Ancient Egypt. Do we know everything about this most famous country, about its history? Let's look at this antiquity from the other side. Since the first photographs appeared, what the antiquities actually looked like at that time, because the Sphinx was then still covered in sand up to its head. Let's look at the remnants of "Hellenistic culture" in the form of "Fayum portraits" and the "Rosetta Stone" when Egypt was under the rule of ancient Rome. This culture was destroyed by Napoleon, along with the cultural heritage of the Mamluks and their power. We will also try to find out who the Hyksos are and why the Slavic haplogroup R1A is present among the Jewish people.
When the first photographs appeared, the scientific world, interested in revealing the many secrets of ancient Egypt, hastened to capture the ancient majestic monuments, sensational at that time, in photographs. Expeditions were equipped one after another, but the predecessor of these historical discoveries was Napoleon's military campaign in Egypt. What was most important for this, the destruction of the Mamluk dynasty and the overthrow of their power, the destruction of inconvenient artifacts or other reasons, we can only guess.
Of course, Egypt is full of all sorts of secrets, for example, in the photographs below, what is this, electric lighting? Scientists tried to recreate ancient lighting fixtures according to the images and, lo and behold, it all worked, it’s not for nothing that in huge dungeons there is no soot from torches and candles.
When the first photographs of Egypt appeared, the ancient monuments did not appear to us in their best form; almost everywhere there were complete ruins. Later, after the restoration, we will admire the technologies of the ancients and admire their achievements, but for now let’s see what they looked like in the beginning.
When the tombs were discovered, scientists tried to capture this sensation in photographs, here is one of the tombs with the burial of Tutankhamun and its ancient treasures.
Statues of a pharaoh guarding the sealed doors between them. On the right side there is a large funeral bouquet. In the foreground on the right is a chest, on the vaulted lid of which there are paintings depicting a lion on the hunt, the walls are decorated with battle scenes of the pharaoh’s wars against African and Asian enemies. Inside are Tutankhamun's clothes. The oblong drawer contains the king's underwear. Hathor, the cow goddess, forms one side of the royal ceremonial divan.
In the foreground on the right is the pharaoh's chair, made of solid ebony, inlaid with ivory and gold. The legs of the chair are made in the shape of duck heads, and the seat is covered with animal skin. In the background there is a large wooden chest, and below it is the throne of the pharaoh, covered in gold and silver, inlaid with semi-precious stones. On the back of the throne is a tablet with the names of the pharaoh and his wife. On the left side are parts of the four royal chariots. They bear the name of Tutankhamun and the cartouche of his wife Ankhsenamun.
On each side of the vases are depicted lotuses and attached papyri, on which are inscribed symbols meaning "one hundred thousand years." These scrolls signify the unity of the “Two Lands” - Upper and Lower Egypt. Although the ointments spent 3,300 years in Tutankhamun's tomb, they retained their aroma.
The wooden statue is covered with black resin. The headdress, collar, armlets, bracelets, dresses, mace are gilded, and the sandals are made of gold. On the forehead is a cobra inlaid with bronze and gold. The eye sockets and eyebrows are golden, the eyes are made of aragonite.
In ancient Egypt, not only people, but also animals were mummified.
The favorite pets of rich Egyptians, especially the nobility and pharaohs, were obliged to serve their masters in the other world. According to their status, sacred animals were supposed to be present in afterlife of people. A separate category consisted of animals and their parts intended for food.
Pets were killed in a non-traumatic way - x-rays showed no signs of violence on their mummies. Everyone else simply went under the knife. In total, the ancient Egyptians embalmed thousands of animals of various sizes - from geese to bulls. It is interesting that in burials there are examples of “hackwork”, when mummifiers extremely carelessly packaged pieces of meat for their high-ranking customers.
Based on the found artifacts of Egypt, entire sciences have emerged to study them. The most interesting thing for scientists was the deciphering of the Egyptian sign letter, which could not be deciphered. And then at one time there was hope that the Egyptian letter would finally be read. On June 15, 1799, an officer of the French troops P. Bouchard, during the construction of a fort near the Arab town of Rosetta, located in the western part of the Nile Delta, found a stone with writing, which was called Rosetta.
This stone was sent to the Egyptian Institute in Cairo. Because French fleet was completely destroyed by the English fleet under the command of Admiral Nelson, as a result of which the connection between Napoleon's troops and France was interrupted, the French command decided to leave Egypt, transferring the found ancient Egyptian monuments, including the Rosetta Stone, to the British. The latter, in turn, completed what Napoleon started - they finished off the remnants of the Egyptian nobility, the Mamluks.
The Rosetta Stone is 114.4 cm high and 72.3 cm wide. It is a fragment of a high stele. Three inscriptions are engraved on the front surface of the stone: in the upper part - hieroglyphic text, in the middle - demotic text, below - text on Ancient Greek. Basically, 32 lines of demotic text have been preserved. Only the last fourteen lines of the hieroglyphic text have been preserved, but they have also been broken off, all fourteen on the right side, twelve on the left. The hieroglyphic inscriptions on the stone go from right to left, as the heads of people and animals face to the right. Thus, the endings of two lines (thirteenth and fourteenth) have remained unchanged to this day, which made it possible to decipher the ancient Egyptian hieroglyphic writing.
In 2005, Macedonian scientists T. Boshevski and A. Tentov presented to the international scientific community a work that was the result of research carried out as part of the project “Deciphering the Middle Text of the Rosetta Stone,” which was carried out with the support of the Macedonian Academy of Sciences and Arts. In 2003, when starting their research, Macedonian scientists were confident that the language of the middle text of the Rosetta Stone, which they were going to study, must definitely have the characteristics of a Slavic language. Macedonian scientists decided that since Ancient Egypt was ruled for a long time by the ancient Slavic Ptolemaic dynasty, whose homeland was ancient Macedonia, then the decipherment of demotic writing must be carried out on the basis of Slavic languages.
Their hypothesis was confirmed and as a result of the research that scientists came to, the identification and sound identification of the syllabic graphemes of the average text of the Rosetta Stone, denoting 27 consonants and 5 vowels, became possible. The language of the middle text of the Rosetta Stone is Proto-Slavic.
Modern science supports the theory that two scripts - hieroglyphic and demotic - were used to write the act of state on the Rosetta Stone in one language - ancient Egyptian. That is, the same language was used to write the middle text and the text at the top of the Rosetta Stone. Macedonian scientists T. Boshevsky and A. Tentov proved that when writing the middle text of the Rosetta Stone, one of the ancient Slavic languages was used. Consequently, when deciphering hieroglyphic text, one of the Slavic languages should also be used. Below is a translation of the text, but it must be taken into account that some of the notes are chipped off on the stone on the right and left.
Here's how the translation sounded:
1. We honor and appreciate the wounded shooters, they need to get back on their feet...
2. The very veneration of the Father and the Son has passed. There is no praise for You. We honor the sun with the gods. We bow to the wounded early, and in the afternoon...
3. And the Sun of God lives me with His rays. With His grace He satisfies the hungry. We ourselves are imbued with these praises, saving our souls. If our warriors...
4. 3000 honors these, and we will pierce in order to wash away and drive away. We pierce, not aiming at You: we pierce for the sake of particles. Her Son lives! His Name will drive away the offspring of Satan, so that with Him...
5. We will preserve Her veneration, we will preserve Her sayings in the scriptures. The Antichrist lies himself. This creature considers it alien. Destroy her! He gives this poison to those who are not his own to drink, and so we drink it!
6. They are not the snakes that were spoken of. After all, they don't belong to her. Yours, King, Who called Her the Sun, we see living faces! Yours, Who called Her Lamb.
7. There are three hundred new gods. Ours is Two. We honor the Two, we honor, we value, we reverence, we exalt, being God’s fishers. Tell everyone, tell everyone. Get people interested, talk about yours to others: “We are the sons of the King, Who Called Her the Sun”...
8. This brainchild is alien to us. Do not honor the new gods, because they are vile. Remember the covenants. Can we really be afraid of this, since we honor our own? “They are strangers to you. We see that we honor and venerate,” they will tell you...
9. Thinks: “Love me, rutens.” But I see: neither one’s own speech flows - another revered one... And we honor that one, and with this we show devotion. So that this family of hers would be tormented by spirits of evil - both. Night darkness...
10. “She doesn’t moan, but breathes. Our ruler is running behind. So we are the sheep behind him,” we say. “And we ourselves, jokingly, are prostrate. We are trying to stop the baby’s crying. A baby who has escaped torture and death itself.” It was Rus...
11. ...Her Niva. We already speak to other gods. Upper Rome, your gods are alien spirits, not kings in the Father and the Son. No one hears the words of their lips. O Lower Rome, you are the horror itself! And in it, in Rome...
12. ... Who called Her the Sun, we see countless. Let us honor, thank, and appreciate the resurrected thousands of sons for this. They did not resurrect themselves. We are only gods in it. Other faces strengthen our faith. We see it and we will see it again. Both we and the warriors...
13. "...We look at the sun. We give it to them. They are revered as saints, already during their lifetime. I will give it to him and his wife. We see the veneration of these two. But they acquired the mind of someone else, and the men of Lower Rome They worship only the revered husband. After all, they are not gods."
