Unification and liberation of Rus'. Ordinary people were also drawn here: working hands were required, and it was calmer under the cover of the Kremlin walls. Ivan Kalita and with the Golden Horde dogo

slide 3

Moscow - the center of the unification of Russian lands

The first mention of Moscow is in 1147.

Moscow was laid by Vladimir - the Suzdal prince Yuri Dolgoruky.

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The founder of the Moscow dynasty of princes - the son of Alexander Nevsky Daniil Alexandrovich

1276 - received Moscow as an inheritance;
1230 - defeated the Ryazan prince Konstantin, capturing the Ryazan possessions from Kolomna to Serpukhov;
1302 - the childless Prince of Pereyaslav gave him the Principality of Pereyaslav;
1302 - captured Mozhaisk;
He increased the economic and military power of the principality, but did not receive the title of Grand Duke.

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Fight between Tver and Moscow for the championship

After the death of Daniil Alexandrovich, the Moscow prince was his son Yuri Danilovich.
The struggle with the Tver prince Mikhail Yuryevich for a shortcut to a great reign.
He married the sister of Khan Uzbek Konchaka, lived for a long time in the Horde.
Received a label for a great reign.

slide 6

The reign of Ivan Kalita (1325-1340)

1. He tried to push Tver against the Horde.
   1327 - participation in the defeat of the anti-Horde uprising in Tver
2. Subdues the Rostov Principality, buys Uglich, Galich, Beloozero.
3. He transported Metropolitan of All Rus' Peter to Moscow. Destroyed the Basque Institute, he himself carried tribute to Golden Horde.

Slide 7

The cautious policy of Ivan Kalita was continued by his sons:

• Semyon the Proud (1340-1353).
• Ivan Ivanovich Krasny (1353-1359).

Slide 8

Moscow principality at the beginning of the XIV century.

Slide 9

Reasons for the rise of Moscow

1. Convenient geographical position;
2. The correct policy of the Moscow princes;
3. Weakness of neighboring cities (Tver, Novgorod);
4. The inattention of the Golden Horde to the process of the rise of Moscow;
5. Church support.

Slide 10

Stage 1 - the end of the 13th century - the 80s. XIV century

Characteristic:

• The struggle in North-Eastern Rus' for the great reign. Fixing the label for the great reign of Moscow.
• Main centers: Tver, Moscow, Lithuania

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The reign of Dmitry Donskoy (1359-1389)

• 1362 - received a label for a great reign.
• 1367 - construction of a stone fortress - the Moscow Kremlin.
• The main concern is the relationship with the Horde.

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September 8, 1380 - Battle of Kulikovo

Meaning:

1. First Mongolian khans suffered such a crushing defeat from the Russian troops.
2. Moscow paid tribute, but in a smaller amount.
3. Moscow's position as the center of the emerging Russian state was consolidated.

“The Moscow state was born on the Kulikovo field, and not in the stingy chest of Ivan Kalita” (V.O. Klyuchevsky)

slide 13

Stage 2 - 80s. 14th century - 1462

Characteristic:

• Consolidation of lands around Moscow. The struggle of Lithuania for Pskov and Novgorod and "all the great Russian principalities."
• Main centers: Tver, Moscow, Lithuania.

Slide 14

Completion of the unification of Russian lands into a single state

• The reign of Basil I (1389 - 1425).
• The reign of Vasily II the Dark (1425 - 1462).
• Feudal war (struggle for power, claim to power by Yuri Galitsky, his sons Vasily Kosoy and Dmitry Shemyaka).

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Stage 3 - 1462 - 1533

Characteristic:

• Completion of the unification of the lands of North-Eastern Rus' around Moscow.
• Main centers: Moscow, Lithuania.

slide 16

The reign of Ivan II (1462-1505)

• 1478 - "Mr. Veliky Novgorod" was conquered.
• 1480 - standing on the river. Ugra (the end of the Tatar-Mongol yoke).
• 1485 - Tver was conquered.
• 1497 - "Sudebnik" of Ivan III (introduced St. George's Day - the beginning of the enslavement of the peasants).

