This issue does not carry a large informative load. Mainly attention is paid to regular repetition and finding one's own image associated with the English language. This lesson explores the structure of the adjective, its comparative and superlatives and their formation depending on the length of the word. Words for memorization associated with periods of time and prepositions used in front of them are given.

Watch for free online the fifth lesson "polyglot" English in 16 hours:

The process of mastering the elementary conversational level implies two things: First, try to bring to automatism by constant repetition a number of very important structures that are the core of the language (verb scheme, verb scheme - connectives to be, pronoun forms, prepositions, etc.) ; Secondly, tuning to a certain image associated with the language, to represent the association that arises from the pronunciation of "English". This image allows you to make the language voluminous, that is, to transfer the diagrams from the page of the notebook into space. To make it a new dimension, an environment where we can enter, feel comfortable there, and, if necessary, exit. It is necessary to create a code sign, a password, by tuning in to which we can enter this multidimensional space.

Adjective.

An adjective is a word that describes a quality that answers the question - what kind?

Basic adjective scheme:

Time Options

Yesterday (yesterday) - today (today) - tomorrow (tomorrow)

now (now)

For months and seasons, the preposition "in" is used:

With words last (past) - this (current) - next (next) prepositions are not used.

Good afternoon Today is our fifth session. We are gradually approaching that cherished moment when we will be able to communicate freely and with pleasure in English on a variety of topics. But first, I will remind you of a few important points. The process of mastering this elementary level implies two things. First, we are trying to bring to automatism a number of very important, very useful structures that are the core of the English language. You remember that we started with the schema-formula of the verb (the verb in general).

And we have analyzed a separate scheme associated with the linking verb to be (to be, I am, you are, etc.):

We got acquainted with the system of pronouns:

• a group of pronouns that answers the question WHO? (I, you, he, she…)
• indirect pronouns answering the question WHO? / TO WHOM? (me, he, her…)
• possessive pronouns answering the question WHOSE? (my, your, his, our…)

These are the two most important structures that allow us to start the combination process. Those. even from a small number of words, a couple of dozen verbs, create very a large number of combinations. Because the scheme of the verb gives us the opportunity to vary our statement based on the categories of tense and the form of the statement (affirmation, negation, question).

We took some very useful groups of words - question words, some prepositions - and tried to talk a little about ourselves. In general, this is our main goal.

And let me remind you that in addition to mastering these structures, which we are bringing to the level of automatism ... In what way? By repetition. Moreover, by repetition, the main points in which this is regularity (I repeat, a lot of time is not required for this). The second point is the adjustment to a specific image associated with the language. Here we tried with you in previous lessons to imagine what image, what association we have when we say "English". This image allows you to make the language voluminous. Those. transfer from the page of the notebook or board on which we write these diagrams into space, make it a new dimension, a new environment where we can enter, feel comfortable there. And if necessary, get out. And to create such a certain code sign, a password, by tuning in to which we can make this entrance to this multidimensional space.


What do you associate with English today? What comes up right away? What feeling, what image comes? Offhand. Is it the same as before, or is there something new? Because images have their own dynamics.

I have appeared. Just a few minutes ago.

What is this?

Is your last name Raskolnikov? 🙂

No!) ​​But, nevertheless, something like that moved there.

And for some reason, Princess Diana in green hunters now pops up for me. Here are these green hunters - their rubber boots are English. And the lawn that she stands on this green lawn.

Princess Diana in green hunters

By the way, it is interesting that people who speak several languages ​​can very often find the color match of the I of the language to some particular color or set of colors.

Yesterday I had a red bus, today I have green hunters.

Here! I hope you managed to find seconds and minutes to continue working with this scheme (of verbs, first of all). Do you have any questions related to these schemes? Or is it more or less clear?

More or less until everything is clear!

Sometimes it just doesn't fit in my head...

So, the next model, the scheme that we need, is an adjective.

Adjectives in English

An adjective is a word that describes a quality. Which? Bad is good. Big small.

Just as we have several dozen basic verbs (50 - 60), so there are not very many basic, key adjectives either. About 30 - 40 adjectives, which again cover the same 90% oral speech in almost any language. But above all, we are interested in how adjectives can change. And they can change according to the degree of comparison. That is: good - better, high - higher, and so on. There are two in English possible options. Most English words are short, monosyllabic. So this is the basic pattern.