14. Alive, Zheno... The kings have already said: this king is outside her. She glorifies You, the Risen One. After all, these new gods are alien to her. We see You, the King, Who called Her the Sun.
As we see, this is the time of “ancient Rome”, with which they are so unhappy. Roman power in Egypt left its Hellenistic trace, these are the so-called Fayum portraits.
Hellenism was formed as a result of the campaigns of Alexander the Great to the East. The Greek states that formed after this campaign created the ground for mixing the culture of the conquerors and local peoples. This mixture of ancient tradition with the traditions of ancient Egypt, Persia, etc., is Hellenism. The Roman Empire, having conquered most of the Hellenistic states, also entered the cultural area of Hellenism. And on this basis of the synthesis of Western and Eastern traditions, the great Byzantine culture later arose.
This discovery in Egypt of half-looted burials from the period of Roman rule became a sensation of sorts. In 1887, mummies were discovered in the Fayum oasis, appearance which differed from those that had been found so far. Traditionally, Egyptian mummies were enclosed in cases or sarcophagi, which were decorated with masks that reproduced the features of the deceased. But in the Fayum burials there were no masks; instead, there were picturesque portraits of the deceased. These portraits impressed the cultural public late XIX century indelible effect. They continue to amaze today.
Since most of the artifacts were found precisely in the area of the Fayum oasis, the name “Fayum portraits” was assigned to them. Although later similar paintings were discovered in other regions of Egypt: in Memphis, Antinopolis, Akhmim and Thebes.
In total, more than 900 portraits have been found to date. The time of creation of these portraits of the 1st-3rd centuries AD. - the time when Egypt was conquered by the Romans. Several centuries earlier, Egypt was ruled by the Greek Ptolemaic dynasty - descendants of one of the comrades-in-arms of Alexander the Great. The ruling elite, of course, were also Greeks. Therefore, it is not surprising that simultaneously with traditional Egyptian art there existed the art of the Greek conquerors and the synthesized Hellenistic art, which absorbed both traditions.
This affected all aspects of the cultural and religious life of the ancient Egyptians of this period, including funeral rites. We have reached examples of funerary images made both in the more ancient, proper Egyptian tradition (relief funeral masks), and in the newer Greco-Roman tradition (funerary portraits).
It is well known that the ancient Egyptians attached great importance to the afterlife. And funerary images were one of the most important aspects of life beyond the grave. The ancient Egyptians believed that after the death of a person, his mystical double - Ka - is separated from the body, but he can inhabit the image of the deceased and thus receive new life. It was for this purpose that the Egyptians made various images of the deceased. It was very important that the artist achieve maximum resemblance of the image to the deceased, otherwise Ka might not recognize his portrait and would be doomed to wander.
Fayum portraits were not just an image of a person, not just a “photograph” that would convey his momentary appearance. They depicted a person “from the point of view of eternity,” the artists sought to depict not just the external appearance of the deceased, but his eternal soul (although, of course, the word “soul” in this case should be used with a certain degree of caution, because ideas about it in ancient Egyptian religion does not really coincide with Christian teaching). One way or another, the Fayum portrait is an image of an eternal, in a certain sense, immortal personality.
It is precisely this circumstance that makes the Fayum portrait similar to the icon. And just as Hellenic philosophers are sometimes called “Christians before Christ,” since ancient philosophy prepared the soil on which theology grew, so the Fayum portrait can, in a sense, be called “an icon before icon painting.”
Lately, there has been a lot of literature on bookstore shelves, illuminating Jewish question. The Jewish people are inextricably linked with the history of ancient Egypt; even in the Bible, a lot of time is devoted to this people. Much has been written about their character, goals, worldview, influence on the culture of other nations, economics, etc. But the question arises, why is it the Jewish issue that is being discussed, and not the Ukrainian, Georgian, Tatar or any other nationality? How are Jews different from any other nation? The fact that they are scattered, but gypsies also roam all over the world. But no one cares about the gypsy issue. To understand the question that worries many, let’s turn to primary sources that would give answers to these questions:
Where, when and how did the Jews appear? So far, the only source is the Torah (Pentateuch of Moses - Old Testament). "Slavery and the Exodus". It is known that the Jews wanted to leave Egypt, but Pharaoh persisted, and God sent ten plagues to the Egyptian people as punishment. Before the tenth plague, in the month of the exodus of the Jews from Egypt, the Lord said to Moses: “Let this month be the beginning of your months” (Exodus 12:2). That is, this is the starting point for the beginning of the calculation of the Jewish people. But why not earlier? Here's why. “As established by science. In general, Jews have never been to Egypt” (V. Kandyba
"Emotional Hypnosis" p.42). What is happening, the Jews left Egypt? - Yes, they left.
Were they there? - No. To answer these two mutually exclusive questions, we need to look deep into the history of Egypt. 1700 BC Aryan warriors on horses and chariots from what is now Ukraine, Russia and the North Caucasus moved south and easily conquered Egypt. The fair-haired and blue-eyed Hyksos (as the Egyptians called them) settled the Nile Delta and built their capital, Avaris. The rulers of Southern Egypt recognized the power of the Hyksos. The Hyksos simplified Egyptian writing and helped create an alphabetic writing system. Some of the Hyksos mixed with the local population - mestizos appeared. These mestizos form the Semitic tribes.
But the Hyksos made one big mistake, for which they paid in the future - they did not eliminate the priestly class of Egypt. The priests of Egypt had enormous knowledge; they were interested not only in earthly affairs, but also in biology, astrology, sociology and even anatomy. (V. Prus "Pharaoh"). With the help of Ahmose I in 1550 BC. the priests abolished the power of the Hyksos, and they were faced with a task; what to do with them?
Egyptian priests of the cult of Amon, after analyzing the international situation, came to the conclusion that Palestine was the main transit hub of the then caravan and sea routes in the Mediterranean. Thebes and Memphis, standing apart from trade routes and related information flows, became inconvenient for the management of the Mediterranean-West Asian civilization as a whole.
For the hierarchs of the priests of Amon, who encroached on world domination, it was advisable to take possession of the main information hub. But, keeping in mind the military failures of Egypt’s many wars with Canaan, the hierarchy of Amun’s witchcraft was the first in history to develop the concept of a cold war for world domination by the method of “cultural” cooperation, in which psychological treatment of both the enemy and, most importantly, social group, used as an instrument of aggression, going beyond the limits of their worldview, takes precedence over weapons that are understandable to most in the usual understanding of the word, as a means of destroying the basis of society and oppressing people. The transition to war by intangible means made aggression invisible to its victims for many centuries.
After the goals were determined, little remained. Where can I find this social group?
Luckily for the Egyptian priests, this “tool” was at hand. At that time, both pure Hyksos and mestizos lived in Egypt. It is clear that it is easier to process mestizos than pure Hyksos. These ethnic groups are being separated.
Pure Hyksos move to the upper reaches of the Nile, and mestizos to the lower reaches. After this operation, the priests Moses and Aron are introduced into the mestizos society. It is difficult for any crowd to organize itself; a shepherd is needed. After a certain time, after the ideological indoctrination of the mestizos, the exodus from Egypt takes place (About 1443-1350 BC). So that the pure Hyksos would not get in the way during the Sinai tour, they were kept for another 100 years, and then expelled from Egypt. Although the Hyksos were in Egypt for about 200 years, archaeological information about them is abundant.
According to the Bible, the Jews lived in Egypt for about 400 years from the time of Joseph until the Exodus. But it’s strange, no matter how hard archaeologists try, they don’t find traces of their presence in Egypt, and they won’t find them unless they slip in some nonsense.
Now consider the liberation from slavery and the forty-year campaign in Sinai.
When questioning Jews: “Why did Moses lead your ancestors for 40 years through the desert, which is equal in size to the Crimean Peninsula?” The answer was always of this nature: “To knock out the spirit of slavery.”
“Well, let’s say” - “And when Nebuchadnezzar captured the Jewish state and kept the Jews captive for 70 years, why didn’t they make a trip to some desert again?” The response is a shrug.
Let's go back to slavery and the Exodus. Before the exodus, Moses turned to “the children of Israel, that they should take their flocks and herds” (Exodus 12:32), “so that each one from his neighbor and each one from her neighbor should ask for silver and gold and clothing” (Exodus 11 :2). “And they (the Egyptians) gave to him (the people of Israel), and he robbed the Egyptians” (Exodus 12:34).
Yes, one can only dream of such slavery. The fact that the “sons of Israel” did not really want to leave Egypt, and that “slavery” even suited them, is noted more than once in the Bible.
“Isn’t this what we told you in Egypt, saying: leave us, let us work for the Egyptians?” (Exodus 14:12).
“Is it not enough that you brought us up from a land flowing with milk and honey to destroy us in the wilderness” (Numbers 16:13).
“Oh that we had died by the hand of the Lord in the land of Egypt, when we sat by the meat pots, when we ate our fill of bread!” (Exodus 16:3).
“We remember the fish that they ate freely in Egypt, the cucumbers and melons and onions and onions and garlic” (Numbers 11:5). Those. One conclusion suggests itself. A bunch of people were fooled and lured into the desert, and you already know the rest.
