Anna Koltovskaya
With this, the oprichnina came to an end, and no one began to commemorate the oprichnina ... and all the zemstvos who were still alive received their estates, robbed and devastated by the oprichnina.
G. Staden. About the Moscow of Ivan the Terrible. 1572
She outlived everyone in that alien unkind family. The eldest prince, Ivan, who married for the first time in the same year as her marriage: the king wished that he and his son would lead the brides down the aisle together. The tsar himself - Ivan Vasilyevich, who, even with his seventh wife, did not let up with new matchmaking and marriage calculations. The younger tsarevich, Fyodor Ivanovich, as if not strong in the head, as if the quietest, but after all, he defended his queen Irina, a poor Kostroma noblewoman, from divorce, even under the monastic hood, even under the name of nun Alexandra, who did not leave the thought of the throne.
And Boris Godunov - in her palace years, just a handsome man, who so unsuccessfully betrothed his ailing relative Marfa Sobakina to the tsar. And even then, if the strength was in him - then still in his dough, Malyuta Skuratov, and his own uncle, trusted of the trusted, bed-keeper Dmitry Ivanovich Godunov. After all, he was in charge of all the palace servants, watchmen and stokers, he went to bed at the entrance to the royal bedroom. Without their slander and advice, surely the tsar would not have found another girl - they brought one and a half thousand brides to Alexandrov Sloboda! After all, the third marriage was the last - the church could not recognize the fourth, otherwise it did not call it cohabitation.
And the first Pretender - with all honest people recognized as brought from a distant monastery Maria Nagoya native son. The seventh wife of Ivan Vasilievich transgressed through the blood and life of her troubled Dmitry, in order to avenge at once both the death of her child and her own Babies, mutilated by the monastery walls. Maybe she was thinking more about her husband, who, not having had time to give birth to a son, became objectionable, who, having not found a replacement for a young mother, was already preparing to send her away. So she returned to herself, at least not by court but not for long, the royal name of one of the great princesses and queens, found a place in the male tomb - the Archangel Cathedral, if not in the temple itself, even under the stairs to the choirs, but all a white stone slab in a cunning ligature of carved letters : "... Marya Fedorovna ... all of Ivan's Rus'."
She also survived Vasily Shuisky with another Tsarina Marya, quite young, but for a year and a half of palace life she paid with the same hood, the same hopeless monastic life.
And another Pretender - the Tushino thief, followed by the unlucky proud Polish woman. Whom Marina Mnishek would not recognize as her husband, if only to keep a shadow of hope for the Russian crown, for the Moscow throne!
And more than ten years of the reign of the new dynasty - you can’t call these years the reign of Mikhail Romanov, when almost every decree was signed by his father, Patriarch Filaret. It was he, the former Fyodor Romanov, who was eager to reach the royal throne. It was he who paid for impatience with forced tonsure, a long captivity in Warsaw, had to be satisfied with the highest spiritual authority and still dreamed of the only thing he needed - secular. For nothing, perhaps, since childhood, he studied with an Englishman, how many languages he knew, outfits and entertainment he loved, he was known as the first dandy in Moscow!
And she still lived outside the monastery walls, unnecessary to everyone, forgotten by everyone, as she was in the royal palace - the daughter of the Kolomna boyar son Anna Koltovskaya.
She was afraid in no other way, mortally afraid of her marital hour. For relatives, an unheard-of honor - after all, they didn’t even have a surname, they began to be called Koltovsky by the volost that their grandfather, the Ryazan boyar Glebov, received to feed, - for her ...
Rumors filled the earth. Tsar Ivan the Terrible has never been so hard-hearted, so bloodthirstyly evil, as after the death of his second queen, "from the Cherkasy Pyatigorsk girl," Marya Temryukovna. From their entire seven-year married life, only eight stone tombs remained under the Trinity Cathedral of Alexander Sloboda. Queen Mary gave birth to only daughters, and as they said, God did not give birth to Ivan's daughters - one after another died in infancy.
No, she didn't hold back. Where there, when the whole oprichnina army was commanded by the native Tsaritsyn brother Kastryuk-Momstryuk, with which they frightened children, they remembered an unkind word in legends and songs. More like fear. Of course, fear, like never before, seized Ivan.
The pestilence was again on the Russian land. In Moscow alone, up to six hundred Muscovites died for a day. The price of bread went up. It was restless at the borders. And Ivan was afraid for power. Your power.
Tsar Ivan the Terrible. Engraving from S. Herberstein's book "Extraordinary Muscovite Stories". 1563
On September 1, 1569, Marya Temryukovna passed away, and immediately Ivan decided to finally deal with his cousin, with whom he feasted at the same table for so many years, went on campaigns, whom he visited in his possessions, wooed and married. The reason for everything was that the people loved Prince Vladimir Andreevich Staritsky, that he successfully fought in campaigns, that he managed his lands more successfully. Isn't it enough for the reprisal of one anonymous petition, as if the prince was thinking about the royal throne, as if Mr. Veliky Novgorod had decided to support him?
Ivan hastily summons Staritsky to Aleksandrov's settlement with the princess and his daughter. But they did not have to get to their beloved Ivanovo capital. At one of the last pit stations in front of the settlement, Malyuta Skuratov and Vasily Gryaznoy were waiting for them and forced the entire princely family to drink poison. Vladimir himself died. His princess Evdokia Romanovna died, whom he had chosen eleven years earlier to be his wife to his brother Grozny. Historians do not agree on one thing - how many young children shared the fate of unlucky parents. And on October 20, the prince's mother, the proud and domineering Euphrosyne Staritskaya, also died. Separated from her son, forced to get a haircut in order to avert trouble from him at least for a while, she was sent by smoke on one of the plows with which she sailed along the Sheksna River.
