Which is not the side of the horizon. The concept of the horizon. sides of the horizon. Way of orientation on the ground. Determination of directions but a plan

It must be remembered that if you stand facing north, then on the right hand will be east, on the left - west, respectively, south - behind . To determine the sides of the horizon, the following methods can be recommended:

by compass;
by the Sun and analog clock;
by the Sun and digital clock;
with the help of improvised means;
on local facilities;
by the North Star;
by the moon.

Let us consider in more detail these ways of determining the sides of the horizon, as well as the recommended sequence of their development in the course of training sessions.

Determining the sides of the horizon by compass . magnetic compass- This is a device that allows you to determine the sides of the horizon, as well as measure angles in degrees on the ground. The principle of operation of the compass is that the magnetized needle on the hinge rotates along the lines of force magnetic field Earth and constantly held by them in one direction. The most common are various options Adrianov's compass and artillery compass.

Rice. 5.1 Adrianov's compass

1 - cover with stands for sighting; 2 - limb; 3 - reference pointer; 4 - magnetic needle; 5 - brake

Adrianov's compass(Fig.5.1) allows you to measure angles in degrees and divisions of the goniometer. To read the angles, a dial with two scales is used. Degrees are signed through 15 ° (division price 3 °) clockwise, dividing the protractor - through 5-00 (division price 0-50). The reading on the dial is read using a pointer mounted on the inner wall of the compass cover against the front sight. The northern end of the magnetic needle, the reference pointer and divisions on the limb, corresponding to 0°, 90°, 180° and 270°, are covered with a composition glowing in the dark. There is a mechanism that slows down the movement of the arrow.

Rice. 5.2 Artillery compass

1 - compass case; 2 - rotating body of the limb; 3 - limb; 4 - compass cover with a mirror "a", a cutout for sighting "b" and a latch "c"; 5 - magnetic arrow; 6 - protrusion of the brake lever arrows

Artillery compass(Fig. 5.2) thanks to some improvements, it is more convenient to use than Adrianov's compass. Its case is rectangular, which allows you to accurately set the compass along the lines of the map and draw directions. The compass cover with a mirror surface allows you to observe the position of the magnetic needle and at the same time aim at the object. The magnetic needle fixes the direction of the magnetic meridian more steadily; its braking is carried out by closing the cover. The price of division of the scale of the limb is 1-00, their signatures are given after 5-00 clockwise.

Determination of the sides of the horizon by the Sun and analog clocks . This rather convenient and accurate method of determining the sides of the horizon is used if the Sun is visible, or it is determined through the clouds.

Rice. 5.3

An analog clock is held horizontally and rotated until the hour hand is aligned with the direction of the sun, the position of the minute hand is not taken into account. The angle between the hour hand and the number "1" of the clock face is divided in half. The line dividing this angle in half will indicate the direction to the south (Fig. 5.3). It is important to remember that before one in the afternoon, the angle that the hour hand has not passed is divided in half, and after one in the afternoon, the angle that it has already passed.

Determining the sides of the horizon by the Sun and digital clock . This method of determining the sides of the horizon is used when the light of the Sun is sufficient for objects to cast a shadow.

On a horizontal surface (on the ground) a circle with a diameter of 25-30 cm is drawn with a dot in the center. Then, from the outer side of the circle from the side of the Sun, a small load (for example, a bunch of keys) is suspended on a string or cord so that the shadow from the string passes through the center of the drawn circle. Further, through the point of intersection of the shadow from the rope with the sunny side of the circle and the center of the circle, a radius is drawn, indicating the hour hand of an imaginary clock. According to the digital clock, the actual time is specified, according to which the divisions of the imaginary dial are drawn in the circle.

Further, as on an analog clock, the angle between the hour of the day and the drawn hour hand is divided in half (before the hour of the day, the angle that the hour hand has not passed is divided in half, and after the hour of the day, the angle that it has already passed). The resulting direction is south (Fig. 5.4).

Rice. 5.4 Determining the sides of the horizon by the Sun and digital clock

Determining the sides of the horizon using improvised means . The situation is complicated when on a cloudy day it is impossible to determine exactly where the Sun is. However, in this case, there are ways to quite accurately determine the sides of the horizon.

Rice. 5.5 Determining the sides of the horizon with a float and a needle

A flat round float with a diameter of 15-20 mm and a thickness of 5-6 mm is made from the bark or a piece of wood. A shallow diametrical incision is made on the float, in which it is necessary to carefully place the needle, lower the float onto the existing water surface (any puddle; water poured into a plastic or wooden container; a small depression in the ground lined with a plastic bag and filled with water from a flask, etc.). Under the influence of terrestrial magnetism, the needle will surely turn and, swinging between east and west, will settle down with its tip to the north, and its eye to the south, that is, along the force magnetic lines Earth (Figure 5.5).