Why do Jews have haplogroup R1A, after all, it belongs to the Slavic-Aryans?
Let's start with the fact that in the formed Khazar Khaganate, the Khazar Slavs and Turks adopted Judaism. From the Khazar Slavs a vast tribe of Jews was formed, which bears the name Ashkenazi. Sephardim are those Jews who came there from Persia and Babylon, but among them there is a small part of the Slavic haplogroup “I”. Haplogroup "J" among Jews is the largest, but here's what's interesting.
When the Jewish people appeared, we know well from the Bible, which is readily used by historians, archaeologists, and now geneticists. Meanwhile, the division of haplogroup J into two groups according to DNA genealogy occurred about ten thousand years ago (10,000!), i.e. when there were no traces of Jews. And, therefore, one of the two haplogroups: J1 or J2 cannot in any way be ancestral for the Jewish people. Or even both groups. Because in addition to haplogroups J1 and J2 (according to the most representative publication of DNA data (Hammer, 2009) J2 prevails over J1), Jews have a high percentage of people having haplogroups (in descending order) E (Hitler's haplogroup), G, R1b, R1a and even Siberian Q.
Therefore, the basic haplogroup of Jews could be any of several listed above (J1, J2, E; others from the list are less likely). But scientific publications stubbornly obscure this picture of the frequency of haplogroups among Jews, reducing everything either to J1 + J2, or even just to J1 alone. The rest of the haplogroups are simply not noticed. It’s difficult to call such manipulation of DNA data sleight of hand, or anything else.
DNA analyzes of the descendants of the Levites also turned out to be unexpected. Only 10% of Ashkenazi Jews had one of the haplogroups J, and the rest had Indo-European R1a (half of all Ashkenazi Levites), Western European (according to AB - the Semitic-Hurrian haplogroup of the Pelasgians) R1b, as well as E, I, N, Q, etc. Among the Sephardi Levites, the picture is different: about 40% have haplogroup J, but a measly R1a. As you can see, there are a lot of oddities in the genealogy of Jews; traditional science cannot provide convincing explanations. Science also does not like to remember the dispersion of the Jews after the destruction of the Kingdom of Israel by ancient Rome.
Well, our haplogroup R was found in Southern Siberia. It was formed from the parent haplogroup P, and (apparently) its “brother”, haplogroup Q, was also formed there. Therefore, their genomes should be very similar. Haplogroup Q largely (or noticeably) went to America and became the American Indians. Haplogroup R continued to produce new descending haplogroups - R1, R1a, R1b, which largely went to Europe many millennia ago (R1a came to Europe 8-10 thousand years ago, R1b - about 5 thousand years ago), R is noticed in particular , in the Caucasus, and in general should be scattered along the entire migration route from Southern Siberia, like haplogroups R1a and R1b, which are still found in Siberia, and among the Uyghurs, and among the Turks, and in general along the entire route up to Europe , and, of course, in Europe, where R1a occupies half of Eastern Europe, and R1b more than half of Western Europe. In other words, haplogroups R and Q diverged diametrically opposite sides, but had very similar genomes.
What language could the Hyksos speak if not Proto-Slavic? The decipherment of the inscriptions on the Rosetta Stone also showed the origins of the Proto-Slavic language. It took Egyptian healers almost 500 years to smoothly translate their patients from Proto-Slavic into Hebrew. But the traces remained. In order to hide the truth from the Jews about their true origin, the authors of the Bible, the priests of the cult of Amon, never mention the Hyksos in the “holy” book, although the time of the Hyksos’ domination in Egypt and the “Egyptian captivity” coincide. And from the plot of Genesis it turns out that the “Jews” did not notice that for 150 years they were in captivity by the Hyksos along with the Egyptians. So there was something to hide.
Distribution of haplogroups among Jews according to FTDNA information.
Haplogroups:
J1c3d - 17.3%, most of it since formation.
- E1b1b1 - 18.2%, an ancient haplogroup and different subclades could have entered at different times. Probably most of them after the exodus from Egypt.
- J2a4 - 16.3%, most of them at the initial stage, some after the Babylonian captivity and some already in Europe.
- R1b - 14.9%, cannot be reliably established, but probably at the initial stage of formation, and some are already in Europe.
- I - 3.9%, it could be called x, Aryan, Hyperborean, Ruthenian, but the truth is kept silent.
Q1b - 3.6%, possibly after the Babylonian captivity, and possibly later from the Khazars.
J2b - 4.2%, haplogroups J1 and J2 are not exclusive to Jews. To varying degrees, they are found among many Caucasian peoples, which does not at all indicate their Jewishness; they are observed among residents of the Mediterranean, people from the Middle East, and quite a lot of it in India.
- G (G1, G2a, G2c) - 7.5%, cannot be reliably established, but probably at the initial stage of formation.
- R2 - 1.6%, probably from among European gypsies in the Middle Ages.
- R1a1 - 7.9%, possibly after the Babylonian captivity, and possibly later from the Khazars.
- T1 - 3.1%, cannot be reliably established, but probably at the initial stage of formation.
- E1(xE1b1b1) - 1.4%.
Now globalization is moving by leaps and bounds across the planet, everything will come down to building a completely new society on the whole Earth, with a single religion and a single government. Again, like in the song: “we will destroy the old world, and then...”, but with one amendment. Those who have it written on their foreheads that they are the chosen ones must bring this new world on a “plate with a silver lining” to those who created them and who shepherd this flock, and the “chosen ones” themselves will go to the slaughter. It is not without reason that artifacts are destroyed, history is rewritten, libraries are burned, museums are looted, as in Egypt (Cairo), or antiquities are destroyed, as in Syria. Those who once created this history according to antiquity are now destroying it.
Studying Ancient Egypt- one of the most interesting activities in the world. From early childhood we have heard tales about mummy curses, that the ancient pyramids were built by aliens, and that the ancient Egyptians knew how to cast magic. Perhaps much of this remains just legend, but Ancient Egypt left behind a lot of interesting things.
10) Pregnancy test
Not everyone has heard that the first pregnancy tests appeared in Ancient Egypt. There were many ways to determine whether a woman was pregnant or not. All these methods were described in a document called the Berlin Medical Papyrus.
For example, a woman was given a special drink to drink, which included beer and dates. Pregnancy was somehow determined after the amount of her vomit was analyzed. Most likely, the pregnant woman simply had greater sensitivity to odors.
Another test required a woman to urinate on two bags - one containing barley and wheat, the other containing dates and sand. If the grains in both bags germinate, it means the woman is pregnant.
Not long ago, modern scientists decided to check how true the last test is. As it turned out, the test did in most cases indicate pregnant women, but some of them received a negative result.
The ancient Egyptians also knew how to determine the sex of an unborn child, but researchers found that this method only works half the time, that is, it is based only on chance.
9) Curses of the mummies
As we all know, the Titanic was a giant ship built by fools who thought they had created an unsinkable ship. Their pride led to a huge tragedy that claimed hundreds of lives. Although it is believed that the sinking of the Titanic was an accident, many do not want to believe it.
There are legends about the cursed mummy of the priestess of Amon, who was brought to England. This mummy allegedly knew how to break nearby objects and cause misfortunes using black magic. It was this mummy that sank the Titanic because it was taken on board the ship.
Rumors about a mysterious Egyptian mummy appeared thanks to the Englishman William Stead, who claimed to own a mummy that he took with him on a trip and which has incredible magical powers. However, in reality, he made it all up.
8) Love potions
The ancient Egyptians loved to conjure and naturally knew a lot about love, so they knew how to brew love potions. These drinks were made depending on the situation, for example, there were love potions that helped make a woman fall in love with a certain man, arouse passions in her, or, conversely, love potions that helped destroy a marriage.
The recipes for these love drinks have survived to this day, but we may consider them simply crazy. For example, according to one recipe, a man needs to mix the dandruff of a murdered person with barley, apple grains, blood taken from a bug that bit a black dog, his own blood and semen. This mixture was to be added to his lover's drink and ensured that no one else drank it.
7) Prophetic dreams
In Ancient Egypt, close attention was paid to dreams. Today we know that dreams are just a jumble of images, but the Egyptians were convinced that everything they saw in their dreams had important meaning.
People paid money to priests who were good at interpreting dreams and were the owners of special books - dream books, so that they could explain the meaning of this or that dream. Some even stayed in temples to sleep in order to be closer to the gods, in order to see something very important in their dreams.
The ancient Egyptians were not particularly worried about specific things that they saw in their dreams, but they paid great attention to the details that they described in their dream books. For example, to see in a dream big cat meant that the future harvest would be very generous, and seeing a dwarf in a dream means that half of your life is already behind you.
6) Mentions of Christ
Not long ago, an ancient Egyptian text was discovered that contains new details from the life of Christ. Although researchers have recognized this text as authentic, they cannot claim that the information it contains is correct. At least the person who wrote this document believed what he described.
The text mentioned many things, among other things, it said that Jesus could change his appearance. He, of course, could not turn into any animal, but he could change his facial features, disguise himself as an old man or become a small child. Christ used this ability to hide from his pursuers who intended to arrest him.
