Japan One of the first female warriors in Japan was probably the semi-mythical ruler Himiko. But information about her is unreliable and contradictory, and the name of the militant empress, and the time of her reign, and even the very fact of her militancy, raise doubts.

The third shogunate and the policy of "isolation"

After the death of Toyotomi Hideyoshi, Tokugawa Ieyasu ascended the throne. In 1600, with the help of the aristocracy, he defeated the Toyotomi clan at the Battle of Sekigahara and destroyed this clan over the next 15 years.

In 1603, the emperor gave Ieyasu the title of shogun and created a new shogunate in the city of Edo.

The period of existence of this government of the samurai is commonly called the Edo era (1603-1867).

Japan 17th-19th century

During the reign of the shogunate, Japan was a federation. A quarter of the territory of the state was owned by the Tokugawa shogun family, and the rest by three hundred provincial daimyo lords. Daimyos were divided into classes of "relatives", "old vassals" and "new vassals", in accordance with the degree of subordination to the shogun. They owned personal independent estates of the khan, the area of ​​​​which was established by the capital's leadership. To prevent rebellions, the government curtailed the political opportunities of subjects by the "Laws of military houses", in addition, it reduced the wealth of their possessions by the necessary trips to the seat of government in Edo. The shogunate also took all the land allotments of the emperor's house, vouching to maintain them at their own expense.

In the first half of the 17th century, the Japanese government was interested in interacting with the states of Europe and stopped the persecution of Christians. In an attempt to develop interstate trade and get the most benefit from it, the shogunate in 1604 made it necessary to license Japanese ships that were serving abroad in Southeast Asia. At the same time, the struggle in Japan between Protestant Holland and England on the one hand, and Catholic Portugal and Spain on the other, threatened to draw Japan into the war of these countries. Because of this, Japan began to pursue a policy of limiting ties with Europe and its colonies, later called sakoku.

In 1614, the shogunate banned Christianity, believing it to be a means of foreign influence. Thousands of Japanese Christians were persecuted, and travel abroad, where it was possible to be baptized, was impossible. For this reason, in 1637, some peasants and samurai of Kyushu, who professed Christianity, staged a mutiny in Shimabara. The shogunate pacified the rebels within a year, and in 1639, in order to completely eliminate Christianity, issued a decree forbidding American and European ships from arriving in Japan. Indulgences were given to Holland, whose ships, which assisted in the suppression of the uprising, received an exclusive opportunity to trade on the artificial island of Dejima in Nagasaki.

Torture of Christians

From the 17th to the middle of the 19th century, despite the break in ties with Europe, Japan maintained political and trade relations with its old partners: Korea, China, Ryukyu. The Japanese traded with these countries in Tsushima, Dejima, Satsuma and southern Hokkaido.

Socio-economic development of Japan in the 17th-19th centuries

The Japanese society of the Edo era was class-based and was divided into 4 large classes: samurai warriors, peasants, merchants and artisans. The state was ruled exclusively by the samurai nobility. The class system did not include pariahs who were engaged in menial labor: waste disposal, prison service, cleaning. The dominant religions were Buddhism and Shintoism. There was a procedure for registering residents at Buddhist monasteries by area of ​​residence. Christianity was not allowed, because of which its adherents remained underground. The official ideological philosophy of the state was neo-Confucianism, which gained its strongest popularity during the reign of Tokugawa Tsunayoshi and during the activities of the researcher Arai Hakuseki. It was taught at the national academy which was established by Hayashi Razan. Under the influence of Neo-Confucianism, the bushido code of the samurai was founded.

Shintoism is a religion that originated from the religious beliefs of the Japanese: worship of the forces of nature, belief in the supernatural powers of spirits and many gods;

Buddhism - the shogunate used to subjugate the people, in the XVIII century. all Buddhist temples began to close.

Confucian theory - preached by the Chinese philosopher Zhu Xi, has become widespread in Japan. according to this theory, the strength of all life depends on unconditional obedience to its ruler.