If there is no needle, then a thin steel nail or steel wire can replace it. But in this case, it is important to remember that the needle turns with its tip to the north due to the peculiarities of the manufacturing technology - the so-called "broaching". For a piece of wire or a nail, the direction of the broach is unknown; accordingly, it is not clear which end of it points to the north, and which one to the south. Therefore, for alignment, it is necessary once near a noticeable landmark (anthill, growth rings, etc.) to do the same operations as with a needle, then mark the end of the wire or nail that will turn to the north. Interesting fact: even an automatic ramrod on a float of the appropriate size can play the role of a compass needle - the ramrod will always turn to the north with a thread (true only for AKs released before 1984).

Determination of the sides of the horizon by local objects . The sides of the horizon can be determined by local objects, but it must be remembered that the error in this case can be 15-20 °.

One of the most reliable indicators of the sides of the horizon are forest anthills - they are usually located at the roots of a tree with a dense crown that protects them from rain and always on the south side of this tree. In addition, the south side of the anthill is always flatter than the north.
The next, though not as reliable indicator as an anthill, is moss on stones and trees. Moss, avoiding direct sunlight, grows on the shady northern sides of rocks and trees. Using this method, one must be careful: since there is no direct sunlight in a dense forest, moss grows around the entire surface of the tree - at its roots and above. The same goes for stones. Accordingly, this method "works" well only on separate trees or stones. Or, in extreme cases, in the woodlands.
The sides of the horizon can be determined by the annual rings of trees. To do this, you can find a free-standing stump or cut a small, free-standing tree with a diameter of 70-80 mm. Carefully cleaning the cut, we will see that the core, that is, the center of the concentric annual rings, is displaced relative to the geometric center of the stump, and it is necessarily displaced to the north. Drawing a straight line through the geometric center of the stump and the center of concentric annual rings, we get the direction to the north.
The bark of most trees is rougher on the north side, thinner, more elastic (lighter in birch) - on the south.
In pine, the secondary (brown, cracked) bark on the north side rises higher along the trunk.
On the north side, trees, stones, wooden, tiled and slate roofs are covered with lichens and fungi earlier and more abundantly.
On coniferous trees, resin accumulates more abundantly on the south side.
In spring, the grass cover is more developed on the northern outskirts of the glades, warmed by the sun's rays, in the hot period of summer - on the southern, darkened ones.
Berries and fruits acquire the color of maturity earlier (blush, turn yellow) on the south side.
In summer, the soil near large stones, buildings, trees and bushes is drier on the south side, which can be determined by touch.
Snow melts faster on the southern sides of the snowdrifts, resulting in the formation of notches in the snow - spikes directed to the south.
In the mountains, oak often grows on the southern slopes.
Clearings in the forests, as a rule, are oriented in the north-south or west-east direction.
Altars Orthodox churches, chapels and Lutheran kirok are facing east, and the main entrances are located on the west side.
The altars of Catholic churches (kostels) face west.
The raised end of the lower crossbar of the churches faces north.
Kumirni (pagan chapels with idols) face south.
On Christian graves, the gravestone or cross stands at the feet, that is, on the east side, since the grave itself is oriented from east to west.

Determination of the sides of the horizon by the North Star . Recall the remarkable property of the North Star - it is practically motionless at daily rotation of the starry sky and, accordingly, it is very convenient for orientation - the direction to it practically coincides with the direction to the north (the deviation from the north point does not exceed 3 °).

To find this star in the sky, you must first find the constellation Ursa Major, which consists of seven fairly noticeable stars arranged so that if you connect them with an imaginary line, a bucket will be drawn.

If you mentally continue the line of the front wall of the bucket, approximately 5 distances equal to the length of this wall, then it will rest against polar star(fig.5.6).

Being in the mountains, or in the forest, the bucket can not be seen if it is in this moment time will be under the North Star. In this case, another noticeable constellation will help - the Constellation of Cassiopeia. This constellation is formed by six enough bright stars and represents the Russian letter "Z" when located to the right of the North Star, and the wrong letter "M" if located above the North Star.

Rice. 5.6 Finding the North Star in the sky

To find the North Star, it is necessary to mentally draw from the top big triangle constellation median (i.e., a straight line connecting the apex of the triangle with the middle of the opposite side) to its base, which, when continued, rests against the Polar Star (Fig. 5.6).

Determination of the sides of the horizon by the moon . The sides of the horizon are determined on a cloudy night when it is not possible to find the North Star. To do this, you need to know the location of the moon in various phases (table 5.1)

The table shows that it is most convenient to determine the sides of the horizon during the full moon. In this phase, the Moon is always on the opposite side of the Sun.