The Last Supper is known to have taken place on Thursday, but the text says that it actually took place on Tuesday. It was also claimed that before Jesus was executed, Pontius Pilate communicated with Jesus, broke bread with him, and even offered to kill his son in his place. Jesus supposedly politely refused and thanked Pilate for his kindness and showed him that he could leave at any time if he wished.
5) Revenge
The ancient Egyptians knew all kinds of witchcraft and knew how to use it in a wide variety of forms in order to take revenge on someone. The most famous use of witchcraft is the curse of mummies. The pharaohs knew some magical spells that were written in their tombs, so anyone who disturbed their peace paid for it with their own lives.
Naturally, the existence of any of these curses has not been scientifically proven; this is just a theory that is based on random events. Scientists nevertheless became interested in this issue and decided to find out whether “curses” could be explained in some other way.
After examining the substances that were present in the tombs, scientists discovered dangerous molds that grew on the walls and could cause lung problems for those who inhaled their spores.
By the way, the myth of a magical ancient Egyptian statue was recently unraveled. The British Museum filmed her turning spontaneously. Magic again? Not at all. After careful research, it turned out that the statue was turning due to vibrations in the floor, which were caused by the feet of museum visitors while walking.
4) Resurrection of the dead
Magic was not only popular in Ancient Egypt, it was used for a variety of things, and in society it occupied a special place and was officially recognized. The high priests used witchcraft for various performances, which everyone believed in unconditionally.
According to legend, one ancient Egyptian priest was once able to part the waters of a lake, just as Moses parted the Red Sea in order to take some trinket lying there from the bottom. Also, the priests allegedly knew how to resurrect dead animals and even people. Typically, resurrection was used in special cases, when, for example, it was necessary to testify at a trial.
Resurrection occupied an important part in the life of the Egyptians. The idea of death and rebirth to a new life was the main tenet of their religion. The Egyptians believed that, like the sun that rose every time, they would eventually begin to live a completely new life.
That is why they so carefully preserved the remains of the dead, in order to prepare them for a new life. If a person died, he had to appear before the highest judge. He started new life only if his actions were properly assessed.
3) Trained monkeys
Most people associate cats with Ancient Egypt, but baboons also occupied an important place in Egyptian culture and society. In addition, primates are much easier to train than cats, and these animals were used for practical purposes. For example, they could easily be taught to get fruits, nuts, dates from tall trees. By the way, this harvesting method is still used in some countries today.
According to historians, baboons were considered sacred animals in Egypt. They make loud, unpleasant noises at sunrise, which is why they were associated with the Sun God. One of the pharaohs, Amenhotep III, even ordered the installation of four huge statues of monkeys. The Egyptians also believed that baboons had a connection with the Nile God Hapi, who was the offspring of the great Egyptian God Horus.
2) Amulets
The Egyptians were the first to use amulets, as they were very superstitious. They believed that if you wore certain items that had special properties, you could protect yourself. Most of us think that this is just stupidity, but how often before an important event do we, for example, put on a “lucky” shirt, take with us a pen that “brings good luck” or some other item with which we think we More often than not you're lucky.
Ancient Egyptian amulets were mainly jewelry made in the shape of some kind of animal or symbol. These things could be made of anything, but they had great magical power. How this or that amulet “worked” depended on what it was made of, what shape it had, what it looked like and, of course, what kind of spell was embedded in it.
1) Healing the sick
Perhaps the most famous fact related to magic is the Egyptians' use of witchcraft to heal the sick. Perhaps they managed to do something, but most of the stories that have come down to us are nothing more than fiction.
It was believed that ancient Egyptian medicine was largely based on witchcraft, but recent research has shown that magic did not play too much of a role. Many rituals were based on the use of witchcraft, but this does not mean that the ancient Egyptians did not use traditional methods in medicine.
The Egyptians, for example, were excellent at surgery, and there is evidence that they even made prosthetic toes. The researchers found that in Egyptian society, everyone could receive medical care equally, regardless of status.
Egypt is a country that is filled with the sounds and echoes of its rich past, dating back several thousand years. This is a country of striking beauty and exciting colors - sky blue sea and desert, desert, desert.
Egypt can rightfully be considered the cradle of civilization. Today this country is considered a treasury of ruins and cultural monuments, home to many myths and legends, ancient curses of the pyramids and the untold riches hidden in them, as well as countless mysteries of the pharaohs.
Everyone who came here not just to lie on the warm sand by the sea, but to join the rich cultural heritage of the country, after visiting some of the monuments and pyramids will be left with a wide variety of impressions - some are puzzled, some are delighted, some are overwhelmed by the abundance of new information , but there is no one who remains indifferent.
Egyptian pyramids
The Egyptian pyramids are one of the seven wonders of the world; their secrets, mysteries and unusual healing powers excite researchers and scientists from all over the world. One of the main mysteries of Egypt is the mystery of the construction of seven of all the pyramids that have come down to us (3 pyramids on the Giza plateau, the Red and Bent Pyramid and the Medum Pyramids), the construction of which is usually attributed to the reign of the fourth dynasty of the pharaohs.
Thanks to the fact that the Rosetta Stone was found by archaeologists in 1799, Egyptologists were able to decipher the hieroglyphs of the ancient Egyptian alphabet and read everything that they left to their descendants on numerous architectural monuments, books and scrolls, vases and much more found during excavations. But the most mysterious Great Pyramids, the technology of which has excited the minds of builders, researchers and Egyptologists for hundreds of years, have not left us any messages - there are no inscriptions on their walls.
But you can go the other way and try to look more carefully at the stone blocks that make up the great pyramids, and what a professional builder or architect cannot easily see that the layman cannot see is the excellent quality of processing and polishing of the stone blocks and their enormous weight, even Today in the world there are only a few cranes that could lift such boulders, weighing more than one ton, to such a height, how did the Egyptians manage it then?
However, this is not the main strangeness. So, one of the first pyramids in the form in which we are accustomed to seeing them is considered to be the one built by Pharaoh Djoser, and according to experts, the masonry technology, the materials used, as well as the general architectural design, in principle, everything in it corresponds to those knowledge and level of development of society at the time when it was built. But a hundred years later, the first great pyramid was erected on the Giza plateau; according to the official version, it was built under the leadership of Pharaoh Cheops. And here is the first question: how was it possible to build pyramids of such different quality and complexity with a difference of only a hundred years?
The Cheops Pyramid not only amazes with its size, but also the technologies that should have been used in its construction should be completely different from those that the Egyptians might have had at that time - massive blocks that have perfectly polished surfaces. In addition, the grinding took place at a perfectly adjusted angle, which is unrealistic even with modern tools, and what can we say about those that were in Ancient Egypt.
Only one conclusion suggests itself in the century that passed between the reign of Pharaoh Djoser and the accession of Pharaoh Cheops: a technological leap occurred in Egypt, although it affected exclusively the construction of the pyramids, without affecting all other areas of life. Moreover, this knowledge and skills were passed on by builders and architects throughout the reign of the fourth dynasty of the pharaohs, immediately after they were replaced on the throne by the fifth dynasty of Egyptian kings, a leap in technology occurs only in the opposite direction. As if all the brilliant builders had disappeared, forgotten all their knowledge and skills had gone into oblivion, no more reigning dynasty in Ancient Egypt erected anything as monumental and amazing in construction technology. The pyramids that were created later were built from ordinary small stones or red unbaked bricks, and in principle, society could build them even at the very early stage of its development - for their construction only stones, sand, water and a large number of people were needed.
Historians, who, as we know, try to adhere to the official version of the development of civilizations, do their best to explain all the inaccuracies and discrepancies that arise when studying the secrets and mysteries of Egypt. Thus, small pyramids, which are similar to all those found in Egypt and dating back to the reign of the same fourth dynasty, are usually explained by the fact that they were built for members royal family, i.e. In parallel with the construction of the Great Pyramids, the pharaoh builds rather frail structures for his wives and mothers, did they really not love and respect them so much? Another mystery is that not a single written source contains information about the construction of these monuments. So, quite a lot of information can be found about the military exploits and failures of the pharaohs, about how ambassadors from other countries came to them to build a palace for the ruling pharaoh, but not a word is said about the fact that giants are being built that can glorify the rulers for centuries.
The ancient civilization of the gods of Egypt and its traces
A stele was found in Egypt, the deciphering of the records on which told scientists that the King of the fourth dynasty, Cheops, was engaged in the reconstruction of the great Sphinx, which guards the Great Pyramid belonging to the goddess Isis, but since, according to the official version, Cheops built the pyramid, and did not repair an existing one, historians this stele was recognized as a fake.
But if you try to add up all these clues lying in plain sight, then one conclusion arises: the Great Pyramids were not built by the pharaohs of any of the dynasties, their construction must be dated several thousand years before the emergence of the state of Egypt. Egyptologists are confident that the ancient Egyptian civilization of the pharaohs arose on the ruins of a much older and highly developed civilization, which for some reason disappeared from the face of the earth.
The number of facts and traces of such a civilization that can be found today throughout Egypt is amazing in its quantity.