Whether Ivan believed in an anonymous letter, whether he himself ordered it to be composed, but now his path lay in Novgorod the Great. Klin, Torzhok, Tver were just a foretaste of the horror that broke out on the banks of the Volkhov. "Bloodbath," writes Karl Marx. Blood bath…
On January 2, the oprichnina troops entered Novgorod, on the sixth Ivan joined them. Every day, from one to one and a half thousand people became their victims - exactly as many as they managed to drown in Volkhov. The river did not take it anymore, and the most important thing for the guardsmen was that no one was saved, not a single living soul. “Grabbing hooks and horns, piercing copies of people and cutting axes, and plunging into the depths without mercy,” the nameless Novgorod chronicler did not look for words of despair.
And for another three hundred miles in the district there were plundered villages, burnt bread, slaughtered cattle. Even a hired soldier without family or tribe, who found himself a job in the oprichnina troops, Heinrich Staden will be amazed at how you can get hold of in one campaign. He rode to Novgorod on one horse, returning with forty-nine, and twenty-two of them pulled carts laden with stolen goods. No wonder that a new famine broke out in the country.
Now it was Moscow's turn. At the end of July of the same year, on the Poganaya puddle, which will become over time Chistye Prudy, will play out, in the words of Karl Marx, "the most incredible brutal scenes." And although out of the three hundred people rounded up for execution, one hundred and eighty-four were acquitted there, this time the tsar himself and the senior prince Ivan tried their cruel prowess on the rest. They chopped off their heads dexterously, tenaciously, tirelessly. There was no need for executioners. We coped without their help with the treasurer Nikita Funikov, and with the printer I.M. Viskovaty, who allegedly had secret relations with the Polish king, the Turkish sultan, and even the Crimean Khan to boot, and with many clerks. Only with time will historians figure out that the terrible day at Poganaya Puddle was the beginning of the end of the oprichnina, the wholesale extermination of those who until recently could judge the life and death of any person in the Muscovite state. Everything was too much like St. Bartholomew's night, and coincided with it in time. King Charles IX himself also took part in this night, which cost the lives of half of the French noble nobility, and it happened at the end of August 1572.
The year 1571 did not bring relief to the Russian state. As before, the pestilence raged, hunger did not weaken, the plague appeared. At the end of May, Devlet Giray invaded Moscow, when Tsar Ivan was on another pilgrimage in the north. What did you pray for, what miracle did you hope for? But when he returned to the capital, the khan managed to go far with the richest booty and many captives. The burnt-out Zaneglimenye and Kitai-gorod, the Kremlin damaged by fire, remained to the ground.
And as if in response to new troubles, Ivan now dealt with the chiefs of the oprichnina: he was the first to execute Marya Temryukovna's brother, the terrible Kastryuk-Momtryuk, and by the way, he announced his new marriage. In Alexandrova Sloboda, they began to prepare the great celebrations of the royal bride. But the wedding tables did not have time to make noise, as the third queen was gone. Did the tsar feel sorry for Martha, whom he buried as a girl because of her illness, or not, but exactly a year later, in the new spring, he brought Anna, Ivan Koltovsky's daughter, into the tsarina's chambers. He introduced it without a wedding, “by prayer,” to which the church council agreed, how reluctantly. It was necessary to attach a new porch to the Kremlin Cathedral of the Annunciation in order to stand the service: the entrance to the church was closed to the tsar. Wedding celebrations, if they took place, then only Tsarevich Ivan. The Godunovs did not give up their ambitious hopes - they managed to marry another relative of theirs, Evdokia Ivanovna Saburova, for the prince-heir. It is also true that Evdokia was even less fortunate than Tsarina Anna: not a year had passed before, by the will of her father-in-law, she was exiled to a monastery. The husband did not intervene, the Godunovs hid.
The life of Empress Anna… Just a short three years: 1572-1575. At first, Ivan will draw up a new spiritual letter - a will in June - August, after his marriage. Determine the proportion of sons. He will mention Anna - his wife, the queen, appoint her widow's share: the village of Aleshnya near Moscow, the village of Boltino, the village of Astankovo "with ascribed villages." a little, much like a little, but she will take care of the children she could give birth to. And not just about children. And without taking into account that these may be sons, he will write: “If a daughter is born from Queen Anna.” The princess was given the estates of nearly a dozen executed: “the village of Mitropoliche, which was Mikhail Tuchkov, the village of Eldigino, which was Yuri Shein, the village of Simonovskoye Vasilyevskoye Sheina, the village of Klenki Uslyumovskoye, Danilovo village of Ivanovskoye, Bryukhovo village of Suponevo, Safarynskoye of Ivan Safarin, the village of Davydovskoye Dmitreevskoye Yakovlev son of Davydov. The shadows of the executed did not frighten Grozny, nor could they darken the fate of his unborn daughter.
Shortly after the appearance of Empress Anna in the palace, the death of the Polish king Sigismund II August stirred Ivan. There was talk that if not he himself, then Tsarevich Fedor might be invited to the vacant throne. Moreover, in July, Devlet Giray was utterly defeated forty-five miles from Moscow. Grozny hurried to put an end to the oprichnina hated by the people. And as if he could not survive its cancellation, on the first day of 1573 the most terrible of the guardsmen Malyuta Skuratov died. In Novgorod, Ivan solemnly played the wedding of the surviving daughter of Vladimir Staritsky, Maria Vladimirovna, with the Livonian king. There were plenty of feasts, exits, divine services and prayers. Things could not do without Tsaritsa Anna.