Table 5.1

Movement in azimuths

Movement along azimuths is a way of maintaining the intended path (route) from one point (landmark) to another along known azimuths and distances. Movement along azimuths is used at night, as well as in the forest, desert, tundra and in other conditions that make it difficult to navigate the map.

Determining the direction on the ground at a given azimuth by Adrianov's compass . By rotating the compass cover, the pointer is set to the reading corresponding to the value of the given azimuth. Then, having released the magnetic needle, turn the compass so that the zero stroke of the dial is aligned with the northern end of the arrow. At the same time, they become facing in the right direction and, raising the compass to about shoulder level, they sight along the slot-front sight line and in this direction they notice some landmark on the ground. This direction will correspond to the given azimuth.

Determining the direction on the ground according to a given azimuth with an AK artillery compass . The compass cover is set at an angle of 45° and by rotating the dial, the given reading is combined with the pointer at the slot of the cover. The compass is raised to eye level and, observing in the mirror of the cover, they turn until the zero stroke of the limb is aligned with the northern end of the arrow. In this position of the compass, they sight through the slot and notice some landmark. The direction to the landmark will correspond to the specified azimuth.

Measuring the magnetic azimuth with the Adrianov compass . Having released the magnetic needle, turn the compass to bring the zero stroke under the northern end of the arrow. Without changing the position of the compass, by rotating the ring, the sighting device is directed with the fly in the direction of the object to which the azimuth is to be measured. Aiming the front sight on an object is achieved by repeatedly shifting the gaze from the sighting device to the object and back; for this purpose, the compass should not be raised to eye level, since in this case the arrow may move away from the zero stroke of the limb and the accuracy of the azimuth measurement will sharply decrease. By aligning the sight line of the slit-front sight with the direction to the object, the countdown is taken at the pointer of the front sight. This will be the azimuth of the direction to the subject. The average error in measuring the azimuth with the Adrianov compass is 2-3°.

Measuring the magnetic azimuth with an AK artillery compass . Putting the compass cover at an angle of approximately 45?, sight on the subject. Then, without changing the position of the compass, by rotating the dial, observing in the mirror, the zero stroke of the dial is brought to the northern end of the magnetic needle and the reading is taken from the pointer. The average error in measuring the azimuth with an AK artillery compass is approximately 0-25.

Preparing data for moving along azimuths . On the map, a route is planned with clear landmarks on turns and the directional angle and length of each straight section of the route are measured. The directional angles are converted into magnetic azimuths, and the distances are converted into a couple of steps if the movement is made on foot, or into the speedometer readings when marching in cars. Data for movement in azimuths is drawn up on the map, and if there is no map on the way, then they draw up a route diagram (Fig. 5.7) or a table (Table 5.2).

Rice. 5.7 Route scheme for moving along azimuths

Table 5.2

The order of movement in azimuths . At the original (first) landmark, the direction of movement to the second landmark is determined by azimuth using a compass. In this direction, they notice some remote landmark (auxiliary) and start moving. Having reached the intended landmark, the direction of movement is again indicated by the compass to the next intermediate landmark, and so they continue to move until they reach the second landmark.

In the same order, but already along a different azimuth, they continue to move from the second landmark to the third, and so on. On the way, taking into account the distances traveled, they look for landmarks at the turns of the route and thereby control the correctness of the movement.

To make it easier to maintain the direction, one should use celestial bodies and various signs: the straightness of a walking column or one’s own track when skiing, the direction of ripples in the sand and sastruga in the snow (sastruga is a long and narrow snow bank swept by the wind), wind direction, etc. According to the celestial bodies, you can confidently maintain the direction of movement, specifying it with a compass approximately every 15 minutes.

The accuracy of reaching the landmark depends on the accuracy of determining the direction of movement and measuring the distance. Deviation from the route due to the error in determining the direction of the compass usually does not exceed 5% of the distance traveled. If the direction of movement is specified by the compass often enough, then the deviation from the route will be about 3% of the distance traveled.

obstacle avoidance . If there are obstacles on the route, then the bypass routes are marked on the map and the necessary data are prepared for this - azimuths and distances. Obstacles not taken into account when preparing data for movement are bypassed in one of the following ways.

Rice. 5.8

First way applied when the obstacle is visible to the end. In the direction of movement, a landmark is marked on the opposite side of the obstacle. Then they bypass the obstacle, find the noticed landmark and from it continue to move in the same direction; the width of the obstacle is estimated by eye and added to the distance traveled to the obstacle.