So the huge statues and colossi that archaeologists find from time to time, and which date back to the reign of one or another dynasty, speak for themselves; the technologies used in their processing and movement in space are not available to humanity even now, let alone the Ancient Egypt and the level of knowledge that that society possessed. Moreover, many of these statues are made of quartzite, one of the hardest materials on the planet, and such processing and polishing is hardly possible with the help of primitive tools. Also, more than one question is raised by the fact that many statues do not have a face, it was knocked off by someone, and the one who did it put a lot of effort and time into it.
Another mystery is the huge sarcophagi, which are also made of very hard materials - granite, quartzite, basalt. It is quite difficult to produce such monolithic boxes, with clear lines, ideal corners, and even special chamfers designed to ensure that the corners are not damaged during transportation, even in our modern factory with the latest technological developments in this area. In addition, these sarcophagi are much larger than the human body, and if the lid is closed, it can only be opened with the help of superhuman efforts, so who were they intended for, hardly for an ordinary body or even a pharaoh.
In addition to the inexplicable mysteries associated with advanced technologies in construction and processing of materials by the ancient Egyptians or the civilization that lived long before them, they have given us other inexplicable and incredible knowledge that humanity has been able to confirm only recently with technological progress. For example, the Zodiac of Osiris or the Dendera Zodiac, which was discovered on the ceiling of one of the Egyptian chapels in Dendera. This unique zodiac calendar reflects all the cyclical processes of our planet. In addition to the 12 zodiac constellations known to everyone, you can see our entire solar system, along with the earth, which moves around the sun.
Researchers and archaeologists today throughout Egypt continue to find truly amazing finds and make amazing discoveries. modern man, so just 70 years ago, systems of tunnels and catacombs under the Giza plateau were discovered, which are still being studied.
RIDDLES AND SECRETS OF THE EGYPTIAN PHAROAH
Egypt is the Greek name for the country Kem, which means “secret”, “riddle”. Everything connected with this is shrouded in mystery. ancient country. Over the past two hundred years, many Egyptologists have tried to unravel Egypt's many mysteries. We will touch only on those mysteries that are associated with the name of Tutankhamun.
What was known about Tutankhamun before the discovery of his tomb? Even in the most detailed stories Egypt devoted no more than two or three paragraphs to him, and sometimes they were limited to just mentioning his name. And no wonder. Until the beginning of the 20th century, little was known about Tutankhamun, since from his reign (1351-1342 BC) only a few amulets with the image of the king and an inscription on one of the ancient Egyptian stele were preserved. One stele announcing the restoration under him cult of the supreme god of the country Amon, on which his name was replaced by the name of the pharaoh Horemheb who ruled after him: a sculptural group where he is depicted together with this god (and Tutankhamun’s head was broken off) and several objects with his name - that’s all that came down from his nine-year reign Tutankhamun, who ascended the throne as a child and died at the age of 18-19. And the years of his reign, filled with turbulent and largely unclear events for us, were not at all conducive to preserving the memory of him, especially since appropriate measures were taken for this. When a millennium later at the end of the 4th century BC. The priest Manetho, who thoroughly studied the past of his homeland, wrote its history, he did not even mention Tutankhamun in the list of rulers.
But now this pharaoh is no less famous than the most famous rulers of Egypt - the builders of the pyramids, the great conquerors, the reformers of religion. Fame came to Tutankhamun more than 3,300 years after his death thanks to a happy accident - the discovery of the tomb. Unfortunately, neither annals nor chronicles telling about the events of that time have survived to this day. From random and incomplete sources, like from individual stones of a damaged mosaic, a significant part of which is hopelessly lost, it is not always possible to completely restore the picture of events. And yet, in general terms, we will talk about Tutankhamun and his time - after all, something has been more or less definitely established, you can use the information obtained as a result of the discovery of his tomb, and everything new that has accumulated over the past more than eighty years since the opening of the tomb .
The history of the ancient Egyptian state, formed at the turn of the 4th and 3rd millennia BC, is eventful. There were times of great cultural and political upsurge, but there were also times of decline. Twice in the XXIII-XXI centuries. BC. and in the XVIII-XVI centuries. BC. The despotic power of the pharaohs was disintegrating, and the centralized state had to be created anew. Accordingly, the three large eras of the Egyptian state, separated by periods of decline, are called the Ancient, Middle and New Kingdoms of Egypt. Tutankhamun belongs to the New Kingdom, to the 18th dynasty of Egyptian pharaohs, with which, after the expulsion of the wild Hyksos tribes who invaded Egypt in troubled times, the highest rise of the Egyptian state began (in the 16th-13th centuries BC), which became a world state empire of the ancient world.
Throughout the history of Ancient Egypt, the struggle between royal power and individual regions of the country was felt. From the time of the First to the last dynasty, the periodic holiday “sed” was of great importance - the holiday of the royal throne and the unification of Upper and Lower Egypt. Every rise of the royal dynasty was associated with war. With the seizure of material assets from neighbors, primarily cattle and gold. The spoils of war become the most important factor development of the Egyptian economy. The numerous military campaigns of Pharaoh Thutmose III, who immortalized his exploits on the walls of the Karnak Temple, are well known. Since the 18th dynasty, the city of Thebes has acquired special significance as the capital of Egypt, and the god Amon has become the main god of the Egyptian pantheon. Gold, ivory, valuable wood, turquoise, and lapis lazuli flowed into Thebes in a wide stream. They were created in Thebes best works art of the period under review, including the most famous architectural monuments. Grandiose temples, magnificent palaces and houses quickly changed the appearance of Thebes, turning it into the richest and most magnificent of Egyptian cities, the glory of which was preserved for many centuries, and centuries later, “Thebes of the Hundred Gates” was sung even by the singer of a foreign land - Homer:
"Thebes of the Egyptians,
The city where wealth is stored without cost in the abodes of citizens,
A city in which there are a hundred gates, and of each of these there are two hundred
The military men ride out in chariots on fast horses.”
The grandiose colonnades and pylons still stand, amazing everyone who comes to Thebes. The vast expanse where the city once stood still retains traces of its former glory.
The pharaohs who succeeded Thutmose III (Amenhotep II and Thutmose IV) continued the military policies of the pharaohs of the 18th dynasty and significantly increased the international prestige of Egypt. The exaltation of the king used to be closely connected with his deification. Now the king, in addition, acted as a hero and as a strongman who accomplished supernatural feats. These were the legends about the personal courage and strength of Amenhotep II. Under him, many foreign territories were annexed to Egypt. But already during the time of Amenhotep III, Egypt changed its policy - diplomatic relations were established with the rulers, and to strengthen peaceful ties, marriages of Egyptian pharaohs with foreign princesses were concluded. The letters of many rulers of neighboring countries, especially small principalities, are full of servility and self-abasement - so great is the power and might of Egypt, so great is the dependence of the vassals.
The last decades of the reign of the 18th dynasty were full of turbulent events. The beginning was laid by Pharaoh Amenhotep IV, who ascended the throne. The predatory wars that took place before immeasurably enriched the highest nobility and priesthood, especially the priests of the main sanctuary of Egypt - the temple of Amun in Thebes. The expression “gold is the meat of the gods” dates back to those times. The ruling slave-owning elite and the priesthood secretly and openly opposed themselves to the royal power. And under Amenhotep IV, an open conflict occurred: under the guise of religious reform, the pharaoh tried to carry out major socio-political reforms.
This was one of the strangest personalities in world history. He is considered a great father and husband, he is called a great philosopher and connoisseur of art, he is called a poet and mentally ill, he is called a dictator like Mao, Hitler and Stalin, he is called a bad politician and, of course, he is called a reformer. The circumstances of the life and death of Pharaoh Amenhotep IV, better known as Akhenaten, are fraught with a lot of mystery and, most likely, will never be clarified completely. Akhenaten, the tenth pharaoh of the 18th dynasty who reigned in the 14th century BC, was the world's first religious reformer. Almost one and a half thousand years before the emergence of Christianity, he proclaimed MONODITY and, according to prominent Egyptologists, his reforms are “the most extraordinary event of Egyptian antiquity, affecting almost all aspects of the then Egyptian reality: society, state, way of life, beliefs, art, writing, language". But what prompted him to take this step is still unclear - scientists are only speculating on this matter.
Some believe that Akhenaten was the son of the powerful Amenhotep III and Tiya. By marrying this beautiful and powerful woman, the pharaoh went against Egyptian customs, which required that the queen be the king's daughter. And Tia was the daughter of a royal nobleman and was one of the inhabitants of the royal harem. Some researchers, judging by the surviving portraits, suggest that she is not even a purebred Egyptian: in the features of her face and the face of her son, in the structure of their figures, they see signs characteristic of natives of more southern regions Africa.
Perhaps the presence of foreign blood made Amenhotep IV unpopular among the priests and nobility. But the main thing was that he most likely did not have the right to the throne. The succession to the throne of the pharaohs was carried out through the female line. Only the son of the pharaoh's eldest daughter could be the ruler. Amenhotep III had at least three daughters, and the husband of any of them could have taken the throne. And the future reformer, as is known, was married to Nefertiti, whose origin has not been established with a sufficient degree of certainty.
However, under unclear circumstances, it was Amenhotep IV who became the ruler of Egypt, and we can say with confidence that he did not get the throne without a struggle, and in the eyes of the priestly class and the Egyptian nobility he probably looked like a usurper. Perhaps this was the main impetus for pursuing a policy directed primarily against the powerful priests, who jealously monitored the literal implementation of the laws of succession to the throne in Egypt, and therefore, in the eyes of the young pharaoh, constituted the main threat to his position.