But even though the documents say nothing about either her character or life with the tsar, it is clear how little Grozny valued her. The children did not appear - the tsarina's relatives did not appear on the palace horizon either. Ivan did not become generous for the sake of Anna for positions and titles, except perhaps for mean land handouts. Where next, when the queen's relatives got half - "half the village" of Veshki. One advantage is that it is not far from Moscow, from the side of the roads to Troitsa and Alexandrov Sloboda, where he allotted land for the future princess; Eldigino retains its name even today - this is a village forty kilometers from Moscow along the Yaroslavl highway with the only monument of the past - the Trinity Church of 1735. Safarino became Sofrino, fifty kilometers away along the same road.
She didn’t contradict the sovereign in anything, she never crossed his tough temper, but the year 1575 again confused Ivan. True, the rumors about the campaign of the Crimean Khan did not come true. But the case with the Polish throne rose again. The French prince who got it fled hastily to Paris: with the death of Charles IX, a much more tempting opportunity opened up before him, the Duke of Anjou, to seize the hereditary French crown. Only now have Grozny's plans changed. Disagreement in the royal family had gone too far, and the king was going to take care only of his own prospects and rights.
The half-mad king, as he was often called in historical literature with what iron consistency he will bring the planned reforms to the end! Exterminate all supporters of the son - and Ivan Ivanovich's inner circle falls victim to the denunciation of the sinister poisoner Yelisey Bomelius. Get rid, by the way, of the female half royal family: following the wife of the elder prince Evdokia Bogdanovna Saburova, the silent, obedient tsarina Anna Koltovskaya disappears behind the monastery walls.
No one will take care of her, no one will try to alleviate her fate.
From the book The Bermuda Triangle and Other Mysteries of the Seas and Oceans the author Konev ViktorAnna Dieu-Le-Vaux Anna Dieu-Le-Vaux (Mary Ann, Marianne) appeared on Tortuga in 1665-1675, when Governor Bertrand Dogeron De La Boure ruled there. On this island, a famous haven for pirates, Mary Ann married the corsair Pierre Lengs. In 1683, he died in a duel at the hands of
From the book Ivan the Terrible. Wives and concubines of "Bluebeard" author Nechaev Sergey YurievichChapter five. Anna Koltovskaya Biographers of Ivan the Terrible Robert Payne and Nikita Romanov write: “The Terrible was sure that the sudden death of Queen Martha was the result of witchcraft, which was directed both against himself and against his children. Yes, by the grace of God, he is alive, but for a long time
From the book Textbook of Russian History author Platonov Sergey Fyodorovich§ 117. Catherine I, Peter II, Anna Ioannovna and Anna Leopoldovna Here are the main events of the palace and government life of this period. When Empress Catherine transferred all power to her favorite Menshikov, strong displeasure began among other dignitaries.
From the book Legendary streets of St. Petersburg author Erofeev Alexey Dmitrievich From the book Historical districts of St. Petersburg from A to Z author Glezerov Sergey Evgenievich From the book From the Grand Duchess to the Empress. Women of the royal house author Moleva Nina MikhailovnaAnna Koltovskaya With this, the oprichnina came to an end, and no one began to commemorate the oprichnina ... and all the zemstvos who were still alive received their estates, robbed and devastated by the oprichniki. G. Staden. About the Moscow of Ivan the Terrible. 1572 She outlived everyone in that alien unkind family.
From the book Streets of the Petrograd side. houses and people author Privalov Valentin DmitrievichSrednyaya Koltovskaya Street Sredny Koltovskaya Street runs parallel to Malaya Zelenina Street. In the 1720s near the current embankment of Admiral Lazarev was the settlement of the Nevsky garrison regiment. The regiment was also called Koltovsky - by the name of its commander Peter Koltovsky.
From the book Love Joys of Russian Queens author Watala ElviraAnna Ioannovna And Anna Ioannovna, the Russian Empress, knew the measure and the “golden mean” in everything, well, almost everything. She will rule Russia for ten years, but until that time comes, for some a short time Peter II, son of the murdered Alexei Petrovich and grandson of Peter the Great, on
From the book of the Romanovs author Vasilevsky Ilya MarkovichAnna Ioannovna
From the book Russia in historical portraits author Klyuchevsky Vasily OsipovichAnna Ioannovna Empress Anna and her court. The movement of 1730 did absolutely nothing for the freedom of the people. Perhaps it gave impetus to the political thought of the nobility. True, the political excitement in this class did not die out even after the failure of the leaders; but it's under the influence
author Mordovtsev Daniil LukichI. Anna Mons (Baroness Anna Ivanovna von Keyserling, nee Mons) We have already seen Russian historical women of pre-Petrine Russia. Their number was so small that for a long eight centuries, from Rurik to Peter, the Russian land put on the pages stories only
From the book Russian Historical Women author Mordovtsev Daniil LukichIX. Darya Ivanovna Koltovskaya Not more than a quarter of a century has passed since the Russian social soil, in the words of one old orator, was plowed up by Peter's reforms and sown with new seeds, as both positive and negative
authorAkhmatova Anna Andreevna Real name - Anna Andreevna Gorenko (born in 1889 - died in 1966) The greatest Russian poetess, representative Silver Age, well-known Pushkin scholar, translator, Honorary Doctor of Oxford University. I taught women to speak - But,
From the book Women who changed the world author Sklyarenko Valentina MarkovnaPavlova Anna Pavlovna According to the metrics - Anna Matveevna Pavlova (born in 1881 - died in 1931) The legendary Russian ballerina. The enchanted world of ballet. Many years of daily exhausting work, bringing every movement to automatism, to a bewitching, magical
From the book History of Russian Literature of the Second Half of the 20th Century. Volume II. 1953–1993 In the author's edition author Petelin Viktor VasilievichAnna Andreevna Akhmatova (Anna Andreevna Gorenko) (June 23 (June 11), 1889 - March 5, 1966) Born in the family of a merchant marine engineer, second-rank captain Andrei Antonovich Gorenko (1848-1915) and Inna Erazmovna (nee Stogova; 1856-1930 ) in the village of Bolshoi Fontan near Odessa. WITH
