The Russian language is incredibly rich and partly due to morphemes, which, participating in word formation, create new words. Prefix, she prefix, - the most important morpheme, without the existence of which half of the words would have disappeared. It is placed before the root and the number of this morpheme in a word can reach three units!

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Classmates

Many prefixes of the Russian language are formed from synonymous prepositions. For example: word verbal formed from a combination of a preposition with a noun, from a verb. Some of them are borrowed from other languages. For example, a morpheme "anti-" means "opposite" or "hostility". To be literate and an educated person , you need to know not only the spelling of prefixes, but also their meaning. These morphemes in the Russian language are unchangeable and changeable in form.

Invariable prefixes

Even without learning the entire list by heart, it is incredibly difficult to make a mistake in writing invariable prefixes. They are spelled the same under any circumstances, regardless of whether there is a vowel or consonant after them, a dull sound or a voiced one.

"O-", for example: call out, turn around, look around;
"before-", for example: to reach, to run, to swim;
"By-", for example: comprehend, fry, gradually;
"pro-", for example: lie down, climb, run;
"great-", for example: great-grandmother, great-grandfather, Proto-Slavic (the prefix is used if the word has the meaning of kinship, original and ancient);
"on the-", for example: raid, attack, people;
"behind-", for example: shoot, burn, run;
"over-" ("must-"), for example: tear, laugh at, milk;
"under-" ("under-"), for example: window sill, undermine, suggest;
"from-" ("from-"), for example: hone, tear off, bend;
"ob-" ("ob-"), for example: ragged, sprinkled, bypass;
"in-" ("in-"), for example: cling to, break in, entrance;
"pre-", for example: harbinger, pre-spring, precede;
"re-", for example: move, move, wait out;
"s-" ("co-"), for example: drive away, run away, move.

It is worth noting that the prefix "z-" does not exist in Russian. At the beginning of a word, the letter “z” is placed before the consonant only in a few words: the building, here, local, health, not a single sight is visible.

changeable

remember how they written quite easily. It is important to look at the letter that begins the root following the first morpheme. If the sound is voiced, then the prefix will also end in a voiced consonant. If the sound is deaf, then its ending will be deaf.

It is important to know that this rule does not apply to words in which the prefix is invariable: surrender and group.

"Not-" and "Ni-" are used most often in negative and indefinite pronouns, as well as negative adverbs formed from pronouns. Determining which vowel will be used is quite simple. If the morpheme is stressed, then we write "e", but if the prefix is unstressed - "and".

For example: someone - nobody, something - nothing, once - never, etc.

This rule applies to words of other parts of speech only if they are formed from negative pronouns or adverbs. For example: insignificant, worthless.

Spelling "pre-" and "pri-"

"Pre-" And "at-" perhaps the most difficult to write, because it is necessary to know all their meanings.

Let's start with "pri-". It has the following meanings:

Approximation value. Come, run.
Meaning incomplete action. Tap, tap.
Meaning attachments and fastenings. Attach, solder, sew.
Meaning proximity, adjacent to something, neighborhood. Suburb, coastline.

"Pre-" is used when:

Means a high degree or quality. You can check yourself by replacing it with the word "very". Pretty interesting (very interesting), pretty (very pretty).
Meaning "through" synonymous with "re-". A criminal (i.e. a person who has gone overboard through the law), transformation.

You should carefully analyze the word in order to avoid mistakes, because depending on which letter will be used, the meaning of the words will change. Betray a friend, but give meaning. Stay in the country, but arrive in the country. Bow down at the door, but bow down to talent.

This rule is difficult because as a result of borrowing words have appeared in our language, the meaning of which is not always easy to understand. Here are some of them: preamble, prerogative, precedent, primitive.

Foreign prefixes

Studying the meaning of certain foreign parts of a word is not only incredibly useful, but also interesting. Most of them were borrowed from Latin and Greek.

"A-" has a negative value and indicates the absence of some feature. Achromatism, illogical, immoral;
"Anti-" is used in Russian to form words, meaningful opposites. Anti-scientific, anti-bacterial, anti-virus;
The morpheme has the meaning of the highest degree and superiority "archi-". Archpastor, archival;
With the help of an attachment "hyper-" indicate an excess. Hyperactivity, hypersensitivity;
"Diz-"(used before vowels) and "dis-"(used before consonants) carry the meaning of separation and negation. imbalance, disharmony;
Borrowed "counter-" synonymous with the Russian prefix against. Counteroffensive.