On one of the steles from the time of Akhenaten, there is an inscription that vaguely mentions some major troubles that befell the last three pharaohs, apparently Amenhotep II, Thutmose IV and Amenhotep III. What the reformer pharaoh had in mind remains unclear. However, the following can be assumed. The priests in Egypt always had strong power. But under the grandfather of Amenhotep III, the famous conqueror Thutmose III, whose capital was Thebes, the cult of the Theban deity Amon was especially exalted. In his honor, the pharaoh conquered more and more lands, and the temples of Amon received unprecedented gifts, and the weight of the donated gold sometimes amounted to tons. And it was not without reason that many of Thutmose’s descendants were named Amenhotep, i.e. "Amon is pleased."
Gradually, the priests of Amon strengthened their political power. They became able to oppose themselves to the power of the pharaohs and sought to direct their actions. Apparently the heirs of Thutmose felt this to the fullest. It is not without reason that even before Akhenaten, attempts were made to oppose Amon to another deity.
Amon was the god of the Sun, so only solar deities could become his rivals. Among them, the most suitable turned out to be Aten - a special image of the sun god Ra in the form of a solar disk. His cult arose in Egypt under the father of the future reformer, and perhaps even earlier. It is known that the pleasure boat of Queen Tiye, in which she sailed on a pond specially dug for her, was called “The Radiance of Aten”, and in the texts found in one of the tombs of the times of Amenhotep III, the title “ruler of the palace of Aten” is mentioned.
In an effort to undermine the authority of the priesthood, which was based on the cults of the ancient gods, the pharaoh put forward a new doctrine, declaring the solar disk under the name of the god Aten as the one true deity. The temples of the old gods were closed, their images were destroyed, and temple property was confiscated.
Akhenaten moves the capital from Thebes to the newly built city of Akhetaten, a place “which previously did not belong to any of the gods” and was to become a grandiose sanctuary of the only god of the Egyptians. The construction of the capital became a new word in the development of Egyptian art, which during these years reached its greatest flowering - the so-called Amarna period (after the name of the modern Arab settlement of El Amarna). Akhenaten arrived at the ceremony of founding the city, like the sun god, on a golden chariot. In his speech to the prostrate nobles and officials, he stated that he heard the voice of Aten, his father - it was Aten who wanted this city to be built for him, which he himself would rule. Pharaoh acted with rather harsh methods. The worship of the old gods was prohibited, and the name of the god Amon was vigorously destroyed on religious objects and buildings. The word "gods" is destroyed in plural. The worshipers of the old gods faced severe punishment. For example, on the walls of one of the tombs you can read the following words: “Everyone hated (will fall) on the block... he will fall to the sword, fire will devour his flesh... He (Akhenaton) turns his power against those who ignore his teachings, mercy his to those who know him.”
Before the reformer pharaoh, no one thought about bringing down all the gods. They sought only to diminish the cult of Amun. Akhenaten decided to introduce monotheism, which seems incredible for the level of spiritual consciousness of that period. Was the idea of ONE GOD PROPOSED to the young prince? Did he reach it himself through long deliberation? Or, already in power, he realized that his attempts to belittle the importance of Amon were not yielding results and more radical measures were necessary? Maybe it was the influence of the Jews, who lived in Egypt for several centuries and prayed to one God? Ancient stones remain silent. Now no one can answer these questions. But in general terms it is known how the pharaoh acted.
At first, Amenhotep IV made it clear to those around him that, following the example of his father and grandfather, he preferred the solar god of the northern provinces of Ra. According to tradition, the ritual coronation of the new pharaoh was supposed to take place in Ipet-Isup (modern Karnak) - a complex of temples on the territory of the state capital of Egypt, Thebes. But Amenhotep IV preferred the ancient center of the veneration of Ra, the city of Onu, better known for Greek name Heliopolis. Here, not far from the first capital of Egypt, Memphis, during the reign of Amenhotep III, a small temple of Aten, considered a special incarnation of Ra, was built. Thus, the new pharaoh secured the support of a fairly strong Heliopolis priesthood, thereby taking the first step towards the veneration of Aten. In the very first years of his reign, four temples to Aten were built in Ipet-Isut; the total number of priests in them reached 6,800 people, which was probably perceived by supporters of Amun as a challenge.
Soon Amenhotep IV proclaimed Aten the only true god, and himself his son. He becomes Akhenaten, i.e. "Pleasing (Useful) Aten." The prefix ATON also appears in the names of the queen and the children of the pharaoh.
In his reforms, the pharaoh relied primarily on “new people,” most of whom were of humble origin. He was probably supported by the army, as well as individual representatives of the old nobility, dissatisfied with their position under the previous rule. This, however, did not prevent them all, after the death of the pharaoh, from quickly moving away from his teachings and returning to old religious customs. It is known that at the end of Akhenaten’s life, Thebes was visited by his young co-ruler Smenkhkare, who had recently been appointed pharaoh. In one of the Theban temples he is depicted making sacrifices to Amon.
The authority of the pharaoh fell uncontrollably. Akhenaten focused all his efforts on reforms. The lack of proper attention to foreign policy problems, which concerned mainly Egypt's Asian possessions, led to the loss of part of them. The Egyptians were accustomed to wars of conquest, which were actively waged by Thutmose IV and Amenhotep III, and were proud of their victories. The influence of the large Hittite kingdom, which sought to conquer the Egyptian vassals, grew. Pharaoh did not help them, which caused discontent among all layers of society.
Akhenaten died in his capital around 1351 BC (at the age of 38). There is speculation that he was poisoned. In any case, on one of the frescoes there is an image of an assassination attempt on the pharaoh. However, the murder still remains unproven.
The death of Akhenaten freed the hands of his opponents, and very quickly the country returned to its previous order. Centuries-old traditions could not disappear in a short period of time, especially since the king’s reforms did not give anything significant to the people. It is not surprising that the decree of one of Akhenaten’s heirs, Tutankhamun, clearly emphasized that the cult of Aten brought disaster to the country, and the opening of the temples of the old gods appeased them and returned prosperity to Egypt.
The years of the reign of Akhenaten and his three successors, associated with the cult of Aten, began to be attributed in official chronicles to the years of the reign of Pharaoh Haremheb. And if necessity required mentioning the name of the reformer, he was called “the enemy from Akhetaten.”
And yet, despite the fact that the fate of the reforms could not have turned out differently, it continues to excite minds trying to give their own explanation of the reasons for what happened, sometimes very original, but not confirmed by archaeological data. Recently, many articles have appeared stating that Akhenaten’s commitment to the solar disk as the only god was greatly influenced by the eruptions of the Santorini volcano in the Mediterranean Sea, which resumed for several years and ended with a catastrophic explosion of the volcano. The echoes of these events were felt throughout the Mediterranean and were certainly very strong in Egypt.
Some believe that one of these eruptions could have forced Amenhotep III to stop military campaigns, as a result of which a period of friendly relations with neighboring countries began during his reign, and during domestic policy The time has come for religious tolerance. Others claim that echoes of the first eruption reached Egypt in the first year of Akhenaten's reign. Powerful tsunamis and dark poisonous clouds allegedly rolled here, covering the sky for a long time. Heavy rains began. Hail, thunderstorms with powerful thunder and lightning. The country suddenly lost the warmth and light of the sun. Naturally, the people perceived this as a terrible disaster, a tragedy. The priests of Amun and other gods tried to cope with the disaster, but their prayers and sacrifices were in vain.
Recently, some authors believe that this was the same biblical “Egyptian darkness” mentioned in connection with the Exodus of the Jews from Egypt. As is known from the Bible, in order to convince Pharaoh to free his people, Moses sent the so-called “Egyptian plagues” on Egypt: for three days he plunged the country into impenetrable darkness, struck people with incurable skin diseases, sent countless hordes of frogs and toads, and the waters of the Nile to the city turned into streams of blood, etc.
Modern scientists explain these miracles that occurred in Egypt as natural changes resulting from a volcanic eruption. Thus, the American researcher Benet put forward the theory that after a volcanic eruption, poisonous clouds carrying sulfur and iron compounds formed over Egypt. Dense layer these clouds occupied a huge space and blocked access sunlight to the entire country. The settling ferrous components turned the waters of the Nile into a brown liquid, which is quite consistent with the idea of “rivers” of blood.”
It is possible that an event of such magnitude could have a dramatic impact on the religious worldview of the Egyptian people. However, when studying the sources, scientists were faced with a paradoxical fact: there are no specific references to the Santorini catastrophe in Egyptian writings (although they exist among other peoples). Most likely, the Egyptians deliberately kept silent about the tragedy that occurred. It is quite possible that this was a kind of taboo on memories of “God’s wrath,” but it is likely that the reason was the ban on covering the activities of the reformer pharaoh.