From the book Russian Royal and Imperial House author Butromeev Vladimir VladimirovichAnna Ioannovna After the death of Peter II, who left no descendants and did not appoint a successor for himself, the issue of succession to the throne again caused great complications. On the day of the death of the emperor, the Supreme Privy Council gathered for a meeting to discuss who should now occupy
The tsar, after the death in 1571 of his 3rd wife, Marfa Sobakina, gathered the clergy and tearfully asked for forgiveness for his 4th marriage, explaining it by state necessity and the impossibility of raising children alone. By a council decision of April 29, 1572, the church allowed Ivan to marry A.I.K., but so that the king’s lawlessness ( Orthodox Church with difficulty allowed 3 marriages) did not become a temptation for common people, the same cathedral issued a decree in which it threatened with a curse to anyone who dares to enter into a 4th marriage. Ivan the Terrible married 18-year-old A.I.K. and lived with her for 3 years. Since A.I.K. behaved very independently in relation to the tsar's immediate entourage of the oprichnina, and many guardsmen were executed with her assistance, the oprichnina elite tried to get rid of her in the usual way for that time: in 1575 she was imprisoned in the Tikhvin monastery. There the queen was forcibly tonsured under the name of Daria; the tonsure ceremony was led by Malyuta Skuratov-Belsky. In the spiritual testament of Ivan IV Vasilievich the Terrible of 1572, A.I.K. was appointed to the inheritance of the city of Rostov "with volosts and with deserts, and with villages and with all duties", as well as 14 villages "with villages and with all lands" . Letters of 1586, 1604, etc., to the “elder queen and Grand Duchess Daria” have been preserved. She died in 1626 or 1627. She had no children from her marriage to the tsar.
The third wife of Grozny - Anna Koltovskaya
The last time Ivan married in a church on April 28, 1572, when Anna Ivanovna Koltovskaya, the daughter of a noble Kashira nobleman, whose ancestors were Ryazan boyars, became his wife.
Anna Ivanovna in many ways resembled Anastasia, and not without her influence, as many historians believe, it was in 1572 that the oprichnina ceased to exist.
It is not known why, less than a year later, Ivan ordered her to be tonsured as a nun under the name of nun Daria. However, Ivan did not stop there, and on the same day she was tonsured as a schema nun, putting on her schema - a black coarse robe with a white skull on her chest, which meant the death of all earthly joys for the tonsured woman and loneliness until last day life.
Schema-nun Daria was taken to an underground cell, where she remained alone for many years. After Ivan's death, she was released from the dungeon, but she continued to stay in the monastery and died in August 1626, thus outliving her crowned husband by more than forty years.
Whether this secret wedding took place is unknown. It is only known that the wedding feast was very cheerful and tables filled with bread, meat and fish, as well as dozens of barrels of beer and home brew, were put on the streets of Moscow.
However, after the wedding night, Ivan left the bedchamber boring, sad and dejected.
Best of the day
Then he ordered the sledge train to be laid down and go to Aleksandrovskaya Sloboda. He brought Mary there, and the next day the inhabitants of the Alexander Sloboda saw a sleigh drive out of the gates of the royal estate, and in them, swaddled with ropes, lay, as if sleeping, a young queen.
The horse dragged the sled to a hole in the center of the frozen pond and stopped.
The tsar followed out of the gate, and some kind of initial man walked beside him and, addressing the Sloboda residents crowded on the shore, said loudly:
Orthodox! Now see how punishes great sovereign treason. The princes Dolgoruky, with a deceitful thieves' custom, married the sovereign with a girl who fell in love with a certain villain to the crown and came to the temple in the filth of fornication, which the sovereign did not know. And for that evil, treacherous deed, the great sovereign ordered the girl Mariyka to be drowned in a pond!
Book material used: Voldemar Balyazin Entertaining History of Russia, M. 2001
Anna Ivanovna Koltovskaya (according to some sources, Anna Alekseevna) (died in 1627) the fourth wife of Ivan the Terrible, whom he married on January 7, 1572 with the permission of the clergy. She was chosen at the same bride review as the third wife of the king, Martha ... ... Wikipedia
Anna Ivanovna Koltovskaya (according to some sources, Anna Alekseevna) (died in 1627) the fourth wife of Ivan the Terrible, whom he married with the permission of the clergy. She was chosen at the same bride review as the third wife of the tsar, Martha Sobakina, and was ... ... Wikipedia
- (née Koltovskaya, monastic Daria), 4th wife of Ivan the Terrible, † 5 April. 1626 (Polovtsov) ...
- (called Alekseevna and Ivanovna), 4th wife of Grozny before the conciliar resolution on April 29, 1572, tonsured with the name of Daria, † 1627 (Polovtsov) ... Big biographical encyclopedia
Koltovskaya, Anna Ivanovna Anna Ivanovna Koltovskaya (according to some sources, Anna Alekseevna) (died in 1627) the fourth wife of Ivan the Terrible, whom he married with the permission of the clergy. She was chosen at the same bride review as the third wife of the king ... Wikipedia
Anna Ivanovna Koltovskaya (according to some sources, Anna Alekseevna) (died in 1627) the fourth wife of Ivan the Terrible, whom he married with the permission of the clergy. She was chosen at the same bride review as the third wife of the tsar, Martha Sobakina, and was ... ... Wikipedia
Anna Ivanovna Koltovskaya (according to some sources, Anna Alekseevna) (died in 1627) the fourth wife of Ivan the Terrible, whom he married with the permission of the clergy. She was chosen at the same bride review as the third wife of the tsar, Martha Sobakina, and was ... ... Wikipedia
Dressed in a black robe, covered with a cockle embroidered with images of crosses, Daria was carried out of the temple in the hands of the guards, because her consciousness mercifully did not return to her, and from a distance it might seem that people are carrying a large black bird, knocked out in flight.
