Scientists have devoted a lot of time to finding answers to the question of how ancient people learned to read and where printed writing came from. But it was writing that influenced the development of people, without it there would be no reading, books, and in general the world that we know. In this regard, we will talk about how people learned to read.
Reading and the first writing
It is known that writing first appeared in ancient Mesopotamia. It is believed that the ancient Sumerians who inhabited it were the first to learn how to count and invented the first written language. It is the Sumerians who are credited with the invention of cuneiform writing, which consisted of signs and some similarities of drawings (pictograms). It should be noted that even though cuneiform seems to modern man primitive, it was formed over the centuries. It was cuneiform that served as the beginning of the development of writing as such.
The very same cuneiform arose as a result of the need to transmit information from person to person at a distance. Indeed, earlier (before the advent of cuneiform writing), people were forced to transmit information using objects. Of course, subject "writing" was notable for its shortcomings. Information could be perceived in a completely different sense.
The emergence of the alphabet
Gradually, hieroglyphic writing began to take shape. It is believed that the Egyptians were one of the first inventors of this type of writing. However, hieroglyphs had a significant drawback - they were not actually associated with speech.
The output was the alphabet. The first alphabet was created by the ancient Phoenicians in the second millennium BC. And if earlier one of the symbols could mean a whole word, then with the development of writing, one symbol began to mean one syllable, which made writing more convenient for studying.
The Phoenician alphabet had 22 syllables. He later reached Ancient Greece where it has been significantly improved. Exactly Greek alphabet served as the basis for many European languages and began to be used even in the Middle East.
The advent of printing
Typography is usually attributed to ancient China. According to experts, printing books in Ancient China began as early as 600 BC. It was necessary for the promotion of Buddhism. Moreover, initially printing was piecework. Reading was taught only to monks and children from the upper classes.
In Europe, printing appeared much later. Approximately 1300 AD. Its development was hampered by the inaccessibility of paper. Only in 1400 did it become possible to print books in bulk. Moreover, as in ancient China, books in Europe were then primarily of a religious nature.
It is worth noting that all over the world until about the middle of the 19th century, reading was a rarity among the common people. Reading mostly could representatives of the nobility and people from high strata of society.
The art of reading people to ignite your senses.
In communicating with people, it is important to learn how to read people, that is, to understand not only what they say, but who they are. The interpretation of verbal and non-verbal signals allows you to see, in addition to external "masks", a real person. You must understand other vital forms of communication in order to read people intuitively and understand important non-verbal cues. To do this, you must also be willing to let go of any preconceptions or emotional baggage from old grudges or selfish encounters. This is the key to staying objective and getting information in a neutral way without distorting it. You must be willing to let go of old, limiting ideas.
Three technologies for learning to read people
First method. Pay attention to body language
Studies have shown that words make up only seven percent of communication, while our body language (55 percent) and tone of voice (30 percent) convey the rest of the information. When reading body language, don't become overly analytical. Stay relaxed and just watch.
Here are some examples of body language.
Pay attention to posture to learn how to read people: do they hold their heads high, confident? Or do they walk hesitantly, striving to become invisible, projecting signs of low self-esteem? Maybe their movements are cheeky and unrestrained, like a sign of a big ego?
Look at the distance - as a rule, we try to get closer to those we like and move away from people we don't like.
When people lick or bite their lips, they become nervous, try to calm down, or feel awkward.
Interpret facial expressions: emotions can be quite clearly shown on the face of the interlocutor - a gloomy, restless or anxious look, crow's feet smile of joy, pursed lips as a signal of anger, contempt or bitterness.
Second method. Listen to your intuition
You can tune in to perceive someone beyond their body language and words. Intuition is what you feel, it's not what your head says. You perceive this non-verbal information with the help of sensations, not logic.
Checklist of intuitive sensations, how to learn to read people.
It's what happens before you have a chance to think.
Feel the goosebumps
Goosebumps are wonderful visceral tingles that convey that we resonate with the people we interact with. Goosebumps can come when you experience déjà vu, the admission that you've met someone you previously knew even though you've never actually met.
Pay attention to flashes of insight
In conversations, you can get ideas about people who come in an instant. Be carefull. Otherwise, you may miss such sudden thoughts. It is common for us to pay attention to the next thought so quickly that these flashes of insight are lost. However, they are important to learn how to read people.
