Introduction
In a hardware store, you saw a bucket with the name "Mineral Paint" unknown to you. Curiosity gets the better of you and your hand reaches out to him. We read the composition: "Lime, kitchen salt, etc., etc. .. "What else is copper sulfate ?!" - eyes caught on the name of an unfamiliar substance. I'm sure most people heard about copper sulfate in just such an environment Others would just give up on this, but not you. Surely you want to know more about it. Therefore, the topic of today's article will be copper sulfate.
Definition
Due to the variable valence of copper, there are only two of its sulfates in chemistry - I and II. Now we will talk about the second sulfate. It is an inorganic binary compound and is a copper salt of sulfuric acid. Such copper sulfate (formula CuSO 4) is also called copper sulfate.
Properties
It is non-volatile, colorless, opaque and very hygroscopic, odorless. However, the properties of the copper sulfate hydrates themselves differ significantly from its features (as a substance). They have the appearance of transparent non-hygroscopic crystals, which have various shades of blue (photo above) and a bitter metallic taste. Also, copper sulfate is highly soluble in water. If you crystallize its aqueous solutions, then you can get copper sulfate (photo). Hydration of anhydrous copper sulfate is an exothermic reaction in which there is a significant release of heat.
Receipt
In industry, it is obtained contaminated by dissolving copper and copper waste in dilute sulfuric acid, which, in addition, is purged with air.
Also, copper sulfate can be obtained in the laboratory in several ways at once:
- Sulfuric acid + copper (when heated).
- Sulfuric acid + copper hydroxide (neutralization).
cleaning
To purify the copper sulfate obtained in such ways, recrystallization is most often used - it is dipped into boiling distilled water and kept on fire until the solution becomes saturated. Then it is cooled to +5 o C and the resulting precipitate, resembling crystals, is filtered off. However, there are methods for deeper purification, but they require other substances.
Copper sulfate: application
With the help of anhydrous copper sulfate, ethanol is anhydrous and gases are dried, and it also serves as an indicator of humidity. In construction, an aqueous solution of copper sulfate neutralizes the effects of leaks, eliminates rust spots and removes salt secretions from plastered, brick and concrete surfaces, and also prevents wood rotting. In the agricultural sector, copper sulfate, formed from copper sulfate, serves as an antiseptic, fungicide and copper-sulfur fertilizer. Solutions of this substance (with its different concentrations) disinfect plants, trees and soil. Bordeaux liquid, notorious to farmers, also partially consists of blue vitriol. It is also one of the ingredients that make up mineral paints. Do not do without it and in the production of acetate fibers. Copper sulphate is also known as a food additive E519, used as a color fixative and preservative. Also, zinc, manganese in aluminum alloys and stainless steel can be detected with a solution of copper sulfate: if they contain the above impurities, then red spots will appear on their surface when in contact with this solution.
Conclusion
Copper sulfate (II) itself is little known, but everyone has heard about the product of its reaction with water - copper sulfate. And, as you can see, it brings a lot of benefits.
- transparent hygroscopic crystals of a triclinic form, bright blue color. It is a blue copper(II) sulfate pentahydrate. Highly soluble in water, concentrated solutions of hydrochloric acid, diluted alcohol, poorly soluble in ethanol. In air, it gradually disappears (loses water of crystallization). It has a nauseating metallic taste.Density: 2.284 g/cm³. Melting point: 1100°C.
In nature, copper sulfate can occur in the form of minerals: chalcokyanite, chalcanthite, butite, etc.
In industry, copper sulfate is obtained by dissolving copper in heated dilute sulfuric acid while blowing air or as a by-product of the electrolytic refining of copper.
Chemical formula: CuSO 4 .5H 2 O.
The use of copper sulfate (copper sulfate).
It is mainly used to obtain various copper compounds, including copper hydroxide.
Also used in laboratories for the dehydration of alcohols, used in the manufacture of mineral varnishes and paints, acetate fibers.
