was broken. The soul of the regiment flew away. Polk is dead...
Most of the cavalry guard officers will participate in the White movement and will fight on different fronts of the Civil War. So, for example, in Volunteer army Denikin, there were entire squadrons of cavalry guards. However, a full-fledged cavalry guard regiment in the Russian army never existed again. And probably won't exist...
And since 1764, when one of them was formed "cavalry guard corps"- in the ranks of lieutenants, second lieutenants and ensigns.
Participation of cavalry guards in the battle of Austerlitz
The cavalry guard regiment received its baptism of fire on November 20, 1805 near Austerlitz. At the critical moment of the battle, when the Russian guards were pressed by superior French forces to the Raustitsky stream, the cavalry guards crossed the stream along the dam, after which the first three squadrons turned to the right, holding back the onslaught of the enemy, and the fourth and fifth squadrons attacked the light French cavalry besieging the Semenovsky regiment. The 4th squadron under the command of Colonel Prince N. G. Repnin-Volkonsky and the 1st platoon of the 1st squadron under the command of cornet Alexander Albrecht were surrounded. Only 18 people managed to escape - the rest were killed or were captured wounded. In total, the regiment lost a third of the officers and 226 lower ranks in the battle. For this battle, the regiment chief, Lieutenant General F. P. Uvarov and the regiment commander, Major General N. I. Depreradovich received the Order of St. George 3rd degree, Colonel N. G. Repnin-Volkonsky - the Order of St. George 4th degrees, the rest of the squadron commanders Colonels A. N. Avdulin, N. V. Titov, S. I. Ushakov, A. L. Davydov and Uvarov’s adjutants, Staff Captain P. I. Balabin and Lieutenant A. I. Chernyshev - Orders of St. Vladimir of the 4th degree, all wounded officers - golden weapons (swords), all other officers - Annen crosses "For Courage" on swords. Junckers were promoted to officers.
Participation of cavalry guards in the Battle of Borodino
In 1812, the regiment under the command of Colonel K. K. Levenvold distinguished himself near Borodino. The brigade of Major General I.E. Shevich (Cavalry and Cavalier Guard Regiments) entered the battle at a critical moment, during the third French attack on Raevsky's battery. Despite the death of Colonel Levenvold at the very beginning of the battle, the cavalry guards attacked Grusha's cavalry and crushed it. In battle, the regiment lost 14 officers and 93 lower ranks. The surviving officers were awarded: V. V. Levashov - the Order of St. George 4th degree, M. S. Lunin, S. P. Lanskoy 1st and K. V. Levashov - golden swords, all the rest - the following in seniority orders, and 63 lower ranks - insignia of a military order.
Crimean War
World War I
At the beginning of the First World War, the 1st Guards Cavalry Division, which included the cavalry regiment, became part of the Consolidated Cavalry Corps under the command of Lieutenant General Hussein Khan Nakhichevan, which constituted the right group of the army cavalry of the 1st Army. The regiment took the first battle on August 6, 1914 near the village of Kaushen during the East Prussian operation. Only in the battle near Kaushen and Kraupishken, the Cavalry Guards and the Life Guards Cavalry Regiment lost more than half of the available officers killed and wounded. The total losses amounted to about 380 people. The Germans lost 1200 people.
Then, until 1916, the regiment participated in the fighting on various fronts. White uniforms and golden cuirasses were replaced by a uniform of a protective color, and instead of training in actions in the equestrian formation, cavalry guards were taught to dig in, run over, crawl. In July 1916, the regiment took part in the Brusilovsky breakthrough. This was his last combat mission, then he was taken to the rear.
Since March 1917, the Cavalry Guards Regiment received the task of guarding the Shepetovka and Kazatin railway stations and detaining deserters. On August 30, in Sarny and Kazatin, where divisions of cavalry guards were stationed, rallies were held, the participants of which decided to "express no confidence in the entire officer corps." The commissar of the Special Army ordered: “In view of the acute distrust of the soldiers to command staff all officers who are in the ranks by September 1 must leave the regiment to be replaced by more democratic ones. By November 1, only four officers remained in the Cavalier Guard Regiment. On November 3, a new regiment commander, Colonel Abramov from the 8th Astrakhan Dragoon Regiment, arrived to them, who brought the officers an order to leave for Kyiv. The cavalry guard regiment was disbanded in November 1917.
Participation in the White movement and emigration
The officers of the Cavalier Guard Regiment in the fall of 1918 served mainly in the Circassian Cavalry Division. From the end of October 1918, the cavalry guards made up a platoon (since January 1919 - a squadron) of a team of mounted scouts of the Consolidated Guards Regiment. Since March 24, 1919, the squadron of the regiment (18 officers) under the command of captain D.V. Kossikovsky, and then the division was part of the Consolidated Regiment of the Guards Cuirassier Division (from June 19 - the 1st Guards Consolidated Cuirassier Regiment), where in July the cavalry guards were represented by two squadrons. The third squadron, formed in Lubny, joined the regiment in December 1919. From December 15, 1919, the squadron of the regiment was part of the Consolidated Guards Cavalry Regiment of the 1st Cavalry Division and the Consolidated Cavalry Brigade, and upon arrival in the Crimea from May 1, 1920, it became the 1st Squadron of the Guards Cavalry Regiment. The regiment lost 16 officers in the White movement (7 were shot, 5 were killed and 4 died of disease).
The regimental association in exile - the "Cavalry Guard Family", in 1951 consisted of 59 people. In 1938-1968, it published on a rotator the annual magazine "Bulletin of the cavalry guard family".
Regimentals
Regimentals
1817-1820 years
Non-commissioned officer, 1818
... the regiment, with its appearance, resurrected the long obsolete times of the era of Alexander I and Nicholas I, speaking in white tunic uniforms, and in winter time- in overcoats, over which shiny copper cuirasses were worn, with broadswords and rattling steel scabbards and in copper helmets, on which sharp cones or, in special cases, silvered double-headed eagles were screwed. For some reason, these eagles were called "doves" among the soldiers. The saddles were covered with large red saddlecloths trimmed with silver lace. The first line - with peaks and weathercocks.
Our usual marching uniform was black single-breasted uniforms and caps, and weapons were common to all cavalry: checkers and rifles.
But the matter was not limited to this, however, since the so-called palace dress uniform was assigned to the guards of honor in the palace, the cavalry guards and the horse guards. A red cloth cuirass was worn over the uniform, and white suede leggings, which could only be pulled on when wet, and medieval over the knee boots were worn on the legs.
