Together with the artist Bogorad, we continue our social project – we remind people what books they once read, but forgot what they wrote about. Now let's explain about Dead Souls”- not so we were told about them at school.
We studied the first volume of "Dead Souls" up and down. And they understood: but good man Chichikov. I don't understand why everyone thinks he's a crook.
Briefly plot. Pavel Ivanovich Chichikov, a retired official, arrives in the cityNN. Herehe gets acquainted with the governor (there were times - the first comer could get acquainted with the governor).
Then Chichikov goes to the neighboring landowners and offers to buy dead souls from them - that is, those peasants who have died, but according to the documents are still considered alive. Buys four hundred pieces, returns to the cityNN, draws up purchase documents. Here inNNthe landowner Nozdrev arrives, tells how Chichikov tried to buy dead souls from him, but he did not sell. Nozdryov is not believed. But then the landowner Korobochka comes– to find out how much dead souls are worth today, if she has guessed right.
It's all: ah! what a nightmare! what a scam! Chichikov is probably a robber in general.
But Chichikov lives quietly in a hotel, knows nothing. Then he goes to visit the governor - but he is no longer allowed. Chichikov is leaving town.
The volume ends with the famous Gogol digression “Rus, where are you rushing to? Give an answer. Doesn't give an answer."
What happened next is unclear. Because Gogol wrote the second volume, but either he burned it by mistake, or he burned it deliberately. Either it was stolen by Count Tolstoy (not Lev Nikolaevich, but Alexander Petrovich), in whose house Gogol died.
There was also supposed to be a third volume, but Gogol simply didn't write it.
Therefore, what Gogol wanted to tell us about Chichikov can only be speculated.
From what is available to us, it is not very clear why Chichikov did such a bad thing. He, Chichikov, had a plan - to buy 1000 dead souls on the cheap, for them to take a loan from a bank at 200 rubles per soul. With these 200 thousand to buy an estate and make it a profitable economy.
In fact, this is a story about the difficulties of Russian startups in agriculture. The bank does not give a young farmer a loan without collateral. The farmer comes up with a scheme - he buys dead souls as a pledge, thereby freeing the landowners from taxes (they have to pay them for peasants who are still considered alive) and even pays them extra (fromHe bought boxes of 18 souls for 15 rubles, from Plyushkin - 198 souls at 32 kopecks apiece. Manilov gave 100 souls. Sobakevich sold about a hundred for 2.5 rubles per capita).
It is clear that Chichikov himself did not see anything criminal in his activities (a small deception of the bank - besides, not yet completed - does not count) - otherwise he would not have sat quietly in the cityNNwaiting to be exposed.
Some believe that Chichikov was let down by an aggressive marketing policy - there was no need to so aggressively demand dead souls from the landowners.
And we suspect that Count Alexander Petrovich Tolstoy is to blame for everything, who stole the second volume of Dead Souls (and no one knows what Gogol wrote about Chichikov). There is, of course, no evidence of Count Tolstoy's guilt. But it was not for nothing that he was the chief prosecutor of the Synod. We do not trust either Synods or Chief Prosecutors.
And the artist Viktor Bogorad believes that Gogol wrote the whole book for the sake of lines about the troika bird and where you are rushing. And Chichikov - so, for volume.
A very question about “where are you going? give me an answer” Bogorada takes.
Sergey Baluev
What is Chichikovshchina? in N. V. Gogol's poem "Dead Souls"
N. V. Gogol's poem "Dead Souls" belongs to those non-obsolescent works of art that are large-scale artistic generalizations aimed at solving fundamental problems human life. In the necrosis of the souls of the characters (landowners, officials. Chichikov), Gogol sees the tragic mortification of mankind, the dull movement of history along vicious circle. The origins of the spiritual emptiness of a person lie, according to the writer, not only in social conditions, but also in the peculiarities of the mental make-up of the personality (the landowners-serfs and the businessman Pavel Ivanovich Chichikov are equally related to “dead souls”).