Copper sulphate is used in the production of mineral paints, wood impregnation.
IN agriculture it is used for various purposes.
Most importantly, it is the oldest and most effective fungicide, which is designed to spray fruit and berry ornamental trees and shrubs from scab, moniliosis, anthracnose and other diseases in early spring before bud break, as well as to disinfect wounds in fruit trees. And in solutions of copper sulphate, seeds are treated before sowing to destroy spores mold fungi on seeds. Can be used as a rabbit deterrent.
Copper sulphate also achieved great success in construction, preventing rotting of wooden structures. Well removes rust stains from the surface after leaks and salt release on concrete surfaces.
It is also used for ore dressing during flotation, in the production of double-sided printed circuit boards, in the processes of electroplating and chemical copper plating.
IN Food Industry copper sulfate (food additive E519), a preservative and emulsifier, is used as a paint fixative.
It is used in electroplating when coating metal products with copper.
| Name of indicator | Norm for brand and variety | |||||
| Grade A | Mark B | Finely dispersed copper sulphate* | ||||
| Top grade | First grade | Top grade | First grade | Second grade | ||
| Mass fraction of copper sulfate,%: in terms of CuSO 4 .5H 2 O, not less than in terms of copper, not less than |
99,1 25,22 |
98,0 24,94 |
98,1 24,97 |
96,0 24,43 |
93,0 23,67 |
98,0 24,5 |
Mass fraction of iron, no more | 0,02 | 0,04 | 0,04 | 0,05 | 0,1 | 0,04 |
| Mass fraction of free sulfuric acid, no more | 0,20 | 0,25 | 0,20 | 0,25 | 0,25 | 0,25 |
| Mass fraction of water-insoluble residue, not more than | 0,03 | 0,05 | 0,05 | 0,05 | 0,1 | 1,05 |
| Mass fraction of arsenic, no more | 0,002 | 0,012 | 0,012 | 0,012 | 0,028 | 0,012 |
Safety requirements for copper sulphate GOST 19347-99
Copper sulphate is non-combustible, fire and explosion-proof, according to the degree of impact on the body, it belongs to substances of the 2nd hazard class. The maximum permissible concentration of copper sulfate dust in terms of copper in the air of the working area of industrial premises is 0.5 mg / m³.
| Degree of toxicity | 3 |
| Main properties and types of danger | |
| Basic properties | Blue crystalline powder. Hygroscopic. |
| Explosion and fire hazard | Copper sulphate is non-combustible, fire and explosion-proof. May decompose when heated to form toxic gases. Containers may explode when heated. The premises must be equipped with ventilation. |
| Human danger | Once in the human body, it causes gastrointestinal disorders. Harmful by inhalation, ingestion, eye contact. Cough, sore throat, shortness of breath, palpitations, in severe cases - loss of consciousness. Abdominal pain, nausea, vomiting, skin redness, pain, swelling, redness, watery eyes. In case of fire, burns are possible. Contact with hot food may result in thermal burns. |
| Individual protection means | Protective overall suit L-1 or L-2 complete with an industrial gas mask with cartridges A, B. Oil and petrol resistant gloves, overalls, safety shoes, protective equipment, "Petal" respirator or cotton-gauze bandage. In case of fire - fire-retardant suit. |
| Necessary actions in emergency situations | |
| General | Take the wagon to a safe place. Isolate the danger zone within a radius of at least 50 m. Adjust the indicated distance according to the results of chemical reconnaissance. Remove strangers. Enter the danger zone in protective equipment. Observe fire safety measures. No smoking! Eliminate sources of fire and sparks. Provide first aid to the injured. |
| In case of leakage, spill and placer | Report to CSEN. Do not touch spilled substance. Spills should be protected with an earthen rampart, covered with inert material, collected in containers. Do not allow the substance to enter waterways, basements, sewers. |
| In case of fire | Call the fire brigade. Recommended extinguishing media are water, foam extinguishers and sand. |
| Neutralization | Cover with sand or other inert material. Call experts for neutralization. |
| First aid measures | Call an ambulance. Fresh air, warmth, peace, clean clothes. Rinse skin and mucous membranes with water. |
Packing, transportation and storage.