Second way. Let, opposite side which is not visible, go around in directions forming a rectangle or parallelogram, the azimuths and lengths of the sides of which are determined on the ground. An example of such a bypass is shown in Figure 5.8. from point A go along the obstacle in the chosen direction (in the example - along the azimuth of 280 °). Having passed to the end of the obstacle (to the point IN) and having measured the resulting distance (200 pairs of steps), they continue to move along a given azimuth (in the example, along an azimuth of 45 °) to the point WITH. from point WITH enter the main route along the reverse azimuth of the direction AB(in the example - in azimuth 100 °, since the reverse azimuth is equal to the direct ± 180 °), measuring 200 pairs of steps in this direction (distance CD, equal AB). Here the line length sun added to the distance traveled from point No. 2 to point A, and continue to move to point number 3.

The first who came across such a concept as a "horizon" were brave sailors and travelers who lived many years ago. It is impossible to reach the horizon, even if you walk in its direction for a very long time. It will not get closer by a millimeter, no matter how much we walk, it turns out that the horizon is not the edge of the Earth, but some kind of imaginary line.

What is a horizon?

For a long time, our ancestors believed that the Earth was flat. The fact that the planet has the shape of a ball, people were convinced when they learned to build strong ships and travel by sea.

Mariners spotted one interesting feature- when a ship approached them in the sea, then at first a high mast appeared, then sails, and only as they approached the whole ship was visible.

Rice. 1. Sailors in antiquity.

However, it took a long time before people were convinced that the Earth has the shape of a ball. And only thanks to this form, the appearance of the horizon became possible. But what is it?

The horizon is the place where the sky meets the ground or water surface. The horizon is called everything that is visible around, that is, it is the visible surface of the earth around us. The place where the sky converges with the earth or water surface is called the horizon line.

sides of the horizon

The horizon is distinguished in four main areas:

northern;
southern;
western;
eastern.

In addition, there are intermediate sides - the northwest, southwest, southeast and northwest of the horizon.

To navigate in space, you need to be able to correctly recognize the sides of the horizon in any terrain. This is especially important in the forest or in the city, where the horizon line is hidden by tall trees or buildings.

To do this is quite simple. At noon, the sun is in the southern part of the sky, and the shadows from objects will fall to the north. Turning to the north, the south is behind. In this position, on the right hand will be east, and on the left - west.

For greater convenience in orienting on the ground, a very useful device was invented - the compass. It is arranged very simply: it is a round dial indicating the direction of south, north, west and east. A magnetized steel arrow is attached in the center, which points north in any position.

ORIENTATION IN SPACE AND SIMPLE TERRAIN SHOOTING

Orientation is the determination on the ground by the observer of his location (standing point) relative to the sides of the horizon, surrounding objects, as well as the direction of movement. It is carried out using a compass, map, aerial photographs, as well as light, radio and sound signals (radio beacon, radio compass, etc.). Approximately you can orient yourself by local objects, the Sun, the Moon, the stars.

Orientation can be general and detailed. With general orientation, angles, directions and distances are not exactly taken into account. This method is used during the tour, when the participants, in order not to go astray, it is important to know only the general location of the roads and trails of the area in which they move. Detailed orientation requires an accurate determination of the standing point, the direction of the sides of the horizon and the route to follow. It is necessary when shooting the area. For this reason, the accuracy of drawing up a plan to a large extent depends on the ability to navigate the terrain.

DETERMINING THE SIDES OF THE HORIZON

Determining the sides of the horizon with a compass. The main detail of the compass is a magnetized needle placed on the tip of a steel needle. The needle is fixed in the center of the disc with divisions, which is called the limbus. The sides of the horizon are indicated on the limb and divisions are made in a clockwise direction (from 0° to 360°).

When the compass is inoperative, its arrow is pressed against the cover glass with a special lever. To determine the sides of the horizon, the compass is placed on a horizontal surface, the arrow lever is released, the arrow is allowed to calm down, then the northern end of the arrow is aligned with the letter C (north) on the limb. With this position, the limb designations will correctly show all sides of the horizon.

When working with a compass, the following rules must be observed:

1. Do not use the compass near steel or iron objects, high voltage electrical wires, as they affect the accuracy of the magnetic needle readings.

2. The compass must be protected from sharp shocks, shocks. In the non-working state, the compass needle should be pressed with a lever to the cover glass.

Determination of the sides of the horizon by the sun. The first primitive clock in antiquity was a vertically mounted gnomon pole, which cast a shadow in sunlight. The length and direction of this shadow was used to determine the time of day.