Finally, for the officers of these first two cavalry regiments, there was also the so-called ballroom uniform, which was worn two or three times a year at palace balls. If we add to this the Nikolaev overcoat with a cape and a beaver collar, then we can understand how expensive the wardrobe of a guards cavalry officer was. Most tried to give orders to different tailors before release: the so-called first numbers of uniforms - to expensive tailors, and the second and third - to cheaper tailors. Unbearable for the officers, the cost of uniforms caused the creation of a cooperative guards economic society with its own workshops. Similar economic societies subsequently appeared under all large garrisons.The costs of acquiring riding horses were added to the costs of uniforms. In the guards cavalry, each officer, going out to the regiment, had to present two of his own horses that met the requirements of military service: in the army cavalry, the officer had one of his own horses, and the other - state-owned.
Marks of Excellence
- St. George standard with St. Andrew's jubilee ribbon and the inscriptions: "For distinction in the defeat and expulsion of the enemy from Russia in 1812" and "1799-1899". The first inscription was awarded on April 13, 1813 for distinction in the battle of Borodino, the second - on January 11, 1899 (Vys. gr. dated 03/19/1826, Vys. pr. dated 01/11/1899).
- 15 St. George's pipes with the inscription: "Cavalier Guard Regiment". Complained on August 30, 1814 for differences in the campaigns of 1813-1814 (High gr. dated 03/19/1826).
- Silver timpani that belonged to the Cavalry Guards in 1724. Complained April 21, 1849.
Captains
| Period | Commander | Rank | |
|---|---|---|---|
| March 30, 1724 | May 26, 1724 | Emperor Peter I | |
| April 30, 1726 | May 6, 1727 | Empress Catherine I | |
| May 7, 1727 | January 7, 1730 | Emperor Peter II | |
| February 12, 1730 | June 7, 1731 | Empress Anna Ioannovna | |
Chiefs
| Period | Commander | Rank | |
|---|---|---|---|
| July 5, 1762 | December 30, 1764 | Count Gendrikov, Ivan Simonovich | general-in-chief |
| March 25, 1765 | April 13, 1783 | Count, (since 1772) His Serene Highness Prince Orlov, Grigory Grigorievich | General-Anshef, (since 1765) Feldzeugmeister General |
| February 2, 1784 | October 5, 1791 | graph, subsequently Serene Highness Prince Taurida Potemkin, Grigory Alexandrovich | field marshal general |
| October 21, 1793 | November 11, 1796 | graph, subsequently His Serene Highness Prince Zubov, Platon Alexandrovich | feldzeugmeister general |
| November 11, 1796 | September 21, 1797 | Count Musin-Pushkin, Valentin Platonovich | cavalry general, from April 5, 1797 - Field Marshal General |
| January 11, 1799 | March 22, 1799 | Count Litta, Julius Pompeevich | vice admiral |
| March 22, 1799 | August 9, 1799 | Prince Dolgorukov, Vladimir Petrovich 4th | major general |
| August 9, 1799 | November 20, 1824 | Uvarov, Fedor Petrovich | major general, from November 5, 1800 - lieutenant general, from March 19, 1801 - adjutant general, from October 8, 1813 - cavalry general |
| July 1, 1826 | November 5, 1860 | Empress Alexandra Feodorovna | |
| November 6, 1860 | March 1, 1881 | Emperor Alexander II | |
| October 28, 1866 | October 21, 1894 | Grand Duke heir Tsarevich Alexander Alexandrovich (since March 2, 1881 - Emperor Alexander III) | |
| March 2, 1881 | March 4, 1917 | Empress Maria Feodorovna | |
Regiment commanders
| Period | Commander | Rank | |
|---|---|---|---|
| June 9, 1797 | July 25, 1798 | Marquis Dotishamp, Jean Franck Louis | lieutenant general |
| March 16, 1801 | May 16, 1803 | Golenishchev-Kutuzov, Pavel Vasilievich | major general |
| May 16, 1803 | 1810 | Depreradovich, Nikolai Ivanovich | major general, from August 30, 1813 - lieutenant general, from July 22, 1819 - adjutant general |
| 1813 | 1815 | Ershov, Ivan Zakharovich | colonel, from August 13, 1813 - major general |
| August 6, 1824 | June 25, 1833 | gr. Apraksin, Stepan Fedorovich 3rd | adjutant wing, colonel, from December 15, 1825 - major general, from September 5, 1830 - adjutant general |
| April 22, 1834 | Greenwald, Rodion Egorovich (Moritz Reinhold) | major general | |
| May 4, 1839 | December 29, 1847 | Baron Fitingof, Ivan Andreevich (Adam Christopher Johann von Fitingof Schel) | major general |
| December 29, 1847 | October 7, 1848 | Baron Mengden, Evstafiy Romanovich (Gustav Reingold) | major general |
| October 7, 1848 | December 6, 1851 | Bezobrazov, Sergey Dmitrievich | major general |
| December 6, 1851 | April 2, 1861 | Count Brevern de Lagardie, Alexander Ivanovich | colonel, from March 30, 1852 - major general, from April 23, 1855 - major general of the Suite, from August 26, 1856 - adjutant general |
| April 9, 1861 | September 5, 1866 | Prince Baryatinsky, Vladimir Ivanovich | major general of the Suite, from September 5, 1866 - adjutant general |
| September 7, 1866 | December 18, 1873 | Count Musin-Pushkin, Alexander Ivanovich | Major General of the Retinue |
| December 18, 1873 | January 11, 1881 | Count Ignatiev, Alexey Pavlovich | adjutant wing, colonel, from August 30, 1875 - Major General of the Suite |
| January 11, 1881 | June 14, 1884 | Shipov, Nikolai Nikolaevich (senior) | adjutant wing, colonel, from May 15, 1883 - major general |
| June 14, 1884 | January 22, 1892 | Timiryazev, Nikolai Arkadievich | colonel, from August 30, 1884 - major general |
| February 3, 1892 | August 11, 1896 | Baron Greenwald, Arthur Alexandrovich (Arthur Otto Moritz) | Major General, from May 15, 1896 - Major General of the Suite |
| August 11, 1896 | May 16, 1900 | Nikolaev, Alexander Nikolaevich | Major General, from January 11, 1899 - Major General of the Suite |
| May 30, 1900 | April 6, 1904 | Bezobrazov, Vladimir Mikhailovich | colonel, from July 22, 1900 - major general |
| April 6, 1904 | October 28, 1908 | Prince Yusupov, Felix Feliksovich (senior) Count Sumarokov-Elston | colonel, from July 22, 1905 - major general, from December 9, 1905 - major general of the Suite |
| October 28, 1908 | January 1, 1912 | Baron Mengden, Georgy Georgievich | major general |
| January 1, 1912 | December 17, 1912 | Grand Duke Mikhail Alexandrovich | adjutant colonel |
| December 17, 1912 | November 15, 1914 | Prince Dolgorukov, Alexander Nikolaevich | colonel, from April 6, 1914 - major general |
| November 15, 1914 | May 7, 1916 | Prince Eristov, Alexander Nikolaevich | Colonel, from March 22, 1915 - Major General, from October 22, 1915 - Major General of the Suite |
| May 17, 1916 | May 28, 1917 | Shipov, Nikolai Nikolaevich (junior) | colonel, from December 13, 1916 - major general, from January 13, 1917 - major general of the Suite |
| June 4, 1917 | Prince Yeletsky, Leonid Vasilyevich | colonel | |
| Voevodsky, Georgy Stepanovich (acting) | staff captain | ||
| November 3, 1917 | Abramov | colonel | |
| Zvegintsov, Vladimir Nikolaevich - the last regiment commander | colonel | ||
Notable cavalry guards
Addresses
The arena and barracks of the Cavalry Guards Regiment, decorated with statues of Mars and Bellona, were built on Shpalernaya Street (houses 41 and 43) in 1800-1806 according to the project of architect Luigi Rusca.