For example, the word old is old.

To tell us “older”, that is, to use comparison (older than ...), we add the ending -er:

Comparison always [actually not always] requires the word THAN: older than… better than… The word THAN (conjunction) in English is “than”.

“He is older than you” - how to say?

He is older than you.

He is older than you. - He's older than you.

The oldest, oldest - oldest (the ending -est is added).

Old - older - (the) oldest

Very often, since the sarishy is usually one person, or one, the article the is used, which, as you remember, comes from the word “this”. This is the oldest, this oldest is the oldest.

Most of these words. If the word is long, there is no place to sculpt any other endings (-er or -est). If we take the word beautiful - beautiful, we can no longer do with it the way we did with the old one. They don't do that to beautiful people. Therefore, we use another method that also exists in Russian - we add the word “more” (more and more). More beautiful. In Russian, you can say “more beautiful”, or you can say more beautiful.

Now the most beautiful, the most beautiful:

Beautiful - more beautiful (than) - (the) most beautiful

- “The” most beautiful?

Not always, but very often the article is used the.

Can I have a question? What determines “the” whether we set or not set?

If we point to someone or something that has this feature (maximum):

She is the most beautiful girl.
He is the oldest man in this room.

Give an example without the!

For example,

most likely - most likely, most likely
Most likely we won't dance tonight.

That is, sometimes the article drops out.

Can you tell me, please, how many letters are needed for a word to be considered long?

This is a question similar to how many grains of sand are in a pile. There are cases where two options are used. When an English-speaking person, scratching his head, thinks whether it refers to short or long. For example stupid. Actually more stupid, and maybe stupider.

Well, stupid this is long in my opinion.

There are clearly short words, there are clearly long ones. There are intermediate ones, in which this norm is sometimes so walking. As a rule, two-syllable words are also long. But not always. For example, the word early, early - early- there earlier.

That is, I understood correctly: stupid - stupid - stupidest?

Stupidest, Yes. Although formally it is better to say most stupid.

Dmitry, since we are talking about old women, it turns out ...

So we will gradually move on to percentages 🙂

- ... the word old is an old woman, isn't it? Or does it have nothing to do with the word old woman?

Old woman, old lady - old woman

I know English by group names. There is such a group "Old Lady Drive".

So, attention! In all languages, for some reason (no one has explained this yet), the two most common adjectives - in Russian, English, Italian and others - have irregular forms. These are the words good And bad. We speak Russian good, and the degree of comparison - better. The root is completely different. Bad is worse. At all different words. Here is the same story in English:

Good - better (than) - (the) best
Good - better (than) - (this one) is the best

And I always say more good)

Well, I think they will! Some won't even judge. But everyone will pay attention

And you can't say better without than? For example, I'm better.

They say “I feel better” - I feel better.

Can you say “I feel better than yesterday”? Surely I must say than?

Of course not! If there is something to compare with, then we compare; if there is nothing to compare with, we do not compare. Therefore, these words are in brackets to know which word is being used.

Same story with the word bad:

Bad - worse (than) - (the) worst
Bad - worse (than) - (this) worst

A worms what's happened?

Oh my God! Why are you talking about worms?

Nothing good either if you are not a fisherman 🙂

Well, for illustration, you can write the following proverb:

Better late than never.- Better late than never.

By the way, it is very useful, when the basic structures are already being mastered, to add to speech not just new words, but whole turns, expressions, idioms, aphorisms.

But how to say “you are bad”, but to sound, well, like “naughty”, “scoundrel”?

If scientifically, this is solved with the help of intonation. Moreover, in slang the word baby very often means "good", “cool”.

That is, it all depends on intonation, emotions, attitudes.

Say a ugly What is it?

Terrible, ugly, terrible. Well, this may be related to some physical indicators, or it can be used in a figurative sense:

Ugly behavior (amer. - behavior). - Disgusting (terrible) behavior.

This is absolutely ugly.

Horrible - terrible.
Horror - horror.
Horror story, horror movie - horror movies.

A terrible also terrible?

Yes. Well, in Russian there are also a lot of words: horror, fear, nightmare, darkness.