Ivan III married the niece of the latter Byzantine emperor Sophia Paleolog, began to use the double-headed imperial eagle.

Slide 17

The reign of Basil III (1505-1533)

• 1510 - Pskov was annexed.
• 1517-1523 - subjugated Chernigov - Seversky lands.
• 1521 - annexed the principality of Ryazan.

Slide 18

As a result of the unification of the North-Eastern Russian lands, a single Russian state, which from the end of the 15th century became known as Russia.

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- Novgorod land was more independent from the Mongol-Tatars. The center of this land was Novgorod. The young prince Alexander Yaroslavich ruled here. The people loved him for his wisdom, strength and courage.

The Horde did not reach Novgorod, but trouble came from the north.

The Swedes understood that Prince Alexander was young and inexperienced, his squad was small, Novgorod was defenseless. And they decided to seize the Novgorod lands along the Neva River. Swedish ships entered the Neva. Knowing their strength and the fact that the squad of Novgorod is small, the Swedes first sent ambassadors. They were received, and the priest told them simply: “The enemy is strong. But God is not in power, but in truth.”

Alexander gathered a military council and said: "Whoever comes to us with a sword, he will die by the sword." It was decided that the only way to defeat the Swedes was to hit them quickly and suddenly.

The Swedes died in that battle, as one of the chroniclers wrote, "many multitudes." Novgorodians did not give up an arshin of their land.

All the people of Novgorod came out to meet Prince Alexander Yaroslavich with his retinue - wives and children, elders and priests bowed to their waists. Since then, the prince has been nicknamed Alexander Nevsky.

Soon after the victory over the Swedes, the people of Pskov and Novgorod called on Prince Alexander Nevsky to expel the German crusader knights from their land. They were called crusaders because they drew a cross on their armor. They went to Rus' to rob and kill. For cruelty and greed, the people called the crusaders dogs-knights.

Prince Alexander had a small army, but it acted together, collectively. Remember this word - cathedral. To live in a "cathedral", "to live in a cathedral way" means to live together, to have one and the same goal, to do one big thing together. The army of Prince Alexander included Novgorodians, Ladoga residents (who lived along the banks of the Ladoga River), Izhorians (lived on the Izhora River) and Karelians (lived in Karelia). Yes, from Vladimir, Alexander's brother Andrey came to the rescue with a small squad.

Prince Alexander, having accepted the request of the inhabitants of Pskov, decided to drive the Germans away from the ancient Russian city. Pskov was suddenly taken by the retinue of Alexander and Andrei.

Between Lake Pskov and Lake Peipus, which were connected by a channel, the dog-knights built their army, as usual, in a wedge, or “pig”, as they said, with a part strongly extended forward - cavalry, dressed in armor. And other soldiers walked along the sides of the "pig", as if supporting it and at the same time under the protection of a strong part. Cavalry was followed by knights in lighter armor, and behind them were foot soldiers. A strong blow with the front part was supposed to destroy the enemy, and the side cavalry and footmen should finish him off.

Usually Alexander struck at the main part of the enemy army. It was right. If you break the main part, the rest will run. But here the matter is different - there is ice all around, and in the place of the channel it is no longer strong. Then Alexander decided: "We will not restrain the pig, let him go snout forward." The prince led his main army into an ambush.

The knights for the attack had to go through the ice of the channel. The master - the head of the knights - led them into battle. The crusaders were dressed in iron armor, the horses had armor on their chests, with an iron harness on them. And each rider was covered with a black blanket from the head of the knight to the tail of the horse. The white crosses on the horse blanket and on the knight's helmet gave them a creepy look. The crusaders were armed with huge sharp spears and swords.

