We were lucky to be born in a country where Russian is considered the main language. It is rich in various sounds, words and lexical phrases. One and the same phenomenon can be described in completely different ways, in dozens of different ways, and each description will turn out to be unique, not similar to the previous one. For this, there are synonyms, antonyms and homonyms. They make speech more beautiful, allow you to correctly place accents, and also develop, improving our vocabulary.
What are synonyms and antonyms in Russian, how they differ and what they are - we will find out in today's article. Looking ahead, I will inform you that we will also consider such an interesting thing as homonyms. Go?
What are synonyms
Agree, it would be rather boring to communicate if each item could be called only in one single way. Here you look at the sun, and you cannot say: bright, bright, radiant. You only need to choose one. So it would be very boring, and speech would be poor and poor.
Synonyms are words that have the same meaning but are spelled differently. As you may have guessed, there are a lot of synonyms. For example, a pool and a pond. The meaning is the same, but spelled differently. Another example: house, building, hut, building, building, real estate, dwelling. Continue on your own?
In various cases, words may be synonyms, but they may not be, depending on the context, or they may not be suitable in meaning. For example, cherry blossom can also be called red, but cherry pie is not necessarily red.
Task: come up with synonyms for the words: dog, beast, liquid.
What are antonyms
In contrast to synonyms, there are antonyms - words that are opposite in meaning. They write differently, and the meaning is just the opposite. For example, black - white, good - evil, come - go, start - finish.
It does not mean at all that we use antonyms daily and consciously remember them, rummaging through our memory, but understanding them and being able to quickly pick up several oppositions in our minds is a sign of education and erudition.
Task: pick up antonyms for the words: morning, winter, end.
What are homonyms
The last term for today - homonyms - these are words that are spelled the same, but have completely different meanings. It so happened that there are not a thousand letters in the alphabet of the Russian language, otherwise it would be impossible to remember them all. Therefore, the spellings of words are repeated, under which, depending on the context, different meanings are meant.
For example, the key can be from a door lock, violin in notes, in the form of a reservoir, wrench. All these will be completely different objects, but they will be written in the same way - in a word, the key. The second example: a scythe used to mow grass, as well as a long braid of hair.
Task: what meanings of the following words can you remember: outfit, affection, flying.
(from Greek anti - against, ónyma - name) - these are words with the opposite meaning when used in pairs. Those words enter into antonymic relations, which disclose with opposite sides correlated concepts associated with one circle of objects, phenomena. Words form antonymic pairs based on their lexical meaning. One and the same word, if it is ambiguous, can have several antonyms.
occur within all parts of speech, however, the words of an antonymic pair must belong to the same part of speech.
Do not enter into antonymic relations:
- nouns with a specific meaning (house, book, school), proper names;
- numerals, most pronouns;
- words denoting gender (man and woman, son and daughter);
- words with different stylistic coloring;
- words with magnifying or diminutive accents (hand - hands, house - house).
By their structure, antonyms are not homogeneous. Among them there are:
- one-root antonyms: happiness - misfortune, open - close;
- heterogeneous antonyms: black - white, good - bad.
The phenomenon of antonymy is closely related to the polysemy of the word. Each of the meanings of the word can have its own antonyms. Yes, the word fresh in different meanings will have different antonymic pairs: fresh wind - sultry wind, fresh bread - stale bread, fresh shirt - dirty shirt.
Antonymic relations can also arise between different meanings of the same word. For example, to look through means “to get acquainted with something, to check, quickly examining, looking through, reading” and “to skip, not notice, miss”. The combination of opposite meanings in one word is called enantiosemy.
Depending on the distinctive features that words with the opposite meaning have, two types of antonyms can be distinguished general language(or simply language) And contextual speech(author's or individual).
Common language antonyms are regularly reproduced in speech and fixed in the vocabulary (day - night, poor - rich).
Contextual speech antonyms- these are words that enter into antonymous relations only in a certain context: Sing better with a goldfinch than with a nightingale.
The use of antonyms makes speech more vivid and expressive. Antonyms are used in colloquial and artistic speech, in many proverbs and sayings, in the titles of many literary works.
One of the stylistic figures is built on a sharp opposition of antonyms - antithesis(opposition) - a characteristic by comparing two opposite phenomena or signs: Long live the sun, let the darkness hide! (A.S. Pushkin). Writers often build titles of works using this technique: “War and Peace” (L.N. Tolstoy), “Fathers and Sons” (I.S. Turgenev), “Thick and Thin” (A.P. Chekhov), etc. .
Another stylistic device, which is based on the comparison of antonymic meanings, is oxymoron or oxymoron(gr. oxymoron - lit. witty-stupid) - a figure of speech in which logically incompatible concepts are connected: a living corpse, dead souls, ringing silence.