The methods of realistic typification of Gogol were perfectly captured by Pushkin. “He always told me,” recalls the author of Dead Souls, “that not a single writer had this gift - to expose the vulgarity of life so vividly, to be able to outline the vulgarity of a vulgar person in such force that all that trifle that escapes the eye, flashed would be large in the eyes of everyone. That is why the characters of Gogol's poem are, in the words of V. G. Belinsky, "familiar strangers."
The image of the business owner Pavel Ivanovich Chichikov is typical. The trouble, however, is not that Pavel Ivanovich is a businessman (now, for example, the word “entrepreneur” is increasingly entering our lives), but in his spiritual inferiority, disguised vulgarity. The deadness of Chichikov is emphasized by the complete absence of changes in his spiritual life, immersion in vanity. Pavel Ivanovich's chaise does not leave some kind of vicious circle for a long time. The fate of the hero, as Gogol shows, always returns “to normal” (each new scam ends with an exposure, which, in turn, does not prevent the “unsinkable” Chichikov from starting all over again from scratch). The biography of Pavel Ivanovich is the subject of the deepest psychological research. Gogol writes about his hero: “If the author didn’t look deeper into his soul, don’t stir at the bottom of it that which escapes and hides from the light, don’t reveal the most secret thoughts that a person doesn’t entrust to anyone else ... and everyone would be welcome and would accept him for an interesting person.
Chichikov's life is subordinated to one goal - enrichment for the sake of achieving comfort, "all the pleasures", "all kinds of prosperity": carriages, an excellent house, delicious dinners ... This primitive dream feeds the tireless energy of the "scoundrel", who perfectly remembers his father's order "to protect and save a penny. Sympathy for people is completely etched from the heart of the hero (leaves a drunken teacher to the mercy of fate, betrays his boss, rejoices at the high mortality among the peasants, etc.), giving way to a virtuoso ability to please the right people. In the city school, Chichikov is knocked out as a favorite student with his “diligence and neatness”, he fully comprehends the “spirit of the boss”, who valued humility in his subordinates. In the service in the state chamber, Pavel Ivanovich achieves the location of the "impregnable" clerk. “Finally, he sniffed out his home, family life ... Moved to his house, became necessary and essential person, bought both flour and sugar, treated his daughter like a bride, called the clerk daddy
and kissed his hand ... ”In a word, Chichikov turns out to be everything that is needed for this world: both pleasantness in turns and actions, and glibness in business affairs. With such means, he obtained in a short time what is called a grain place, and took advantage of it in an excellent way. Arriving in the provincial town of NN, Pavel Ivanovich skillfully flatters the local officials. “I somehow hinted to the governor in passing that you enter his province, like in paradise, the roads are velvet everywhere ... He said something very flattering about the city guards to the police chief ...” amazing ability adapting to a new interlocutor is demonstrated by Chichikov in conversations with landowners. It is enough to compare conversations with Manilov and Sobakevich about city officials.
Pavel Ivanovich's unprincipled adjustment to his next interlocutor reflects the hero's extreme prudence: he tries to extract concrete benefits from communication with this or that person (buying dead souls, achieving promotion, etc.). Knowledge plays a role, of course. real life and certain acting skills. Drawing a portrait of Pavel Ivanovich in the first chapter, Gogol specifically emphasizes the “uncertainty”, “amorphousness” of Chichikov: “There was a gentleman sitting in the britzka, not handsome, but not bad-looking, neither too fat nor too thin; one cannot say that he is old, but it is not so that he is too young.” Such an appearance allows the hero to quickly change psychological masks (in a conversation with Manilov, Chichikov resembles an enthusiastic young man, in a conversation with Plyushkin - a wise and well-meaning gentleman). It should be emphasized once again that all the “talents” of Pavel Ivanovich serve only one goal - enrichment (skillful speculation in the city school, a new way of receiving bribes at the “grain place”)
echke”, the construction of a state-owned house and theft of the treasury, collusion with smugglers while serving at customs, a scam with dead souls).