It happens like this: a child graduated from the 5th grade in one school, and in the 6th grade he went to another, more advanced one. And there - another program in the Russian language, and all the spelling has already been studied (but he has not yet). How to catch up? For such purposes - to remember what has been passed or to study what has not been passed, to structure fragmentary information - now there is a "Non-textbook on the Russian language". These are funny and useful books written with great respect for the reader. Here is an example of a chapter on pre and pri prefixes.

boring story

From this side of the hill, Sigismund the Prezhadny ruled, at the top - Vasily the Beautiful, and beyond the hillock - Arthur the Most Terrible.

Sigismund had only one courtier left, the rest fled to Vasily. In general, everyone fled from Arthur to Vasily. Well, Vasily got 29 courtiers.

Another in place of Basil would have conquered two neighboring kingdoms long ago. With such an army! But Vasily did not even think about it. He released criminals from prison. A strong king, an army nearly thirty times larger than that of the enemy!..

The Minister of Defense said a hundred times at the military council that the descendants would not forgive Vasily for such a boring story. "What will they teach at school in history lessons! Not a single war!" - got excited Minister of Defense.

But Basil doesn't care. He will stomp on the minister, for the sake of appearance, to lag behind, and again runs after his mice. Enthusiasm. They would bring him as many mice as you like on a golden tray - no, he runs around.

Wool on end, tail pipe - so beautiful.

In Arthur Givargizov's story, prefixes in words fearful, greedy, on the one hand, and stomp, courtier, bring- it's two different prefixes, and they must be learned to distinguish.

You need to distinguish them by value, but the trouble is that each prefix has several different meanings. The prefix is especially rich in them. Here are its most important meanings.

The first is related to the idea of contact, rapprochement, connection: run, tie, land, come, stick, bring, attach, attract, sew and etc.

With movement verbs, the idea of contact is most often concretized as getting somewhere or to someone: Today the children brought paint to school or We have guests.

The idea of rapprochement is often concretized as a bond with something bigger: To send a letter, you need to stick a stamp on the envelope or Mom sewed a button to the shirt.

The second important meaning of the prefix with is associated with incomplete, weak: get sick, muffle, lie down, hug, sit down, sprinkle etc. So, sit down differs from sit down the fact that it is either not for long, or somehow not completely, for example, on the edge of the sofa, or just a person is ready to jump up at the first request: Petya sat down in an armchair and looked at Yasha, who sat uncertainly on the edge of the chair. A embrace means hug softly, slightly closer to him. This is the meaning of the prefix at often combined with words a little, a little, not completely, not for long: to get sick a little, muffle the sound a little, lie down for a while.

Both of these meanings are characteristic of verbs, but with adjectives and nouns, the prefix with can also mean closeness or closeness: Urals(the area around Ural mountains), Amur region(the area around the Amur River), Primorye(area near the sea), seaside(located near the sea or in a suitable locality), coastal(located close to the coast or in the appropriate area), etc.

Prefix meanings

Console pre also has several meanings. To adjectives and adverbs, she adds the idea high degree: kind, amiable, obnoxious, obnoxious etc., that is, it is equal in meaning to the word very. nasty- This very nasty.__

With verbs, the prefix pre can also denote a high degree and even excessive action: exalt, exaggerate, exaggerate Xia, etc. In addition, it can mean moving through something: overcome, transcend- And separation or termination: block, break, interrupt.

These last two ideas are also characteristic of the prefix pen with which they are related: for example, to cross, as well as to block and break. Verbs with the prefix pre are more archaic, often having not a physical, but figurative meaning : break the law, block the way, break off the relationship I.

If nouns and adjectives are formed from verbs, then they, of course, keep the prefix: to transgress is a crime; to surpass - superiority, excellent; to arrive - arrival, visitor.

Let us turn once again to Arthur Givargizov's story "A Boring Story", where there are several words with these prefixes.

with a letter And words are written stomp And courtier. The first of them means "lightly stomp", that is, it contains the prefix at. The second can be both an adjective and a noun and means closeness to royalty and the royal court. These words also contain the prefix at, which matters proximity not so much in physical as in social position.

with a letter e words are written fearful, greedy and criminal. They have an attachment pre, because the first two words have high degree value: "very scary" And "very greedy", A criminal- This "one who broke the law" .

Two more remarks need to be made.

First, with pre And at many words borrowed from other languages begin in Russian, for example: president, present, prestige, privilege. In Russian, prefixes are not distinguished in them, and they do not obey the rule. Such words need to be checked with a dictionary and memorized.

