Presentation on the topic of acmeism in Russian literature. Presentation for a literature lesson on the topic "Acmeism as a literary trend. The world of images of Nikolai Gumilyov." Connection with the mysterious world

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Gorodetsky S. Mandelstam O.

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M. Lozinsky

V. Shileyko

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V.Narbut V.Krivich

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In comparison with other poetic directions of Russian Silver Age Acmeism in many ways is seen as a marginal phenomenon. It has no analogues in other European literatures (which cannot be said, for example, about symbolism and futurism); the more surprising are the words of Blok, Gumilyov's literary opponent, who declared that acmeism was just an "imported foreign thing." After all, it was acmeism that turned out to be extremely fruitful for Russian literature. Akhmatova and Mandelstam managed to leave behind "eternal words." Gumilyov appears in his poems as one of the brightest personalities of the cruel time of revolutions and world wars. And today, almost a century later, interest in acmeism has survived mainly because the work of these outstanding poets, who had a significant impact on the fate of Russian poetry of the 20th century, is associated with it.

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October Revolution caused differentiation among the acmeists and determined their various paths in the post-revolutionary years: some were shot, others ended up in exile, others fell silent, having no common language with the Soviet people. A number of poets (A. Akhmatova, S. Gorodetsky, M. Zenkevich) entered Soviet literature and gave it their talent.

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Acmeism

• ACMEISM(from the Greek akme - the highest degree, peak, flowering, flowering time) - a literary movement that opposes symbolism and arose at the beginning of the 20th century in Russia.

• The liberation of poetry from symbolist appeals to the ideal, the return to it of clarity, materiality, "joyful admiration of being";
• The desire to give the word a certain exact meaning, to base works on specific imagery, the requirement for “beautiful clarity”;
• Appeal to a person, to the "authenticity of his feelings";
• Poetization of the world of primordial emotions, primitive biological nature, prehistoric life of the Earth and man.

• The term acmeism was proposed in 1912 by N. Gumilyov and S. Gorodetsky: in their opinion, symbolism in crisis is being replaced by a direction that generalizes the experience of predecessors and leads the poet to new heights of creative achievements.

• The formation of acmeism is closely connected with the activities of the "Workshop of Poets", the central figure of which was the organizer of acmeism N. Gumilyov. Contemporaries gave the term other interpretations: Piast saw its origins in the pseudonym A. Akhmatova, which sounds like “akmatus” in Latin, some pointed to its connection with the Greek “acme” - “point”.

• As a literary trend, acmeism did not last long - about two years (1913-1914), but one cannot ignore its ancestral ties with the "Poets' Workshop", as well as the decisive influence on the fate of Russian poetry of the twentieth century. Acmeism consisted of six of the most active participants in the movement: N. Gumilyov, A. Akhmatova, O. Mandelstam, S. Gorodetsky, M. Zenkevich, V. Narbut.

• At the meetings of the "Tsekh", in contrast to the meetings of the Symbolists, specific issues were resolved: the "Tsekh" was a school for mastering poetic skills, a professional association. The creative fates of poets who sympathized with acmeism developed in different ways: N. Klyuev subsequently declared his non-participation in the activities of the community, G. Adamovich and G. Ivanov continued and developed many principles of acmeism in emigration, acmeism did not have any effect on V. Khlebnikov noticeable influence.

• The platform of the acmeists was the Apollo magazine, edited by S. Makovsky, in which the declarations of Gumilyov and Gorodetsky were published. The program of acmeism in "Apollo" included two main provisions: firstly, concreteness, materiality, versatility, and secondly, the improvement of poetic skills. The rationale for the new literary trend was given in the articles of N. Gumilyov The legacy of symbolism and acmeism(1913), S. Gorodetsky Some currents in modern Russian poetry(1913), O. Mandelstam Morning of acmeism(1913, not published in Apollo).

• One of the main tasks of acmeism - to straighten out the tilt towards the otherworldly, characteristic of symbolism, to establish a "living balance" between the metaphysical and the earthly. The acmeists did not renounce metaphysics:

• “always remember the unknowable, but do not offend your thought about it with more or less probable conjectures” - such is the principle of acmeism.