Novgorodians met the dogs-knights on the ice of the lake. A fierce battle began. The fight went on for a long time. The head of the knightly "pig" pressed the ranks of the Novgorodians.

Here, Alexander's spare parts came out of the ambush. The "pig" line was crumbling. And there is nowhere to go - there is a steep rocky coast ahead, Alexander's troops are advancing behind. On the helmets of the knights, on the harness of the horses, swords were flogged, spears were broken. The ice of Lake Peipus was covered with blood. The flags of the dog-knights lay on the bloody snow.

It was indeed a Battle of the Ice. Only about fifty enemies escaped - they were captured by Prince Alexander. The words of the Russian prince came true: "Whoever comes to us with a sword will die by the sword."

The warriors who fought under the leadership of Alexander Nevsky called him a guardian angel. The Church subsequently ranked him among the saints (those who began to be considered saints).

- Review the plan workbook(task number 14, p. 19). Tell us about the course of the battle on Lake Peipus.

- Does the proverb “They beat not with numbers, but with skill” fit the battle of Alexander Nevsky on the ice of Lake Peipsi? How did you manage to defeat the dog knights?

- How did the mind and resourcefulness of Prince Alexander manifest itself in the battle on Lake Peipsi?

- What expressions of Alexander Nevsky became for the Russian people a real testament to our entire history?

- Which natural conditions helped the Russian squad win?

- Mark on the "time tape" (from the 9th to the 13th centuries) especially important events this period.

 862 - the beginning of the unification of tribal unions.

 988 - Baptism of Rus'.

 1238 - the establishment of the Mongol-Tatar yoke.

 1240-1424 - victory over the Swedes and the Crusaders.

^ VII. Summary of the lesson.

- With what tribes did the Russian princes fight before the Mongol-Tatar yoke?

- What testament of Yaroslav the Wise did his sons forget?

- What damage did the Mongol-Tatar yoke inflict on Rus'?

- Why is one of the streets in Moscow named after Ordynka? In which direction should it go from the center of Moscow? (Ordynka Street in Moscow led from the city to the south towards the steppes, from which, many centuries ago, the Mongol-Tatar hordes came to fight in Moscow.)

Homework: workbook No. 2 (task No. 14 on p. 19); textbook (pp. 51–57).

^ Lesson 44
How Rus' was united and liberated

Goals:

- form an idea of liberation struggle Russian people against the Mongol-Tatar yoke;

- to show the significance of the Battle of Kulikovo and the creation of the Muscovite state;

- develop imagination, visual-figurative thinking, the ability to establish cause-and-effect relationships, use a diagram and a historical map;

– to cultivate admiration for the courage and dedication of our ancestors, who returned independence to our state.

Equipment: historical map, genealogical tree of Moscow princes.

During the classes

^ I. Organizational moment.

II. Checking homework.

1. Frontal survey.

- With what strong enemy did the Russian princes have to fight for 150 years?

Why did Kievan Rus collapse?

– What conquerors came to Rus' from the east in the 13th century?

- Why were the Russian squads defeated?

- What is the Mongol-Tatar yoke?

- How did Russian cities and villages pay tribute?

- Why did the Mongol-Tatars fail to defeat Veliky Novgorod?

– What invaders attacked Rus' in the 13th century from the west?

What made Prince Alexander Nevsky famous?

– What was the main cause of severe disasters in Rus' in the 13th century?

2. Solve the crossword and read the keyword.

1. A tribe of Slavs whose main city was Novgorod.

2. A suburb where artisans, merchants, and fishermen lived.

3. Collector of tribute during the Mongol-Tatar yoke.

4. The prince who moved the capital of Ancient Rus' to Kyiv.

5. This prince defeated the Swedes in the 13th century.

6. Creator of Russian Truth.

7. A shirt that protects the chest of a warrior.

8. The first capital of our state.

9. People's assembly, at which decisions important for the tribe were made in Ancient Rus'.

Answers: 1. Slovenia. 2. Posad. 3. Baskak. 4. Oleg. 5. Nevsky. 6. Yaroslav. 7. Mail. 8. Novgorod. 9. Veche.