Comfortable speech rhythm

Therefore, it is very important to bring the basic structure and the main, most frequent words to automatism. After that, there is a feeling of freedom, which allows us to expand the possibilities, add some synonyms. And when we move on to such a more coherent and detailed speech, we will need to connect a few more physiological moments. Rhythm. That is, when we begin to speak, we must speak not slowly and not quickly, but comfortably.

Simultaneous translation

When, for example, a simultaneous interpreter is working - you know, right? which simultaneously translates the text coming into his earpiece - a professional simultaneous interpreter never tries to keep up with someone who speaks quickly, and does not slow down if the speaker speaks slowly. He chooses his rhythm, which is comfortable for him. And thus, there is a feeling of smooth, coherent, rhythmic, free speech.

What if the speaker speaks too fast? Like a machine gun, it sculpts and sculpts, sculpts and sculpts - how to keep up with it?

The most important thing is proportion. Someone translate: one word - one word. Someone - ten words in three words. Someone - twenty-five eight.

Is it possible to learn several languages ​​at the same time?

Dmitry, tell me, do you recommend studying several languages ​​in parallel?

Well, it's hard to advise. It's like advising to treat several diseases. There is, firstly, the question of individual motivation - who needs what for what. Because very often the language is learned not because it is necessary, but because “it would be necessary”. It’s somehow indecent not to know, everyone knows, but I don’t know! It's a dumb motivation. The motivation must be real. If the motivation for one language overrides the motivation for another, then naturally one overrides the other. And the second point, so that they do not mix, if, for example, more or less equal motivations or motivation comes at different periods of life, this is a mandatory binding to the image. That is, those associations that we are talking about are like a bunch of keys: now I don’t need Italian - that’s it, I temporarily forgot it. But the time has come, I got out of the bunch: so, what do I have to do with Italy? The smell of burnt pizza, the songs of Celentano, the ruins of the Colosseum. I opened it and entered through this image - yeah, here they are all the structures: so, we have verbs like this, adjectives like this ... Everything, closed it, went into another image. Now I need to change to a different image. Yes, English. What do we have here?

Words to express time. The use of prepositions of time in English

So, now we will take such a topic as time parameters. Everything we talk about needs some kind of temporary s x indicators. Well, the most basic words associated with time are, of course:

yesterday - yesterday
today - today
tomorrow - tomorrow
now - now

If we are talking about the period of time after which something will happen (in a day, in a week, in a year, etc.), then we use the preposition in:

in - through
in 3 days - in 3 days
in 2 weeks
in 4 months - in 4 months
in 5 years - after 5 years

That is not after?

And to say "some time ago", then we say ago:

Alice, how to say “I will arrive in 3 days”?

I will come in 3 days.

Yes. Oleg, how to say “he left 2 days ago”?

How to say "I'll see you in a week"?

I will see you in one week.

Yes. Or I will see you in a week(remember, a is short for one).

Nastya, how to say “I saw him 2 weeks ago”?

I saw him 2 weeks ago.

Volodya, how to say “yesterday I did not work, but today I will work”?

Yesterday I didn't work but today I will work.

Can you say something like this: “Today I will work”?

Well, you can.

It confuses me that I don't say "I will" or will Is this "I will"?

Will this is the future tense.

And if we want to say “I will be at work”, and not “I will work”?

I will be… I will… But that will mean that I will be present, I will be present.

Can you say I will be work?

I will be in office.
I will be at home - I will (be) at home

will be never means “I will do something”. It only means “I will be, be present”.

Can you say “I be there”?

No.
I will be there. - I will be there.

I just remember the song...

"I'll be there"?

This song swallows will and says I'll be there. But ‘ll it still sounds there.

You see, I’m somehow based on songs, that’s all, on fairy tales ...

Anya, how to say “In winter I will go ...”? And tell me where you'll go if you go.

I will go to Norway in winter.

Dasha, how to say “In an hour we will go home”?

We will go home in one hour.

Yes.
In an hour we will go home.

Michael, how to say “I was here yesterday”?

I was here yesterday.

How do you say "I'll be here tomorrow"?

Future! Where do you write?

I will be here tomorrow.

About suggestions. Prepositions are also often mistaken when talking about time. When we say time, that is, the hour, we use the preposition at:

And here in same "V", Right?

Why then in used as through?

When we talk about the day of the week, we use on:

on Monday - on Monday

A in used with months and seasons:

in May - in May winter
in winter - in winter

And it won't sound like "Through May"?