Interestingly, some of these words have a Latin prefix. Word the president spelled with a letter e, because it goes back to the Latin word praesidentis, in which the prefix prae means "ahead" sidentis- "sitting". It is easy to see that this is latin word corresponds to the Russian word chairman, which consists of morphemes close in meaning.

Secondly, there are words in which it is very difficult to determine the meaning of the prefix. For example, here are the words whim, adventure or neglect were once formed using one of our two prefixes. But gradually the meanings of the prefix and the root have merged so much that they can no longer be separated. Even the prefix can not be distinguished, but considered part of the root.

In Arthur Givargizov's tale, King Vasily is named twice beautiful. Once a word red was the same root as the word Beautiful- they had a common root kras and the meaning is the same. So, the red maiden meant the same thing as beautiful girl. Yes and Red Square called so because of the beauty, not because of the red color.

The adjective beautiful was formed from the word red("beautiful") with the prefix pre in the meaning of a high degree. Time has passed, and the adjective red has a meaning of color, and now the root stands out in it red. And in the adjective beautiful it is already difficult to separate the prefix and the root, especially since its meaning has changed: it means not only “very beautiful”, but also “very good”, for example great solution.

The spelling of such words must be memorized, and in doubtful cases, seek help from a dictionary. Here are some examples:

turn
beautiful
let
neglect
chase
order
adventure
fad
capricious

Let's pay attention to pairs of words that differ in prefixes. Yes, as a couple arrive and stay the first verb is associated with the idea of arrival (arrival, arrival), that is, approach: The train arrives at the station, and the second - with the idea of staying (finding): The theater is on tour.

In the pair to give and betray, the first verb is associated with the idea of connection, bonding and ultimately creation ( give meaning to something), and the second is associated with betrayal, extradition, that is, in the original meaning, the transfer of someone to someone or something to something ( betray a friend).

Exercise 1. Which explanation is incorrect?

In a word (old) pr_daniye a letter is written e, since the prefix used to have a meaning close to the meaning of the prefix re. Tradition is a story that is passed down from generation to generation.
In a word pr_strange(sound) a letter is written at the gap e, since the prefix in this word means "very".
In a word turn off(sound) a letter is written And, since the prefix in this word means "approximation".
Word pr_neglect spelled with a letter e. It is difficult to determine the meaning of the prefix in this word, so the basic rule cannot be applied. The correct spelling must be found in the dictionary and memorized.

Exercise 2.| Which example in each line would be superfluous?

Sample:

Pro_rich, pr_big, pr_shut up, pr_flattering. All words, except for the word shut up, have the prefix pre with the meaning "very". So, the word to be silent is superfluous: there is a different prefix.

Pr_heat, pr_hold, pr_cut, pr_pocket.
Bring a kettle, send a horse, send a friend, bring a son.
Pro_coarse, pro_sea, pro_evil, pro_sweet.
To squint, to limp, to be ill, to protect.
Pro_huge, pr_estate, pr_harmful, pr_nasty.
Project_flight, pr_sticking, pr_liv, pr_elevation.
Pro_powdered, pr_covered, pr_puffy, pr_wise.
Pr_to lift, pr_boil, pr_stab, pr_manka.
Pr_dirty, Pr_Volga, Pr_voskhodny, Pr_curious.
Pr_krat, pr_fasten, pr_lep, pr_twist.

Exercise 3 In each paragraph, the phrases are chosen so as to illustrate the different meanings of the prefixes pre or at. In addition, in the exercise there are words in which the prefix is not highlighted, for example, borrowings or words that have changed meanings.

Insert the missing letters.

High city, building to the house, bad weather, nowhere to sit, space adventures.
Good ugly appearance, break bread, lie a little, right station buffet, follow the enemy.
Price list for new products, screwing to the ceiling, bending the head, electric breaker, bad weather.
Stand on tiptoe, long conversation, terrible vision, hellish plan, hellish fish.
Great deep canyon, overcome difficulties, sprinkle with snow, Siberian freedom, successful earth.
The potato burned, the light broke, the long film, stared at, thought of a fairy tale.
The sun is warming up, a dangerous obstacle, a root layer of the earth, a horrible monster, a cut of disgrace.
To block the road, to hit it painfully, to shout at the horses, court lady, to fight for trifles.
Pro_steep slope, a few delays, pro_movable table, rust producer, medical pro_parat.
Open window, stern talk, stop traffic, funny accident, stop work.