In practice, many objects can be gnomons, that is, indicators of the shadow. The sundial makes it possible to navigate only in the daytime, and their principle is based on the so-called noon line drawn at noon in the direction of the shortest shadow from south to north (Fig. 1). Other sides of the horizon can be determined from the direction of this shadow: if you stand facing in the direction of the shadow, then the south will be behind, on the right - east, on the left - west.

At any time of the year, the sides of the horizon can be determined by the sun and the clock. The clock is placed on the palm of the hand so that the hour hand is directed to the Sun. The angle formed on the clock between the hour hand and number 1 (winter time from November to April) or number 2 (summer time from April to November) should be divided in half. The line dividing this corner will be the north-south direction. In this case, the south will be at the end of the line, which is closer to the Sun. You just need to remember that before noon the angle is divided on the left side of the dial, and in the afternoon - on the right (Fig. 2). This method is best used in winter time, when the Sun is low on the horizon, in the summertime rno gives less accurate results with an error of up to 25°.

When visually orienting by the Sun, one must remember that in our latitudes the Sun rises in the northeast in summer, in the southeast in winter; sets in summer in the northwest, in winter - in the southwest. In spring and autumn, it rises roughly in the east and sets in the west.

Orientation by the North Star. On a clear starry night, the direction of the sides of the horizon is determined by the North Star. It is easily found in the constellation Ursa Major. If you mentally continue in the sky the line connecting the extreme stars of the Ursa Major bucket, and put five times the distance between these stars up on it, then at the end of this line there will be the Polar Star. The North Star is the last star in the tail of the constellation Ursa Minor (Fig. 3). If you stand facing the North Star, north will be in front, south in the back, west to the left, east to the right.

Moon Orientation. The sides of the horizon can be roughly determined using the moon. When orienting, remember that full moon in the evening it is located in the eastern part of the sky, at night - in the south, in the morning - in the west. During the first quarter, the Moon is in the evening in the southern part of the sky, at night - in the western. During the last quarter, the Moon is at night in the eastern part of the sky, in the morning - in the south. At the Moon, the first quarter of the "horns" are directed towards left side, the last - to the right (Fig. 4).

Local orientation. For approximate orientation, various local signs can serve. For example, on the southern side of the trunks of coniferous trees, characteristic natural sagging and resin clots are visible. After the rain, the pine trunks on the north side are much darker than those on the south. Anthills are most often located south of the nearest trees, stumps or bushes. The north side of the anthill is steeper than the south. In the spring, when the snow melts, the south-facing slopes are freed of snow earlier. The holes formed during the melting of snow at the base of the trunks are usually more elongated southbound. In large forest areas, clearings that run from north to south and from west to east serve as an important landmark. For control, it is useful to compare the results of the study of local signs with the readings of the compass.

Section 5. Orientation on the ground

Essence and methods of orientation

Orientation on the ground includes determining one's location relative to the sides of the horizon and prominent terrain objects (landmarks), maintaining a given or selected direction of movement and understanding the position of landmarks, lines, friendly troops, enemy troops, engineering structures and other objects on the ground.

Orientation methods. Depending on the nature of the task being performed, orientation can be carried out on the spot from separate points (for example, from observation posts during reconnaissance) or on the move (on the march, on the offensive, etc.). In both cases, the main method is orientation along topographic map using a compass.

Reliable route keeping in difficult conditions and with poor visibility is most successfully carried out using a topographic map using data provided by navigation equipment (coordinator and course plotter). A generally accessible way of maintaining the direction of movement at night, as well as on terrain with rare landmarks, is movement along azimuths prepared in advance on the map. In some cases, orientation (determining the direction of movement) can be carried out without a map (by compass, landmarks, celestial bodies, signs of local objects).

When orienting on the ground during reconnaissance, first topographic and then tactical orientation is carried out.

Topographic orientation includes determining the sides of the horizon, the point of its standing, the position of the surrounding objects of the terrain. In topographic orientation, they first show the direction to the north for some object and their location relative to the nearest and well-marked landmark. Then they call the necessary landmarks and other terrain objects, indicate directions to them and approximate distances. Directions to landmarks indicate relative to their position (straight, right, left) or along the sides of the horizon. The order of indication of landmarks is from right to left, starting from the right flank. An example of a report on topographic orientation: " Direction to the north - mound. We are located on the northern outskirts of Timonovka; on the right, 5 km - Semenovka; straight, 4 km - grove "Dark"; further, 10 km - locality Ivanovka; to the left, 2 km - height 125.6».

tactical orientation consists in determining and showing on the ground the location and nature of the actions of enemy troops and friendly subunits by a certain time.

Orientation without a map

Orientation without a map consists in determining the sides of the horizon (directions to the north, east, south, west) and its location on the ground relative to landmarks and takes place in a limited area.