How to say through May?

What does it mean?

Like a Chukchi: “Through May!” 🙂

A next winter?

Pretext in means "V" when we talk about period of time, and in another situation - "through".

But please tell me “after winter comes spring” This “in winter will be spring”?

What was "before that" This before and what will be after, This after(remember noon?):

The spring comes after winter.

That is after This after, but not through?

This is very understandable, by the way.

Well, the days of the week, the names of the months - they are more or less known. Is there any point in writing them down?

Let's write it down! Days of the week and months.

They are present in every calendar, but let's write them:

Monday - Monday
Tuesday - Tuesday
Wednesday - Wednesday
Thursday - Thursday
Friday - Friday
Saturday
Sunday - Sunday

These are all names of pagan gods. Vodon or Odin (Wednes) was the main Scandinavian-German god of thunder. Friday - the goddess of love Freya. Monday is the day of the Moon, Saturday is the day of Saturn, Sunday is the day of the Sun. Thursday is the god Thor. Tue-…

Michael, how to say: “I will come on Monday”?

I will come on Monday.

Maybe Friday or Friday.

In the Forvo service, where you can check the pronunciation of words, only one person out of 12 said a clear "friday" - a man from Australia. The rest are sure that it is correct to say "Friday" (except for one American who swallowed the sound "y" at the end)

So, with all the days of the week - if we say that something happens on this day, then we use the preposition “on”.

Now months:

January
February
March
April
May
June
July
august
September
October
October
December

Bless you! - Be healthy!
(God bless you)
bless - bless

A "Be healthy" how will it be?

But it doesn't mean anything in English. This is not the way to say it.

well and "be healthy"?

There is no such.

After a person sneezes, this “Bless you!”. A "Be healthy" it's rather “Be well!”.

I mean, "be nice," right?

Well it is also healthy.

But is there any key to understanding all these months, like with the days of the week we have, for example? Or all the time IN?

Well, if we are talking in some month - in January.

There is another important point. Three words: last(in past), this(currently) and next(in the following), with which no preposition is needed:

Last-this-next
This week - this week
This month - this month
Next month - next month
Last week - last week
Last year - last year
Next year - next year

And another word "once":

This time - this time
Next time - next time
Last time - last time

This is how we mark time. This is another resource that expands the possibilities of what we are talking about. Because when we get to stories (and the goal is to be able to tell a story) - either about what has already happened, or about what will happen in the future, or some kind of sequence of events - it is necessary, inevitable, to talk about time.

Why did you write week, month, year, then the name of the month - May And time?

This means any period of time - be it a season, a month, a week, a year - can be combined without any pretext with the words last, this(current) and next:


…

One can say "next month", and one can say in “next May”.

How do you say "next Tuesday"?

How do you say "last summer"?

How do you say "last time"?

What about "this time"?

What about next week?

What preposition is used there?

None! That's why we wrote them here.

To sum up. All these designations different periods time: days, weeks, months, years, seasons. With the prepositions that go with them. It remains for us to write the seasons:

winter
spring - spring
summer
autumn - autumn

It is necessary to remember these words associated with periods of time and the prepositions that are used with them.

But when they say autumn, "n" not heard at all.

Yes "n" Can not hear.

Sometimes you know how a word is spelled and you know what it means, but it can be embarrassing to pronounce it. Because either “otomn”, or “otonm”.

So, today we have mastered the words associated with the category of time and the structure of the adjective - the degree of comparison (more than, better, worse).

How to say "I'm younger than him"?

I am younger than him.

Yes. How do you say “today I speak better than yesterday”?

Today I speak better than yesterday.

But how to say, Sasha, “yesterday I spoke worse than today”?

Yesterday I spoke worse than today.

Volodya, how to say “today she is more beautiful than yesterday”?

Today she is more beautiful than yesterday.

Nastya, how to say “November is shorter than October”?

November is shorter than October.

Anya, how do you say “February is the shortest month”?

February is the shortest month.

Dasha, how do you say “Moscow is bigger than Kyiv”?

Moscow is bigger than Kiev.

And how to say, Mikhail, “I am the best jewelry designer”?

I am the best jewelry designer.

How do you say “I love January more than February”?

I like January more than February.