• The main difference between acmeism Gumilyov proposed to consider the recognition of the "intrinsic value of each phenomenon" - it is necessary to make the phenomena of the material world more tangible, even rough, freeing them from the power of foggy visions.

• Poorly substantiated as a literary trend, acmeism united exceptionally gifted poets - N. Gumilyov, A. Akhmatova, O. Mandelstam, the formation of creative individuals of which took place in the atmosphere of the "Poet's Workshop", disputes about "beautiful clarity". The history of acmeism can be viewed as a kind of dialogue between its three prominent representatives. Subsequently, acmeistic poetics was complexly and ambiguously refracted in their work.

• O. Mandelstam

• N. Gumilyov

• A. Akhmatova

• In the poetry of N. Gumilyov, acmeism is realized in a craving for the discovery of new worlds, exotic images and plots. The path of the poet in Gumilyov's lyrics is the path of a warrior, a conquistador, a discoverer. The muse that inspires the poet is the Muse of Far Wanderings.

• Baby elephant
• My love for you now is a baby elephant
• Born in Berlin or Paris
• And stomping with cotton feet
• In the rooms of the owner of the menagerie.
• Don't offer him French rolls
• Do not offer him cabbage heads -
• He can only eat a slice of tangerine,
• A piece of sugar or candy.
• Do not cry, oh tender, that in a cramped cage
• He will become the laughingstock of the mob,
• To blow cigar smoke into his nose
• Bailiffs to the laughter of the midinetes.
• Don't think, my dear, that the day will come
• When, enraged, he breaks the chains
• And he will run through the streets, and he will,
• Like a bus, crush people screaming.
• No, let you dream about it in the morning
• In brocade and copper, in ostrich feathers,
• Like the one, Magnificent, that once
• Carried Hannibal to the quivering Rome.

• A. Akhmatova's acmeism had a different character, devoid of attraction to exotic plots and colorful imagery. The originality of the creative manner of Akhmatova as a poet of the acmeist direction is the imprint of spiritualized objectivity. Through the amazing accuracy of the material world, Akhmatova displays a whole spiritual structure. “In this couplet - the whole woman,” spoke of Akhmatova song last meeting M. Tsvetaeva.

• x x x
• I've lost my mind, oh strange boy
• Wednesday at three o'clock!
• Pricked ring finger
• A ringing wasp for me.
• I accidentally pressed her
• And she seemed to die
• But the end of the poisoned sting
• Was sharper than the spindle.
• Will I cry about you, strange,
• Will your face smile at me?
• Look! On the ring finger
• So beautifully smooth ring.
• March 18-19, 1913,
• Tsarskoye Selo

• The local world of O. Mandelstam was marked by a sense of mortal fragility before faceless eternity. Mandelstam's acmeism is "the complicity of beings in a conspiracy against emptiness and non-existence." Among the acmeists, Mandelstam was distinguished by an unusually sharply developed sense of historicism. The thing is inscribed in his poetry in a cultural context, in a world warmed by “secret teleological warmth”: a person was surrounded not by impersonal objects, but by “utensils”, all the mentioned objects acquired biblical overtones.

• American bar
• No more girls in the bar
• The footman is impolite and sullen;
• And in a strong cigar it seems
• The American has a caustic mind.
• The rack shines with red varnish,
• And teasing soda-whiskey fort:
• Who is unfamiliar with the buffet sign
• And the labels are not too hard?
• Golden pile of bananas
• Just in case, filed
• And a wax saleswoman
• As calm as the moon.

• At first, we will feel a little sad,
• We'll ask for curasso coffee.
• Turns around in half a turn
• Fortune is our wheel!
• Then, speaking softly,
• I'm on a swivel chair
• I fit in a hat and straws
• Interfering with the ice, I listen to the rumble ...
• The master's eye is yellower than a chervonets
• Dreamers will not be offended ...
• We are unhappy with the light of the sun,
• The flow of measured orbits!
• No later than June 1913

• Acmeism strongly influenced the development of Russian poetry in exile, on the “Parisian note”: G. Ivanov, G. Adamovich, N. Otsup, I. Odoevtseva emigrated to France from Gumilyov’s students. The best poets of the Russian emigration G. Ivanov and G. Adamovich developed acmeistic principles: restraint, muffled intonation, expressive asceticism, subtle irony. IN Soviet Russia the manner of acmeists (mainly N. Gumilyov) was imitated by Nik. Tikhonov, I. Selvinsky, M. Svetlov, E. Bagritsky.
• Acmeism also had a significant impact on the author's song.