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"Japan 17th-18th century"

Japan

in the 17-18 centuries.

Work plan

1 Socio-political system of Japan

• Foreign policy Tokugawa shogunate
• The Role of Religion in Japan

4. Japanese culture of the Tokugawa era

I . Japan in XVII century.

• 260 principalities with a population of 18 million, of which

80% are employed in agriculture.

I . Socio-political position Japan in XVII century.

• Mikado - Japanese emperor - nominal

ruler

• 1603 - seized power shogun (warlord)

Tokugawa Ieyasu

Military order established

shogun (warlord) Tokugawa Ieyasu

Dual power in Japan

Mikado - "living god" - reigned, followed religious rites and traditions, but did not rule the state.

Shoguns really ruled the state.

Capital - Kyoto

Capital - Edo , residence of the shoguns.

Big cities Japan

Edo, Kyoto, Osaka, Nagoya, Nagasaki, Hakata

The feudal structure of the shogunate

1.Kuge- aristocratic entourage of the emperor

2. Daimyo- wealthy feudal lords

social structure shogunate: SI-NO-KO-SHO

SI - samurai;

the wealthiest segments of the population and the shoguns

social structure

KO –

artisans

BUT –

peasants

Syo - merchants

Foreign policy of the Tokugawa shogunate

• The Tokugawa dynasty establishes contacts with foreigners.
• 1542 – Portuguese , the first foreigners, settled on about. Kyushu and began to plant the Catholic religion.

Tokugawa Iemitsu introduced politics "closed doors" - forbidding the Japanese to leave the country

1614 - a decree forbidding

foreign faith

1637 - the uprising of the inhabitants of the city of Simabar on about. Kyushu

against the Tokugawa order

1638 - Japan is declared a country, absolutely

closed to foreigners.

port of Nagasaki, 2 times a year, Korean and Chinese ships

Importation of scientific and religious literature, appreciated discoveries in the field of technology, medicine

Principle: "Eastern Morality - Western Technique"

The role of religion in Japan.

In the XVIII century. Shintoism and Confucianism were firmly established in Japan.

Shintoism- a religion that originated from the religious beliefs of the Japanese: worship of the forces of nature, belief in the supernatural powers of spirits and in many gods;

Buddhism- the shogunate used to subjugate the people, in the XVIII century. all Buddhist temples began to close.

Confucian theory- preached by the Chinese philosopher Zhu Xi, has become widespread in Japan. according to this theory, the strength of all life depends on unconditional obedience to its ruler.

In Japan, you can find two types of clothing - traditional - wafuku and more simple, everyday, according to the European model. Kimono - literally translated "clothing, outfit" - general term to refer to any clothing, and in the narrow - a kind of wafuku.

• Wealthy feudal lords:

D) ronin

E) mikado

2 "Mikado" in Japan was called:

A) Samurai.

B) peasants.

C) Emperor.

D) Officials.

E) city dwellers.

3. The main residence of the Japanese shoguns is the city:

B) Hiroshima.

C) Nagasaki.

4. By the beginning of the 17th century in Japan there were:

A) 200 principalities.

C) 260 principalities.

C) 300 principalities.

D) 360 principalities.

E) 160 principalities.

5. Having suppressed the uprising on the island of Kyushu in 1637, the shogun declared Japan:

A) closed to foreigners.

C) open to foreigners.

C) a democratic country.

D) Slave State

E) independent state

6. "Shi-no-ko-sho" is in Japanese:

A) craft center

C) a jewelry workshop.

C) the title of emperor.

D) aristocrats.

E) The name of the estate system

7. Major Religion in Japan:

A) Christianity.

C) Shinto.

D) Confucianism.

E) Judaism.

8. The aristocratic entourage of the emperor was called:

B) Shoguns.

E) Samurai

Manskov O.V., Ph.D. PRINTED

Lecture course

New history of Asia and Africa

Lecture 3. Japan in the XVI-XVII centuries.