Copper sulphate for industry is packed in wooden barrels, plywood drums, wooden or plywood boxes with polyethylene film liners, in multilayer paper, laminated, polyethylene or polypropylene woven bags with polyethylene film liners, weighing no more than 50 kg or 25 kg (TU 2297- 149-00194429-01). It is allowed to pack the product in flexible "big-bag" containers of 1000 kg and 1250 kg.
Copper sulphate is transported by rail in covered vehicles in accordance with the rules for the carriage of goods, by road in accordance with the rules for the carriage of dangerous goods in force in road transport, by water - with the placement of containers on deck or in deckless ships. The product packed in specialized metal containers is transported by railway in gondola cars or by road. Transportation of the packaged product is carried out by small carload shipments.
Copper sulphate, packed in barrels, drums, boxes and bags, is stored in closed warehouses; packed in containers - at container sites. Keep away from moisture.
Guaranteed shelf life - two years from the date of manufacture.
Copper sulfate is an astringent and antiseptic widely used for the prevention and treatment of infectious diseases.
Composition and form of release of copper sulfate
You can buy copper sulfate in two dosage forms:
- Crystalline powder 100 g;
- Homeopathic granules of 5, 10 or 20 g.
In addition, copper sulfate is contained in various medicinal complex and multivitamin preparations: Kvadevit, Oligovit, Glutamevit, Complivit, etc.
Externally, copper sulfate is a crystalline powder, highly soluble in water with the formation of copper sulphate - blue pentahydrate.
The use of copper sulfate has an antiseptic, cauterizing, emetic, erythropoietic, astringent and necrotizing effect. In small quantities, copper sulfate acts as a catalyst that accelerates the synthesis of hemoglobin, so it is often used in combination with iron preparations to treat anemia.
Indications for the use of copper sulfate
According to the instructions, copper sulfate is indicated for use in the treatment of anemia, vaginitis, pyoderma, eczema, burns, furunculosis, wound infections and purulent wounds, conjunctivitis, urethritis, vitiligo (in combination with other drugs), stomatitis, tonsillitis, organophosphate poisoning.
How to use copper sulfate and dosing regimen
Copper sulfate solution is mainly used for the treatment of various diseases. So, with conjunctivitis, a solution of 0.25% is used in the form of eye drops. The drug is instilled in a couple of drops in each eye. For vaginitis and urethritis, a copper sulfate solution of 0.25-1% is used. For burns with phosphorus - 5% solution. At the same time, a swab moistened with a solution of copper sulfate is applied to the affected areas. Treatment should be continued until healing.
In case of phosphorus poisoning, the stomach is washed with a 0.1% solution of copper sulfate. And for the treatment of vitiligo, a solution of 0.5-1% is used - 5-15 drops three times a day directly during meals. Usually the solution is used in combination with photoprotective agents, corticosteroids.
As an emetic, a 1% solution of the drug is used, which is used 15-50 ml orally every ten minutes until the onset of an emetic effect.
Contraindications
Copper sulfate is contraindicated only in case of individual intolerance.
Side effects
According to reviews, copper sulfate in some cases can cause allergic reactions in the form of skin rashes, itching, due to individual intolerance.
Copper II sulfate anhydrous TU 6-09-4525-77
CuSO4
Copper(II) sulfate (copper sulphate) - inorganic compound, copper salt of sulfuric acid with the formula CuSO 4 . Non-volatile, odorless. The anhydrous substance is colorless, opaque, very hygroscopic. Crystal hydrates - transparent non-hygroscopic crystals of various shades of blue with a bitter metallic astringent taste, gradually erode in air (lose water of crystallization). Copper(II) sulfate is highly soluble in water. Blue pentahydrate CuSO 4 5H 2 O crystallizes from aqueous solutions - blue vitriol. The toxicity of copper sulfate for warm-blooded animals is relatively low, at the same time it is highly toxic to fish.