So, it means that today we have mastered adjective structure. In principle, there is not much new information there. Short words with added endings, long words require

To get started free to speak a foreign language, first of all, it is necessary to realize the following fact: language is LIVING ORGANISM, which, like any organism, has a certain structure. Having an idea about this structure ( grammatical structure ), you can easily begin the process of building muscle mass, which is played by vocabulary (vocabulary content of the language). The use of basic grammatical constructions in the future will make it easy and without hesitation to convey any desired thought to the interlocutor.

Lesson number 5. Vocabulary: highlights. Degrees of comparison of adjectives. Time options.

We have already met with SCHEMEverbs in English. Recall verb- part of speech denoting ACTION . Recall that an action can be performed in three time periods(present, past, future ), depending on the time of the action, we build a statement, taking into account the rules for its formation.

verb scheme

* is the subject of the sentence, expressed by a pronoun (I, she) or a noun, and V is a verb (verb) that conveys an action.

Separately, we discussed one of the three most common verbs, linking verb, TO BE.

TO BE

We also considered the existing English language system PRONOUNS (noun substitutes), which are divided into three type:

So, we have repeated the main points covered so far. Now let's move on to new material.

Adjectives: degrees of comparison

Adjective - a word that describes the quality or characterizes the object of reality.

If we have verbs hide, nouns bow down, then adjectives change according to the POWERS OF COMPARISON, of which there are three (simple, comparative and superlative).

To change adjectives correctly, remember the following rule:

MOST ENGLISH ADJECTIVES ARE SHORT (ONE-SILLUABLE) WORDS. TO THEM IT IS NECESSARY TO ADD -ER AND -EST.

Old (old) - old er(older) - the old est(the oldest)
I am younger than he - I am younger than him.
February is the shortest month. - February - most short month.

It is unreasonable to add letters to long adjectives, so we use auxiliary words MORE and (the) MOST .

Beautiful (beautiful) - more beautiful (more beautiful) - (the) most beautiful (the most beautiful / most beautiful).
Most likely - most likely.

When there is something to compare with, we use THAN- how.

Today she is more beautiful than yesterday. She is prettier today than yesterday.

Any rule is not without exceptions, in any language there are adjectives that form degrees of comparison in a wrong way. There are two main ones: GOOD and BAD.

good will GOOD - BETTER - THE BEST.

Better late than never - Better late than never.
Today I speak better than yesterday - Today I speak better than yesterday.

Bad is BAD - WORSE - THE WORST.

It was the worst thing in my life. “It was the worst thing in my life.

Now we can do next step towards mastery foreign language. Let's discuss the time frame of the surrounding reality.

TIME PARAMETERS

We all exist at some point in time. The most understandable and close moments are YESTERDAY(yesterday ) , TODAY(today) and tomorrow (tomorrow) .

I was here yesterday.– I was here yesterday.
I am here today.– I (am) here today.
I will be here tomorrow.- I'll be here tomorrow.

And there is also a word NOW (Now) . I'm listening now - Now I'm listening.

Speaking of future actions, use a preposition IN- through.

I will see you in a week. - I'll see you in a week.
In an hour we will go home. We'll go home in an hour.
I will come in three days. - I will arrive in three days.

But it points to the past AGO- back.

I saw him two weeks ago. - I saw him two weeks ago.

IN also used with months and in this case translated as “In”

and the names of the seasons

I will go to Norway in winter - In winter I will go to Norway.

But if we point to some day of the week, we use the preposition ON .

IN Monday / Tuesday / Wednesday / Thursday / Friday / Saturday / Sunday must speak ON Monday[‘mʌndɪ] / Tuesday[‘t(j)uːzdɪ] / Wednesday[‘wenzdeɪ] /Thursday[‘θɜːzdeɪ] / Friday[‘fraɪdeɪ] / Saturday[‘sætədeɪ] / Sunday[‘sʌndeɪ] .

The names of the days of the week come from the names of the Scandinavian gods, so they are capitalized!

Is the event scheduled for some hour X? speak AT 5 o'clock!

The following words indicate time: Before - before and After - after.

Remember that the following words last/next/this in phrases Not require the use of prepositions.

Last winter - last winter
This time-

1. I will go to Paris Friday. It will be the best trip in my life
2. I started learning English. Better later than never.
3. It often snows winter.
4. I was born March.
5. Last week I was unwell. Now I'm better.
6. a year ago she was in spain, next year she will go to England.