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Notes
- ill. 204. Cavalier guard timpani and Cavalier guard in 1724 // A. V. Viskovatova.
- comp. Jacob von Lude, grav. Christian Geisler. ill. 8. Cavalier Guard. // 11 p., l. front., 88 l. ill. - St. Petersburg. : Type. Land. cadet. corps, 1793.
- // History of the cavalry guards and her majesty's cavalry guard regiment, from 1724 to July 1, 1851. - St. Petersburg. : Military. type., 1851. - S. CVI.
- Story great war. M., 1916, vol. III, p.147
- ill. 1157. Cavalier Guard Helmets, 1799 // Historical description of clothing and weapons of the Russian troops, with drawings, compiled by the highest command: in 30 tons, in 60 books. / Ed. A. V. Viskovatova.
- ill. 1158. Cavalier Guard Helmets, 1799 // Historical description of clothing and weapons of the Russian troops, with drawings, compiled by the highest command: in 30 tons, in 60 books. / Ed. A. V. Viskovatova.
- ill. 699. Chief Officer and Trumpeter of Her Majesty's Cavalry Guards and L. Guards. Horse regiments. 1845 // Historical description of clothing and weapons of the Russian troops, with drawings, compiled by the highest command: in 30 tons, in 60 books. / Ed. A. V. Viskovatova.- Paris: Imp. Lemercier, 1861-1862.
Literature
- on the Runivers website
- on the Runivers website
- Cavalier guards. Regiments of the Russian army. M., 1997
- Age of cavalry guards. Documentary. 10 episodes. Russia, 2002.
- (ed. S. A. Panchulidzev). M: 2001-2008. In 4 volumes. Reprint of the 1901 edition
- V. N. Zvegintsov. - Tanais, Paris. 1966
- V. N. Zvegintsov.
- V. N. Zvegintsov.
- 0-2 (1938-1939), 1951-1961.
- 1962-1974.
- History of the Cavalry Guards and Her Majesty's Cavalier Guard Regiment from 1724 to July 1, 1851. - Reprint edition of 1851 - St. Petersburg: Alfaret, 2008.
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An excerpt characterizing the Cavalier Guard Regiment
“Is he really my husband, this particular stranger, handsome, kind man; the main thing is kindness, ”thought Princess Marya, and fear, which almost never came to her, came over her. She was afraid to look back; she fancied that someone was standing behind the screens, in a dark corner. And this someone was he - the devil, and he - this man with a white forehead, black eyebrows and a ruddy mouth.She called the maid and asked her to lie down in her room.
M lle Bourienne walked for a long time in the winter garden that evening, waiting in vain for someone and then smiling at someone, then moving to tears with the imaginary words pauvre mere, reproaching her for her fall.
The little princess grumbled at the maid because the bed was not good. She could not lie on her side or on her chest. Everything was hard and awkward. Her stomach bothered her. He interfered with her more than ever, precisely today, because the presence of Anatole transferred her more vividly to another time, when this was not the case and everything was easy and fun for her. She was sitting in a blouse and cap on an armchair. Katya, sleepy and with a tangled scythe, interrupted and turned over the heavy feather bed for the third time, saying something.
“I told you that everything is bumps and pits,” the little princess repeated, “I myself would be glad to fall asleep, therefore, it’s not my fault,” and her voice trembled, like that of a child about to cry.
The old prince did not sleep either. Tikhon, through his sleep, heard him walking angrily and snorting his nose. It seemed to the old prince that he was offended for his daughter. The insult is the most painful, because it did not apply to him, but to another, to his daughter, whom he loves more than himself. He told himself that he would rethink the whole thing and find what was right and right to do, but instead he only annoyed himself more.
“The first person he met appeared - and the father and everything is forgotten, and runs upstairs, combs her hair and wags her tail, and she doesn’t look like herself! Glad to leave my father! And she knew that I would notice. Fr... fr... fr... And don't I see that this fool is only looking at Buryenka (I must drive her away)! And how pride is not enough to understand this! Though not for myself, if there is no pride, so for me, at least. We need to show her that this blockhead does not think about her, but only looks at Bourienne. She has no pride, but I will show it to her "...
Having told his daughter that she was mistaken, that Anatole intended to look after Bourienne, the old prince knew that he would irritate Princess Mary's pride, and his case (desire not to be separated from his daughter) would be won, and therefore calmed down on this. He called Tikhon and began to undress.
“And the devil brought them! - he thought while Tikhon covered his dry, senile body, overgrown on his chest with a nightgown. gray hair. - I didn't call them. They came to ruin my life. And there's a little left."
- To hell! he said while his head was still covered with a shirt.
Tikhon knew the prince's habit of sometimes expressing his thoughts aloud, and therefore, with an unchanged face, he met the inquiringly angry look of the face that appeared from under his shirt.
- Lie down? the prince asked.
Tikhon, like all good lackeys, instinctively knew the direction of the master's thoughts. He guessed that they were asking about Prince Vasily and his son.
- We deigned to lie down and put out the fire, Your Excellency.
“There’s nothing, there’s nothing ...” the prince said quickly and, putting his feet into his shoes and hands into his dressing gown, went to the sofa on which he slept.
Despite the fact that nothing was said between Anatole and m lle Bourienne, they completely understood each other in relation to the first part of the novel, before the pauvre mere appeared, they realized that they had a lot to say to each other secretly, and therefore in the morning they were looking for an opportunity see you alone. While the princess went to her father at the usual hour, m lle Bourienne met with Anatole in the winter garden.
Princess Mary approached that day with special trepidation to the door of the office. It seemed to her that not only did everyone know that today the decision of her fate would be made, but that they knew what she thought about it. She read this expression in the face of Tikhon and in the face of Prince Vasily's valet, who, with hot water met in the corridor and bowed low to her.
The old prince this morning was extremely affectionate and diligent in his treatment of his daughter. This expression of diligence was well known to Princess Mary. This was the expression that used to appear on his face at those moments when his dry hands clenched into a fist from vexation because Princess Mary did not understand an arithmetical problem, and he, getting up, moved away from her and in a low voice repeated several times the same and the same words.
He immediately got down to business and began the conversation by saying "you."