The spelling of prefixes seems easy at first. It is enough to learn the main groups. Then you just need to apply knowledge. 100 percent literacy requires deep immersion in the topic. Words with prefixes make the language fuller, richer. Only constant practice, a thoughtful attitude will achieve excellent results.

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Morpheme classification

After the definition, you should find out: what are the prefixes? More than 50 know the Russian language. They are divided into:

native (in-, on-, pro-, res-);
foreign language (archi-, sub-, counter-, ex-).

The spelling of the former obeys the rules, the latter are unchangeable and require memorization.

It is important to distinguish between prefixes and prepositions

Most Russian prefixes formed from suggestions. Independent words joined the stem. First you need to learn how to distinguish them. A prefix is a morpheme before the root. It should be found. Then think about good writing.

Attention! Example. Given to consider. Related words: looking, inspection, discretion. Root -look-, prefix race-. The verb is written with two "s".

Pivot table of invariable parts of a word

The variety of prefixed morphemes is reflected in the table.

Aboriginal (native)	Borrowed (foreign)
under-, over-, re-, y-, s-, inter-	in-, dez-, counter-, de-, anti-
in-, in-, on-, about-, from-, on-, for-, to-	ex-, re-, sub-, dis-, archi-

These morphemes are always written the same way.

Spelling morphemes

A wise person knows: there is no single spelling spelling of prefixed morphemes.

It is important to distinguish words

The specific case is defined:

stress (river spill, soda water spill);
the meaning of the word (successor - heir, receiver - device);
the first letter of the root after the morpheme (dissolve, allow).

Important! Some spellings in Russian cannot be verified. They are rooted in. The value is hidden. You should control yourself according to the dictionary. Example: diligence, quirk, stalker.

The most difficult spelling about prefixes

The use of spelling for prefixes and prefixes requires certain skills. You have to be thoughtful when it comes to writing.

Pre-written:

If the morpheme formed a word with the meaning superlatives. To this part of speech, you can put "very", "too", "extremely". Example: Obnoxious = very obnoxious, very small = too small, oversized = extremely large.
Without loss of meaning, the re- is replaced. Example: Interruption = interruption.

Spelling closely related to the meaning of the word. Often it is determined from the text. Example: A fast train arrived (was = entered) at the station. Ivan Ivanovich at that time was (was = was, pre- = re-) in the capital.

prefixes pre- and pre-

The second part of the spelling for the prefixes pre- and pre-. It is written:

if an incomplete action is performed;
the new word has the meaning of proximity, approach;
got the word = joining.

Example: Get used to (attachment to the verb "learn"), arrive (approach), hold on (keep a little).

Spelling of prefixes pre- in some cases it is recommended to memorize. These are the words: turn, block, overcome, perverse, present, rebuke.

When deciding test items on prefixes pre- and pre-should not be in a hurry. The key to success is understanding the meaning of the word.

Spelling prefixes on a consonant before a consonant

A prefix is a non-permanent morpheme. Its spelling depends on the first letter of the root. These are consonant prefixes:

voz-, vos;
from-, is-;
times-, races-;
rose-, rose-;
through-, through.

If the root begins with a voiced consonant, it is written s-, for a deaf one - s-.

How to write prefixes in an adverb

Example: Age is rebellion; product - outcome; conversation - upset; bottling - painting, emergency - striped.

The letters c, h, u are only deaf: It is appropriate to check spelling by pronunciation. This is the second most difficult spelling.

Consonant prefixes before vowels

This is sometimes a morpheme that changes the spelling of the root. Before the letters i, u, e, e is placed solid mark. Clarification, removable, but save.

After the prefixes, the consonant is followed by the letter "and". A new spelling is starting to work. "And" is replaced by "s" always, except:

prefixes inter-, super-;
foreign consoles;
the word charge (and its derivatives).

Example: Artless (skillful), super interesting (interesting, exception after super-), misinformation (information, foreign prefix).

Alternating vowels a, o in morphemes

What are the prefix morphemes with alternating vowels a, o? Spelling depends on the meaning attached to the morpheme. Summary table of differences:

Doubled morphemes

The Russian language to enhance the meaning suggests the presence of two prefixes. What are the prefixes in this case? They are formed from words with an existing morpheme by adding another one.

Words with two prefixes:

interesting -> uninteresting -> not without interest (double negative = interesting);
prepare -> prepare -> re-prepare (repeat a previously completed action);
size -> proportionate -> disproportionate (negation of a comparative sign);
know -> know -> identify (make an image).

Attention! There are words with three prefixes: rethinking (re-, o-, s-), unattached (non-, at-, co-).