Landmarks are clearly visible local objects and relief details, relative to which they determine their location, direction of movement and indicate the position of targets and other objects.

Landmarks are chosen as evenly as possible along the front and in depth. The selected landmarks are numbered from right to left along the lines and away from you towards the enemy. In addition to the number, each landmark is usually given a code name corresponding to its external features, for example, “ Dry wood», « house with red roof" and so on.

Sides of the horizon and how to determine them

It must be remembered that if you stand facing north, then on the right hand will be east, on the left - west, respectively, south - behind . To determine the sides of the horizon, the following methods can be recommended:

by compass;
by the Sun and analog clock;
by the Sun and digital clock;
with the help of improvised means;
on local facilities;
by the North Star;
by the moon.

Let us consider in more detail these ways of determining the sides of the horizon, as well as the recommended sequence of their development in the course of training sessions.

Determining the sides of the horizon by compass. A magnetic compass is a device that allows you to determine the sides of the horizon, as well as measure angles in degrees on the ground. The principle of operation of a compass is that a magnetized needle on a hinge rotates along the lines of force of the Earth's magnetic field and is constantly held by them in one direction. The most common are various versions of the Adrianov compass and the artillery compass.

Rice. 5.1 Adrianov's compass

1 - cover with stands for sighting; 2 - limb; 3 - reference pointer; 4 - magnetic needle; 5 - brake

Rice. 5.2 Artillery compass

1 - compass case; 2 – rotating limb body; 3 - limbus; 4 - compass cover with a mirror "a", a cutout for sighting "b" and a latch "c"; 5 - magnetic needle; 6 – protrusion of the brake lever arrows

Determination of the sides of the horizon by the Sun and analog clocks. This rather convenient and accurate method of determining the sides of the horizon is used if the Sun is visible, or it is determined through the clouds.

Rice. 5.3

Determining the sides of the horizon by the Sun and digital clock. This method of determining the sides of the horizon is used when the light of the Sun is sufficient for objects to cast a shadow.

Rice. 5.4 Determining the sides of the horizon by the Sun and digital clock

Determining the sides of the horizon using improvised means. The situation is complicated when on a cloudy day it is impossible to determine exactly where the Sun is. However, in this case, there are ways to quite accurately determine the sides of the horizon.

Rice. 5.5 Determining the sides of the horizon with a float and a needle

A flat round float with a diameter of 15-20 mm and a thickness of 5-6 mm is made from the bark or a piece of wood. A shallow diametrical incision is made on the float, in which it is necessary to carefully place the needle, lower the float onto the existing water surface (any puddle; water poured into a plastic or wooden container; a small depression in the ground lined with a plastic bag and filled with water from a flask, etc.). Under the influence of terrestrial magnetism, the needle will definitely turn and, swinging between east and west, will settle down with its tip to the north, and its eye to the south, that is, along the Earth's magnetic lines of force (Fig. 5.5).

If there is no needle, then a thin steel nail or steel wire can replace it. But in this case, it is important to remember that the needle turns with its tip to the north due to the peculiarities of the manufacturing technology - the so-called "broaching". For a piece of wire or a nail, the direction of the broach is unknown; accordingly, it is not clear which end of it points to the north, and which one to the south. Therefore, for alignment, it is necessary once near a noticeable landmark (anthill, growth rings, etc.) to do the same operations as with a needle, then mark the end of the wire or nail that will turn to the north. An interesting fact: even an automatic ramrod on a float of the appropriate size can play the role of a compass needle - the ramrod will always turn to the north with a thread (true only for AKs produced before 1984).

Determination of the sides of the horizon by local objects. The sides of the horizon can be determined by local objects, but it must be remembered that the error in this case can be 15-20 °.