• Acmeism united dissimilar creative individualities, manifested itself in various ways in the “spiritual objectivity” of A. Akhmatova, the “distant wanderings” of M. Gumilyov, and the poetry of O. Mandelstam’s reminiscences.
• The role of acmeism is in an effort to maintain a balance between symbolism, on the one hand, and realism, on the other.
• In the work of acmeists, there are numerous points of contact with symbolists and realists (especially with the Russian psychological novel of the 19th century), but in general, representatives of acmeism found themselves in the “middle of contrast”, not slipping into metaphysics, but not “mooring to the ground”.

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Acmeism as a literary trend Lukyanova S.E.

Acmeism arose as a reaction to symbolism. Acmeism is a modernist trend (from the Greek akme - a point, a peak, the highest degree, a pronounced quality), declaring a concrete-sensory perception of the outside world, returning the word to its original, non-symbolic meaning.

The basic principles of acmeism: the liberation of poetry from symbolist appeals to the ideal, the return of clarity to it; rejection of mystical nebula, acceptance of the earthly world in its diversity, visible concreteness, sonority, colorfulness; the desire to give the word a specific, precise meaning; objectivity and clarity of images, sharpness of details; an appeal to a person, to the "authenticity" of his feelings; poetization of the world of primordial emotions, the primitive biological natural principle; echoes of past literary epochs, the broadest aesthetic associations, “longing for world culture”.

A. Akhmatova (Gorenko) B. Pasternak I. Anensky G. Ivanov N. Gumilyov O. Mandelstam

At the beginning of his creative way young poets, future acmeists, were close to symbolism, attended "Ivanovo environments" - literary meetings in the St. Petersburg apartment of Vyach. Ivanov, called the "tower". In the "tower" classes were held with young poets, where they studied versification. In October 1911, the students of this "poetry academy" founded a new literary association "Poets' Workshop". The workshop was a school of professional skill, and young poets N. Gumilyov and S. Gorodetsky became its leaders. In January 1913, they published the declarations of the acmeist group in the Apollo magazine. S. Gorodetsky N. Gumilyov

“Some currents in modern Russian poetry” “The struggle between acmeism and symbolism ... is, first of all, the struggle for this world, sounding, colorful, having shapes, weight and time ...” “the world is irrevocably accepted by acmeism, in the totality of beauties and ugliness”

The new trend was given another interpretation - Adamism, which implies "a courageously firm and clear outlook on life." This view is clarified in the poem by S. Gorodetsky "Adam"

Adam Forgive me, captivating moisture And primeval fog! In a transparent wind there is more good For the countries created for life. The world is spacious and polyphonic And it is more colorful than rainbows, And here it is entrusted to Adam, the Inventor of names. Name, learn, rip off the veils And idle secrets and decrepit haze - This is the first feat. A new feat - To sing praises to the Living Earth.

Acmeists are interested in the real, and not the other world, the beauty of life in its concrete sensual manifestations. Nebula and hints of symbolism were opposed by a major perception of reality, the authenticity of the image, and the clarity of the composition.

To OE Mandelstam He believes in weight, he honors space, He dearly loves material. He did not reproach the substance For slowness and constancy. Stanzas obedient quadriga - He loves, violently dispersed, Stop. And in this he is right, That in eternity he is submissive to the moment.

N.S. Gumilyov The hero of N. Gumilyov is a traveler, a conquistador, a man of strong will. Gumilyov's poetry contains romantic motifs, geographical and historical exoticism. An exotic detail sometimes plays a purely pictorial role.