Third method. Feeling emotional energy
Emotions are amazing expressions of our inner energy. We perceive them intuitively: in dealing with some people we feel good, they improve mood and vitality. From communication with others, we instinctively want to get away. This "subtle energy" can be felt quite vividly, although it is invisible. In Chinese medicine, this is called chi, vitality, which is important for a person to be healthy.
Emotional Energy Reading Strategies
1. Total energy
This is the total energy we radiate, not necessarily the same as our words or behavior. It is an emotional atmosphere that surrounds us like a cloud of rain or sun. As you read people, notice: Do you feel their presence that draws you in? Or you feel an unpleasant trembling that makes you avoid contact with them.
2. The look of a person
Our eyes transmit powerful energies. Just as the brain has an electromagnetic signal traveling outside the body, research shows that the eyes project this too. Take time to look into people's eyes. What does their gaze say? About the same as what their words say?
3. Feeling a handshake, hug, touch
We experience emotional energy through physical contact as well as electricity. Ask yourself, does this person's handshake or hug make you feel warm, comfortable, confident? Or is it so repulsive that you want to leave?
4. Listen to the tone of voice and laughter
The tone and volume of our voice can reveal a lot about our emotions. Sound frequencies create vibrations. When reading people, notice how their tone of voice affects you. Ask yourself: Does the tone soothe them? Or is it an unpleasant, fragmentary, whiny sound?
Instruction
Pay attention to how close it is to you: The distance at which the interlocutor is located characterizes his desire with you. The closer he is, the closer the relationship he wants to establish. And vice versa: the further he is, the less you are interested in him.
Don't forget the discount for what residents major cities and representatives of some countries are accustomed to communicate in close enough, which may even seem intimate.
Pay attention to the position of the head: If a person, talking to you, tilts his head slightly in your direction, this is a sign of sympathy.
When a person lowers his head, it indicates his insecurity. If this happens during a personal conversation, he may be embarrassed, unsure of himself, wanting to keep his distance - this is a closed posture. If the head hangs down during an argument, the person may not be sure that his statements are true. If the interlocutor, on the contrary, lifts his chin up, this signals his self-confidence, the desire to reduce the distance, or the desire to challenge you to an argument.
Pay attention to mirroring: Mirroring or repeating a pose is a sure sign that the person is interested and showing sympathy. To make sure it's not a coincidence, try changing the position of your arms or legs, and after a while check to see if the person repeated your pose.
Pay attention to the hands: If the arms are crossed, this is a closed posture - the person is not in the mood to communicate. It should be borne in mind that for many people this is a familiar posture, but even in this case, such a habit indicates that a person is restrained, constrained in communicating with people. If, with the arms crossed, the legs are fairly wide and confidently apart, this posture indicates a position of superiority. If a person puts his hands on his hips, then he is a little nervous. Does your interlocutor have his hands clenched into a castle or into fists? This means that the person is probably angry.
Pay attention to individual gestures: If a person straightens his hair or pulls a lock of hair, this indicates his sympathy for you or the one with whom he communicates. However, if at the same time he raises his eyebrows high, as if in surprise, this rather indicates his disagreement with you. If your interlocutor frowns slightly and narrows his eyes, it means that he is trying to understand and think about what you are saying.
Pay attention to the legs: If a person shifts from one foot to the other, it means that he is nervous, unsure of himself, expecting something. Many people stand pointing their toes towards the one they like. If a person touched your foot with yours, this is direct flirting!
I would like to know - .
In addition to manipulators and others who want to influence people, there are people with a stuck (paranoid) character and hidden fears, anxiety, suspiciousness and suspicions ...
Such a person wants to know what and how people think, what they think about ... He thinks that how to read minds, so people will be under his power, and nothing threatens him ...
Today, on the site, you will find out: is it possible and how to read people's minds, And what you need to do…
How to read people's minds
In order to find out how to read people's minds, first you need to determine what “thought” is in general, and how a person thinks ... how the thought process goes on in a separate individual - in particular.Thought is a product of human thinking, i.e. activities of the mind, consciousness and subconscious.
Thoughts can be verbal (verbal) and non-verbal (in the form of images, pictures and representations). Most of a person's thoughts are accompanied by emotions and feelings, both positive and negative (depending on the thought itself).
Depending on the type of thinking (figurative, objective, verbal-logical ...), certain thoughts are formed in people. Every thought can take the form of ideas, judgments, inferences, beliefs, rules, assumptions, attitudes, and beliefs...