“They made me a proposition about you,” he said, smiling unnaturally. “I think you guessed,” he continued, “that Prince Vasily came here and brought his pupil with him (for some reason, Prince Nikolai Andreevich called Anatole a pupil) not for my beautiful eyes. I made a proposition about you yesterday. And since you know my rules, I treated you.
“How can I understand you, mon pere?” said the princess, turning pale and blushing.
- How to understand! the father shouted angrily. - Prince Vasily finds you to his liking for his daughter-in-law and makes you a proposition for his pupil. Here's how to understand. How to understand?! ... And I ask you.
“I don’t know about you, mon pere,” the princess said in a whisper.
- I? I? what am I? then leave me aside. I won't get married. What do you? Here is what you want to know.
The princess saw that her father looked at this matter with unkindness, but at that very moment the thought came to her that now or never the fate of her life would be decided. She lowered her eyes so as not to see the look, under the influence of which she felt that she could not think, but could only obey out of habit, and said:
“I desire only one thing - to fulfill your will,” she said, “but if my desire had to be expressed ...
She didn't have time to finish. The prince interrupted her.
“And wonderful,” he shouted. - He will take you with a dowry, and by the way, he will capture m lle Bourienne. She will be a wife, and you ...
The prince stopped. He noticed the effect these words had on his daughter. She lowered her head and was about to cry.
“Well, well, I’m kidding, I’m kidding,” he said. - Remember one thing, princess: I adhere to those rules that the girl has every right to choose. And I give you freedom. Remember one thing: the happiness of your life depends on your decision. There is nothing to say about me.
- Yes, I don't know ... mon pere.
- Nothing to say! They tell him, he will marry not only you, whom you want to marry; and you are free to choose ... Come to yourself, think it over and in an hour come to me and say in front of him: yes or no. I know you will pray. Well, please pray. Just think better. Go. Yes or no, yes or no, yes or no! - he shouted even at that time, as the princess, as if in a fog, staggering, had already left the office.
Her fate was decided and decided happily. But what the father said about m lle Bourienne - this hint was terrible. Not true, let's say, but all the same it was terrible, she could not help but think about it. She was walking straight ahead through the conservatory, seeing and hearing nothing, when suddenly the familiar whisper of m lle Bourienne woke her up. She raised her eyes and saw Anatole two paces away, embracing the Frenchwoman and whispering something to her. Anatole, with a terrible expression on his beautiful face, looked back at Princess Mary and in the first second did not let go of the waist of m lle Bourienne, who did not see her.
"Who is here? For what? Wait!" as if Anatole's face was speaking. Princess Mary looked at them silently. She couldn't understand it. Finally, m lle Bourienne screamed and ran away, and Anatole bowed to Princess Mary with a cheerful smile, as if inviting her to laugh at this strange incident, and, shrugging his shoulders, went through the door leading to his quarters.
An hour later Tikhon came to call Princess Mary. He called her to the prince and added that Prince Vasily Sergeyevich was there too. The princess, while Tikhon came, was sitting on the sofa in her room and holding the weeping m lla Bourienne in her arms. Princess Mary gently stroked her head. The beautiful eyes of the princess, with all their former calmness and radiance, looked with tender love and pity at the pretty face of m lle Bourienne.
- Non, princesse, je suis perdue pour toujours dans votre coeur, [No, princess, I have lost your favor forever,] - said m lle Bourienne.
– Pourquoi? Je vous aime plus, que jamais, said Princess Mary, et je tacherai de faire tout ce qui est en mon pouvoir pour votre bonheur. [Why? I love you more than ever, and I will try to do everything in my power for your happiness.]
- Mais vous me meprisez, vous si pure, vous ne comprendrez jamais cet egarement de la passion. Ah, ce n "est que ma pauvre mere ... [But you are so pure, you despise me; you will never understand this infatuation of passion. Ah, my poor mother ...]
- Je comprends tout, [I understand everything,] - answered Princess Mary, smiling sadly. - Calm down, my friend. I'll go to my father, - she said and went out.
Prince Vasily, with his leg bent high, with a snuffbox in his hands and as if utterly moved, as if he himself regretted and laughed at his sensitivity, sat with a smile of tenderness on his face when Princess Mary entered. He hurriedly raised a pinch of tobacco to his nose.
“Ah, ma bonne, ma bonne, [Ah, dear, dear.],” he said, standing up and taking both of her hands. He sighed and added, “Le sort de mon fils est en vos mains.” Decidez, ma bonne, ma chere, ma douee Marieie qui j "ai toujours aimee, comme ma fille. [The fate of my son is in your hands. Decide, my dear, my dear, my meek Marie, whom I have always loved like a daughter. ]
He went out. A real tear appeared in his eyes.
“Fr… fr…” snorted Prince Nikolai Andreevich.
- The prince, on behalf of his pupil ... son, makes a proposition for you. Do you want or not to be the wife of Prince Anatole Kuragin? You say yes or no! he shouted, “and then I reserve the right to say my opinion. Yes, my opinion and only my own opinion, ”added Prince Nikolai Andreevich, turning to Prince Vasily and answering his imploring expression. - Yes or no?
“My desire, mon pere, is never to leave you, never to share my life with yours. I don’t want to get married,” she said resolutely, looking with her beautiful eyes at Prince Vasily and at her father.
- Nonsense, nonsense! Nonsense, nonsense, nonsense! Prince Nikolai Andreevich shouted, frowning, took his daughter by the hand, bent her to him and did not kiss, but only bending his forehead to her forehead, touched her and squeezed the hand he was holding so that she winced and screamed.
Prince Vasily got up.
- Ma chere, je vous dirai, que c "est un moment que je n" oublrai jamais, jamais; mais, ma bonne, est ce que vous ne nous donnerez pas un peu d "esperance de toucher ce coeur si bon, si genereux. Dites, que peut etre ... L" avenir est si grand. Dites: peut etre. [My dear, I will tell you that I will never forget this moment, but, my kindest, give us at least a small hope of being able to touch this heart, so kind and generous. Say: maybe... The future is so great. Say maybe.]
- Prince, what I said is everything that is in my heart. I thank you for the honor, but I will never be your son's wife.
“Well, it’s over, my dear. Very glad to see you, very glad to see you. Come to yourself, princess, come, - said the old prince. “Very, very glad to see you,” he repeated, embracing Prince Vasily.
“My vocation is different,” Princess Marya thought to herself, my vocation is to be happy with another happiness, the happiness of love and self-sacrifice. And whatever it costs me, I will make poor Ame happy. She loves him so passionately. She repents so passionately. I will do everything to arrange her marriage to him. If he is not rich, I will give her money, I will ask my father, I will ask Andrey. I will be so happy when she is his wife. She is so unhappy, a stranger, lonely, without help! And my God, how passionately she loves, if she could so forget herself. Perhaps I would have done the same!…” thought Princess Mary.