Today, I see your eyes are especially sad, And your hands are especially thin, hugging your knees. Listen: far, far away, on Lake Chad Exquisite, a giraffe roams. Graceful slenderness and bliss is given to him, And his skin is adorned with a magical pattern, With which only the moon dares to equal, Shattering and swaying on the moisture of wide lakes. In the distance it is like the colored sails of a ship, And its flight is smooth, like a joyful bird's flight. I know that the earth sees many wonderful things, When at sunset he hides in a marble grotto. I know funny fairy tales mysterious countries About the black maiden, about the passion of the young leader, But you inhaled the heavy fog for too long, You don't want to believe in anything but rain. And how can I tell you about a tropical garden, About slender palm trees, about the smell of unimaginable herbs... - Are you crying? Listen... far away, on Lake Chad Exquisite, a giraffe roams. Giraffe

Anna Akhmatova A. Akhmatova is alien to the exotic. The meaning of her life is love. Feelings are reflected in the objective world, in everyday details, in a psychologically significant gesture. The outside world, everyday details have become the subject of poetry

The pillow is already hot On both sides. Here is the second candle Extinguishes and the cry of the crows Becomes more and more audible. I didn't sleep that night, It's too late to think about sleep... How unbearably white is the Curtain on the white window. Hello!

The acmeist current existed for about two years (1913-1914). The creative searches of poets went beyond the framework of acmeism. The humanistic meaning of this trend was significant - to revive a person's thirst for life, to return a sense of its beauty.

http://gold-library.com/akmeisti/ N.V. Egorova. Lesson developments in Russian literature. Grade 11.

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Western European and domestic origins of acmeism Prepared by the teacher of the Russian language and literature of the 1st qualification category Strakhova Irina comprehensive school» Spassky district of the Republic of Tatarstan

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Objectives: to give the concept of acmeism; highlight the main features of his poetics; give a brief description of the work of acmeist poets.

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“The retinue makes the king” The two largest poets of acmeism A. Akhmatova and O. Mandelstam already by the mid-1910s went beyond this school, and G. Ivanov and G. Adamovich most fully met the requirements of A. Akhmatov’s acmeism O. Mandelstam G. Ivanov, G. Adamovich

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Acmeism is a modernist trend (from the Greek akme, a point, peak, the highest degree, a pronounced quality), declaring a concrete-sensory perception of the outside world, returning the word to its original, non-symbolic meaning.

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The beginning of the creative path Young poets, future acmeists, were close to symbolism, visited "Ivanovo environments" in the St. Petersburg apartment (in the "tower") Vyach. Ivanova. Here, young poets were trained in versification. In October 1911, they founded a new literary association, the Workshop of Poets. The “Workshop” was a school of professional skill, and young poets N. Gumilyov and S. Gorodetsky became its leaders N. Gumilyov S. Gorodetsky, 1910

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Western European and domestic origins of acmeism The initiator of this peculiar "shop" of poets was Pushkin himself. Speaking as a faithful follower of the work of Peter the Great, Pushkin in almost every verse testifies to the deepest knowledge and the most subtle understanding of the national poetic element of each people. Pushkin's miracle could not be realized without a strong impetus from the dominant culture of that time, that is, French culture. Are not Voltaire and even Parny, not to mention Molière, Racine, Corneille, François Villon, the nameless authors of folk epic songs, Pushkin's creative exciters on a par with Derzhavin and Batyushkov, or with fairy tales and legends of Russian folklore? Modernists open new Europe; they are attracted especially by France, but they are also receptive to the call of Africa and Asia, ancient historical and even prehistoric times.

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Western European and domestic origins of acmeism In the first collection of poems, The Path of the Conquistadors, Gumilyov fails to hide his dependence on those poets who too clearly influence his style: Bryusov and Balmont among Russians, and among French poets grouped around Modern Parnassus, in features of Ch. Leconte de Lisle and J. M. Heredia. The very image of the conquistador must have arisen in his mind when he saw a portrait of Heredia, one of his then most beloved poets, in luxurious sham armor of a conquistador. Critics have repeatedly noted that, as a poet, Gumilyov performed under a mask. And I am in the family of the hippopotamus: Dressed in the armor of my shrines, I walk solemnly and straight Without fear in the middle of the deserts. These verses from Theophile Gauthier's Miscellaneous Poems, masterfully translated by Gumilyov, could serve as an epigraph to his entire life.