Japan at the end of the 16th century. Oda Nobunaga.

In the 16th century, the central government in Kyoto (the shoguns of the Ashikaga house) lost real power. Civil wars were going on all over the country. The centennial period - from 60 moves of the 15th century to the 60s of the 16th century is referred to in Japanese literature as the "period of warring states".

The possessions of Japan by the end of the 16th century consisted of three large islands (Honshu, Kyushu, Shikoku) and small islands adjacent to them. The island of Hokkaido (Ezo, or Iezo, as they called it then; "ezo" is one of the Japanese names for the Ainu people who inhabited the island) was colonized by the Japanese only in its southernmost part (Oshima Peninsula). On Japanese maps of a later period (from about the 17th century), the principality of Matsumae began to be placed here.

The "Great Three" - Oda Nobunaga, Toyotomi Hideyoshi and Tokugawa Ieyasu - brought social relations into a system and established a single centralized power in the country.

In 1568-1582, one of the middle feudal lords, whose lands were located in the central part of the island of Honshu, Oda Nobunaga achieved success in the fight against his opponents. Using a more perfect organization of his troops, and actively using firearms, he achieved in a short time a significant increase in his possessions in areas close to Kyoto, including the capital of the state itself.

Firearms were first used in combat in Japan in 1549 by Shimazu Takahisa. In the 70s. Oda Nobunaga already had 3,000 riflemen in his army. In 1573, the famous Battle of Nagashino took place. In this battle, Nobunaga proved to be a master of new tactics. Dividing the shooters into three groups, so that each had time to reload their weapons, he placed them behind the palisade. The first-class samurai cavalry of Takeda Katsuyori was almost completely exterminated, not having time to approach the distance of hand-to-hand combat. Nobunaga in 1573 overthrew the last shogun from the Ashikaga house and defeated several Buddhist monasteries near Kyoto, which took an active part in the internecine war. By the end of his reign, Oda Nobunaga had achieved the subjugation of more than half of the territory of Japan (part of the island of Honshu). Part of the new possessions Nobunaga transferred to his commanders Hideyoshi and Tokugawa. With the help of the latter, he forced other feudal lords of the central part of the island of Honshu to recognize his authority.

In his possessions, Nobunaga destroyed the outposts and abolished the fees levied on goods coming from other possessions; he laid roads, introduced the strictest punishments for robbery.

Nobunaga's policy was aimed at strengthening the central government, ending civil strife and expanding trade. Oda Nobunaga sought the subordination of large merchants to the central government. He fought against the monopoly associations of the merchants and put an end to the independence of the city of Sakai.

By this time, the long "period of belligerent states" had ended. It seemed that peace would soon come to Japan. However, in 1582, Nobunaga was opposed by his vassal, who revolted. Severely wounded, Nobunaga committed suicide.

Politics of Toyotomi Hideyoshi.

The policy of unification of the country was continued by Toyotomi Hideyoshi (reigned 1582-1598), who received the nickname Monkey because of his ugly appearance. Having achieved supreme power (the imperial dynasty had no real power for many centuries before), Hideyoshi did not receive the title of shogun, which was worn by the country's supreme rulers from the Minamoto and Ashikaga dynasties. The dictatorship was more of a personal nature, and there were no sufficient guarantees that he would be able to transfer power to his heir. Despite the unification of the country, local daimyo continued to maintain their independence and political fragmentation persisted.

In the "period of belligerent states" samurai largely replenished from among the peasantry. During this period, professional soldiers from peasants turned into samurai, and some of them into large landowners. Hideyoshi himself and many of his generals were peasants. Representatives of the old aristocratic houses, which had been descended from ancient times, were exterminated as a result of wars. In their place was a new, less well-born privileged class from among the vassals of the former samurai. Such a movement in society was called "lower classes win the uppers."