The hydration reaction of anhydrous copper(II) sulfate is exothermic and proceeds with a significant release of heat.
It occurs in nature in the form of minerals chalcanthite (CuSO 4 5H 2 O), chalcocyanite (CuSO 4), bonattite (CuSO 4 3H 2 O), butite (CuSO 4 7H 2 O) and as part of other minerals.
It has disinfectant, antiseptic, astringent properties. It is used in medicine, in crop production as an antiseptic, fungicide or copper-sulfur fertilizer.
| Are common | |
|---|---|
| Systematic Name |
Copper(II) sulfate |
| Traditional names |
5-hydrate: copper sulfate |
| Chem. formula |
CuSO4 |
| Physical properties | |
| State |
crystalline |
| Molar mass |
159.609 (sulfate) 249.685 (pentahydrate) g/mol |
| Density |
3.64 g/cm³ |
| Hardness | |
| Thermal properties | |
| T. dec. |
above 650 °C |
| Chemical properties | |
| pK a |
5 10 −3 |
| Structure | |
| Coordination geometry |
Octahedral |
| Crystal structure |
anz. - rhombic |
Copper(II) sulfate is the most important copper salt. It often serves as a starting material for the production of other compounds.
Anhydrous copper sulfate is a good desiccant and can be used for dehydrating ethanol, drying gases (including air) and as a humidity indicator.
In construction, an aqueous solution of copper sulfate is used to neutralize the effects of leaks, eliminate rust spots, and also to remove salt secretions (“efflorescence”) from brick, concrete and plastered surfaces, as well as an antiseptic and fungicidal agent to prevent wood decay.
In agriculture, copper sulfate is used as an antiseptic, fungicide and copper-sulfur fertilizer. To disinfect tree wounds, a 1% solution (100 g per 10 l) is used, which is rubbed into previously cleaned damaged areas. Against late blight and potatoes, plantings are sprayed with a 0.2% solution (20 g per 10 l) at the first signs of the disease, as well as for prevention in the event of a threat of the disease (for example, in wet, humid weather). The soil is poured with a solution of copper sulfate to disinfect and make up for the lack of sulfur and copper (5 g per 10 l). However, more often copper sulfate is used in the composition Bordeaux liquid- basic copper sulfate CuSO 4 ·3Cu(OH) 2 against fungal diseases and grape phylloxera. Copper(II) sulfate is commercially available for this purpose.
It is also used for the manufacture of mineral paints, in medicine, as one of the components of electrolytic baths for copper plating, etc., and as part of spinning solutions in the production of acetate fibers.
Registered in the food industry as a food additive E519. Used as a color fixative and preservative.
At the points of purchase of non-ferrous metal scrap, a solution of copper sulphate is used to detect zinc, manganese and magnesium in aluminum alloys and stainless steel. When these metals are detected, red spots appear.
Toxicology
Copper(II) sulfate is a compound with moderate toxicity and belongs to hazard class 4 (low hazard). The lethal dose of copper sulfate ranges from 45 to 125 grams for an adult orally (when swallowed), depending on weight, health status, immunity to excess copper, and other factors. Acute poisoning becomes noticeable with a single intake of more than 0.5 g of the compound inside (the so-called toxic dose). LD 50 for rats 612.9 mg/kg. The toxicology of pulmonary aerosols is more complex.
Skin contact with a dry substance is safe, but it must be washed off. Similarly, when solutions and moistened solid. In case of contact with eyes, rinse thoroughly with running water (weak jet). If a solid or concentrated solutions enter the gastrointestinal tract, it is necessary to wash the stomach of the victim with a 0.1% solution of potassium permanganate, give the victim a saline laxative - magnesium sulfate 1-2 tablespoons, induce vomiting, give a diuretic. In addition, contact with the mouth and gastrointestinal tract of an anhydrous substance can cause thermal burns. Very weak solutions of copper sulphate act as a strong emetic and are sometimes used to induce vomiting when no more effective means are at hand.