Dictionaries of antonyms will help you choose an antonym for a word.Dictionaries of antonyms- linguistic reference dictionaries that describe antonyms. For example, in dictionary L.A. Vvedenskaya the interpretation of more than 1000 antonymic pairs is given (their synonymous correspondences are also taken into account), the contexts of use are given. A in the dictionary of N.P. Kolesnikova antonyms and paronyms are fixed. The book contains approximately 3,000 paronyms and more than 1,300 pairs of antonyms. There are no illustrations of the use of antonyms in the dictionary.
In addition to antonym dictionaries of a general type, there are also private dictionaries that fix polar relationships in some narrow areas of the vocabulary. This includes, for example, dictionaries of antonyms-phraseological units, dictionaries of antonyms-dialectisms, etc.
Let's take a look at the most common examples of antonyms: good evil; good bad; friend - enemy; day Night; heat - cold; peace - war, quarrel; true False; success - failure; benefit - harm; rich - poor; difficult - easy; generous - stingy; thick - thin; hard - soft; brave - cowardly; White black; fast - slow; high Low; bitter - sweet; hot Cold; wet - dry; full - hungry; new - old; big small; laugh - cry; speak - be silent; love - hate.
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Antonyms are words that sound different and have opposite meanings: lie - truth, evil - kind, be silent - speak. Examples of antonyms show that they refer to the same part of speech.
Antonymy in Russian is presented much narrower than synonymy. This is explained by the fact that only words that are related in terms of quality (good - bad, native - alien, smart - stupid, thick - rare, high - low), temporal (day - night, early - late), quantitative (single - multiple, many - few), spatial (spacious - cramped, large - small, wide - narrow, high - low) features.
There are antonymic pairs denoting the names of states, actions. Examples of antonyms of this kind: rejoice - grieve, cry - laugh.
Types and examples of antonyms in Russian
According to the structure, antonyms are divided into heterogeneous (morning - evening) and single-root (enter - exit). The opposite of the meaning of single-root antonyms is caused by prefixes. However, it should be remembered that the addition to adverbs and prefixes without-, Not- in most cases, it gives them the value of a weakened opposite (high - low), so the contrast of their values \u200b\u200bis turned out to be "muffled" (low - this does not mean "low"). Based on this, not all prefix formations can be attributed to antonyms, but only those that are the extreme points of the lexical paradigm: strong - powerless, harmful - harmless, successful - unsuccessful.
Antonyms, as well as synonyms, are in close connection with polysemy: empty - serious (conversation); empty - full (cup); empty - expressive (look); empty - meaningful (story). Antonym examples show that different meanings the words "empty" are included in various antonymic pairs. Single-valued words, as well as words with specific meanings (iambic, pencil, desk, notebook, etc.) cannot have antonyms.
Among antonyms, there is also the phenomenon of enantiosemy - this is the development of mutually exclusive, opposite meanings of some polysemantic words: carry (into the room, bring) - carry (out of the room, take away); abandoned (a phrase just said) - abandoned (abandoned, forgotten). The meaning in such cases is specified in the context. Enantiosemy is often the cause of ambiguity in certain expressions. Examples of antonyms of this kind: he listened to the report; the director looked through these lines.
Contextual antonyms are words that are opposed in a specific context: moonlight - sunlight; not a mother, but a daughter; one day - the whole life; wolves are sheep. The polarity of the meanings of such words in the language is not fixed, and their opposition is an individual decision of the author. The writer in such cases reveals the opposite qualities of various concepts and contrasts them in speech. However, these pairs of words are not antonyms.
" of Greek origin and is translated as "opposite".
Antonyms are words with the opposite meaning, expressing it with the help of paradigmatic connections.
Antonyms are a very interesting phenomenon of the language, because in the mind of a person are stored in the form of an antonymic pair.
Despite the fact that antonyms are opposed to each other with all their content, their semantic structure is highly homogeneous. As a rule, antonyms differ in one differential feature.
For example, a pair of antonyms "-" has common semantic features (quality, mood) and only one differential (positive and negative mood).
Due to the homogeneity of the semantic structure, antonyms have almost completely matching compatibility.
Types of antonyms
There are 2 types of antonyms:
1) multi-rooted and single-rooted.
One-root antonyms usually form a non-prefixed and a prefixed word. Examples: friend - foe; bad - not bad; enter - exit; come - walk away.
Different root antonyms are completely different in their external appearance. Examples: stale - fresh; life death.
2) gradual, nongradual and vector antonyms.
Gradual antonyms express the opposite, which implies the existence of intermediate steps between the two extreme points. Examples: brilliant - talented - gifted - average abilities - mediocre - mediocre; - capable - sensible - not stupid - average abilities - stupid - limited - stupid - stupid.
Non-gradual antonyms are concepts between which there is not and cannot be an intermediate degree. Examples: true - false; alive - dead; free - busy; married - single.
Vector antonyms denote the opposite direction of actions, features, qualities and properties. Examples: forget - remember; increase - decrease; supporter - opponent.