For a long time the Rostovs had no news of Nikolushka; only in the middle of winter was a letter handed over to the count, at the address of which he recognized the hand of his son. Having received the letter, the count, frightened and hastily, trying not to be noticed, ran on tiptoe to his office, locked himself and began to read. Anna Mikhailovna, learning (as she knew everything about what was going on in the house) about the receipt of the letter, with a quiet step went to the count and found him sobbing and laughing together with the letter in his hands. Anna Mikhailovna, despite her improved affairs, continued to live with the Rostovs.
Mon bon ami? - Anna Mikhailovna said inquiringly sadly and with a readiness of any participation.
The Count sobbed even more. "Nikolushka... letter... wounded... would... be... ma shere... wounded... my darling... countess... promoted to officer... thank God... Countess how to say?..."
Anna Mikhailovna sat down beside him, wiped away the tears from his eyes, from the letter dripped by them, and her own tears with her handkerchief, read the letter, reassured the count, and decided that before dinner and before tea she would prepare the countess, and after tea she would announce everything, if God will help her.
All the time of dinner, Anna Mikhailovna talked about rumors of war, about Nikolushka; she asked twice when the last letter from him had been received, although she had known this before, and remarked that it was very easy, perhaps even today, to receive a letter. Every time, at these hints, the countess began to worry and glance anxiously first at the count, then at Anna Mikhailovna, Anna Mikhailovna in the most imperceptible way reduced the conversation to insignificant subjects. Natasha, most endowed of all the family with the ability to feel the shades of intonations, looks and facial expressions, from the beginning of dinner pricked up her ears and knew that there was something between her father and Anna Mikhailovna and something concerning her brother, and that Anna Mikhailovna was preparing. Despite all her courage (Natasha knew how sensitive her mother was to everything related to the news about Nikolushka), she did not dare to ask a question at dinner and, from anxiety at dinner, did not eat anything and fidgeted in her chair, not listening to the remarks of her governess. After dinner she rushed headlong to overtake Anna Mikhaylovna and, in the sofa room, threw herself on her neck from a running start.
- Aunty, my dear, tell me what is it?
“Nothing, my friend.
- No, darling, my dear, dear, peach, I will not leave you, I know that you know.
Anna Mikhailovna shook her head.
“Voua etes une fine mouche, mon enfant, [You are an agitator, my child.],” she said.
- Is there a letter from Nikolenka? Maybe! cried Natasha, reading the affirmative answer in the face of Anna Mikhailovna.
- But for God's sake, be careful: you know how it can hit your maman.
- I will, I will, but tell me. Won't you tell? Well, I'll go tell you now.
Anna Mikhailovna briefly told Natasha the contents of the letter on the condition that she not tell anyone.
“Honest, noble word,” Natasha said, crossing herself, “I won’t tell anyone,” and immediately ran to Sonya.
“Nikolenka…wounded…a letter…” she said solemnly and joyfully.
– Nicholas! - only Sonya uttered, instantly turning pale.
Natasha, seeing the impression made on Sonya by the news of her brother's wound, for the first time felt the whole sad side of this news.
She rushed to Sonya, hugged her and cried. - Slightly wounded, but promoted to officer; he is healthy now, he writes himself, she said through tears.
“It’s clear that all you women are crybabies,” said Petya, pacing the room with resolute long steps. - I am so very glad and, really, very glad that my brother has distinguished himself so much. You are all nurses! you don't understand anything. Natasha smiled through her tears.
- Have you read the letters? Sonya asked.
- I didn’t read it, but she said that everything was over, and that he was already an officer ...
“Thank God,” Sonya said, making the sign of the cross. “But maybe she deceived you. Let's go to maman.
Petya silently paced the room.
“If I were in Nikolushka’s place, I would have killed even more of these Frenchmen,” he said, “they are so vile!” I would have beaten so many of them that they would have made a bunch of them, ”Petya continued.
- Shut up, Petya, what a fool you are! ...
“I’m not a fool, but those who cry over trifles are fools,” said Petya.
– Do you remember him? Natasha suddenly asked after a moment's silence. Sonya smiled: "Do you remember Nicolas?"
“No, Sonya, do you remember him in such a way that you remember well, that you remember everything,” Natasha said with a studious gesture, apparently wanting to attach the most serious significance to her words. “And I remember Nikolenka, I remember,” she said. I don't remember Boris. I don't remember at all...
- How? Do you remember Boris? Sonya asked in surprise.
- Not that I don’t remember - I know what he is, but I don’t remember it like Nikolenka. Him, I close my eyes and remember, but there is no Boris (she closed her eyes), so, no - nothing!
“Ah, Natasha,” said Sonya, looking enthusiastically and seriously at her friend, as if she considered her unworthy to hear what she was about to say, and as if she was saying it to someone else with whom one should not joke. “I once fell in love with your brother, and no matter what happens to him, to me, I will never stop loving him all my life.
Natasha looked at Sonya with curious eyes and was silent. She felt that what Sonya was saying was true, that there was such love that Sonya was talking about; but Natasha had never experienced anything like it. She believed that it could be, but did not understand.
Will you write to him? she asked.
Sonya considered. The question of how to write to Nicolas and whether it was necessary to write and how to write was a question that tormented her. Now that he was already an officer and a wounded hero, would it be good of her to remind him of herself and, as it were, of the obligation he had assumed towards her.
- Don't know; I think, if he writes, - and I will write, - she said, blushing.
- And you will not be ashamed to write to him?
Sonya smiled.
- No.
- And I will be ashamed to write to Boris, I will not write.
- But why are you ashamed? Yes, I don’t know. Embarrassing, embarrassing.
“But I know why she will be ashamed,” said Petya, offended by Natasha’s first remark, “because she was in love with this fat man with glasses (as Petya called his namesake, the new Count Bezukhy); now she is in love with this singer (Petya spoke about the Italian, Natasha's singing teacher): so she is ashamed.
“Petya, you are stupid,” said Natasha.
“No stupider than you, mother,” said nine-year-old Petya, as if he were an old foreman.
The countess was prepared by Anna Mikhailovna's hints during dinner. Having gone to her room, she, sitting on an armchair, did not take her eyes off the miniature portrait of her son, fixed in a snuff box, and tears welled up in her eyes. Anna Mikhailovna, with the letter on tiptoe, went up to the countess's room and stopped.
“Don’t come in,” she said to the old count, who was following her, “after,” and she closed the door behind her.
The count put his ear to the lock and began to listen.
First he heard the sounds of indifferent speeches, then one sound of Anna Mikhaylovna's voice speaking a long speech, then a cry, then silence, then again both voices spoke together with joyful intonations, and then footsteps, and Anna Mikhaylovna opened the door for him. On the face of Anna Mikhailovna there was a proud expression of a cameraman who had completed a difficult amputation and was leading the public in so that they could appreciate his art.