Words with two prefixes are useful to analyze. Isolation of morphemes expands horizons, improves literacy.

Meanings of some prefixes

The prefix morpheme is used to form parts of speech: adjectives, adverbs, nouns, verbs.

Morphemes over-, under-

A word with over- is a verb or its form, a noun, an adjective. The prefix gives meaning:

actions, location from above (should, inscribe, superciliary, elevated);
committing an incomplete action (build up),
additions of the perfect state (add).

Verbs with the prefix over- indicate direction of action above this level.

They have controlled nouns in the accusative case (tear (what?) an envelope, build (what?) a floor).

Words with a prefix under- are opposite in meaning to words with a prefix over-. The morpheme speaks of the direction of the action downward, lowering the position of the object.

Example: Write -> inscribe (above the given one), sign (below the existing one); earthly -> aboveground, underground.

Words with the prefix sub- have the meaning:

approach (approach);
movement from the bottom up (throw);
secret action (peek);
addition (sprinkle);
incomplete action (wet);
final commit (fry).

Examining Prefix Meanings avoid lexical errors.

prefix by-

Forms verbs, nouns. Gives meaning:

beginning, end of some action (fly, drink);
length (woodland);
accomplishments (built);
proximity (Volga region);
additional accent (lower);
time, place (daily (work), everywhere).

Words with a prefix are formed in prefix or prefix-suffix ways (twirl -> twirl, morning -> in the morning).

The prefix is a meaningful morpheme. Forms words with additional meaning. Used to create verbs, adverbs, adjectives, nouns.

This part of the word obeys the laws of spelling. Literacy depends on ability to put them into practice.

Video: Rules for writing prefixes

How to write prefixes in Russian

Conclusion

Learning the meaning of prefixed morphemes enriches vocabulary.

5th grade

"Spelling Prefixes"

"Haunting" morpheme

You, of course, guessed that we are talking about prefixes. These magical morphemes don't just "stick" to words—they give words surprisingly different meanings. For example: to weave, to weave, to weave... Continue this series as far as you can.

Or: understand, take away... And continue this series as far as you can.

How many prefixes are in Russian?

Remember (write down) as many prefixes as you can (in fact, you know them all, it's just a matter of being able to remember).

How much did you get? If you managed to remember 30–40, it means that your memory is not at all bad. If less, put the work aside for a while, and then return to it again and try to add to your list.

In fact, there are more than 50 active prefixes in the Russian language.

Answer: without-, without-; in-, in-; vz-, vzo-; out-; inside-; sun-; You-; before-; hedgehog; behind-; from-, iso-; is-; between-, inter-; on the-; over-, must-; nai-; Not-; none-; bottom-, bottom-; o-, ob-, obo-; near-; from-, from-; pa-; re-; By-; under-, under-; after-; great-; pre-; pre-, pre-; at-; pro-; counter-; once-; razo-; races; roses-; grew-; s-, co-; above-; su-; y-; through-, through-, through-.

With those prefixes that you yourself did not remember, write as best you can more words, and then come up with these words with some funny sentences or a little amusing story.

Exercise 1. In each four words, one without a prefix. Discover it.

1. Painted, loose, luxurious, spaced. 2. Adaptable, principled, inviting, coercive. 3. Impartial, adventurous, pre-conscript, privatization.

Take a look at these words. Choose the ones that seem difficult to you and do your best to remember them.

Task 2. From these words, first write out the words without a prefix, then with one prefix, then with two or three.

Charming, destitute, decontaminated, monkey, depersonalized, promulgate, obelisk, provide, weaken, ennobled, regional, lean on, burnt, hostel, necklace, circled, explanation, relief, simultaneous, favor, animation, revitalization, exasperation, main.

Answers: 1) monkey, obelisk, regional, dormitory, necklace, simultaneous, main; 2) charming, promulgate, ennobled, lean on, burned, circled, explanation, relief, favor, animation, revival, exasperation; 3) disadvantaged, decontaminated, depersonalized, weaken, provide.

Review these words carefully. If any of them seem difficult to you, do your best to memorize them.

Task 3. From the given words, write down those inside which the prefixes are hidden.

Earthquake; lightning rod, hospitality, madness, hoarding, eyewash, benevolence, blessing, acquired, jewel, plumber, stunning, railway, prudent, traveling, woodworking, noble, viviparous.

Answer: lightning rod, hospitality, madness, eyewash, acquired, plumber, stunning, prudent, woodworker.