Antonyms (gr. anti- against + onyma- name) - these are words that are different in sound, having directly opposite meanings: truth - lie, good - evil, speak - be silent. Antonyms, as a rule, refer to one part of speech and form pairs.
Modern lexicology considers synonymy and antonymy as extreme, limiting cases, on the one hand, of interchangeability, on the other hand, of opposition of words in content. At the same time, synonymous relations are characterized by semantic similarity, while antonymic relations are characterized by semantic difference.
Antonymy in the language is presented `narrower than synonymy: only words enter into antonymic relations that are correlative on some basis - qualitative, quantitative, temporal, spatial and belonging to the same category of objective reality as mutually exclusive concepts: beautiful - ugly, many - few, morning - evening, remove - bring closer. Words of other meanings usually do not have antonyms; compare: house, thinking, writing, twenty, Kyiv, Caucasus. Most antonyms characterize qualities ( good - bad, smart - stupid, native - alien, dense - rare and under.); there are quite a few that point to spatial and temporal relationships ( large - small, spacious - cramped, high - low, wide - narrow; early - late, day - night); fewer antonymic pairs with quantitative meaning ( many - few; single - numerous). There are opposite names of actions, states ( cry - laugh, rejoice - grieve), but these are few.
The development of antonymic relations in vocabulary reflects our perception of reality in all its contradictory complexity and interdependence. Therefore, contrasting words, as well as the concepts they denote, are not only opposed to each other, but are also closely related. Word Kind, for example, evokes in our minds the word evil, distant reminiscent of close, accelerate- O slow down.
Antonyms "are at the extreme points of the lexical paradigm", but between them in the language there may be words that reflect the indicated feature to a different extent, i.e., its decrease or increase. For example: rich- prosperous - poor - poor - beggar; harmful- harmless - useless - useful . Such opposition implies a possible degree of strengthening of a sign, quality, action, or gradation (lat. gradient- gradual increase). Semantic gradation (gradation), thus, is characteristic only of those antonyms whose semantic structure contains an indication of the degree of quality: young - old, big - small, small - large and under. Other antonymic pairs are devoid of the sign of gradualness: up - down, day - night, life - death, man - woman.
Antonyms that have a sign of gradualness can be interchanged in speech to give the statement a polite form; yes, it's better to say thin, how skinny; elderly, how old. Words used to eliminate the harshness or rudeness of a phrase are called euphemisms (gr. eu- good + phemi- I say). On this basis, sometimes they talk about antonyms-euphemisms, which express the meaning of the opposite in a softened form.
In the lexical system of the language, antonyms-conversives can also be distinguished (lat. conversion- change). These are words expressing the relationship of opposites in the original (direct) and modified (reverse) statements: Alexander gave book to Dmitry.- Dmitry took Alexander's book Professor accepts credit for the trainee.- Trainee surrenders credit to the professor.
There is also intra-word antonymy in the language - the antonymy of the meanings of polysemantic words, or enantiosemy (gr. enantios- opposite + sema - sign). This phenomenon is observed in polysemantic words that develop mutually exclusive meanings. For example, the verb depart can mean "to return to normal, feel better", but it can also mean "to die, say goodbye to life." Enantiosemy becomes the reason for the ambiguity of such statements, for example: Editor viewed these lines; I listened to divertissement; Speaker misspoke and under.
By structure, antonyms are divided into heterogeneous (day - night) and single-root ( come - go, revolution - counter-revolution). The former constitute a group of proper lexical antonyms, the latter - lexico-grammatical. In single-root antonyms, the opposite of meaning is caused by various prefixes, which are also capable of entering into antonymic relations; compare: V lie down - You lay down, at put - from put, behind cover - from cover. Therefore, the opposition of such words is due to word formation. However, it should be borne in mind that adding to quality adjective, adverbs of prefixes not without- most often gives them the meaning of only a weakened opposite ( young - not young), so that the contrast of their meaning in comparison with non-prefixed antonyms turns out to be "muffled" ( middle-aged It doesn't mean "old" yet. Therefore, not all prefix formations can be attributed to antonyms in the strict sense of this term, but only those that are extreme members of the antonymic paradigm: successful - unsuccessful, strong - powerless.
Antonyms, as already mentioned, usually form a pair correlation in the language. However, this does not mean that a particular word can have one antonym. Antonymic relations make it possible to express the opposition of concepts in an "open", polynomial series, cf .: concrete - abstract, abstract; cheerful - sad, sad, dull, boring.
In addition, each member of an antonymic pair or antonymic series can have its own synonyms that do not intersect in antonymy. Then a certain system is formed in which synonymous units are located vertically, and antonymic units are located horizontally. For example:
smart - stupid to be sad - to rejoice reasonable - stupid to be sad - to have fun wise - brainless to yearn - to exultSuch a correlation of synonymous and antonymic relations reflects the systemic connections of words in the vocabulary. The interrelation of ambiguity and antonymy of lexical units also points to the consistency.