Hideyoshi carried out a number of measures to strengthen public order. In 1588-1590, weapons were confiscated from the peasants all over the country. This event was called "sword hunting" (katanagari). One of the points of the decree of 1588 read: "The short swords named above should not be destroyed. They should be used for bolts and rivets for the construction of a great Buddha statue, so that if not in this, then in the next world they will benefit the peasants." This was the beginning of the prohibition of the transition from one estate to another. The positive moment of the decree can be considered that it stimulated the development of Japanese martial arts without weapons, which subsequently gave rise to karate, judo and other combat systems, now famous throughout the world. By decree of 1591, peasants were forbidden to become warriors, and samurai - peasants or townspeople. A solid wall was erected between the samurai and the peasantry.

Hideyoshi's foreign policy was aggressive. The main manifestation of this policy is the seven-year war with Korea.

Europeans in Japan.

In the XVI century. the maritime powers of Europe, seeking to end the monopoly of merchants who used the Great Silk Road, sent expeditions in search of a sea route to sources of spices and silk. In 1543, one of the Portuguese ships that tried to reach Beijing was thrown by a severe storm on the small island of Tanegashima off the coast of Kyushu. The first Europeans to land in Japan were the Portuguese Mendes Pinto and two merchants who accompanied him. The Japanese were amazed appearance Europeans and their strange clothes, but the greatest astonishment was caused by the matchlock guns, or arquebuses, brought by the Portuguese.

The Japanese received some knowledge about firearms from the Chinese. The Japanese got acquainted with gunpowder in the 13th century. during the Mongol invasion of Japan, but it never came to its mass application. The Japanese immediately realized the potential of the new weapon. Torikata, the Daimyo of Tanegashima, paid a lot of money to buy two new weapons and gave them to his blacksmith to copy. Having solved some technological difficulties with the help of aliens, in 6 months the blacksmith made 600 arquebuses, which were sold to different regions of Japan. So European military technology began to influence the history of Japan.

In 1549, the Catholic missionary Francis Xavier arrived in Japan and began to spread Catholicism. This opened the way for communication between Japan and the West. Since that time, for almost a hundred years, until the closure of the country in the years of Kan'ei (1624-1644), through trade and missionary activity from the "southern barbarians" (as the Portuguese were then called in Japan), Western material culture penetrated into Japan, starting with guns, and along with it, Christian culture spread (at that time, Catholics were known under the name "Kirisitan").

Following the Portuguese, Spanish ships arrived in Japan, then a connection was established with Holland and England. In the same period, Hideyoshi undertook a military expedition to Korea, at the same time hatching a plan to capture the island of Luzon, trade expanded with the help of goshuinsen - special ships that had permission from the shogunate to leave, and the penetration of the Japanese into these countries increased. The establishment of contacts with the West, along with these events, was the reason that in the 16th century Japan created an atmosphere unprecedented before, which contributed to extensive international relations.

However, when the reign of Toyomi Hideyoshi ended, a course was adopted to ban Christianity, and in the end, in 1639, the shogun Tokugawa Iemitsu, banning Portuguese ships from entering Japanese ports, issued the so-called "decree to close the country."

Europeans brought with them to Japan not only the achievements of their civilization, but also the threat of spiritual, political and economic enslavement of the country.

The illegal removal of the Japanese and their sale into slavery in other Asian countries, the importation of firearms by the Portuguese into Japan, and active missionary propaganda intensified unrest and unrest in Japan.

In the 80-90s of the 16th century, the Spaniards appeared in Japan, who pursued approximately the same policy as the Portuguese. During the same period, Japanese merchant and pirate ships began to sail off the coast of Southeast Asia. The Japanese knew about the fate of Aomyn, the Philippines, Java and the nearby islands captured by the Europeans. Hence the fears of the Japanese government before further Spanish and Portuguese expansion, especially since foreigners were mainly associated with the separatists of Kyushu, who seriously resisted Hideyoshi's measures to unify the country.