THREE GROUPS OF CONFIGURATIONS

Depending on what problems arise when writing prefixes, all prefixes can be divided into the following groups.

First group- the most hassle-free. These are prefixes that are always written the same way: V-; in-; vzo-; You-; before-; behind-; iso-; on the-; under-; O-; about-; from-; pa- (only under stress - flood, stepchild); re-; By-; under-; under-; great-; pre-; pre-; times-; With-; co-; su-; y- and others.

Second group- these are prefixes that are written, "adjusting" to the letters following them. This without- - without-; vz- - sun-; voz- – voc-; from- - -is-; bottom - bottom; times- - races-; roses- - grew-; through- –through-.

Of course, you remember how they change when writing. Formulate this rule yourself.

Third group- prefixes, the spelling of which depends on the meaning. This at- And pre-.

So, three groups of prefixes. Make a table with them, and if you like to draw, depict them in some more interesting way.

SPELLING OF PREFACES

The first group of consoles

Prefixes: over-, on-, from, before-, in-, s-, o-, about-, back-, y-, re-, over-, under-, pro- (except: great-grandmother, great-grandfather...).

1.Unchangeable

2. Vowel spelling (s, and) after prefixes ending in a consonant.

Remember:

after immutable prefixes (above-, inter-, counter-, super-) root starts at -And, and after other prefixes - on -s.

Remember:charge pronounced and spelled with And.

The second group of attachments

3. Spelling h, s at the end of prefixes depends on the next sound of the root.

Remember:

a) prefix With- It is always spelled the same, regardless of pronunciation.

b) In words: here, building, health h included in the root.

c) in the composition compound words write h: nearby, nearby.

4. Spelling prefixes roses-(ros-) And times- (ras-) determined by emphasis.

The third group of prefixes

5. Spelling prefixespre-, at-.

PRACTICAL WORK

Spelling of the first group of prefixes

Exercise 1. Fill in the missing spellings and explain the spelling.

Explore, previous, without_action, from_scan, pre-Julian, without_gloomy, from_again, take, without_inventory, sum up, raffle, well-known, improvise, without_skull, sub-integral? number, beat, from_mother.

Inter-institutional, super-industrial, super-interesting, inter-regional period, inter-institutional, super-impulsive.

Sub_inspector, counter_grass, trans_ordanian, disinfection, super_interesting, post_impressionism, pan_slamism.

Sports equipment, medical institute, financial inspector.

Pre_story, inter_international, without_initiative, sports_gra, ob_skat, super_inventive, nameless, counter_sk, s_zmala, super_sophisticated, not without_interesting, pre_infarction, post_infarction, charge, inter_groovy, dis_information, super_industrial, pedagogical_institute, without_similar, Head_zdat, super_gra , sub_mother, s_grat, super_skunky, trans_indian, pulseless.

Spelling of the second group of prefixes

Exercise 1. Insert spelling and explain (graphically) the spelling.

Without_valuable, without_human, without_form, without_end, without_bone, without_number, without_ceremonial, without_tasting, without_intelligent, without_literacy, without_integral, without_darn, without_calm, without_noise, without_meaning, without_pain.

To_to fly, to_mad, to doze off, to_alarmed.

In_birth, in_action, in_walking, in_calling, worldview, in_love, in_click, in_soar, in_obstruct.

Exile, and_fulfillment, and_run, and_frightened, and_spend, and_scoop, and_fry, and_scratch, and_holds, and_for a long time, and_under the forehead.

Neither_fall, nor_refuting, nor_deny, nor_rush, nor_send, neither, nor_shiy.

Ra_sale, ra_doubling, ra_to scratch, ra_to be generous, ra_to beat, ra_crack, ra_spread, ra_crush, ra_chetly, ra_twist, ra_draw, ra_twist.

Chere_chur, over_dimensional.

Dacha, _giving, _dealing, _here, _run, _give, _boron, _quit, _health, _hold on, _move, _hot, _dravnitsa, _beat, _gone, not visible _gi, _pull, _burn.

Task 2. Remember the spelling of the following words. Make sentences with these words.

Russian has several pair of words, which are conveniently combined into a table. This comparison helps to remember the rule.

No accent - A, under stress - O.

Scatter - placers;

dissolve - dissolution;

schedule - painting;

story - stories;

fall apart - sledge;

play - draw;

distribute - distributed;

search - search.

Task 3. Sort the words by composition.

Spend, surreptitiously, surreptitiously, immeasurable, without a break, recklessness, retake, reprint, predawn, tell, unsurpassed, assumption, prejudice, disturb, redistribute, push, propagate, spread, location, inexhaustible, inherited, disproportionate.