They carried the former queen - Anna Alekseevna." (Elena Arsenyeva, "The Wives of the Terrible Tsar")The death of Martha Sobakina sincerely saddened John. Maybe because the third wife had not yet had time to bother him. He spent two whole weeks in seclusion, not allowing anyone to see him except Skuratov, who reported to him about the results several times a day.
interrogations and torture.Biographers of Ivan the Terrible Robert Payne and Nikita Romanov write: “The Terrible was sure that the sudden death of Queen Martha was the result of witchcraft, which was directed both against himself and against his children. Yes, by the grace of God, he is alive, but for how long?
Carl Vening "Ivan the Terrible and the Nurse"
Being in such an excited state, secretly afraid of everything and everyone, for several months after the death of Marfa Sobakina, Ivan Vasilyevich had fun. In his own way, of course - nervously, with anguish, on the verge of hysteria. In fact, these months passed under the sign of the most cruel terror, when blood flowed in rivers, and executions, which were terrible before, were now distinguished by especially sophisticated cruelty. Regarding this massacre, M.P. Pogodin asks questions: “For what? Was there any resistance? Were there conspiracies? Were there any attempts to overthrow the hated yoke? Nothing and nothing. Heads are flying, tortures are becoming more frequent, and everything is quiet, calm, obedient, unquestioning. Further, the same historian writes: “Where is this struggle, I ask again? She wasn't there. All the condemned boyars unquestioningly carried their heads to the chopping block, and Ivan Vasilievich chopped them right and left, using every pretext or excuse - for treason, for betrayal, for intent, for enmity, which he imagined in his frustrated imagination.
N. V. Nevrev "Oprichniki" 1904
As before, Ivan Vasilievich amused himself by hunting naked girls - peasant women were forced to catch alarmed chickens. The young women, arms outstretched, rushed about the dusty square, bent, fell, jumped up, rushed after the crazy bird, and this flickering of the behinds, the swaying of the breasts, the defenseless nakedness of the flesh aroused the sovereign. He laughed uncontrollably and grabbed his bow. Stretching the bowstring, he aimed the arrow: for the bony ones - at the shoulder blade, for the fat women - at the buttocks.
He probably experienced a similar excitement during the execution of Boris Telepnev - the prince was put on a stake, but in such a way that he could see how drunk guardsmen, replacing each other, concentratedly raped his mother, crucified on a cart ... Mocking an old woman is a vile sight, but John IV did not dislike it. More than once he personally tortured his alleged opponents in the dungeons, he perfectly mastered the craft of the master's shoulder cases. Having broken the victim, he appeared in the palace chambers transformed, joyfully enlightened.
Finally, the king got tired of this, he came to his senses a little and decided to enter into another marriage. However, the Orthodox Church then allowed only three marriages, and the planned fourth was clearly illegal. But for Ivan the Terrible, as you might guess, the laws were not written.
This time, the tsar chose Anna Ivanovna Koltovskaya as his wife (according to some sources, Anna Alekseevna Koltovskaya).
I.E. Repin. "The Choice of the Grand Duke's Bride"
She, like Marfa Sobakina, was of a noble family - the daughter of a boyar son from the Kolomna district and the great-great-granddaughter of the Ryazan boyar Mikhail Ivanovich Glebov, who was granted the Koltovskaya parish in the Kashirsky district. In the XVI and XVII centuries many Koltovskys were governors in various cities. For example, Artemy Ivanovich Koltovsky (Big) was a regimental head, and then a siege governor and governor in Rylsk. In 1583, being the second governor, he participated in a punitive campaign in Kazan, and two years later became governor in Ryazhsk. The father of Anna Koltovskaya "died in full", so she was an orphan and she did not have powerful patrons. In any case, none of her closest relatives had a boyar title.
How did the marriage take place? Ivan Vasilyevich ordered the priest to marry himself to Anna, who he liked. Of course, he did not dare to argue with the autocrat and performed the wedding ceremony.
A.A. Bushkov writes about this: “The Terrible turned to the higher clergy for permission to marry again (in those days, marriage was allowed only three times). To make things easier, Grozny assured that he “did not have time” to exercise his marital rights, and Martha died a virgin, which makes the third marriage, from the point of view of the king, as if “non-existent”. Of course, there are strong suspicions that Grozny was disingenuous about the “non-existent” marriage.” To delve into how everything was in reality, no one began. As a result, on April 29, 1572, the Church Council, by a special decision, allowed the tsar "for the sake of his warm compunction and repentance" to enter into a fourth marriage.
Vas. Surikov "Visit to the princess convent", 1912
The fourth marriage of Ivan the Terrible, concluded "after April 29, 1572", was, according to many historians, very successful. Anna Koltovskaya married Ivan Vasilievich as an eighteen-year-old girl and, according to the concepts of that time, was already an "overstar". But on the other hand, her entire already formed become (no match for the likeness of the figure of a fifteen-year-old teenage girl) literally breathed passion. Thanks to this, Anna managed to exert a significant influence on the formidable king. She even looked like Maria Temryukovna in some ways. In any case, like the latter, it was distinguished by imperiousness and unbridledness, which - especially after the frail and quiet Marfa Sobakina - Ivan the Terrible liked very much. In many ways, Anna resembled Anastasia, and not without her influence, as historians believe, it was in 1572 that the oprichnina ceased to exist. Anna Koltovskaya was a smart, lively and cheerful woman, and these qualities more than compensated for her “artistry”. She managed to distract Ivan the Terrible from endless executions, created an atmosphere of fun and serenity in the palace, and, having gathered around her the most beautiful women who were ready to dance at any moment and entertain the sovereign with whatever he wanted, she tried to keep her husband around longer. She quite succeeded in this, and Ivan Vasilievich spent whole days with the new queen. At the same time, Anna was not jealous, she looked at the “games” of the crowned spouse calmly, quickly responded to the slightest changes in his mood, met him at the threshold with deep bows and tried to please in everything. This purely female tactic proved to be very successful. Without asking unnecessary questions, never openly interfering in affairs, Anna Koltovskaya nevertheless managed to achieve a lot.