When working with copper(II) sulfate powders and powders, care should be taken to avoid dusting them, it is necessary to use a mask or respirator, and wash your face after work. Acute toxic dose by inhalation - 11 mg / kg. When copper sulfate enters through Airways in the form of an aerosol, you need to take the victim to fresh air, rinse the mouth with water and rinse the wings of the nose.
Store the substance in a cool, dry place, in a tightly closed rigid plastic or glass container, away from medicines, food and animal feed, out of the reach of children and animals.
Introduction
Many living organisms are capable of causing serious damage to humans, domestic animals, plants, as well as destroying non-metallic, metallic materials and products made from them.
Of the numerous methods of plant protection, the most important is the chemical method - the use of chemical compounds that destroy harmful organisms. The chemical method is also effective for protecting various materials and products from them from biological damage. IN Lately Pesticides have been widely used in the fight against various pests.
Pesticides (lat. pestis - infection and lat. caedo - kill) - chemicals used to combat harmful organisms.
Pesticides combine the following groups of such substances: herbicides that destroy weeds, insecticides that destroy insect pests, fungicides that destroy pathogenic fungi, zoocides that destroy harmful warm-blooded animals, etc.
Most pesticides are poisons that poison the target organisms, they also include sterilizers (substances that cause infertility) and growth inhibitors.
2.1 Copper sulfate and its properties
Copper sulfate CuSO 4 crystallizes from aqueous solutions copper sulfate and is a bright blue crystals of the triclinic system with lattice parameters. Density 2.29 g/cm3.
When heated above 105°C, it melts with the loss of part of the water of crystallization and passes CuSO 4 . 3H 2 O (blue) and CuSO 4 H 2 O (white). Completely dehydrated at 258°C. Under the action of dry NH 3 on CuSO 4, CuSO 4 5NH 3 is formed, which exchanges NH 3 for H 2 O in moist air. With alkali metal sulfates, CuSO 4 forms double salts of the Me 2 SO 4 CuSO 4 6H 2 O type, colored greenish.
In industry, copper sulfate is obtained by dissolving metallic copper in heated dilute H 2 SO 4 while blowing air: Cu + H 2 SO 4 + ½O 2 \u003d CuSO 4 + H 2 O. It is also a by-product of the electrolytic refining of copper.
Copper sulphate is the most important technical salt of copper. It is used in the production of mineral paints, impregnation of wood, for the control of pests and plant diseases in agriculture, for the treatment of grain, for dressing leather, in medicine, in galvanic cells; serves as a starting product for obtaining other copper compounds.
Copper sulfate (copper sulfate) CuSO 4 - colorless crystals 3.64 g / cm3. When heated, they dissociate: CuSO 4 \u003d CuO + SO 2 + ½O 2 with the formation of the main sulfate CuO CuSO 4 as an intermediate product. At 766°C, the dissociation pressure of CuSO 4 reaches 287 mm. rt. column, and CuO CuSO 4 - 84 mm. rt. pillar. The solubility of CuSO 4 in grams per 100 g of water is: 14 (0°C); 23.05 (25°С); 73.6 (100°С). In the presence of free H 2 SO 4 solubility decreases. At pH 5.4-6.9 CuSO 4 is hydrolyzed to form basic salts. CuSO 4 is very hygroscopic, therefore it is used as a drying agent; when adding water, it turns blue, which is sometimes used to detect water in alcohol, ether, and others.
When heated, copper sulfate loses water and turns into a gray powder. If, after cooling, a few drops of water are dropped on it, the powder will turn blue again.
2.2 Ferrous vitriol and its properties
Ferrous sulfate (2)
The systematic name of Iron 2 is tetraoxociosulfate.