At one point in time, a whole stream of thoughts can go through the head, most of which are not realized by the person himself. That's why, to learn to read other people's minds, for starters, it's a good idea to learn how to read your own.
In fact, literally read people's minds, in the form in which they flow in the brain of the thinker himself - no one knows how (the thinker himself is often confused in his own thoughts).
In other words, to learn to read other people's minds, You need to learn to observe people, or rather, observe what information they convey to you, both in words and posture, facial expressions and gestures, tone of voice and articulation, behavior and emotions, as well as physiological, vegetative reactions (reddening, change in breathing, heartbeat, etc.).
Those people who manipulate, deceive others, use fraud and rule - they cannot read minds, but they are well aware of the subconscious desires and needs of people (in a word, weaknesses), they know how to put their thoughts into your brain ... and you will already think like this , as they need ... which means they will know your thoughts ... (that's the whole secret).
Connoisseurs of human souls, such as, for example, veterans of the secret services, argue that no person in the process of communication can remain a "closed book." Sooner or later, something will force the pages to open slightly, and you, with one degree or another, will be able to read them and interpret them correctly. These are the clues given to us by those for whom secrets are the object of professional activity.
Determine the rate
People have different quirks and behavior patterns. For example, they may clear their throats, look at the floor while talking, cross their arms, scratch their heads, comb their hair, squint their eyes, pout, or wiggle their legs. Initially, we don't even notice it. And if we notice, we do not attach any importance. However, people may exhibit this behavior for a variety of reasons. Maybe it's just an ingrained habit. Or maybe an indicator of nervousness, mistrust or aggression. Mentally create a profile for everyone with whom you have to deal, and put there the behavioral patterns and habits inherent in him, which can be conditionally considered the norm for this person.
Record Deviations
Pay attention to any deviations of a person from the norm prescribed in his profile. For example, your business partner has a habit of clearing his throat at the very beginning of a conversation. However, today, when discussing some of his new initiatives, he does this much more often than usual. It is worth paying attention to such changes in behavior and perhaps asking your partner more questions than you did before.
Notice groups of gestures
Sometimes a single gesture means nothing, but if it goes in conjunction with others, then almost always it indicates some special state or hidden intention of the speaker. Returning to the business partner, remember that he usually only clears his throat. But today, this was also added to the frequent scratching of the head and shaking the leg in the air. Double your caution.
Compare and contrast
So, you notice that someone is acting a little differently than usual. Go up a notch to see if the person is behaving the same way with someone other than you. Observe how he or she behaves with others in the room. Or how he responds to a sudden incoming call. Does facial expression change? And what about posture and body language?
Don't Forget the Mirror
In the human brain, there are something like mirror neurons that reflect the states of other people. By default, you read the body language of the interlocutor. His smile activates the muscles responsible for smiling in your face, and his frown makes you frown too. When you meet someone you like, your eyebrows rise, your facial muscles relax, your head bows, and blood rushes to your lips, making them a little brighter and fuller than usual. Look at your partner's face. If all this does not happen to him, the conclusions about his attitude towards you are obvious.
Find a strong voice
The most important person may not be sitting at the head of the table at all. People with real power have strong, well-placed voices. Not to be confused with a loud voice, which is often, on the contrary, a sign of weakness and insecurity. If you're trying to get your message across to a group of people, don't just focus on who is formally considered the leader. Hear all these people, find the most powerful voice, work on attracting him to your side.
Follow the moves
Insecure people are easily identified by jerky and fussy movements, stooped posture and lowered head. But this does not mean that their ideas and considerations will be rubbish. If there are such people in your subordination, you will probably have to make a little more effort to “knock out” of them, finally, their brilliant ideas.
Choice of words
A person can express the same idea in many different ways. Pay attention to exactly what words a person chooses to convey one or another of his thoughts, and you will learn much more about him than, perhaps, he knows about himself. For example, he might say "I'm getting paid $500" or "I'm making $500" or "I'm getting paid $500". In the first case, you have a passive person who is used to relying on others in everything, in the second - a person with an active life position, and in the third - a lover of restrictions and clear rules.
Finishing touches
It is not difficult to make a more detailed portrait of a person. Just collect the answers to the following questions. Is he an introvert or an extrovert? What is more important for him - feelings or achievements? How does he deal with risk and uncertainty? What feeds his ego? How does he behave under stress? And in a relaxed state? By filling out all these points in his profile, you will undoubtedly come closer to a better understanding of this person. A better understanding will lead to effective communication.