- C "est fait! [It's done!] - she said to the count, pointing solemnly at the countess, who held a snuffbox with a portrait in one hand, a letter in the other and pressed her lips first to one, then to the other.
Seeing the count, she stretched out her arms to him, hugged his bald head, and through the bald head again looked at the letter and portrait, and again, in order to press them to her lips, slightly pushed the bald head away. Vera, Natasha, Sonya and Petya entered the room and the reading began. The letter briefly described the campaign and two battles in which Nikolushka participated, promotion to officers and said that he kisses the hands of maman and papa, asking for their blessings, and kisses Vera, Natasha, Petya. In addition, he bows to Mr. Sheling, and to mme Shos and the nurse, and, in addition, asks to kiss dear Sonya, whom he still loves and remembers in the same way. On hearing this, Sonya blushed so that tears came into her eyes. And, unable to endure the looks that turned on her, she ran into the hall, ran away, whirled, and, inflating her dress with a balloon, flushed and smiling, sat down on the floor. The Countess was crying.
“What are you crying about, maman?” Vera said. - Everything that he writes should be rejoicing, not crying.
It was perfectly fair, but the count, the countess, and Natasha all looked at her reproachfully. “And who did she turn out like that!” thought the countess.
Nikolushka's letter was read hundreds of times, and those who were considered worthy to listen to him had to come to the countess, who did not let go of him. Tutors, nannies, Mitenka, some acquaintances came, and the countess reread the letter each time with new pleasure and each time discovered new virtues in her Nikolushka from this letter. How strange, unusual, how joyful it was for her that her son was the son who was moving in her very tiny members 20 years ago, the son for whom she quarreled with the spoiled count, the son who had learned to say before: “ pear ”, and then“ woman ”, that this son is now there, in a foreign land, in a foreign environment, a courageous warrior, alone, without help and guidance, is doing some kind of masculine business there. The entire world age-old experience, indicating that children imperceptibly from the cradle become husbands, did not exist for the countess. The maturation of her son in every season of maturation was just as extraordinary for her, as if there had never been millions of millions of people who had matured in the same way. Just as she couldn’t believe 20 years ago that that little creature that lived somewhere under her heart would scream and begin to suck her breast and start talking, so now she couldn’t believe that this same creature could be that strong, a brave man, a model of sons and people, which he was now, judging by this letter.
- What a calm, as he describes cute! she said, reading the descriptive part of the letter. And what a soul! Nothing about me… nothing! About some Denisov, but he himself, it’s true, is braver than all of them. He writes nothing about his sufferings. What a heart! How do I recognize him! And how I remembered everyone! Didn't forget anyone. I always, always said, even when he was like this, I always said ...
For more than a week they prepared, wrote brillons and wrote letters to Nikolushka from the whole house in a clean copy; under the supervision of the countess and the care of the count, the necessary gizmos and money were collected for the uniform and equipment of the newly promoted officer. Anna Mikhailovna, a practical woman, managed to arrange protection for herself and her son in the army, even for correspondence. She had the opportunity to send her letters to the Grand Duke Konstantin Pavlovich, who commanded the guard. The Rostovs assumed that the Russian guards abroad had a completely definitive address, and that if the letter reached the Grand Duke who commanded the guards, then there was no reason for it not to reach the Pavlograd regiment, which should be nearby; and therefore it was decided to send letters and money through the courier of the Grand Duke to Boris, and Boris was already supposed to deliver them to Nikolushka. Letters were from the old count, from the countess, from Petya, from Vera, from Natasha, from Sonya and, finally, 6,000 money for uniforms and various things that the count sent to his son.
Cuirass officer of the Cavalier Guard Regiment 1880s
Participation of cavalry guards in the battle of Austerlitz
The cavalry guard regiment received its baptism of fire on November 20, 1805 near Austerlitz. At the critical moment of the battle, when the Russian guards were pressed by superior French forces to the Raustitsky stream, the cavalry guards crossed the stream along the dam, after which the first three squadrons turned to the right, holding back the onslaught of the enemy, and the fourth and fifth squadrons attacked the light French cavalry besieging the Semenovsky regiment. The 4th squadron under the command of Colonel Prince N. G. Repnin-Volkonsky and the 1st platoon of the 1st squadron under the command of cornet Alexander Albrecht were surrounded. Only 18 people managed to escape - the rest were killed or were captured wounded. In total, the regiment lost a third of the officers and 226 lower ranks in the battle. For this battle, the regiment chief, Lieutenant General F. P. Uvarov and the regiment commander, Major General N. I. Depreradovich received the Order of St. George 3rd degree, Colonel N. G. Repnin-Volkonsky - the Order of St. George 4th degrees, the remaining squadron commanders, Colonels A. N. Avdulin, N. V. Titov, S. I. Ushakov, A. L. Davydov and Uvarov’s adjutants, Staff Captain P. I. Balabin and Lieutenant A. I. Chernyshev - of the Order of St. Vladimir of the 4th degree, all wounded officers - golden weapons (swords), all other officers - Annen crosses "For Courage" on swords. Junckers were promoted to officers.
Participation of cavalry guards in the Battle of Borodino
In 1812, the regiment under the command of Colonel K. K. Levenvold distinguished himself near Borodino. The brigade of Major General I.E. Shevich (Cavalry and Cavalier Guard Regiments) entered the battle at a critical moment, during the third French attack on Raevsky's battery. Despite the death of Colonel Levenvold at the very beginning of the battle, the cavalry guards attacked Grusha's cavalry and crushed it. In battle, the regiment lost 14 officers and 93 lower ranks. The surviving officers were awarded: N. F. Levashov - the Order of St. George of the 4th degree, M. S. Lunin, S. P. Lanskoy and K. V. Levashov - golden swords, all the rest - the next orders in seniority , and 63 lower ranks - Insignia of the military order.
The 100th anniversary of the regiment was magnificently celebrated on January 11 of the year. A commemorative medal and a special token were made. The compilation of a four-volume edition of the biographies of the cavalry guards began, which eventually included the biographies of the officers who served in the regiment in 1724-1908. On this day, a parade of the regiment took place in the Mikhailovsky Manege with the presentation of a new banner, after which a breakfast was given for officers in the Anichkov Palace.
Military uniform, 1914. Cavalier Guards of Her Majesty the Empress Maria Feodorovna
Regimentals
... the regiment, with its appearance, resurrected the long-obsolete times of the era of Alexander I and Nicholas I, speaking in white tunic uniforms, and in winter - in overcoats, over which shiny copper cuirasses were worn, with broadswords and rattling steel scabbards and copper helmets, on which sharp cones were screwed or, in special cases, silver-plated double-headed eagles. For some reason, these eagles were called "doves" among the soldiers. The saddles were covered with large red saddlecloths trimmed with silver lace. The first line - with peaks and weathercocks.