Sincere human feelings alien to Chichikov. Only one thing brings him joy - a good deal. Recall that he even sings after he managed to profitably acquire dead souls from Plyushkin. The vulgarity of Chichikov is manifested in his reflections on the beautiful blonde she met after visiting Nozdryov. The thought comes to the hero’s head not about beauty, but about the possible wealth of a stranger: “After all, if, let’s say, this girl is given a thousand two hundred dowry, a very, very tidbit could come out of her.”
The image of the vulgar Chichikov is universal, not tied to any particular historical time. Chichikovism is by no means exhausted by bourgeois money-grubbing. It represents the power of vain vulgarity, inner emptiness, pettiness, falsehood. And, unfortunately, it manifests itself in any era ...
At the end of the poem, Gogol outlined some prospects for the spiritual revival of the hero (this is discussed in detail in the second volume of Dead Souls), reflected on the possibility of overcoming the vulgar "deadness", "untouched" of the world. Overcoming evil is, according to the writer, not in the social restructuring of society, but in revealing the inexhaustible spiritual potential of the Russian people.
There is an image of an endless road and a troika bird rushing forward. In this indomitable movement, one can feel Gogol's confidence in the great destiny of Russia, in the spiritual resurrection of mankind.
What personality traits of the visitor are revealed in the above fragment?
It is a pity that it is somewhat difficult to remember all the mighty of this world; but suffice it to say that the newcomer showed extraordinary activity in regard to visits: he even came to pay his respects to the inspector of the medical board and the city architect. And then he sat in the britzka for a long time, thinking about who else to pay a visit to, and there were no more officials in the city. In conversations with these rulers, he very skillfully knew how to flatter everyone. 13 somehow casually hinted to the governor that one enters his province like a paradise, the roads are velvet everywhere, and that those governments that appoint wise dignitaries are worthy of great praise. He said something very flattering to the police chief about the city butchers; and in conversations with the vice-governor and the chairman of the chamber, who were still only state councilors, your excellency even said by mistake twice that they liked it very much. The consequence of this was that the governor made him an invitation to come to him that day to a house party, other officials, too, for their part, some for dinner, some for a Boston party, some for a cup of tea.
The visitor, it seemed, avoided talking much about himself; if he spoke, then in some general places, with noticeable modesty, and his conversation in such cases took on somewhat bookish turns: that he was an insignificant worm of this world and did not deserve to be taken care of a lot, that he experienced a lot in his lifetime, suffered in the service for the truth, had many enemies who even made attempts on his life, and that now, wanting to calm down, he is finally looking for a place to live, and that, having arrived in this city, he considered it an indispensable duty to testify his respect to its first dignitaries. - That's all that they learned in the city about this new face, which very soon did not fail to show itself at the governor's party. The preparation for this party took more than two hours, and here the newcomer showed such attentiveness to the toilet, which is not even seen everywhere. After a short afternoon nap, he ordered to be washed and rubbed both cheeks with soap for an extremely long time, propping them up from the inside with his tongue; then, taking a towel from the tavern servant's shoulder, he wiped his plump face from all sides with it, starting from behind his ears and snorting first or twice into the tavern servant's very face. Then he put on his shirt-front in front of the mirror, plucked out two hairs that had come out of his nose, and immediately after that found himself in a lingonberry-colored tailcoat with a spark. Thus dressed, he rolled in his own carriage along the endlessly wide streets, illuminated by the meager illumination from the windows that flickered here and there. However, the governor's house was so lit up, even for a ball; carriages with lanterns, two gendarmes in front of the entrance, postillion cries in the distance - in a word, everything is as it should be.