Physical properties: crystalline state, molar mass 151.932 g / mol, density - 1.898 g / cm3
Ferrous sulfate (2), iron (2) sulfate-inorganic binary compound, iron salt of sulfuric acid with the formula FeSO 4. FeSO 4 ∙H 2 O heptahydrate is trivially called iron vitriol. Crystalline hydrates are hygroscopic transparent crystals of light bluish-green color, colorless FeSO 4 ∙H 2 O monohydrate (tar kit). The taste is strongly astringent, ferruginous (metallic). In the air they gradually disappear (lose water of crystallization). Ferrous sulfate (‖) is highly soluble in water. A bluish-green heptahydrate crystallizes from aqueous solutions. The toxicity of iron sulphate is relatively low.
It is used in the textile industry, in agriculture as a fungicide, for the preparation of mineral paints.
Properties.
Ferrous sulfate will stand out at temperatures from 1.82˚C to 56.8˚C from aqueous solutions in the form of light green crystals of FeSO 4 ∙7H 2 O crystalline hydrate, which is called ferrous sulfate in technology. Dissolves in 100 g of water: 26.6 g of anhydrous FeSO 4 at 20˚C and 54.4 at 56˚C.
Solutions of ferrous sulfate (‖) under the action of atmospheric oxygen gradually oxidize, turning into ferrous sulfate (׀׀׀):
12FeSO 4 + 3O 2 + 6H 2 O → 4 Fe 2 (SO 4) 3 + Fe (OH) 3 ↓
When heated above 480˚C, it decomposes:
2FeSO 4 → Fe 2 O 3 + SO 2 + SO 3
Receipt
Iron vitriol can be prepared by the action of dilute sulfuric acid on scrap iron, shavings of roofing iron, etc. In industry, it is obtained as a by-product in the pickling of iron sheets, wire, descaling, etc. diluted H 2 SO 4 .
Fe + H 2 SO 4 → FeSO 4 + H 2
Another way is oxidative roasting of pyrite:
FeS 2 +3 O 2 → FeSO 4 + SO 2
It is used in the production of ink, in dyeing (for dyeing wool black), and for preserving wood.
2.3 Bordeaux liquid (copper sulfate + calcium hydroxide)
Chemical formula СuSO 4 3Cu(OH) 2
Bordeaux liquid, Bordeaux mixture (copper sulfate + calcium hydroxide) - pesticide, protective contact fungicide and bactericide. In high doses, it has an eradicating effect on dormant forms of plant pathogens. It is used for early spring treatments of orchards, for vineyards, berry fields by spraying.
Physicochemical characteristics
Bordeaux mixture - basic copper sulphate with an admixture of gypsum. A properly prepared suspension is quite stable, has good adhesion, retention on the surface of plants and high fungicidal activity. This is a blue liquid, which is a suspension of colloidal particles of the active substance - metallic copper. A properly prepared preparation should have a neutral or slightly alkaline reaction. A strongly alkaline preparation is poorly retained on the surface of plants, and a strongly acidic phytocide. The reaction of the solution is established by immersing an iron wire or a nail in it: in an acidic environment, copper deposits appear on them, and in this case it is necessary to add lime milk to the solution. To increase the adhesion properties, liquid glass (silicate glue), casein glue, molasses, sugar, skimmed milk, eggs and synthetic surfactants are sometimes added to Bordeaux liquid.
Bordeaux mixture is made from blue vitriol and lime. We present the physicochemical properties of each of these substances.
СuSO 2 - copper (II) sulfate. The substance is white, very hygroscopic, low melting point, decomposes when heated strongly. CuSO 4 3H 2 O crystalline hydrate (chalcanthite, copper sulfate) has the structure [Сu(H 2 O) 4 ]SO 4 H 4 O.
It is highly soluble in water (cation hydrolysis). Reacts with ammonia hydrate, alkalis, active metals, hydrogen sulfide. It enters into reactions of complex formation and exchange.
Physical characteristics of CuSO 4
Molecular weight 159.6 g/mol;
Melting point ~ 200 °C;
Relative density 3.603g/cm3 (at room temperature).