Makovsky."Cup of honey"
John went to the queen's chamber in the morning. There he received the warmest welcome. In the bedchamber of the queen, a chair was placed for him on a special elevation. Anna met him at the threshold with deep bows. The king took his seat. The "dark day" began.
John called his favorites to him, talked to them, sometimes jokingly fulfilled their requests, gave them whole estates, and resolved litigious cases in their favor. This time in Rus' was rightly called the “woman's kingdom”.
Even the nearest guardsmen had to move into the background. The “faithful dog” of John himself, Malyuta Skuratov, temporarily lost his influence. The king, in the most important cases, could only be penetrated with the help of the women surrounding Anna.
According to one version, Anna fought against the oprichnina out of revenge on the king. The fact is that Prince Andrey Vorotynsky, her recent chosen one, the man whom she loved very much, was tortured to death by guardsmen in one of the Moscow dungeons. Naturally, this was done at the direction of the king, and the girl had personal accounts with him.
Maybe it's just a coincidence, but it was during the marriage of Ivan the Terrible to Koltovskaya that almost all the leaders of the oprichnina were executed or exiled.
No, it certainly wasn't just a coincidence. Anna, using her influence on the king, slowly but surely destroyed the people responsible for the terrible death of her beloved. She avenged her lost feeling, but at the same time, without knowing it herself, she fought with all the oprichnina. She was guided by personal revenge, but at the same time brought great benefits to all of Rus', exhausted by the atrocities of the guardsmen. As a result, during the year during which Ivan the Terrible was under the influence of Anna, many of those who had raged in murders yesterday, before whom even the most courageous and battle-hardened people trembled, were destroyed. First of all, Prince Afanasy Ivanovich Vyazemsky, the tsar's favorite, who enjoyed his unlimited confidence (for example, the sovereign took medicines prepared by doctors only from his hands), was killed. He was accused of conducting secret negotiations, plotting to give Novgorod and Pskov under the rule of the Polish king, and died during torture.
A. Vasnetsov "Square in front of the church"
Fyodor Basmanov, a recent favorite of the Tsar, and his alleged lover were also killed. According to the testimony of Prince Andrei Kurbsky, Fedor, on the orders of Ivan the Terrible, killed his father, Alexei Danilovich Basmanov. In this case, the king showed the highest degree of inhumanity and cynicism: he said that he would pardon the one who could kill another. The younger and more agile Fyodor killed his father, but Ivan the Terrible then shouted: “You betrayed your father, you will betray the tsar!”
So the three highest-ranking guardsmen died. Others followed.
It is not surprising that Anna was very popular among the people, but at court she had the most dangerous enemies. These were the previously influential guardsmen, as well as ... Prince Vorotynsky, the father of her former fiancé. Surprisingly, this man sincerely believed that it was because of Anna that his son Andrei was brutally tortured. A very strange conclusion, but the fact remains: Prince Vorotynsky conceived an intrigue worthy of the pen of the great Shakespeare.
The old prince madly hated Anna Koltovskaya, and the course of his thoughts looked something like this: his son died because she aspired to become a queen and, fearing persecution from Andrei, eliminated him.
As a result, Prince Vorotynsky vowed to overthrow the one whom he considered responsible for the death of his son. He had a nephew, Boris Romodanovsky, a nineteen-year-old blond-haired youth, slightly like a woman and more than once, dressed in a woman's dress, captivating young people. This effeminate and not very intelligent handsome man loved adventures, and therefore, when Prince Vorotynsky called him to him, he easily allowed himself to be drawn into an incredible adventure. Almost no one knew Boris in Moscow, and the prince persuaded him to enter the chambers of Anna Koltovskaya under the guise of the hawthorn Irina. There, he supposedly had to ingratiate himself with the confidence of the queen and gain influence at court. In fact, the prince hoped that the substitution would quickly be revealed and the king would accuse his wife of adultery, and further consequences were easily predictable. Frivolous Boris, without hesitation, agreed.
Prince Vorotynsky introduced "Irina" to the tsar, and he brought "her" into Anna's chambers. At first, everything seemed to go according to plan, but then events, as is usually the case, began to develop not at all according to the planned scenario. The beauty "Irina" with a chic braid glued on attracted the tsar himself, and he gave "her" a pearl necklace.
Boris Romodanovsky was seriously frightened, but his uncle reassured him, assuring him that the tsar was so weak from endless excesses that the matter would not go beyond talk. But here he was clearly cunning: if you believe the words of eyewitnesses, Ivan Vasilyevich by that time was still full of strength and energy. But, as they say, the end justifies the means.
And in the evening the tsar's order to make a bed for him followed, and Irina, trembling with fear, was taken to Ivan Vasilyevich's bedchamber.
Left alone with the king, the young man, seized with horror, backed away.
Do not be afraid, my beauty, - said the king, - do not be afraid of me.
And he immediately began to stroke the cheeks of "Irina" with his rough hand. Boris Romodanovsky widened his eyes, not daring to protest.
In the meantime, the king, who was not accustomed to meeting resistance, pushed him onto the pillows. It happened so unexpectedly that "Irina" screamed and tried to get up, but it was already too late ... No explanation was needed - Ivan Vasilievich found it himself, and since it turned out to be not at all what he was looking for, his august hands dropped in amazement, but his mouth dropped open in surprise.