The Europeans in Japan enjoyed the support of both the southern separatists and some representatives of merchant capital. The missionary propaganda of the Europeans had a certain success among the peasants, who were attracted by the ideas of equality proclaimed by Christianity. These circumstances caused the central government and the Japanese aristocracy to be wary of the Europeans. Interested in the development of trade with Europeans, in the import of firearms, the Japanese government nevertheless decided on certain restrictions on the activities of the Portuguese and Spaniards. The first action in this direction was carried out by Hideyoshi in 1587, when he subordinated the island of Kyushu to the central government. In July of the same year, Hideyoshi issued a decree expelling all missionaries from Japan within 20 days, stipulating, however, the right of the Portuguese to continue trade without hindrance and allowing merchants to enter Japan who would not harm the Shinto and Buddhist religions.

Although the decree on the expulsion of the missionaries was not actually carried out and the missionaries fled to various principalities, mainly to Kyushu, Hideyoshi did not take effective measures for ten years to implement this decree.

During this time, he widely used Japanese and foreign Christians in the campaign against Korea (1592-1593), purchased ships from foreigners for the campaign, etc. New measures against Christians -Japanese and Europeans were taken later, when the missionaries were arrested and crucified in Nagasaki due to the fact that the commander of a Spanish ship that had entered the port of Urato in the province of Tosa (on the island of Shikoku) due to a typhoon, trying to prevent the ship from being plundered local samurai, threatened them with an invasion of Spanish troops. He declared that Spain was sending to the country it was about to subdue, first missionaries and then troops.

In 1598, Dutch and then English ships began to visit Japan.

Hideyoshi died in 1598. By the time of his death, none of the tasks set by the first unifiers had yet been completed. The feudal lords who opposed the central government were not yet completely subjugated, and the danger of a new internecine war remained.

The Europeans, fearing new measures against the missionaries, were ready to support any separatist movement. The country was involved in a difficult foreign policy adventure - the second trip to Korea, the unsuccessful outcome of which was a foregone conclusion. Equally important was the fact that Hideyoshi's heir, his son Hideyori, was only five years old. This facilitated, to a certain extent, the seizure of central power by the new pretender.

The struggle of political factions.

Hideyoshi foresaw the possibility of a resumption of internecine wars and encroachments on power by other contenders. In 1598, he created a supreme governing body of five tairo (chief ministers), who were to rule until Hideyori came of age.

These tairo included the largest landowners of the island of Honshu - Tokugawa Iezyasu, Maeda Toshine, Uesugi Kagekatsu, Mori Terumoto and Ukita Hijie. The tairo were put in charge of the five bugyō, who, as early as 1585, Hideyoshi appointed as heads of various government departments. To eliminate disagreements between the five tairo and five bugyo, a special body (santuro) was created.

This whole complex control system could operate effectively as long as its creator was alive. As soon as he died, a struggle for power began between various groups of large landowners. The most prominent leaders of these groups were Tokugawa Ieyasu, Ishida Kazushige and Maeda Toshine.

When Hideyoshi seized power in 1582, Tokugawa Ieyasu (1542-1616) was already a major landowner in the central part of Honshu, one of the prominent commanders of Oda Nobunaga. Relations between Ieyasu and Hideyoshi after Nobunaga's death (1582) were initially hostile, but Hideyoshi married Ieyasu to his sister, increased his holdings, and secured his support.

In 1590, after Ieyasu, following the order of Hideyoshi, subordinated Hojo, one of the largest landowners of the Kanto region, to the central authority, eight provinces of this region were given to the Tokugawa house. Ieyasu became the largest landowner in the country.

Another group of daimyo was led by Maeda Toshine, one of the tairo, a large feudal lord of Kaga province, who was one of the closest assistants in military affairs to Oda Nobunaga and Toyotomi Hideyoshi.

Maeda died in 1599, just as the struggle between the Tokugawa and a third political faction, led by Ishida Kazushige, began to escalate. Maeda in 1598-1599 acted as an intermediary between the Tokugawa and Ishida factions. After Maeda's death, most of his supporters went over to the side of the Tokugawa.