III. The topic of the lesson.

– Moscow state is the new name of the state. Today we will learn how the Muscovite state was formed.

^ IV. How Rus' united around Moscow.

How could you fight back against a common enemy? How could the independence of our state be restored? (It was necessary to unite the peoples for the common good.)

- What principality became the center of the new state? (Muscovy.)

When and by whom was Moscow founded?

– Why did Moscow become one of the largest Russian cities?

- Who ruled in Moscow?

The teacher summarizes and completes the students' answers.

- The chronicle tells us that Prince Yuri Dolgoruky often went hunting in the pine forests on the Moscow River. The prince liked these places, especially the seven high hills above the river. Here, on the site of a small village, Yuriy decided to found new town, which was named after the river - Moskov.

The chronicle mentions that in 1147 Prince Yuri Dolgoruky invited his ally to the feast: "Come to me, brother, to the city of Moscow." It is this year that is considered the date of foundation of Moscow.

The city was still very small: rather, it was a small, well-fortified fortress. The first walls did not last long: in 1238 they were burned by the troops of Batu Khan, who invaded Rus'.

Years passed ... In the Moscow principality, the grandson of Alexander Nevsky, Ivan Kalita ("Kalita" - a money bag) ruled.

The teacher shows the diagram family tree Moscow princes” (see p. 93).

Under Ivan Kalita, Moscow grew, new oak walls appeared around the Kremlin. From white stone Church of the Assumption of the Virgin was built.

^ Pedigree tree of Moscow princes

The boyars moved to Moscow from other cities, Ivan Danilovich accepted everyone, endowed them with lands. Ordinary people were also drawn here: working hands were required, and it was calmer under the cover of the Kremlin walls. Ivan Kalita was able to negotiate with the Golden Horde. The raids of the Mongol-Tatars stopped, even the tribute that the princes were obliged to pay every year, Ivan Danilovich began to collect himself and take them to the Golden Horde. And a lot of what was collected turned out to be in the princely gate, so that it would not disappear from the Mongol-Tatars, but would go to strengthen Moscow.

- Why did the Moscow prince Ivan have the nickname Kalita?

- Why do you think, under Ivan Kalita, many people move to Moscow?

^ V. Battle of Kulikovo.

- As the wealth and power of the Moscow principality grew, the princes became more and more burdened by dependence on the Golden Horde. If during the time of Ivan Kalita the Russians themselves were already collecting tribute from their lands and taking them to the Horde, then under Prince Dmitry Ivanovich an attempt was made to overthrow the Mongol-Tatar yoke.

For a long time Rus' fed the enemy horde. But this was not enough for the arrogant ruler of the horde Mamai. “I will ruin bright Rus',” he said, “so that every Russian is afraid to raise his eyes to the Horde warrior.”

When Prince Oleg of Ryazan sent a report to the Grand Duke of Moscow Dmitry: “Mamai with the whole kingdom goes against me and you,” Dmitry was not afraid. He traveled throughout the principality, gathering troops to Moscow. Everyone understood that it was impossible to endure and wait for even more terrible ruin.

At that time, in the place where the Trinity-Sergius Lavra now stands, the founder of the monastery, revered Sergius from Radonezh, lived. He built cells for the monks with his own hands, carried firewood, made boots, sewed clothes, reconciled the warring princes. He was famous throughout Rus', and especially among poor people. The wise words of the elder were perceived as prophecies. And so Dmitry Ivanovich went to him to consult what to do. And Sergius of Radonezh predicted Dmitry victory over the innumerable Horde army, blessed him for victory and sent two of his monks with him - Alexander Peresvet and Andrey Oslyabya, drew a cross on their helmets and said that they would defeat the enemies. These were not ordinary monks, but mighty heroes, great masters of hand-to-hand combat.