Exercise 4. Replace these words with synonyms with prefixes on h, s.

Infinitely (infinitely, limitlessly), calm (serene), climb (climb), exclamation (exclamation), excitement (anxiety), cruel (ruthless, heartless), in vain (useless), unknown (unknown), boundless (limitless), order (order), simple (simply), try (test), contradict (object), constantly (continuously, continuously), reasonably (reasonably), indifferent (passionless, insensible), weak (helpless, powerless), save (save), too (too much, excessively), calm (serene), fair (impartial), quiet (silent, silent), fury (frenzy).

Exercise 5. Find antonyms for these words.

Collect (scatter), save (spend), cowardly (fearless, fearless), kind (heartless, ruthless), humane (inhuman), close (open wide), go out (ignite).

Exercise 6. Pick up root antonyms by replacing prefixes.

Leave (arrive), wrap (unwrap), untie (tie, tie), approach (depart), fly in (fly away), bring (carry), wind (unwind), crawl (crawl), close (open), bring in (take out ), sail away (swim up).

Spelling of the third group of prefixes

Exercise 1. Remember the exception words (dictionary words) in which there are prefixes pre-, at-.

pre-

at-

overcome

rebuke, unquestioning

neglect

crawl

let

notorious

advantage

claim

presidium

the president

premiere

a drug

(punctuation marks

prelude

claim, claim

to swear, to swear, to swear

reconcile, irreconcilable

time

capricious

a priority

privilege, privileged

primitive, primitive

embellish

deplorable

hairstyle

decent

bizarre

Task 2. In Russian, there are several pairs of words that are conveniently combined into a table. Writing prefixes pre-, at- in these words is connected with the difference in their meaning. Make sentences with these words.

at-	pre-
Arrive("come, come"). The train is arriving. Arrival. Train arrival timetable	stay(“to be somewhere or in some state”). Stay in the capital. Stay in despair
give(“strengthen, add something, give additionally”). Give courage. Dowry. Give the desired shape	betray(“change, betray, forget”). Betray a friend. Give it to the fire. Submit to oblivion. Tradition. folk tradition
Proceed("begin"). Get to work. Get started	transgress(law). Criminal, crime, crime, criminal
bow down(head) (only in the meaning of "to find or not to find shelter"). Somewhere to lay your head. There will be somewhere to lay your head	bow down(head, banners, knees) (“bow down, lower down, expressing deep respect, admiration”). Worship
pretend("loosely close"). close the door	Pretend("to come true, to materialize"). The idea came true
pretend(“with the intent to mislead”). Pretend to be asleep. Pretender, pretender, pretender	despise("neglect something"). Ignore the danger. contempt, despicable, scornful, despise
look down("give shelter") - obsolete	Limit("border, line"). Speed limit, wish limit, out of country
aisle("extension")	Ultimate, boundless
Receiver("what is meant to be received"). Radio receiver, baby receiver	Successor("successor of deeds, traditions"). Succession, Succession
Downplay("reduce a little")	downplay(significantly reduce)

Remember: exaggerate written only with a prefix pre-.

Task 3. Remember spelling words with prefixes pre- And at- in phrases. Make up sentences with these phrases.

declining(approaching old age) age, impregnable(from attack) fortress, stumbling block(hindrance, difficulty) immutable law(immutable, indestructible) enduring significance(timeless, durable) vicissitudes of fate(adventure, change, turn in events).

Task 4. Highlight the prefixes in the words, explain the spelling.

Start studies, transgress the law, stop conversations, transcend, nail, muffle, station, exceed the speed, bright image, appendage, near the Oka, unpleasant, interrupted, attached, irreconcilable, give shape, coastal, (train) arrives, be discouraged, no place to lay your head, kneel (as a sign of respect), suburban, stick, crouch, barrier, limit of desires, temple chapel, poet's successor, radio receiver, legends of antiquity, unbending will, slightly downplay, get used to, give expression to the face, transform, nail, bewitch, the stay of the delegation abroad.

SUMMING UP

We have passed through the thickets of Russian consoles. What do you remember? Test yourself.

Write down as many prefixes as you can remember. Remember what groups they can be divided into and what difficulties each group is fraught with.

Exercise 1. Dictation with preliminary preparation.

First, write out from the text all the words with prefixes of the first and second groups, then the rest of the words that are difficult for you and do everything to remember them. Then write down the text under dictation.