Ishida Kajisuge, who led a powerful grouping of opponents of the Tokugawa, was not a very large landowner in Central Japan. Like Maeda, he was closely associated with Hideyoshi, while Ishida received a significant part of his possessions from Hideyoshi (in particular, Sawayama Castle in Omi Province). He was one of the five bugyo appointed by Hideyoshi back in 1585, participated in many of his campaigns against other feudal lords and, unlike Maeda and Tokugawa, fought in Korea.

In an effort to gain the support of Hideyori's mother, Yodogimi, who had gained great influence, Ishida wanted to appoint Hideyori as heir. Although in the years 1598-1600 Tokugawa had not yet openly opposed Hideyori, Ishida was considered the main champion of Hideyoshi's son's right to rule the country. In all likelihood, being a relatively small feudal lord, Isis had no other way to come to power.

The Ishida group included the largest feudal lords of the country (except Tokugawa and Mazda) - Uesugi, Mori, Shimaji (Satsuma Principality), etc. These were precisely the daimyo whose subordination cost Hideyoshi the most labor and whose possessions he significantly reduced. They apparently joined the Ishida group in order to unite their efforts against the new contender for power - Tokugawa.

The military forces of the two groups received the names " eastern army"(Tokugawa grouping) and" Western Army "(Ishida grouping). However, these names did not quite accurately reflect the geographical location of the possessions of representatives of both coalitions.

Some, very few feudal lords remained neutral.

The most important political and economic centers of Japan at that time lay in the west, not in the east. Edo (the old name for Tokyo), the future capital of the Tokugawa shogunate, was still a small castle town, and the former capital of the first Minamoto shogunate (1192-1333), Kamakura, had long since lost its political significance.

Most of the feudal lords, including Ieyasu, in the last years of Hideyoshi's reign lived in Fushimi (near Kyoto), where he built his last castle, and in Osaka. Hideyori was brought here after the death of his father. The importance of the western provinces and the need to subjugate them in order to rule the whole country was also understood by the leaders of the Tokugawa group, who decided to move their troops to the west.

Tokugawa victory.

In the decisive battle at Sekigahara (1600), in the province of Mino, Ieyasu's troops won, and from that time on, the Tokugawa house actually began to rule the entire country, although the resistance of some opponents of the Tokugawa still continued, and even military clashes took place in a number of places.

The reasons for the victory of the Tokugawa group require special consideration. The military forces of the western group were largely weakened by the long and unsuccessful Korean campaigns, while the troops of Tokugawa and Maeda did not participate in these campaigns.

Both coalitions were very fragile. Adhering to the Tokugawa or Ishida group, the large landowners were not inclined to support them with any decisiveness. Their main goal was to preserve their human resources for further struggle for personal power.

The Western coalition was especially fragile. For example, one large feudal lord, Mori Terumoto, actually did not participate in the battle of Sakigahara, holding back troops to the west of the battlefield, another large feudal lord, Shimazu Yoshihiro, brought an insignificant force with him, and the third, Kobayakawa Hideaki, went over to the side during the battle. Tokugawa.

The Tokugawa coalition was also not particularly strong, but more solidified, because most of its members belonged to the fudai daimyo, closely related to the Tokugawa, and most importantly, who received their possessions from Ieyasu. The defeat of Ieyasu would mean for them the loss of these possessions.

Having defeated the Ishida coalition, Ieyasu proceeded to massacre its members. Several top leaders, including Ishida Kazushige and Konishi Yukinaga, were executed. Later, Ukita was exiled to the remote island of Hachijo with all his relatives and some of his vassals.

The fact that Ieyasu decisively dealt with only some of his main opponents was not due to his gentleness, but to his fear of resorting to more stringent measures, since this could lead to new open protests against his power.