One of the most reliable indicators of the sides of the horizon are forest anthills - they are usually located at the roots of a tree with a dense crown that protects them from rain and always on the south side of this tree. In addition, the south side of the anthill is always flatter than the north.
The next, though not as reliable indicator as an anthill, is moss on stones and trees. Moss, avoiding direct sunlight, grows on the shady northern sides of rocks and trees. Using this method, one must be careful: since there is no direct sunlight in a dense forest, moss grows around the entire surface of the tree - at its roots and above. The same goes for stones. Accordingly, this method "works" well only on separate trees or stones. Or, in extreme cases, in the woodlands.
The sides of the horizon can be determined by the annual rings of trees. To do this, you can find a free-standing stump or cut a small, free-standing tree with a diameter of 70-80 mm. Carefully cleaning the cut, we will see that the core, that is, the center of the concentric annual rings, is displaced relative to the geometric center of the stump, and it is necessarily displaced to the north. Drawing a straight line through the geometric center of the stump and the center of concentric annual rings, we get the direction to the north.
The bark of most trees is rougher on the north side, thinner, more elastic (lighter in birch) - on the south.
In pine, the secondary (brown, cracked) bark on the north side rises higher along the trunk.
On the north side, trees, stones, wooden, tiled and slate roofs are covered with lichens and fungi earlier and more abundantly.
On coniferous trees, resin accumulates more abundantly on the south side.
In spring, the grass cover is more developed on the northern outskirts of the glades, warmed by the sun's rays, in the hot period of summer - on the southern, darkened ones.
Berries and fruits acquire the color of maturity earlier (blush, turn yellow) on the south side.
In summer, the soil near large stones, buildings, trees and bushes is drier on the south side, which can be determined by touch.
Snow melts faster on the southern sides of the snowdrifts, resulting in the formation of notches in the snow - spikes directed to the south.
In the mountains, oak often grows on the southern slopes.
Clearings in the forests, as a rule, are oriented in the north-south or west-east direction.
The altars of Orthodox churches, chapels and Lutheran churches face east, while the main entrances are located on the west side.
The altars of Catholic churches (kostels) face west.
The raised end of the lower crossbar of the churches faces north.
Kumirni (pagan chapels with idols) face south.
On Christian graves, the gravestone or cross stands at the feet, that is, on the east side, since the grave itself is oriented from east to west.

Determination of the sides of the horizon by the North Star. Recall the remarkable property of the Polar Star - it is practically motionless during the daily rotation of the starry sky and, accordingly, it is very convenient for orientation - the direction to it practically coincides with the direction to the north (the deviation from the north point does not exceed 3 °).

If you mentally continue the line of the front wall of the bucket, approximately 5 distances equal to the length of this wall, then it will rest against the Polar Star (Fig. 5.6).

Being in the mountains, or in the forest, the bucket can not be seen if it is currently under the North Star. In this case, another noticeable constellation will help - the Constellation of Cassiopeia. This constellation is formed by six fairly bright stars and represents the Russian letter "Z" when located to the right of the North Star, and the wrong letter "M" if located above the North Star.

Rice. 5.6 Finding the North Star in the sky

To find the Polar Star, it is necessary to mentally draw a median from the top of the large triangle of the constellation (i.e., a straight line connecting the apex of the triangle with the middle of the opposite side) to its base, which, when continued, rests against the Polar Star (Fig. 5.6).

Determination of the sides of the horizon by the moon. The sides of the horizon are determined on a cloudy night when it is not possible to find the North Star. To do this, you need to know the location of the moon in various phases (table 5.1)

The table shows that it is most convenient to determine the sides of the horizon during the full moon. In this phase, the Moon is always on the opposite side of the Sun.

Table 5.1

Movement in azimuths

Determining the direction on the ground at a given azimuth by Adrianov's compass. By rotating the compass cover, the pointer is set to the reading corresponding to the value of the given azimuth. Then, having released the magnetic needle, turn the compass so that the zero stroke of the dial is aligned with the northern end of the arrow. At the same time, they become facing in the right direction and, raising the compass to about shoulder level, they sight along the slot-front sight line and in this direction they notice some landmark on the ground. This direction will correspond to the given azimuth.

Determining the direction on the ground according to a given azimuth with an AK artillery compass. The compass cover is set at an angle of 45° and by rotating the dial, the given reading is combined with the pointer at the slot of the cover. The compass is raised to eye level and, observing in the mirror of the cover, they turn until the zero stroke of the limb is aligned with the northern end of the arrow. In this position of the compass, they sight through the slot and notice some landmark. The direction to the landmark will correspond to the specified azimuth.

Measuring the magnetic azimuth with the Adrianov compass. Having released the magnetic needle, turn the compass to bring the zero stroke under the northern end of the arrow. Without changing the position of the compass, by rotating the ring, the sighting device is directed with the fly in the direction of the object to which the azimuth is to be measured. Aiming the front sight on an object is achieved by repeatedly shifting the gaze from the sighting device to the object and back; for this purpose, the compass should not be raised to eye level, since in this case the arrow may move away from the zero stroke of the limb and the accuracy of the azimuth measurement will sharply decrease. By aligning the sight line of the slit-front sight with the direction to the object, the countdown is taken at the pointer of the front sight. This will be the azimuth of the direction to the subject. The average error in measuring the azimuth with the Adrianov compass is 2-3°.

Measuring the magnetic azimuth with an AK artillery compass. Putting the compass cover at an angle of approximately 45?, sight on the subject. Then, without changing the position of the compass, by rotating the limb, observing in the mirror, the zero stroke of the limb is brought to the northern end of the magnetic needle and the reading is taken from the pointer. The average error in measuring the azimuth with an AK artillery compass is approximately 0-25.