Pharaoh and the Egyptian people could well imagine that the Sun was angry with Egypt because of insufficient attention to it and that the Egyptians worshiped the wrong gods, and the Sun itself should be prayed to. So Akhenaten began his reforms, and the priests of the old gods could not prevent him. Bursts of their activation are explained by repeated eruptions. And many years later, when a new generation grew up, for whom everything that happened seemed like a fairy tale, the servants of the old gods began to raise their heads. Amon, who, according to the Egyptians, helped the pharaohs in conquering new lands, was insulted. So Egypt began to lose its lands, so the name of the reformer pharaoh was cursed, and Egypt returned to polytheism.
No less mysteries are hidden in the history of the reign of Akhenaten’s heirs. In some cases, it is suggested that after him Nefertiti was on the throne, who took the name Smenkhkare. Others, with good reason, consider the co-ruler, and then the pharaoh, known by this name, to be the son of Amenhotep III from one of his secondary wives. The most plausible hypothesis seems to be that Smenkhkare is the son of Akhenaten from his second wife Kiya or the brother of Tutankhamun. And the famous researcher of this period of history, Mathieu, calls him the husband of Akhenaten’s eldest daughter, Meritaten, which, given the incestuous marriages accepted among the pharaohs, does not exclude these options. And, according to Egyptian concepts, he thus took the throne on completely legal grounds.
However, Simenkhkara did not live long and reigned for no more than three years. There is no information about the death of this pharaoh and the death of Meritaten. They simply disappear from the field of view of historians due to the lack of any data. Smenkhkare was succeeded by the young Tutankhamun, the husband of one of the daughters (third) of Akhenaten and Nefertiti, Ankhesenpaaton. He also died very young at the age of 18-19, perhaps not by natural causes. X-rays of the mummy show unusual thinning of the skull bones in the ear area. This gives reason to believe that the pharaoh’s head was hit with some hard object. Many scholars agreed that the pharaoh was killed. There have been different points of view about who killed him and why. Maybe Akhenaten’s followers did this out of revenge, or in an attempt to change the balance of power in their favor. It is believed that a return to the old Theban cults did not save the young pharaoh from the hatred of the priests or courtiers. Tutankhamun was brought up in Akhetaten, the capital of the heretical cult. The role of the restorer of the cult of Amun, which he unwittingly played, may not have suited him. In this case, he was simply not allowed to become another heretic pharaoh. However, all this is not confirmed by any reliable data.
Some of the most attractive to the public are the mysteries associated with the mummies of Akhenaten, as well as queens Tia (Akhenaton’s mother), Nefertiti, his second wife Kiya and Smenkhkare. In connection with the finds in Egypt, all sorts of rumors are constantly circulating, giving rise to sensational statements. And only a few of them have any basis in reality. If we add to this the unscrupulousness of some scientists who wishful thinking, then the mysteries associated with the name of Akhenaten and his immediate circle not only do not find solutions, but also become more and more confusing. I would like to hope that sooner or later science will still be able to shed light on at least some of them.
After Smenkhkare, the Egyptian throne is occupied by Tutankhamun, who received the throne thanks to his wife Ankhesenpaaton. It is assumed that Smenkhkare and Tutankhamun were the sons of Akhenaten by his secondary wife Tiye. Akhenaten did not receive any sons from Nefertiti. Neither did his daughter Meritaton bear him a son, who became his wife for some time and whom he would later marry to Smenkhkar. There are also versions that Smenkhkare and Tutankhamun were half-brothers of Akhenaten. Tutankhamun and Ansekhenpaaton got married almost in childhood. We learn about this thanks to the research of the outstanding archaeologist Howard Carter.
It was he who had the good fortune in 1922 to open the miraculously not plundered tomb belonging to Tutankhamun. Truly countless treasures were discovered in it. The mummy alone was decorated with 143 gold objects, and it itself was stored in three anthropoid sarcophagi inserted into each other, the last of which, weighing 110 kg and 1.85 m long, was made of pure gold. In addition, the tomb contained a royal throne decorated with relief images, figurines of the king and his wife, many ritual vessels, jewelry, weapons, clothing and, finally, a magnificent golden funeral mask of Tutankhamun, accurately depicting the facial features of the exquisitely beautiful young pharaoh. In total, Carter discovered more than 5,000 thousand priceless items. Some of these remarkable finds, magnificent works of art, can now be seen in the Bonn Exhibition Pavilion. There are also 70 objects on display from the tombs of other pharaohs of the 18th dynasty, buried in the famous Valley of the Kings.
The luxurious and rich tomb of Tutankhamun somewhat upset Egyptologists, since not a single papyrus was found in it, and there were no documents shedding light on the complex issue of succession to the throne and Tutankhamun’s relationship to the direct line of the royal family. It is not clear why in
In the “treasury”, where objects related to the ritual were collected, a golden figurine of Amenhotep III and a lock of Queen Tiye’s hair were kept in a special coffin. It is unknown to what extent under the youth Tutankhamun, ties with the powerful states of that era continued, and how strong the influence of Egypt was in them. Tutankhamun died before he had time to prove himself as a ruler; he was the second to last in the line of famous pharaohs of the 18th dynasty, and his reign was difficult and turbulent.
Tutankhamun did not have time to prepare his tomb during his lifetime. According to G. Carter, the paintings in the funeral chamber were made after the sarcophagus with the king’s mummy was installed in it. They depict the new pharaoh Ey with the full royal title, performing a magical ceremony associated with burial.
But in court circles there was turmoil. Tutankhamun's widow, Queen Ankhesenamun, whose sister married the Babylonian prince, after the death of her husband, made an unprecedented request to the Hittite king to send her son to Egypt, who would become her husband and king of Egypt. But this wish of the queen did not come true. The Hittite king at first did not believe the request, and when the Hittite prince finally went to Egypt, he was killed along the way by Egyptian mercenaries. Obviously, the elderly Eye married the young widow, otherwise he would not have been able to become king of Egypt. According to some information, Aye was the father of Queen Nefertiti, i.e. was the grandfather of Tutankhamun's widow. There is also a version that Aye was the husband of Nefertiti's nurse.
The new pharaoh Aye, who still lived at the court of Akhenaten, remained on the throne for a short time; apparently, he did not receive support. He was replaced by the energetic, outstanding commander Haremheb, who came from a noble, but not royal, family. So from the middle of the 14th century BC. The period of the reign of the 19th dynasty began, which continued the traditions of the pharaohs of the previous dynasty in expanding the borders of the Egyptian state and its spheres of influence.
Objects from the tomb of Tutankhamun, buried around 1342 BC, introduce us to the culture and remarkable art of Ancient Egypt in the first half of the 14th century BC. Egypt's political significance temporarily weakened, but art remained at its previous heights. Since the time of Akhenaten, a new style has developed in art, combining sophistication, sophistication and realism. But Carter was most struck by the touching wreath of already dried cornflowers, which, apparently, was placed at Tutankhamun’s head by his young widow.
Perhaps there was not a single major European newspaper or magazine that did not pay attention to the amazing discovery in the Valley of the Kings. But the reports that soon appeared in the world press about the sensational discovery of the century in the field of Egyptology were not always reliable. Many “experts” published all sorts of legends and their conclusions on this topic, to the point that “Tutankhamun was the same pharaoh under whom the exodus of the Jews from Egypt took place.” Descriptions were also given of the fabulous treasures discovered by Carter in the tomb. However, soon the enthusiastic articles gave way to alarming sensational reports, in which the mystical and mysterious phrase “curse of the pharaoh” appeared for the first time... It excited the minds and chilled the blood of superstitious ordinary people.
It all started with two inscriptions discovered by Carter during excavations. The first, found in the front room of the tomb, was an inconspicuous clay tablet with a brief hieroglyphic entry: “Death quickly overtakes the one who disturbs the peace of the pharaoh.” Carter hid this sign so as not to scare the workers. A second threatening text was found on an amulet removed from under the mummy's bandages. It read: “I am the one who, with the call of the desert, puts to flight the desecrators of graves. I am the one who stands guard over the tomb of Tutankhamun."
What followed were almost incredible events. After spending several days with Carter in Luxor, Lord Cornarvon, the archaeologist's companion and philanthropist (concessionaire) of the expedition, unexpectedly returned to Cairo. The rapid departure resembled panic: the lord was noticeably burdened by the proximity to the tomb. It seems that it was no coincidence that Carter wrote: “No one wanted to break the seals. As soon as the doors opened, we felt like uninvited guests.”
At first, Lord Cornarvon felt slightly unwell, then his temperature rose, the fever was accompanied by severe chills. A few minutes before his death, Cornarvon began to delirium. He kept calling the name of Tutankhamun. IN last moment life, the dying lord, turning to his wife, said: “Well, finally it’s all over. I heard a call, it attracts me.” This was his last sentence.
An avid traveler, athlete, and physically strong man, 57-year-old Lord Cornarvon died a few days after the opening of the tomb. The doctors' diagnosis sounded completely implausible: a mosquito bite. Today other versions are known, for example, the lord suffered from asthma, was treated for a long time in the dry climate of Egypt, and was negatively affected by the fumes from the tomb.
Lord Cornarvon became the pharaoh's first victim, but far from the last. A few months later, two more participants in the opening of the grave (Arthur Mace and George Jay-Gold) died one after another. Archaeologist Mace Carter asked to open the tomb. It was Mace who moved the last stone blocking the entrance to the main chamber. Soon after Lord Cornarvon's death, he began to complain of unusual fatigue. More and more often, severe signs of weakness and apathy occurred, then loss of consciousness, which never returned to him. Mace died at the Continental, in the very hotel where Lord Cornarvon spent his last days.