Despite the fact that the rule of the Tokugawa feudal house actually began in 1600, the threat of a new internecine war had not yet been completely eliminated. Along with Tokugawa, the entourage of the underage Hideyori, who, after Sekigahara, remained in Osaka, continued to claim control of the country. All dissatisfied with the Tokugawa government began to flock to this city.

Tokugawa Shogunate.

The shogunate is the government of the shoguns. Shogun - the title of the military ruler of Japan in 1192-1867. under which the imperial dynasty was deprived of real power. In total there were three dynasties of shoguns: Minamoto (1192-1333), Ashikaga (1335-1573), Tokugawa (1603-1867).

The title of shogun was awarded to Tokugawa Ieyasu only more than two years after the battle of Sekigahara, in March 1603. However, for these two years, Ieyasu ruled the country as the supreme ruler and removed all obstacles to the establishment of the Tokugawa shogunate.

For this purpose, he carried out major reshuffles among the highest feudal nobility (daimyo), which could prevent Ieyasu from becoming the supreme ruler.

Ieyasu's measures, carried out in 1600-1602, were limited to the confiscation of land holdings from a significant part of the daimyo, who opposed Tokugawa in the battle of yasekigahara and subsequently received the name tozama-daimyo. Tokugawa either took the confiscated possessions for himself or appointed new daimyos from the number of their vassals - fudai-daimyo or hatamoto - samurai who were directly subordinate to the shogun, some of whom also turned into daimyo.

The confiscation and redistribution of land took place predominantly under the first three Tokugawa shoguns. Subsequently, such measures began to be applied much less frequently (then they stopped altogether). On a large scale, the redistribution was mostly carried out within a year or two after any decisive events in the inter-feudal struggle (the battle of Sekigahara, the Osaka campaigns of 1614-1615).

In a short period of two years (from the end of 1600 to 1602), more than half of the principalities of Japan changed their owners.

In the context of the traditions that have developed in Japan, the redistribution of land holdings meant not only the replacement of one daimyō with another. According to these traditions, the vassals of any prince, when his property was confiscated, turned into ronin (wandering samurai), i.e. were deprived of land holdings or salaries of rice, which some of these vassals began to receive in the 15th-16th centuries in return for alienated lands.

The transfer of a daimyo from one domain to another was usually accompanied by a transfer of his vassals.

Part of the samurai, deprived of material support, inevitably turned into a group of nobles in opposition to the government. Another part of the samurai, transferred along with the overlord to a new place, often encountered the resistance of the peasants to the new daimyo, and sometimes even came into conflict with the vassals (samurai) of the former daimyo, who for one reason or another did not want to abandon their possessions.

The chronicles mention several cases of armed clashes associated with the change of daimyō.

For example, in October 1603, in Dewa Province (Senboku County), the former vassals of the daimyo Rokugo, who had been transferred to another province with an increase in possessions, rebelled against the new daimyo Satake appointed to the area.

The rebels attacked the castle, which passed to Satake, they were joined by peasants (about a thousand). This uprising is referred to in the chronicles as a hyakuse ikki (peasant uprising).

A similar conflict occurred in November 1602 in another area, in southern Japan, in the province of Tosa, where the possessions of the tozama daimyo Tesokabe, the enemy of the Tokugawa at the battle of Sekigahara, were confiscated. Yamanouchi, also a tozama daimyo, was transferred to this province. The former vassal of Tesokabe, Takaishi Samanosuke, who acted as a shoya (village headman), refused to pay taxes to the new daimyo (obviously from the peasants). 33 peasants were imprisoned. Takaishi and other peasants raised an uprising on Mount Takiyama. The uprising was crushed, the peasants, imprisoned, died there. Takaishi and some other vassals who led the rebellion fled to the neighboring province of Sanuki and became ronin.