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The visitor described in this fragment is none other than Mr. Chichikov. From the first minutes of his stay in the city, the hero seeks to win over its inhabitants, or rather the "fathers" of the city. So Chichikov “hinted to the governor that you were entering his province like in paradise,” and “he said something very flattering about the city guards to the police chief.” All this testifies to such qualities of the hero as hypocrisy, the ability to adapt. The fact that Chichikov uses the words "Your Excellency" in conversations with the vice-governor and the chairman of the chamber, although they are "still only state advisers," speaks of the far-sightedness of the hero
A spring-loaded britzka drove up to the hotel in the provincial town of NN, in which sat a gentleman, not handsome, but not bad-looking, neither too fat nor too thin; one cannot say that he is old, but it is not so that he is too young. It was main character Gogol's "Dead Souls" - Pavel Ivanovich Chichikov. (See the image of Chichikov - briefly, Chichikov in "Dead Souls", Description of Chichikov.)
The gentleman was accommodated in a hotel common to all provincial cities - in a room with cockroaches peeking out like prunes from all corners. The suitcase and other belongings of Chichikov were brought in by his serfs: the coachman Selifan and the footman Petrushka.
Chichikov went to the common room of the hotel, where the floorman was running around with a tray on which sat the same abyss of teacups as birds on the seashore. Having eaten dinner, the newcomer got into a conversation with the sexton and very accurately asked about all the city officials and landowners, especially interested in how many peasant souls anyone had. Then Chichikov set off to inspect the city, and ended the day with supper and a sound sleep in the whole pump wrap, as they say in other places of the vast Russian state.
The visitor made visits all the next day. He visited the governor and vice-governor, the prosecutor, the chairman of the chamber, the police chief and other city rulers. A very dexterous man in getting around, Chichikov skillfully knew how to flatter everyone. He hinted to the governor that you enter his province like in paradise, the roads are velvet everywhere. He said something very flattering to the police chief about the city guards. Everyone liked the visitor. The governor made him an invitation to come to his house party, other officials too - some for lunch, some for a Boston party, some for a cup of tea.
Having thoroughly washed and dressed at the hotel, Chichikov went to the governor's party. In the hall where she passed, the shine from candles, lamps and ladies' dresses hurt her eyes. Black tailcoats flickered and flitted apart and in heaps here and there, like flies on a white shining refined sugar. The visiting guest did not drop himself here either. He knew how to support any conversation. Whether it was about a horse factory, he was talking about a horse factory; whether they talked about good dogs, and here he reported very sensible remarks; whether they interpreted with regard to the investigation carried out by the Treasury, he showed that he was not unknown to judicial tricks; whether there was a discussion about the billiard game - and in the billiard game he did not miss; whether they talked about virtue, and he talked about virtue very well, even with tears in his eyes; about the manufacture of hot wine, and he knew the use of hot wine; about customs overseers and officials, and he judged them as if he himself were both an official and an overseer. Chichikov clothed all his judgments with restrained gravity, which greatly elevated him in the eyes of his interlocutor. (See Chichikov's description and Gogol's digression about fat and thin men.)
Chichikov - the main character of Gogol's "Dead Souls"
At the party, Chichikov met the landowners Manilov and Sobakevich, who both invited him to visit. Chichikov confirmed that he would not only follow their invitation with great pleasure, but would even honor it as a sacred duty. He also met the landowner
Sections: Literature
Tasks:
- Educational:
- to form in students an idea of the hero of Gogol's work.
- Educational:
- develop holistic analysis skills artwork;
- develop the ability to competently build a monologue statement, to master the culture dialogical speech;
- develop the ability to think independently, analyze the circumstances in which the characters act;
- to develop the ability to compare textually studied works, their problems and heroes.
- Educational:
- to cultivate interest in moral and universal values;
- to bring students to the need for self-improvement through awareness of the contradictions of their own character.
Lesson methodology: the word of the teacher, work with reference and literary literature, analytical conversation, textual analysis of individual scenes, commented reading, expressive reading of students, work on individual assignments, work on theses, work with draft manuscripts.
DURING THE CLASSES
1 stage of the lesson
teacher's word (against the background of music).