The army of princes consisted not only of combatants, but also of ordinary people - peasants and artisans. Everyone who could hold a weapon in their hands rose to fight the Horde. In total, about 150 thousand horse and foot soldiers gathered under the banner of Dmitry. And again it was the cathedral army. All of Rus' rose up to fight the enemy in order to act collectively (together).

Mamai stopped his army on a wide field near the Don.

At this time, an ambassador from Mamai appeared to Dmitry and demanded tribute. Dmitry replied, not wanting to bring bloodshed closer, that he was ready to pay tribute, but moderate, small, without ruining the Russian land. Neither the ambassador nor Mamai could bear this. The dispute was to be resolved in battle. AND Russian army moved from Moscow towards the Don, where Mamai had been standing for three weeks.

Approaching the bright Don, the princes began to deliberate: to cross the river or not. But in the end they decided to cross, and dismantle the bridges after the crossing, so that every warrior knows that there is nowhere to retreat - Rus' is behind!

But not only because of this, the Russian army crossed the river. Dmitry decided that the Kulikovo field was the best place to fight. He, together with the highly experienced commander Prince Bobrok Volynsky, examined the field and decided that the Horde cavalry would not be able to turn around here and strike with all its strength: rivers, forests and swamps interfere. And the prince decided not to bring all the regiments into battle at once. Dmitry left two regiments of princes Vladimir and Borok in ambush behind an oak forest and ordered them not to move until a special sign from him.

It was the beginning of September 1380. The rivers are swollen with rain. The prince built an army on a vast field on the banks of the steppe river Nepryadva. Everyone was armed, the wind swayed the princely banners - banners. Dmitry took off his princely clothes, remained in simple armor. He ordered to carry his princely banner to the middle of the army, and he himself stood in the front row and said to his soldiers: “I will die with you, I will be saved with you!”

For the battle on the Kulikovo field, Prince Dmitry was named Dmitry Donskoy. Do the Russian people remember his covenant - to commemorate the soldiers who gave their lives for the Russian land?

Seven days they buried the dead on the Kulikovo field. And the bodies of some fallen soldiers, including Peresvet and Oslyabya, the prince ordered to be taken to Moscow. On the banks of the Moskva River, near the Church of the Most Holy Theotokos, they were buried with honor. There, in this small church, monuments were erected to them, on which candles are always lit and flowers lie.

Russian soldiers fell for holy Rus'. This was the beginning of the defeat of the Mongol-Tatars. This is what the Battle of Kulikovo and Prince Dmitry Donskoy have been famous for for centuries.

- Why did Prince Dmitry choose Kulikovo field for battle?

- What did Mamai expect from Dmitry, sending ambassadors to him? What answer did he get from Dmitry?

- Why do you think Prince Dmitry took off his princely clothes in battle and did not keep the princely banner with him during the battle, as commanders always did?

- Why do all Russian people honor the Kulikovo field? Why is this battle called great?

^ VI. When Rus' freed itself from the yoke.

Students read the text on p. 62.

- What did it look like National emblem?

What was the name of the new set of laws? (Sudebnik.)

- Which city became the capital of the Moscow State?

- Using the map on p. 63, make a story about the development of the Moscow principality.

- What lands were not included in Muscovite Rus'? Compare the cards on p. 52 and p. 63.

- Write on the blackboard a list of the names of our state, its capitals and founders.

 Ancient Rus'- Veliky Novgorod - Prince Rurik

 Kievan Rus - Kyiv - Prince Oleg

 Muscovy - Moscow - Sovereign of "All Rus'" Ivan III

^ VII. Summary of the lesson.

– Who ruled the Moscow principality in the 14th century?

- In what year and on what river did the Battle of Kulikovo take place?

- Under what prince did Rus' finally free itself from the Horde yoke?

- Using the map on p. 63, count how many principalities Moscow united by the end of the 15th century.

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