Don't forget to review what you've learned on a regular basis!

Hello friends! We continue to study English according to the method of Dmitry Petrov "Polyglot" and today we have lesson 5. In the fifth lesson, we will continue the process of mastering the elementary conversational level. Watch the cropped fifth episode of the lesson.

During the previous lessons, a number of important and useful structures have been studied. Today we will study something else important: the adjective and its degrees of comparison.

It is very easy to form degrees of comparison of adjectives in English. For monosyllabic adjectives (in other words, short ones), the following suffixes are added:

For compound adjectives ( in simple terms- long), the endings do not go, just imagine - the beautifulest, in itself a long adjective, there is no way to “stick” three more letters to it! Therefore, compound adjectives form degrees of comparison as follows:

There are adjectives-exceptions that form degrees of comparison without following any rule. For example, take the most common adjectives: good - bad

• Good - better (better) - the best (best)

• Bad - worse (worse) - the worst (worst)

Time indicators in English

Time indicators are very important to know, because they will help you understand what time is used or should be used.

For example: I write articles seldom/ I often write articles. (A regular, periodically repeated action indicates that this is the Present Simple)

Also, time indications are used everywhere: in schedules, in descriptions of the daily routine, etc.

The simplest of the time indicators:

• Yesterday (yesterday) - today (today) - tomorrow (tomorrow) - now (now)

When we need to indicate at the moment when an event takes place (has happened or will happen), we use:

• This time - this time
• Next time - next time
• Last time - last time

Naturally, you need to know the days of the week, months, and the names of the seasons.

• Monday - ["mAndei] -" Monday
• Tuesday - ["tju:zdei] - "Tuesday
• Wednesday - ["wenzdei] - "Wednesday
• Thursday - ["Tq:zdei] - "Sday
• Friday - ["fraIdei] - "Friday
• Saturday - ["sxtqdei] - "Saturday
• Sunday - ["sAndei] - "Sunday

Keys to correct pronunciation:

• January ["ʤænju (ə) rɪ]- [" jenyuari]
• February ["febru (ə) rɪ]- [" February]
• March - ["mah:h]
• April ["eɪpr (ə) l] - [" April]
• May - ["may]
• June [ʤuːn]-["ju:n]
• July [ʤu "laɪ] - [ju" lai]
• August ["ɔːgəst] - ["o: guest]
• September - [sep" tembe]
• October [ɔk "təubə] - [ok" toube]
• November - [know "wembe]
• December - [dy "sembe]

• spring - [spring]
• summer ["sʌmə] - [same]
• autumn ["ɔːtəm] - [o: tam]
• winter ["wɪntə] - [winte]

Prepositions

Prepositions used with seasons, months, days of the week:

• Days of the week: On Monday - On Monday
• Seasons, months: Autumn Yu -In autumn / IN May — In May
• Time indication: At 12 o'clock - At 12 o'clock

Pretext in can also mean - through. For example: in two weeks (in two weeks), in four months (in four months).

If we need to know what time back something happened, use the adverb - ago: three days ago (three days ago), one year ago (one year ago).

• Before- before that
• After- after.

That's all the material that you have to learn. All the best in learning English!

Download Additional materials for the lesson at the link below.

Watch the fifth episode of the program "Polyglot" with Dmitry Petrov

English with Dmitry Petrov for 16 lessons. Summary of the 5th lesson

Necessary:

1. To bring to automatism the possession of basic structures, which include - the scheme of the verb, the scheme of the verb - bundles to be, forms of pronouns, prepositions, etc.;

2. Tune in to a certain image associated with the language, evoke an association that arises from the pronunciation of "English". Such an image will make it possible to make the language voluminous, i.e., to transfer from the page of the diagram notebook into space. To make it a new dimension, an environment where we can enter, feel comfortable there, and, if necessary, exit. It is necessary to create a code sign, a password, by tuning in to which we can enter this multidimensional space.

Adjective

An adjective is a word that describes a quality that answers the question - what kind?

Basic adjective scheme:

Time Options

Yesterday (yesterday) - today (today) - tomorrow (tomorrow)

now (now)

Preposition " at" is used to say "at" some time. For example: At 5 o'clock (at 5:00).

Days of the week:

For months and seasons, the preposition " in»:

With words last (past) - this (current) - next (next) prepositions are not used.