Again, as in the golden years,
Three worn out harnesses fray,
And painted knitting needles
In loose ruts ....Russia, impoverished Russia,
I have your gray huts,
Your songs are windy for me -
Like the first tears of love!I can't pity you
And I carefully carry my cross ...
What kind of sorcerer do you want
Give me the rogue beauty!Let him lure and deceive, -
You won't disappear, you won't die
And only care will cloud
Your beautiful features...
- No, it was not these feelings that overwhelmed the soul of Pavel Ivanovich Chichikov when he drove into the city of N in his spring carriage. What is our hero concerned about, why does he come to an ordinary Russian town and who is he, Pavel Ivanovich: a scoundrel, a dear person, an acquirer? Is he eternal? Does Chichikovshchina threaten us today and with what? We will try to understand these problems today.
- So, on the road for the author and his hero.
2 stage lesson
Frames of the film "Dead Souls" M. Schweitzer.
Teacher. And here is our hero. Watch a fragment of the film and compare with Gogol's narrative. Which episodes of the first chapter did the director omit, and which did he deepen, and why?
Teacher. The first impression of a character is always very important, so let's turn to the first chapter and try to answer the question: who is he, Chichikov? And what methods of depicting the image does the author use.
- Find a description of the portrait of Chichikov, what does the author emphasize in the image of the hero? (The phrase is frankly ironic. The description of the appearance is given as if so that the reader does not get any impression of the visitor. The construction of the sentence goes back to folk patterns: in Russian folk tales we constantly come across expressions like "neither far nor near, neither high nor low."
A grotesque detail: the visitor blew his nose loudly: "it is not known how he did it, but only his nose sounded like a pipe." The visiting gentleman carries himself with emphatic dignity, there is something exaggerated, far-fetched in his behavior).
- Gogol - detail master. This is especially evident in the description of Pavel Ivanovich's luggage. Things help to understand the essence of the hero. What did Chichikov's things tell us? (Spring britzka, “white leather suitcase, somewhat worn”, “mahogany chest, with piece layouts of Karelian birch, shoe lasts and fried chicken wrapped in blue paper”; cap, rainbow scarf - all items hint at something in position habits and character Chichikov. He, apparently, is not very rich, but well-to-do, travels a lot, loves to eat, looks after his appearance. One can even conclude that he used to be richer than now: a suitcase made of white leather and skillfully made chest - expensive things.)
- We will learn even more about Chichikov if we read a little poster story. Find this episode, underline the key words that help to understand the character of Pavel Ivanovich. (It is clear that Chichikov is a businesslike, meticulous man, he is studying the city as a field of a future battle. It was not for nothing that he asked the tavern servant, the watchman, carefully looked around everything, “as if in order to remember the position of the place well.” And one more thing is curious: having read the poster, Chichikov “tidily folded it up and put it in his little chest, where he used to put everything he came across.” A clear allusion to Chichikov’s persistent, second nature acquisitiveness, which would then be more fully revealed with each page.)
- Essential for the characterization of his hero speech. How does speech reveal Chichikov's character? (The author from different angles and on different occasions shows the extraordinary dexterity, decency, diplomatic evasiveness of Chichikov’s speech. In conversations with the rulers of the city, “he was very skillfully able to flatter everyone. the roads are velvet everywhere, and that those governments that appoint wise dignitaries are worthy of greater praise". At the same time, Chichikov did not express flattering words directly to the governor: it would be clumsy work, unworthy of such a fine connoisseur of the rules of conduct. Chichikov does not say, for example, that the governor deserves praise. But those governments "which appoint wise dignitaries..." Chichikov omitted compliments to the vice-governor and the chairman of the chamber in a rude way ("he even erroneously said twice your excellency"), but, apparently, he already knew to whom approach).