ABOUT LEONID Utesov
(From the memoirs of B. Efimov)

Each meeting with this person was pleasant and joyful, amazing and memorable. And not only when he went on stage, enthusiastically welcomed by the audience, but also outside the stage. A unique singer, a talented and inexhaustibly inventive leader of the jazz ensemble he created, its irreplaceable conductor and director, organizer and inspirer. Is it just jazz? Utyosov amazed with the versatility and unpredictability of his talent. I had a chance to see him both as a violin soloist and as a great reader of Zoshchenko's stories from the stage. He was an excellent orator, wrote excellent poetry, intelligent and sincere.

Such was Utyosov - always sociable, sociable, cheerful and open. He generously shared his sense of humor and joy of being with those around him. He liked to have listeners around him, he liked to address the audience anywhere and everywhere.

Utyosov's songs helped not only to live, but also to fight. They helped to resist the fascist invasion and defeat the enemy, and then restore the country destroyed by the war. This is well remembered by the older generation. But the extraordinary voice of Utesov, preserved by the miracle of sound recording, penetrating the soul, pleases us even today, in the hard times we are going through. It cheers up, inspires hope that we will endure, survive.

Task 2. Instead of a phrase, write down one word synonymous with it, using prefixes without-/without-, pre-/at-, on-, about-, without-.

Sample: meaningless - nonsensical.

Never dying, outside the school building, close to the shore, giving a new name, giving hope, depriving one of his weapons, thinking for a while, depriving him of the ability to harm, calling a horse with bait, a very old person.

Task 3. Test your memory: write down as many words with prefixes in two columns at- And pre- as long as you can remember. Then be sure to check yourself in the dictionary.

Task 4. Try to compose your story using words with prefixes from all three groups.

N.N. TYULENEV,
Tomsk

The prefix PRE- can express:

Auxiliary tables on the topic: "Prefixes PRE- and PRI-".

1. Meaning of prefixes pre- And at-. 2. Paronymous pairs of words with pre- And at-(Where pre- And at- can be a prefix that matters; a prefix that does not matter; part of the root).3. vocabulary words, in which pre- And at- are included in the root.

3.
At: reason, example, hello, device, diligent (careful, diligent),adventure,nature,privilege (exclusive right),claim(asserting one's rights to smth.; striving for recognition),cause,a priority (championship),primitive (simplest, uncomplicated in execution, device),private (private, informal),diva(leading actress),fastidious (a person too picky, with whims and whims),compulsion,principle (belief, view),belong,close (focused, tense)).

Pre: seduce (attract),a drug,president, presidium (governing body elective organization; group of persons elected to conduct the meeting),premier, premier (first performance of a playAnd etc.) claim (complaint, expression of displeasure),challenger (candidate),rebuke,prevail (prevail),present (give), presentation (public presentation of somethingprestige (authority),prelude (introductory part of the music. works),notorious (widely known, notorious),tradition (oral history of the past),neglect (disregard something.),chase,hinder,beyond,precedent (case - an example or justification for subsequent similar cases - set a precedent - find a similar case in the past),dissect (dissect the body for examination),preamble (introductory part of the state document),preventive (warning, safety)
stay (in the house)- be.
betray (friend)- commit treason, extradite. Despise (enemy)- to treat with emphasized indifference, not to respect. transform (dreams to life)- to realize, to carry out.

bow down (head)- with great respect, admiration. transgress (dash)- arbitrarily violate. Repent - die.

endure (privations)- take out, move.
stumbling block - hindrance.
Perverse - false, wrong (misunderstood).vicissitudes of fate - a sharp change, a turn in events. Transient (moment)- temporary.
Immutable (fact)- undeniable.

Indispensable - obligatory (sine qua non). Limit (patience)- frontier, frontier Successor (poet)- follower. unceasing (call)- frequently repeated, continuous.

downplay multiply several times

Arrive (to the station)- to come. give (surface gloss)- change appearance. look down (orphan) - to provide shelter and food.
pretend (door)- Close tightly. pretend (asleep)- take a look. bow down (head)- Tilt slightly. Proceed (to the point)- begin.
Attach (guard, ladder)- appoint for supervision, put close. get used to (to pain)- get used to.
stumble (in the corner)- fit without special amenities. Gatekeeper - watchman.

Coming (guest)- the one that comes. Unattached (to the letter document)- the one that was not put with the letter was not submitted along with the letter. Inapplicable (way)- unfeasible. aisle (in the temple)- part of the temple, extension. Receiver (loud)- apparatus. Shelter - Shelter, shelter.