Oh, you mangy dog! I decided to joke with the king ...
A faint wheeze escaped Boris Romodanovsky's throat, and he, paralyzed by fear, became helplessly limp, like a sack. Ivan Vasilievich, meanwhile, picked up a discarded staff from the floor.
Oh you mortal! Snout dung!
Boris, mad with horror, moved his lips weakly when Ivan Vasilievich raised his staff, but did not have time to make a sound. The king squeezed the ohalnik's throat and hit him on the head.
Get it, you mean dog!
The blow came out so strong that it broke Boris Romodanovsky's skull and crushed his nose. Warm blood spattered into the king's face, and his victim began to lean back, gasping for air with his twisted mouth. The young man arched his back, and then fell silent, shrank, withered, like a fish bladder crushed by a boot.
After that, Ivan Vasilyevich grabbed him by the hair and began to beat his head on the floor. He continued to beat Romodanovsky even when he stopped screaming. He didn't stop when blood splattered across the wall and a huge pool of blood appeared on the floor. He beat and beat with this hated head on the floor, not paying attention to the fact that blood drops appeared on his face with each new blow.
Only the run-in servants, who heard the heart-rending cries that turned into a wheeze, somehow calmed the formidable king. After that, he rushed to his wife and again swung his deadly staff, slippery with blood, like soap. But he did not have time to strike, falling down in an epileptic fit.
In fact, this seizure of Ivan Vasilyevich saved the queen from instant death, but did not save her from severe punishment. As R.G. Skrynnikov, "Anna's beauty and freshness were not enough to sit on the throne."
The insane plan of Prince Vorotynsky was a success: Anna Koltovskaya was accused of plotting against the sovereign.
You will burn in hell for your sins! Anna screamed.
You'll burn yourself, shame!
Tie to a pole or on a rack? Malyuta Skuratov asked helpfully.
As Professor R.G. Skrynnikov, “at that time Malyuta was at the zenith of his fame. Obviously, the case was not without him, and he contributed to the divorce.
A lot of honor, - Ivan Vasilyevich gritted through his teeth. - Out of her sight, indecency, to the monastery ...
This strange custom of forced tonsure as a form of punishment appeared in Rus' in the 14th century. It clearly came into conflict with the very idea of monasticism, that is, voluntary seclusion with dooming oneself to celibacy and renunciation of all the blessings of the world, but only strengthened in the 15th-16th centuries. To some extent, it can be considered a boon for a disgraced person, who was kept alive and hoped for pardon. But this hope was weak, and life was such that sometimes even death would be more desirable.
Of course, Anna tried to justify herself. But it's useless. Ivan the Terrible did not want to hear that she had nothing to do with the disguised man in her chambers. Realizing that the excuses are meaningless, she began to resist, so desperately that she had to tie her hands and feet: “Shut your mouth, the soul of Satan! And if you resist, we will put you in chains.
Anna, by order of the sovereign, was tonsured a nun and sent to distant Tikhvin.
Tikhvin Vvedensky Monastery. Photo. Beginning 20th century
To the vengeful joy of the guardsmen who were still alive, it was they who were entrusted with delivering the now former queen to the monastery. And they justified the trust placed in them ...
First, Anna was brought to the Resurrection Monastery in the village of Goritsy (in the present Vologda region).
Less than a year later, Ivan the Terrible ordered her to be tonsured as a nun under the name of Sister Daria at the Vvedensky Monastery in Tikhvin (in present-day Leningrad Oblast).
The tonsure ceremony was personally led by Malyuta Skuratov.
Early in the morning, a covered wagon drove up to the Tikhvin Monastery, densely surrounded by mounted guardsmen. The heavy gates of the monastery swung open, and after a couple of minutes the carriage stopped in front of the temple. The oprichniki dismounted, and Malyuta Skuratov gave several abrupt orders.
A young woman was dragged out of the wagon, her head wrapped in a fur coat. Four guardsmen carried her to the temple and there they put her in a chair prepared in advance. The fur coat was thrown off her, and the nuns saw that the woman was bound hand and foot. It was obvious that the unfortunate woman resisted and arrived at the monastery clearly against her will.
The service began, but the woman (and this was Anna Koltovskaya) remained indifferent to everything that was happening. And suddenly a terrible cry resounded through the temple: “I don’t want to! Damn you: I am the queen! You dare not!”
Anna was hysterical. Malyuta Skuratov, who was standing next to her, pulled out a long knife from his belt, cut off the end of the belt, crumpled it up and put the resulting gag in the queen's mouth. former queen...
The shouting ceased, and the service continued. Then the actual rite of tonsure began. To the usual question, whether the tonsure renounces the world of her own free will and whether she vows to strictly observe the rules of monasticism, Anna did not answer: she was unconscious. Malyuta Skuratov answered for her. And about an hour later, Queen Anna ceased to exist. The humble nun Daria remained.
N.S. Matveev "Corn against her will" 1887
However, Ivan the Terrible did not stop at the forced tonsure of Anna Koltovskaya, and she was soon made a schema nun, putting on her schema - a black coarse cassock with an ominous white skull on her chest. Her head was also covered with a hood, on which a skull was embroidered, and this meant the death of the last earthly joys for the tonsured and complete loneliness until the last day of life.
Schema-nun Daria was placed in an underground cell, where she remained alone for many, many years. After the death of Ivan Vasilyevich, she was released from the dungeon, but she continued to stay in the monastery.
Sometimes she, always silent and barefoot, was asked:
Are you, they say, the same Queen Anna?
She bowed in response and quietly answered:
I am an old woman Daria, but there was no past.
She died on April 5, 1626 (according to some sources, in 1627), thus outliving her crowned husband by more than forty years.