Thus, the redistribution of land gave rise to conflicts that posed the greater danger to the shogunate that the Tokugawa did not dare immediately after the battle of Sekigahara to liquidate the Toyotomi house, the young head of which Hideyori, who still lived in Osaka, received from Ieyasu large land holdings in the provinces of Omi , Settsu and Kawachi. Dissatisfied with the power of the Tokugawa, the samurai naturally flocked to this central region of the country.

Edo is the capital of the Tokugawa shogunate.

In addition to the redistribution of land holdings, as a result of which the Tokugawa house began to dominate the central part of Honshu (except for the area adjacent to Osaka), the shogunate took a number of other measures to strengthen its power.

Among these measures, the system of sankikotai (hostage taking) that subsequently became widely known is most famous. Japanese historians consider it the main means of control of the central government over the daimyō. This system, along with other government measures, played a significant role in establishing control over the daimyo and ending wars.

The origins of the sankikotai system can be traced back to the years of the reign of Hideyoshi, who obliged the families of all daimyo to live not in their principality, but in Osaka or Fushimi. Ieyasu, after seizing power, sought to force large tozama daimyo to come to his residence and thereby, as it were, testify to the country that they recognize him as the supreme ruler. When Ieyasu lived in Fushimi, every holiday there gathered kuge, a monk and a daimyo who came to congratulate him.

The first tozama daimyo, who arrived in 1602 (even before the establishment of the shogunate) at the residence of Ieyasu, was the largest feudal lord of Japan - Maeda Toshinaga.

Gradually, the southwestern princes also began to come to Edo, where they were met with honor by Ieyasu's heir, Hidetada.

However, the matter was not limited to the regular visits of daimyo to Edo. Ieyasu, like Hideyoshi, wished to have hostages from each daimyō, and above all from the tozama daimyō, for he had no doubts about the obedience of the fudai daimyō. The same Maeda was the first of the tozama daimyo to leave his mother in Edo as a hostage. In 1605, Shimazu Tadatsune agreed to keep his younger sister as a hostage.

These were only the first steps towards the establishment of the sankikotai system, according to which each daimyo was obliged to live in Edo for a year, and for a year in his possession, leaving one of the family members in Edo as hostages. This system was finally formalized by law only in the 30s of the 17th century. Its implementation was delayed due to insufficient influence and authority of the central government, and also because the capital of the shogun, Edo, could not accommodate such a large number of representatives of the nobility.

Immediately after receiving the title of shogun, Ieyasu began extensive construction work in Edo, wanting to turn his capital into the largest and most brilliant city in the country.

He simultaneously pursued two goals: on the one hand, to employ as many people from all principalities as possible in construction work (from daimyo as organizers and supervisors of work to peasants as labor force) and to impose large expenses on the principalities. This would make it easier for the government to control the daimyo and deprive the latter of a significant part of the funds that they could use to arm their troops. The decree on the construction of Edo provided for the participation of all provinces in these works by way of compulsory conscription.

Work began in the city center, Nihonbashi. The construction required a huge amount of stone and wood. Colossal stones were brought from Izu Province to line ditches and ramparts. Each such stone was lifted by 100 people, it took 3 thousand ships to transport them, since it was impossible to load more than two stones on a ship. Many people who transported stone and timber by sea from Izu and other provinces died during storms and other natural disasters.

The shogun's castle was rebuilt, his palaces, temples, the palaces of many princes, to whom the shogunate provided land, were erected. Some streets of Tokyo (the name of Edo since 1869) have retained the names of the provinces or principalities of Japan, where the builders came from, to this day. These are, for example, Izumi-cho, Owari-cho, Kaga-cho, etc.

These works led to a significant increase in the population of Edo at the expense of daimyo, samurai and their servants, who increasingly began to live for a long time in the capital, at the expense of people who came to Edo in search of work, at the expense of merchants from Osaka, etc. The prices of land and houses have risen.

Construction, with short interruptions, continued until 1614, when the shogun, generously endowing the daimyo, allowed them to return to their estates, mainly to gather military forces for a campaign against Osaka against the Tokugawa's main rival, the Toyotomi house.