Upon receiving news of the death of his old friend Lord Cornarvon, American multimillionaire and passionate archeology enthusiast George Jay-Gold immediately went to Luxor. Taking Carter himself as a guide, he carefully explored the last refuge of Tutankhamun. ALL discovered finds were in his hands. Moreover, the unexpected guest managed to do this work in just one day. By nightfall, already at the hotel, he was overcome by a sudden chill. He lost consciousness and died by the evening of the next day.
Radiologist Archibald Douglas Reid was entrusted with cutting the bandages that bound the pharaoh's mummy. He also did fluoroscopy. The work he did received the highest marks from specialists. As soon as he set foot on his native soil, Douglas Reed could not suppress the attack of vomiting. Instant weakness, dizziness, death.
Thus, in a matter of years, 22 people died, some of them
“Fear has gripped England,” one newspaper wrote after Douglas Reed died. The panic began. Week after week passed, and the names of new victims appeared on the pages of the press. Death overtook archaeologists and doctors, historians and linguists famous in those years, such as Fokart, La Flor, Winlock, Estori, Callender. Everyone died alone, but death was the same for everyone - incomprehensible and quick.
In 1929, Lord Carnarvon’s widow died, and at the same time, Richard Batell, Howard Carter’s secretary, a young man with enviable health, died early in the morning. As soon as the news of Bathell's death reached London from Cairo, his father, Lord Westbury, jumped from the window of the seventh floor of the hotel.
Lord Carnarvon's brother and the nurse who cared for him died in Cairo. Death lurking in the house overtook everyone who dared to visit the sick in those days.
A few years later, of those people who in one way or another came into contact with the tomb, only Howard Carter remained alive. He died in 1939 at the age of 66. But even before his death, the archaeologist more than once complained of attacks of weakness, frequent headaches, hallucinations, having a full range of symptoms of the action of poison of plant origin. It is generally accepted that he escaped the curse of the pharaoh because he practically did not leave the Valley of the Kings from the first day of excavations. Day after day he received his dose of poison, until eventually his body developed a stable immunity.
35 years have passed since the death of Lord Carnarvon, when the hospital doctor in South Africa Geoffrey Dean discovered that the symptoms of the strange illness are very reminiscent of the “cave disease” known to doctors. It is spread by microscopic fungi. He suggested that those who first broke the seal inhaled them and infected others.
In parallel with Geoffrey Dean, research was carried out by Cairo University medical biologist Ehzeddin Taha. For many months he observed archaeologists and museum staff in Cairo. In the body of each of them, Taha discovered a fungus that provoked fever and severe inflammation of the respiratory tract. The fungi themselves were a whole collection of pathogenic agents living in mummies, pyramids and crypts. At one of the press conferences, Taha assured those present that all these afterlife mysteries are no longer scary, because they are completely curable with antibiotics.
Undoubtedly, the scientist’s research would have acquired more concrete outlines over time, if not for one circumstance. A few days after that memorable conference, Dr. Taha himself became a victim of the curse he exposed. On the way to Suez, the car he was in at that moment, for unknown reasons, turned sharply to the left and crashed into the side of a limousine rushing towards him. Death was instant.
It should be noted that the Egyptians were great masters in extracting poisonous toxins from the bodies of animals and plants. Many of these poisons, once in an environment close to the conditions of their habitual habitat, retain their deadly qualities indefinitely - time has no power over them.
There are poisons that act from just a light touch. It is enough to saturate a fabric with them or, for example, smear a wall, and once they dry out without a trace, they do not lose their qualities for thousands of years. In ancient times, it was not difficult to imprint on a tomb a sign that brought death.
This is what the Italian archaeologist Belzoni, a man who fully experienced the horror of the pharaoh’s curses, wrote at the end of the last century: “There is no place on earth more cursed than the Valley of the Kings. Too many of my colleagues were unable to work in the crypts. People lose consciousness every now and then, their lungs cannot withstand the stress, inhaling suffocating fumes.” The Egyptians, as a rule, sealed their tombs tightly. The poisonous smells infused and thickened over time, but did not evaporate. Having opened the door of the burial chamber, the robbers literally went to their graves. Truly, there is no better trap than a walled tomb.
But there was another terrible force that protected the mummy and everything that was with it in the burial chamber. Simplifying the philosophical teaching of the ancient Egyptians about one’s own “I”, we can say that it came down to three essences of man - Khat, or physical; Ba – spiritual; Ka – unification of Hat and Ba.
Ka is a living projection of a human being, embodies every individuality in the smallest detail. This is an energy body protected by a multicolored aura. One of its purposes is to unite the spiritual and physical principles. Ka is a powerful force. Leaving the dead body, Ka becomes blind, uncontrollable and dangerous. Hence the rituals of offering food to the dead, funeral prayers, and exhortations addressed to them. Among the Egyptians there were sorcerers who knew how to unleash the monstrous energy of Ka and quite purposefully use it as “ assassin" And if you also provide him with a set of poisonous odors, then the pharaoh who disturbed the peace has no chance of salvation. Ka, full of hatred, torment and despair, was concentrated in an underground crypt and it was impossible for a mere mortal to escape from his uncontrollable rage.
But modern science is still a long way from unraveling this magical version. But every now and then “sensational” reports appear in the press, which claim that Carter’s discovery of Tutankhamun’s tomb is nothing more than a falsification. And it is as if all the objects found in the burial were made by Egyptian craftsmen on instructions from the government. And Carter only made a “discovery” by loading Tutankhamun’s chambers with fakes. Only a small fraction of the “treasures of Tutankhamun” is kept in Cairo, and most of them were sold for fabulous money to the most famous museums in the world, bringing Egypt millions. And if we add to this the crowds of tourists attracted to the banks of the Nile by the desire to see the tomb of Tutankhamun, then Carter’s “scam” could well become an example of a super profitable investment of capital. Here is the answer to the question why the expedition members died, and Carter lived longer than others - the forger could be exposed, and he would remove them from the light. This is how you can slander an honest man and scientist!
In parallel with this completely incredible statement (it is difficult to imagine that the production of such a number of objects - over 5,000 copies - would go unnoticed by specialists), other versions are also put forward. Now from the side of nuclear scientists. Thus, Professor Louis Bulgarini suggested that the ancient Egyptians may have used radioactive materials to protect sacred burial sites. He stated: “It is quite possible that the Egyptians used atomic radiation to protect their holy sites. They could cover the floors of tombs with uranium or decorate the graves with radioactive stone.”
All such evidence, both imaginary and real, only adds mystery to the “greatest discovery of the twentieth century,” which allows us to draw only one irrefutable conclusion: the tomb of Tutankhamun left us and our descendants no less mysteries (including tragic ones) than the rulers , who reigned during the greatest world civilization.
Secret Egyptian pyramids
It is generally accepted that the construction of the Egyptian pyramids was carried out by tens of thousands of people who worked in quarries, moved giant stone blocks to the construction site, dragged them up the scaffolding, installed and fastened them. But is it?
Speaking at the Archaeometry Symposium, which brought together scientists from various disciplines, in Washington last May, polymer chemist Joseph Davidovich of Barry University painted a completely different picture, backing his arguments with scientific research. He was held chemical analysis samples of stone used to build three pyramids. Comparing them with rocks found in the nearby limestone quarries of Turakh and Mokhatama, from which, apparently, the material for these structures was taken, he discovered that the composition of the facing blocks of building stone contained substances that were not found in the quarries. But in this layer there are thirteen different substances, which, according to J. Davidovits, were “geopolymers” and played the role of a binding material. Therefore, the scientist believes that the ancient Egyptians built pyramids not from natural stone, but from artificially made materials by crushing limestone, making mortar from it and pouring it along with a special binder into wooden formwork. Within a few hours, the material hardened, forming blocks indistinguishable from natural stone. Such technology, naturally, took less time and did not require so many workers. This assumption is supported by microscopy of rock samples, showing that limestone from quarries is almost entirely formed by closely “packed” calcite crystals, which give it a uniform density. The facing stone found on site, as part of the pyramids, has a lower density and is replete with airy “bubble” voids. If this stone is of natural origin, then we can assume places where it could have been mined by the ancients. But such developments are unknown to Egyptologists.
The binding agent was obviously sodium carbonate, various phosphates (they could be obtained from bones or guano), quartz and silt from the Nile - all this was quite accessible to the Egyptians. In addition, the facing stone is covered with a millimeter-thick layer of substance, which consists almost entirely of these components.
Among other things, the new hypothesis allows us to answer a long-standing question: how were ancient builders able to fit stone blocks with such precision? The proposed construction technology, in which the sidewalls of previously “cast” blocks can serve as formwork for casting a new block between them, makes it possible to adjust them almost without creating space between them.
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About the Egyptian mysteries / Transl. from ancient Greek, introductory article by L. Yu. Lukomsky. Comments by R.V. Svetlov and L.Yu. Lukomsky. - M.: Publishing house of JSC "Kh. G.S.”, 1995.- 288
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