- Tell. What do other heroes think and say about Pavel Ivanovich? (They recognized him as their own person. If the city fathers felt honesty and virtue in Chichikov, they would recoil from him like the plague. No, they see him as a man of his circle, only gifted with talents for prosperity. And when Chichikov, with " noticeable modesty", using "several book phrases", says that he "suffered for the truth", even the word "truth" does not frighten his listeners. They understand that this is just a red word, but it is very cleverly and to the point said.)
Conclusion.
– So, what kind of person did Chichikov appear before us? How is a cunning traveler similar to those with whom he does business? (Chichikov can be no less delicate than Manilov, is able to save more stubbornly than a box, can splurge no worse than Nozdryov, and in the ability to “lie down” he will far surpass this talker; he is tight-fisted and businesslike, like Sobakevich, in frugality do not yield to Plyushkin that times when he was still a wise master, and, of course, in the art of taking bribes he outdid Ivan Antonovich - "jug snout".)
- But there is a trait in Chichikov's character that gives all his properties a new meaning and makes him the first person in the gallery of meanness. Which? (Amazing flexibility, tenacity, adaptability to any circumstances. Miracles of mimicry demonstrates his entire life path.)
- From meetings with landowners, we learn about the reason for his arrival: the purchase of dead souls, listed as alive according to the revision tale. For what? What's wrong here? (Chichikov seeks to cash in on the most terrible thing - on human death. Buying dead souls, this inhuman mercantilism is a frightening act of the Russian bourgeoisie, they exterminate humanity)
- Where does it come from in people? When we ask this question, we turn to the past of people, Chichikov's whole life is presented in the last 11 chapter.
3 stage lesson
Teacher. You were given the task to draw up a detailed plan of Chichikov's biography and prepare a creative retelling of the text in order to understand what kind of person he is, what makes him trade dead souls today.
story according to plan
A) A difficult picture of early childhood.
B) Chichikov in the city school:
- relationships with friends;
- an increment to the half given by the father;
- Chichikov's speculation;
- mouse training;
- attitude towards the teacher;
- “... he dreamed ahead of life in all contentment, with all sorts of prosperity; carriages, a house well arranged, delicious dinners.”
C) Service in the Treasury:
- an unsuccessful attempt to win over a supporter;
- in what way Chichikov got himself a position as an assistant;
- order to take bribes brought by him
D) Chichikov - a member of the construction commission:
- failed construction of a government building;
- beautiful houses that appeared among the members of the commission, including Chichikov;
- the disaster he experienced.
E) Chichikov's service in customs:
- the purpose of entering the customs service;
- Chichikov - a thunderstorm of smugglers;
- the path he took to promotion;
- Chichikov colludes with the smuggling community;
- new disaster.
- What is Pavel Ivanovich Chichikov like here? Scoundrel? He also had patience, extraordinary willpower, prudence. But at the same time fraud, adventurism, crimes. But he himself explains that he did not kill anyone, did not ruin, most of all he cares about the future home, family, kids. What repels us in this hero. (Yes, everything is fine in a bright future. But which way does our hero go. Does the end justify the means? An eternal philosophical question that many generations have yet to solve).
“A scoundrel, well, why a scoundrel, the acquisition is the fault of everything ... Now we don’t have scoundrels, there are well-meaning, pleasant people, and those who would put their physiognomy under a public slap in the face to public disgrace, only two, three man, and even they are now talking about virtue.
- After all, the main task of the author is to make you and I look inside ourselves and ask: “Is there Chichikov in me?” And it is imperative to be reborn, as Gogol believed in the rebirth of his hero, (it is no coincidence that Chichikov dreams of a troika bird, and with it faith, hope and the great word - love).
4th stage of the lesson
Reading by heart a passage about Rus'.
Teacher. What lexical and syntactic means created the sublime, solemn intonation of the lyrical digression "Rus".
Stage 5 lesson
The teacher reads against the background of music:
And the impossible is possible
The road is long and easy
When it shines in the distance of the road
Instant glance from under the scarf,
When ringing melancholy guarded
The dull song of the coachman.