Our usual marching uniform was black single-breasted uniforms and caps, and weapons were common to all cavalry: checkers and rifles.
But the matter was not limited to this, however, since the so-called palace dress uniform was assigned to the guards of honor in the palace, the cavalry guards and the horse guards. A red cloth cuirass was worn over the uniform, and white suede leggings, which could only be pulled on when wet, and medieval over the knee boots were worn on the legs.
Finally, for the officers of these first two cavalry regiments, there was also the so-called ballroom uniform, which was worn two or three times a year at palace balls. If we add to this the Nikolaev overcoat with a cape and a beaver collar, then we can understand how expensive the wardrobe of a guards cavalry officer was. Most tried to give orders to different tailors before release: the so-called first numbers of uniforms - to expensive tailors, and the second and third - to cheaper tailors. Unbearable for the officers, the cost of uniforms caused the creation of a cooperative guards economic society with its own workshops. Similar economic societies subsequently appeared under all large garrisons.
The costs of acquiring riding horses were added to the costs of uniforms. In the guards cavalry, each officer, going out to the regiment, had to present two of his own horses that met the requirements of military service: in the army cavalry, the officer had one of his own horses, and the other - state-owned.
Notable people who served in the regiment
- Voeikov, Vladimir Nikolaevich - Colonel, the last palace commandant of Nicholas II
- Volkonsky, Sergei Grigorievich - Major General, Decembrist
- Davydov, Denis Vasilievich - hero of the Patriotic War of 1812, major general, poet
- Dantes, Georges Charles, Baron de Gekkeren - the murderer of A. S. Pushkin
- Ignatiev, Alexey Alekseevich - author of the memoirs "50 years in the ranks"
- Krivsky, Pavel Alexandrovich - member of the State Council
- Lunin, Mikhail Sergeevich - Decembrist
- Maltsov, Sergey Ivanovich - major general, first director of the School of Law, industrialist
- Mannerheim, Carl Gustav Emil - Colonel of the Russian Army, Field Marshal of the Finnish Army, Commander-in-Chief of the Finnish Armed Forces, President of Finland
- Martynov, Nikolai Solomonovich - the killer of M. Yu. Lermontov
- Muravyov, Alexander Mikhailovich - Decembrist, younger brother of Nikita Muravyov
- Orlov-Davydov, Vladimir Vladimirovich - Governor of Simbirsk
- Orlov-Denisov, Pyotr Mikhailovich - the hero of the assault on Geok-Tepe
- Petrov, Pavel Ivanovich - Governor of Podolsk
- Rodzianko, Mikhail Vladimirovich - Chairman of the III and IV State Duma
- Skobelev, Dmitry Ivanovich - Lieutenant General
- Skobelev, Mikhail Dmitrievich - General of Infantry
- Skoropadsky, Pavel Petrovich - Hetman of Ukraine
- Sukhtelen, Pavel Petrovich - Lieutenant General, Adjutant General
Bibliography
- Cavalier guards. Regiments of the Russian army. M., 1997
- Age of cavalry guards. Documentary. 10 episodes. Russia, 2002.
- Collection of biographies of cavalry guards (ed. S. A. Panchulidzev). M: 2001-2008. In 4 volumes. Reprint of the 1901 edition
History of appearance in Russia
In Russia cavalry guards first appeared on March 30 of the year in the form of an honorary convoy of Empress Catherine I, formed on the day of her coronation. The sovereign himself assumed the rank of their captain; officers were generals and colonels, corporals - lieutenant colonels, and privates (60 people) were chosen from the tallest and most representative chief officers. This cavalry company of the Cavalry Guards was given a special elegant uniform, silver pipes and timpani. At the end of the coronation celebrations, it was disbanded.
Cuirass officer of the Cavalier Guard Regiment 1880s
Participation of cavalry guards in the battle of Austerlitz
The cavalry guard regiment received its baptism of fire on November 20, 1805 near Austerlitz. At the critical moment of the battle, when the Russian guards were pressed by superior French forces to the Raustitsky stream, the cavalry guards crossed the stream along the dam, after which the first three squadrons turned to the right, holding back the onslaught of the enemy, and the fourth and fifth squadrons attacked the light French cavalry besieging the Semenovsky regiment. The 4th squadron under the command of Colonel Prince N. G. Repnin-Volkonsky and the 1st platoon of the 1st squadron under the command of cornet Alexander Albrecht were surrounded. Only 18 people managed to escape - the rest were killed or were captured wounded. In total, the regiment lost a third of the officers and 226 lower ranks in the battle. For this battle, the regiment chief, Lieutenant General F. P. Uvarov and the regiment commander, Major General N. I. Depreradovich received the Order of St. George 3rd degree, Colonel N. G. Repnin-Volkonsky - the Order of St. George 4th degrees, the remaining squadron commanders, Colonels A. N. Avdulin, N. V. Titov, S. I. Ushakov, A. L. Davydov and Uvarov’s adjutants, Staff Captain P. I. Balabin and Lieutenant A. I. Chernyshev - of the Order of St. Vladimir of the 4th degree, all wounded officers - golden weapons (swords), all other officers - Annen crosses "For Courage" on swords. Junckers were promoted to officers.
Participation of cavalry guards in the Battle of Borodino
In 1812, the regiment under the command of Colonel K. K. Levenvold distinguished himself near Borodino. The brigade of Major General I.E. Shevich (Cavalry and Cavalier Guard Regiments) entered the battle at a critical moment, during the third French attack on Raevsky's battery. Despite the death of Colonel Levenvold at the very beginning of the battle, the cavalry guards attacked Grusha's cavalry and crushed it. In battle, the regiment lost 14 officers and 93 lower ranks. The surviving officers were awarded: N. F. Levashov - the Order of St. George of the 4th degree, M. S. Lunin, S. P. Lanskoy and K. V. Levashov - golden swords, all the rest - the next orders in seniority , and 63 lower ranks - Insignia of the military order.
The 100th anniversary of the regiment was magnificently celebrated on January 11 of the year. A commemorative medal and a special token were made. The compilation of a four-volume edition of the biographies of the cavalry guards began, which eventually included the biographies of the officers who served in the regiment in 1724-1908. On this day, a parade of the regiment took place in the Mikhailovsky Manege with the presentation of a new banner, after which a breakfast was given for officers in the Anichkov Palace.
Military uniform, 1914. Cavalier Guards of Her Majesty the Empress Maria Feodorovna
Regimentals
... the regiment, with its appearance, resurrected the long-obsolete times of the era of Alexander I and Nicholas I, speaking in white tunic uniforms, and in winter - in overcoats, over which shiny copper cuirasses were worn, with broadswords and rattling steel scabbards and copper helmets, on which sharp cones were screwed or, in special cases, silver-plated double-headed eagles. For some reason, these eagles were called "doves" among the soldiers. The saddles were covered with large red saddlecloths trimmed with silver lace. The first line - with peaks and weathercocks.