In total, Anna Koltovskaya spent almost fifty-five years in the monasteries, having lived to see the accession of the first Romanov, the nephew of Empress Anastasia. IN AND. Badelin in his book “Gold of the Church” notes: “And yet Anna Koltovskaya at the end of her life (she died in 1626) was expected to be relieved. In the reign of Mikhail Romanov, the great old woman Martha twice sent her rich gifts.
[The Great Elder Martha (in the world Xenia Ivanovna Romanova) is the mother of Tsar Mikhail Fedorovich, the wife of Fyodor Romanov (Patriarch Filaret).]
But under Ivan the Terrible, all the estates from her relatives were immediately taken away, and then, as Robert Payne and Nikita Romanov write, not without irony, the tsar executed everyone “just in case.”
The memory of the queen-nun Daria has been vividly preserved to our time not only among the sisters of the Vvedensky monastery, but also among the inhabitants of the surrounding villages. The pilgrims who come to the monastery call it the "Tsarina's Monastery". Church historian Count M. Tolstoy.
(And used chapters from the book: Sergey Nechaev
"Ivan the Terrible. Wives and concubines of the Bluebeard"
)Daughter of a nobleman Alexei Ignatievich Goryainov Koltovsky. The year of her birth is unknown. It is indicated (perhaps erroneously) that she was orphaned early, she was brought up in the family of Prince Kurbsky.
She was chosen at the same bride review as the third wife of the tsar, Marfa Sobakina, and was called after the sudden death of the latter.
She was crowned with the tsar by a conciliar resolution held on April 29, 1572, and was with him in Novgorod all summer of 1572.
The fourth marriage of Ivan the Terrible, concluded "after April 29, 1572", was, according to many historians, very successful. Anna Koltovskaya married Ivan Vasilievich as an eighteen-year-old girl and, according to the concepts of that time, was already an "overstar". But on the other hand, her entire already formed become (no match for the likeness of the figure of a fifteen-year-old teenage girl) literally breathed passion. Thanks to this, Anna managed to exert a significant influence on the formidable king. She even looked like Maria Temryukovna in some ways. In any case, like the latter, it was distinguished by imperiousness and unbridledness, which - especially after the frail and quiet Marfa Sobakina - Ivan the Terrible liked very much. In many ways, Anna resembled Anastasia, and not without her influence, as historians believe, it was in 1572 that the oprichnina ceased to exist. Anna Koltovskaya was a smart, lively and cheerful woman, and these qualities more than compensated for her "artistry". She managed to distract Ivan the Terrible from endless executions, created an atmosphere of fun and serenity in the palace, and, having gathered around her the most beautiful women who were ready to dance at any moment and entertain the sovereign with whatever he wanted, she tried to keep her husband around longer. She quite succeeded in this, and Ivan Vasilievich spent whole days with the new queen. At the same time, Anna was not jealous, she looked at the “games” of the crowned spouse calmly, quickly responded to the slightest changes in his mood, met him at the threshold with deep bows and tried to please in everything. This purely female tactic proved to be very successful. Without asking unnecessary questions, never openly interfering in affairs, Anna Koltovskaya nevertheless managed to achieve a lot.
John went to the queen's chamber in the morning. There he received the warmest welcome. In the bedchamber of the queen, a chair was placed for him on a special elevation. Anna met him at the threshold with deep bows. The king took his seat. The "dark day" began.
John called his favorites to him, talked to them, sometimes jokingly fulfilled their requests, gave them whole estates, and resolved litigious cases in their favor. This time in Rus' was rightly called the "woman's kingdom."
Even the nearest guardsmen had to move into the background. The "faithful dog" of John himself, Malyuta Skuratov, temporarily lost his influence. The king, in the most important cases, could only be penetrated with the help of the women surrounding Anna.
According to one version, Anna fought against the oprichnina out of revenge on the king. The fact is that Prince Andrey Vorotynsky, her recent chosen one, the man whom she loved very much, was tortured to death by guardsmen in one of the Moscow dungeons. Naturally, this was done at the direction of the king, and the girl had personal accounts with him.
Maybe it's just a coincidence, but it was during the marriage of Ivan the Terrible to Koltovskaya that almost all the leaders of the oprichnina were executed or exiled.
No, it wasn't just a coincidence. Anna, using her influence on the king, slowly but surely destroyed the people responsible for the terrible death of her beloved. She avenged her lost feeling, but at the same time, without knowing it herself, she fought with all the oprichnina. She was guided by personal revenge, but at the same time brought great benefits to all of Rus', exhausted by the atrocities of the guardsmen. As a result, during the year during which Ivan the Terrible was under the influence of Anna, many of those who had raged in murders yesterday, before whom even the most courageous and battle-hardened people trembled, were destroyed. First of all, Prince Afanasy Ivanovich Vyazemsky, the tsar's favorite, who enjoyed his unlimited confidence, was killed.
It is not surprising that Anna was very popular among the people, but at court she had the most dangerous enemies. These were the previously influential guardsmen, as well as ... Prince Vorotynsky, the father of her former fiancé. Surprisingly, this man sincerely believed that it was because of Anna that his son Andrei was brutally tortured.
The marriage did not last even six months - in September 1572, Empress Anna was removed to a monastery and soon she was tonsured a nun with the name Darius. The exact date and place of the tonsure are unknown. Presumably, it was in 1574 in the Suzdal Intercession Monastery. From the mid 1580s. Nun-Queen Daria lived in the Resurrection Goritsky Monastery on the Sheksna River.
She died on April 5, 1626, having outlived her crowned husband by more than forty years. Her body was buried in the porch of the cathedral church of the Tikhvin Vvedensky Monastery.
In total, Anna Koltovskaya spent almost fifty-five years in the monasteries, having lived to see the accession of the first Romanov, the nephew of Empress Anastasia.