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The association of acmeists existed for about 2 years (1913-1914). It also included A. Akhmatova, O. Mandelstam, M. Zenkevich, V. Narbut and others. In the article “The Legacy of Symbolism and Acmeism,” Gumilyov criticized symbolism for mysticism, for being fascinated by the “region of the unknown.” The article proclaimed "the intrinsic value of each phenomenon"

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Acmeism - Adamism Such an interpretation implied "a courageously firm and clear outlook on life." The world is spacious and polyphonic, And it is more polyphonic than rainbows, And now the world is entrusted to Adam, the Inventor of names. To name, to know, to rip off the veils And idle secrets, and decrepit darkness - This is the first feat. A new feat - to sing praises to the Living Earth. (S. Gorodetsky "Adam")

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Requirements of acmeism He believes in weight, he honors space, He dearly loves material, He did not reproach matter For slowness and constancy. Stanzas obedient quadriga He loves - violently dispersed - Stop. And in that he is right, That in eternity he is submissive to the moment. (1913, S. Gorodetsky to O. Mandelstam) Acmeists are interested in the real, not the other world, the beauty of life in its concrete sensory manifestations. Nebula and hints of symbolism were opposed by a major perception of reality, the authenticity of the image, and the clarity of the composition.

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Gumilyov's hero This is a traveler, a conquistador, a man of strong will. The poet's poems contain romantic motifs, geographical and historical exoticism. Graceful harmony and bliss is given to him, And his skin is adorned with a magical pattern, With which only the moon dares to equal, Shattering and swaying on the moisture of wide lakes. (1907, "Giraffe") N.S. Gumilyov (1886-1921)

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MBOU "Pogromskaya secondary school named after A.D. Bondarenko" Volokonovsky district of the Belgorod region
Acmeism as a literary trend Grade 11

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Goals:
introduce students to the concept of "acmeism"; highlight the main features of his poetics; to show the importance of acmeism for the development of Russian literature of the 20th century.

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Acmeism (from the Greek akme - the highest degree of something, flourishing, maturity, peak, tip)
To name, to know, to rip off the veils And idle secrets, and decrepit darkness - This is the first feat. A new feat - to sing praises to the Living Earth. S. Gorodetsky
More than once you will remember me And my whole world, exciting and strange ... N. Gumilyov

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Acmeism (1912 - 1913). concept
Acmeism is a modernist trend that declared a concrete-sensual perception of the outside world, a return to the word of its original, non-symbolic meaning.
As a literary trend, acmeism lasted about two years. In February 1914, it split.
There are no analogues to acmeism in other European literatures.

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Prerequisites
"Overcoming" symbolism
Continuity with symbolism
"Riot" on the "Tower" by V. Ivanov

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History of occurrence
"Tower" by V. Ivanov
"Workshop of Poets" 1911
Acmeism 1912

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The famous "Tower" by Vyacheslav Ivanov

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In the autumn of 1911, in the poetic salon of Vyacheslav Ivanov, the famous "Tower", where the poetic society gathered and poetry was read and discussed, a "revolt" broke out. Several talented young poets defiantly left next meeting"Academy of verse", outraged by derogatory criticism of the "masters" of symbolism.
On the "Tower"

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Origins of acmeism
In 1910, M. Kuzmin appeared in the Apollo magazine with an article “On Beautiful Clarity”, which anticipated the appearance of declarations of acmeism. By the time the article was written, Kuzmin was already a mature person, he had experience of cooperation in symbolist periodicals. Otherworldly and foggy revelations of the Symbolists, "incomprehensible and dark in art" Kuzmin opposed "beautiful clarity", "clarism" (from the Greek clarus - clarity).
M. Kuzmin (1872 - 1936)

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Theoretical self-determination
1913 article by N. Gumilyov “The Legacy of Symbolism and Acmeism” article by S. Gorodetsky “Some Trends in Modern Russian Poetry”
They were published in the Apollo magazine (1913), edited by S. Makovsky.

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From N. Gumilyov's article "The Legacy of Symbolism and Acmeism":
“Symbolism is being replaced by a new direction, no matter how it is called, whether acmeism (from the word akme - the highest degree of something, blooming time) or adamism (a courageously firm and clear outlook on life), in any case, requiring a greater balance of power and a more precise knowledge of the relationship between subject and object than was the case in symbolism. However, in order for this trend to assert itself in its entirety and be a worthy successor to the previous one, it must accept its legacy and answer all the questions it posed. The glory of the ancestors obliges, and symbolism was a worthy father.