Preparing data for moving along azimuths. On the map, a route is planned with clear landmarks on turns and the directional angle and length of each straight section of the route are measured. The directional angles are converted into magnetic azimuths, and the distances are converted into a couple of steps if the movement is made on foot, or into the speedometer readings when marching in cars. Data for movement in azimuths is drawn up on the map, and if there is no map on the way, then they draw up a route diagram (Fig. 5.7) or a table (Table 5.2).

Rice. 5.7 Route scheme for moving along azimuths

Table 5.2

The order of movement in azimuths. At the original (first) landmark, the direction of movement to the second landmark is determined by azimuth using a compass. In this direction, they notice some remote landmark (auxiliary) and start moving. Having reached the intended landmark, the direction of movement is again indicated by the compass to the next intermediate landmark, and so they continue to move until they reach the second landmark.

obstacle avoidance. If there are obstacles on the route, then the bypass routes are marked on the map and the necessary data are prepared for this - azimuths and distances. Obstacles not taken into account when preparing data for movement are bypassed in one of the following ways.

Rice. 5.8

Second way. An obstacle, the opposite side of which is not visible, is bypassed in directions forming a rectangle or parallelogram, the azimuths and lengths of the sides of which are determined on the ground. An example of such a bypass is shown in Figure 5.8. from point A go along the obstacle in the chosen direction (in the example - along the azimuth of 280 °). Having passed to the end of the obstacle (to the point IN) and having measured the resulting distance (200 pairs of steps), they continue to move along a given azimuth (in the example, along an azimuth of 45 °) to the point WITH. from point WITH enter the main route along the reverse azimuth of the direction AB(in the example - in azimuth 100 °, since the reverse azimuth is equal to the direct ± 180 °), measuring 200 pairs of steps in this direction (distance CD, equal AB). Here the line length sun added to the distance traveled from point No. 2 to point A, and continue to move to point number 3.

Four main points of the horizon: north, south, east and west (sometimes the corresponding quarters of the horizon are also called: north, south, east and west). Syn.: countries of the world; main points… Geography Dictionary

The same as the countries of the world ...

South is one of the four cardinal directions. In the South is the Sun at noon (in the northern hemisphere). For this reason, in a number of Slavic languages, the south side is called midday. On a map of the Earth, the south side is most often at the bottom (although there are also known ... ... Wikipedia

Sides of the horizon, four main points of the horizon: north, south, east and west. Sometimes S. with. also called the corresponding quarters of the horizon: northern, southern, eastern and western. S. s. are indicated by the letters S .. Yu., V. and Z. or ... ... Big soviet encyclopedia

- (sides of the horizon), four ch. horizon points: north (S. or N), south (S., S), east (E., E or O), west (3., W). Sometimes S. with. called corresponding quarters of the horizon ... Natural science. encyclopedic Dictionary

west- ‘sides of the horizon’ Syn: west ...

East- ‘sides of the horizon’ Syn: ost (special) … Thesaurus of Russian business vocabulary

north- ‘sides of the horizon’ Syn: north (special) Ant: south ... Thesaurus of Russian business vocabulary

- (sides of the horizon), four main points of the horizon: north (S., or N), south (S., S), east (E., E or O), west (W., W). Sometimes the countries of the world are called the corresponding quarters of the horizon. * * * COUNTRIES OF THE WORLD COUNTRIES OF THE WORLD (sides of the horizon), ... ... encyclopedic Dictionary

TSN 31-328-2004: General education schools. The Republic of Sakha (Yakutia)- Terminology TSN 31 328 2004: Comprehensive schools. Republic of Sakha (Yakutia): 3.14 autonomous school: School with equal number class parallels across all age groups. Definitions of the term from various documents: autonomous school: School 3.18 ... ... Dictionary-reference book of terms of normative and technical documentation

Books

Call of the Horizon, Victoria Smirnova. In the novels of Victoria Smirnova, different genres are mixed: detective, mysticism, melodrama, fantasy. `The Call of the Horizon` is the first book in the Kiss of the World series. The heroine of the novel, Rita, who has an amazing ...
Call of the Horizon Novel, Smirnova V. Victoria Smirnova's novels mix different genres: detective, mysticism, melodrama, fantasy. The Call of the Horizon is the first book in the Kiss of the World series. The heroine of the novel, Rita, who has an amazing ...

Which is not the side of the horizon. The concept of the horizon. sides of the horizon. Way of orientation on the ground. Determination of directions but a plan

What is a horizon?

sides of the horizon

Books

Collection of ideal social studies essays

Anti-Soviet rebellion in Hungary (1956)