Ca (OH) 2 - calcium hydroxide, slaked lime. The substance is white, decomposes without melting when heated. It is poorly soluble in water (a dilute alkaline solution is formed). Reacts with acids, exhibits basic properties. Absorbs CO 2 from the air.
Physical characteristics Ca(OH) 2
Molecular weight 74.09 g/mol;
Relative density 2.08 g/cm3 (at room temperature).
Action on harmful organisms
The fungicidal action of Bordeaux liquid is due to the fact that during hydrolysis under the influence of atmospheric carbon dioxide, secretions of fungi and plants, the basic salt of copper sulfate decomposes and releases copper sulfate in small quantities:
CuSO 4 Cu(OH) 2 + H 2 O + 3CO 2 → CuSO 4 + 3CuCO 3 + 4H 2 O
If this process is intensive (at high humidity and temperature), then the protective effect of the fungicide will be short-lived, and damage to plants is possible.
The deadline for processing most crops ends 15 days before harvesting, melons - 5 days, tomato - 8 days before harvesting, subject to careful sprinkling during harvesting.
Bordeaux liquid is one of the universal fungicides with the longest protective effect (up to 30 days). In almost all cases, it has a stimulating effect on plants. The effectiveness of the drug depends on the period of its use. Best results are obtained from treatments shortly before infection. According to other literature data, it is more expedient to use the drug in the late autumn period and at the beginning of bud break. In these cases, it has almost no negative effect on the protected crop (lower phytotoxicity).
When plants are treated with Bordeaux liquid, basic copper sulfate precipitates in the form of a gelatinous precipitate, which adheres well to the leaves and covers them and the fruits of the plants with a protective layer. In terms of retention on leaves, Bordeaux liquid ranks first among fungicides. It has repellent properties for many insects.
Mechanism of action.
The biological properties of copper-containing preparations are determined by the ability of copper ions to actively react with lipoprotein and enzyme complexes of living cells, causing irreversible changes (coagulation) of the protoplasm. Copper ions entering the pathogen cells in a sufficiently high concentration interact with various enzymes that contain carboxyl, imidazole and thiol groups and suppress their activity. In this case, first of all, the processes included in the respiratory cycle are inhibited. They also cause nonspecific protein denaturation. Their selectivity with respect to beneficial organisms depends on the amount of copper ions that enter the cells and accumulate in them. Conidia and spores of fungi that germinate on the surface of plants in a drop of water are able to concentrate copper ions inside their cells, creating a concentration 100 or more times higher than in plant cells or outside.
Bordeaux mixture for many insects has repellent properties.
sustainable species.
Bordeaux mixture is not effective against shag and tobacco downy mildew, as well as against powdery mildew.
insecticidal and acaricidal properties. Bordeaux mixture for many insects has repellent properties.
Suppresses psyllids on potatoes. Shows ovicidal action.
Application
Bordeaux liquid in terms of adhesion and retention on the surface of plants ranks first among protective fungicides. However, due to the high consumption of copper sulfate, the difficulty of preparation, and the possibility of damage to plants, this fungicide is replaced with copper oxychloride and organic preparations.
Registered preparations based on the Bordeaux mixture are approved for use in agricultural and personal subsidiary plots against diseases of sugar beet, fodder beet, table beet (cercosporosis), onion (peronosporosis), apricot, peach, plum, cherry, sweet cherry (coccomycosis, curliness, moniliosis), gooseberry (anthracnose, rust, septoria), etc.
Bordeaux liquid must not be mixed with organophosphate insecticides and other preparations that decompose in an alkaline environment.
Phytotoxicity: On the surface of plants in the presence of drop-liquid moisture, particles of basic copper sulphate are slowly hydrolyzed, and copper ions enter the water in a relatively small amount. At the same time, the risk of plant burns is significantly reduced. Such burns occur only with a significant increase in concentration, poor quality Bordeaux mixture, increased precipitation after processing, or acidic air pollution. Also, with improper preparation of the drug, growth inhibition and the appearance of a "net" on the leaves and fruits are possible.