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From the article by S. Gorodetsky "Some currents in modern Russian poetry"
S. Gorodetsky believed that “symbolism… having filled the world with “correspondences”, turned it into a phantom, important only insofar as it… shines through other worlds, and belittled its high intrinsic value. Among the Acmeists, the rose again became good in itself, with its petals, smell and color, and not with its conceivable similarities with mystical love or anything else.

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S. Makovsky (1877 - 1962)
Apollo Magazine (cover)

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Main property
realistic view of things
At the core of aesthetics
the word must acquire its original meaning

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Basic principles of acmeism:
the liberation of poetry from symbolist appeals to the ideal, the return of clarity to it; rejection of mystical nebula, acceptance of the earthly world in its diversity, visible concreteness, sonority, colorfulness; the desire to give the word a specific, precise meaning; objectivity and clarity of images, sharpness of details; an appeal to a person, to the "authenticity" of his feelings; poetization of the world of primordial emotions, the primitive biological natural principle; echoes of past literary epochs, the broadest aesthetic associations, “longing for world culture”.

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"Workshop of poets" was founded in October 1911 in St. Petersburg
The group was headed by N. Gumilyov and S. Gorodetsky. The group also included A. Akhmatova, G. Adamovich, K. Vaginov, M. Zenkevich, G. Ivanov, V. Lozinsky, O. Mandelstam, V. Narbut, I. Odoevtseva, O. Otsup, V. Rozhdestvensky. "Tsekh" published the journal "Hyperborey".

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In the early 1910s (circa 1911–1912), a narrower and aesthetically more cohesive group of poets emerged from a wide circle of participants in the “Workshop”, who began to call themselves acmeists. The group included N. Gumilyov, A. Akhmatova, O. Mandelstam, S. Gorodetsky, M. Zenkevich, V. Narbut (other members of the "Workshop", among them G. Adamovich, G. Ivanov, M. Lozinsky, constituted the periphery currents).
At the meetings of the "Tsekh", in contrast to the meetings of the Symbolists, specific issues were resolved: the "Tsekh" was a school for mastering poetic skills, a professional association.

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Acmeists
A. Akhmatova (1889 - 1966)
N. Gumilyov (1886 - 1921)
O. Mandelstam (1891 - 1937)

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Acmeists (Adamists)
S. Gorodetsky (1884 - 1967)
M. Zenkevich (1886 - 1973)
V. Narbut (1888 - 1938)

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Acmeism as a literary trend united exceptionally gifted poets - Gumilyov, Akhmatova, Mandelstam, whose creative individualities were formed in the atmosphere of the "Poets' Workshop". The history of acmeism can be viewed as a kind of dialogue between these three prominent representatives of it. At the same time, the Adamism of Gorodetsky, Zenkevich and Narbut, who made up the naturalistic wing of the current, differed significantly from the “pure” acmeism of the above-mentioned poets. The difference between the Adamists and the triad of Gumilyov - Akhmatova - Mandelstam has been repeatedly noted in criticism.

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The fate of the poets
The creative fates of poets, one way or another connected with acmeism, developed in different ways: N. Klyuev subsequently declared his non-participation in the activities of the community; G. Ivanov and G. Adamovich continued and developed many principles of acmeism in exile; Acmeism did not have any noticeable influence on V. Khlebnikov. IN Soviet time the poetic manner of the acmeists (mainly N. Gumilyov) was imitated by N. Tikhonov, E. Bagritsky, I. Selvinsky, M. Svetlov.

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Meaning
Acmeism proved to be extremely fruitful for Russian literature. Akhmatova and Mandelstam managed to leave behind "eternal words." Gumilyov appears in his poems as one of the brightest personalities of the cruel time of revolutions and world wars. And today, a century later, interest in acmeism has been preserved mainly because the work of these outstanding poets, who had a significant impact on the fate of Russian poetry of the 20th century, is associated with it.

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Sources
Journal "Literature at School" No. 3, 2002, pp. 30 - 32 Zolotareva I.V., Egorova N.V. Universal lesson developments in literature: grade 11, - Moscow "VAKO", 2009 http://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/ http://www.licey.net/lit/poet20/acmeizm http://slova.org .ru/n/akmeizm/ http://encyclopaedia.biga.ru/enc/culture/AKMEIZM.html All photos and illustrations from the site: http://images.yandex.ru/