Our usual marching uniform was black single-breasted uniforms and caps, and weapons were common to all cavalry: checkers and rifles.
But the matter was not limited to this, however, since the so-called palace dress uniform was assigned to the guards of honor in the palace, the cavalry guards and the horse guards. A red cloth cuirass was worn over the uniform, and white suede leggings, which could only be pulled on when wet, and medieval over the knee boots were worn on the legs.
Finally, for the officers of these first two cavalry regiments, there was also the so-called ballroom uniform, which was worn two or three times a year at palace balls. If we add to this the Nikolaev overcoat with a cape and a beaver collar, then we can understand how expensive the wardrobe of a guards cavalry officer was. Most tried to give orders to different tailors before release: the so-called first numbers of uniforms - to expensive tailors, and the second and third - to cheaper tailors. Unbearable for the officers, the cost of uniforms caused the creation of a cooperative guards economic society with its own workshops. Similar economic societies subsequently appeared under all large garrisons.
The costs of acquiring riding horses were added to the costs of uniforms. In the guards cavalry, each officer, going out to the regiment, had to present two of his own horses that met the requirements of military service: in the army cavalry, the officer had one of his own horses, and the other - state-owned.
Notable people who served in the regiment
- Voeikov, Vladimir Nikolaevich - Colonel, the last palace commandant of Nicholas II
- Volkonsky, Sergei Grigorievich - Major General, Decembrist
- Davydov, Denis Vasilievich - hero of the Patriotic War of 1812, major general, poet
- Dantes, Georges Charles, Baron de Gekkeren - the murderer of A. S. Pushkin
- Ignatiev, Alexey Alekseevich - author of the memoirs "50 years in the ranks"
- Krivsky, Pavel Alexandrovich - member of the State Council
- Lunin, Mikhail Sergeevich - Decembrist
- Maltsov, Sergey Ivanovich - major general, first director of the School of Law, industrialist
- Mannerheim, Carl Gustav Emil - Colonel of the Russian Army, Field Marshal of the Finnish Army, Commander-in-Chief of the Finnish Armed Forces, President of Finland
- Martynov, Nikolai Solomonovich - the killer of M. Yu. Lermontov
- Muravyov, Alexander Mikhailovich - Decembrist, younger brother of Nikita Muravyov
- Orlov-Davydov, Vladimir Vladimirovich - Governor of Simbirsk
- Orlov-Denisov, Pyotr Mikhailovich - the hero of the assault on Geok-Tepe
- Petrov, Pavel Ivanovich - Governor of Podolsk
- Rodzianko, Mikhail Vladimirovich - Chairman of the III and IV State Duma
- Skobelev, Dmitry Ivanovich - Lieutenant General
- Skobelev, Mikhail Dmitrievich - General of Infantry
- Skoropadsky, Pavel Petrovich - Hetman of Ukraine
- Sukhtelen, Pavel Petrovich - Lieutenant General, Adjutant General
Bibliography
- Cavalier guards. Regiments of the Russian army. M., 1997
- Age of cavalry guards. Documentary. 10 episodes. Russia, 2002.
- Collection of biographies of cavalry guards (ed. S. A. Panchulidzev). M: 2001-2008. In 4 volumes. Reprint of the 1901 edition
- V.N. Zvegintsov. Cavalry guards in the great and civil war. 1914-1920. Part 2.
- V.N. Zvegintsov. Cavalry guards in the great and civil war. 1914-1920. Parts 3 and 4.
- 0-2 (1938-1939), 1951-1961.
- Bulletin of the cavalry guard family. 1962-1974.
Links
- Alexander Podmazo. "CHEFS AND COMMANDERS OF REGULAR REGIMENTS OF THE RUSSIAN ARMY (1796-1855)"
- Uniform dress of Catherine II in the form of the Cavalry Corps
- Officer's uniform of Her Majesty's Cavalier Guard Imperial Imperial. Maria Feodorovna regiment, which belonged to the imp. Nicholas II (1900-1910)
- Viskovatov. GENERAL of the Cavalier Guard Regiment, 1815-1825. NONTER OFFICER of the Cavalier Guard Regiment, 1818-1820
Wikimedia Foundation. 2010 .
cavalry guards (from the French cavalier - rider and garde - guard), the personnel of a special privileged cavalry military unit of the Russian Imperial Life Guards in the 18th - early 20th centuries; acted as bodyguards of Russian emperors and guards of honor during coronations and other celebrations. The cavalry guards were armed with broadswords, swords, pikes, pistols, carbines, and had helmets and cuirasses as protective equipment. For the first time, an equestrian company of cavalry guards in the amount of 71 people was formed at the direction of Emperor Peter I in 1724 at the time of the coronation of Catherine I and was staffed by specially selected handsome tall officers from representatives of noble Russian families. Peter I appointed himself the commander, or captain, of the company. At the end of the coronation, the company was disbanded. On December 3 (14), 1725, Empress Catherine I revived the company, appointing herself its captain. On 7 (18) 7/1731, the company was again disbanded, but in 1762 Empress Catherine II recreated it. From 1764, the company became known as the corps of cavalry guards. In 1797, the composition of the corps of cavalry guards expanded to 3 squadrons, but it was soon disbanded. In 1799, the corps of cavalry guards was restored as the guards of the master of the spiritual and chivalric order of John of Jerusalem, whose title was taken by Emperor Paul I. Until 1800, only noble officers could become cavalry guards. In January 1800, Paul I reorganized the corps of cavalry guards into the 3-squadron Life Guards Cavalry Guards Regiment, transferring it to the same position as other regiments of the guard without retaining the privilege of recruiting exclusively from the nobility. After the reorganization of the army, carried out by Emperor Alexander I, the regiment of cavalry guards became 5 squadrons (a total of 991 people). The cavalry guard received its baptism of fire in the battle of Austerlitz in 1805, when the Russian guard was in the direction of the main attack of the French troops. The cavalry guard regiment, covering the retreat of the guards infantry, launched a counterattack, in which it lost a third of its personnel. IN Patriotic war 1812 cavalry guards distinguished themselves in many battles, earning St. George's standards and trumpets. The regiment participated in foreign campaigns Russian army 1813-14 and in the 1st World War. 16 portraits of former cavalry guards are placed in the Military Gallery Winter Palace in St. Petersburg: F. P. Uvarova, D. V. Davydov, V. S. Trubetskoy, A. I. Chernyshev and others.
Lit .: History of the cavalry guards. 1724-1799-1899. SPb., 1899-1912. T. 1-4; Collection of biographies of cavalry guards. SPb., 1901-1908. T. 1-4; Cavalier Guards: History, biographies, memoirs / Ed.-comp. A. Yu. Bondarenko. M., 1997; Talanov A. I. Cavalry guards: through the pages of regimental history. 1724-1925. M., 1997-1999. [Ch. 1-2].