The drug causes grinding of sweet cherry fruits with an increase in the content of sugars and dry matter, the formation of a "net" on the fruits and leaves of copper-sensitive apple varieties, "burns" the leaves and reduces the survival rate of budding due to drying of the rootstock bark. Heavy rainfall contributes to damage. Phytocidal activity also increases with the age of trees. On the Daibera black cherry variety, with sharp fluctuations in temperature and drought, Bordeaux liquid contributed to the summer leaf fall and the oppression of trees.
Toxicological properties and characteristics
Entomophages and beneficial species. The drug has low toxicity for bees, however, it is better to isolate the bees for the period of crop treatment and in the next 5 hours to one day. Quite toxic to the predatory mite Anistis (when applied at a concentration of 0.09%, its number on blackcurrant decreased by 3-4 times). Slightly toxic to Encyrtids and moderately toxic to Trichogrammatids. At a concentration of 1%, it has low toxicity for Encarsia puparia. The period of residual action for adults is not more than a day. Moderately toxic to Creptolemus.
The mixture is not poisonous to other predatory mites, coccinellids, larvae and adults of lacewings, predatory gall midges and Hymenoptera such as aphenylids, pteromalids, their neumonids.
Warm-blooded. Bordeaux liquid has low toxicity for warm-blooded animals and humans. According to other literary sources, the drug for warm-blooded animals is moderately toxic: oral LD50 for mice 43 mg/kg, for rats 520 mg/kg. The concentrated drug irritates the mucous membranes.
Symptoms of poisoning
Eating fruits for the first time days after treatment with preparations containing copper sulfate causes nausea and vomiting.
Solution preparation
Bordeaux mixture is obtained by mixing a solution of copper sulfate with a suspension of quicklime. The quality of the prepared mixture depends on the ratio of components, the quality of quicklime and the preparation procedure. High quality is ensured when the ratio of components is 1:1 or 4:3 and the reaction proceeds in an alkaline environment. Preparation consists in slowly pouring a solution of copper sulfate in a small stream into a suspension of lime. Constant stirring is required. The resulting dark blue liquid should resemble diluted jelly.
If this process is disturbed, the content of copper hydroxide in the mixture increases, which oxidizes on the surface to insoluble copper oxide, and the number of large (up to 10 microns) particles increases, which reduces the stability and adhesion of the drug. The laboriousness of preparation and the need for equipment for this are the disadvantages of the Bordeaux mixture.
To prepare 100 liters of a 1% preparation, take 1 kg of copper sulfate and 0.75 kg of quicklime (if the lime is of poor quality, up to 1 kg). Copper sulphate is dissolved in a small volume of hot water and brought to 90 liters with water. Quicklime is quenched by adding water to it until a creamy mass is formed, and then milk of lime, the volume of which is also adjusted with water to 10 liters. Lime milk is poured with constant stirring to a solution of copper sulphate. With this recipe, it is also allowed to add a solution of copper sulphate to lime milk, however, strong solutions of these components should not be mixed, and a strong solution of copper sulphate should not be poured into a weak solution of lime milk. In these cases, spherical crystals of basic copper sulphate are formed, which are easily washed off from plants by precipitation. A similar phenomenon is observed with the aging of the drug.
For the preparation of Bordeaux liquid, containers made of materials subject to corrosion cannot be used.
Bordeaux mixture is prepared immediately before use and only in the required concentration. Do not dilute the prepared solution with water, as in this case it will quickly delaminate. During long-term storage, aggregation of Bordeaux mixture particles occurs, causing their precipitation and poor retention on plants.
Today, manufacturers offer Bordeaux mixture in powder form. It is prepared by complete neutralization of copper sulfate with slaked lime, dried and micronized. Due to the special fineness of the particles, the working composition has maximum adhesion, and the resulting suspension is very stable.
