In Egyptology, it is traditionally believed that the deshret and hedzhet crowns symbolize Lower Egypt and Upper Egypt, respectively. It is also assumed that in the Predynastic era in the Nile Valley, the mentioned kingdoms existed separately from each other, but the first pharaohs united them into one, marking the beginning of the history of Ancient Egypt:
Map of the division of ancient Egypt into Upper and Lower.
They also connected the crowns, receiving one for both kingdoms:
Ptolemy VIII wearing the Pshent (united kingdom) crown.
It would seem that everything is simple and clear, but the known facts destroy this beautiful legend. Thus, the statues of Mentuhotep II, the founder of the Middle Kingdom, are well known, on which he is depicted in only one crown of the Lower Kingdom - deshret:
The question immediately arises: does this mean that Mentuhotep II ruled only Lower Egypt, and the country was again divided into two kingdoms? After all, it cannot be that the pharaoh forgot about his possessions without reflecting them on his crown? Usually the rulers did exactly the opposite - they attributed too much to themselves.
In the following image, the situation is reversed:
Relief from the mortuary temple of Mentuhotep II at Deir el-Bahri. Ritual execution of a captive by the pharaoh.
On the head of Mentuhotep II is now the crown of Upper Egypt - hedzhet - but he apparently "forgot" about the crown of Lower Egypt. The strange forgetfulness of Mentuhotep II is explained, most likely, by the fact that the symbolism of crowns deshret and hedzhet is different from that accepted in the academic environment.
I'll give you more characteristic examples from different eras of Ancient Egypt:
Pharaoh Ramses III in one crown of Lower Egypt deshret.
Pharaoh Sneferu.
It should be noted that most often the pharaohs in the hedge crown are found in the period ancient kingdom.
Sculptures of Pharaoh Khufu wearing two different crowns: deshret (left) and hedjet (right).
Pharaoh Pipi I.
Pharaoh Menkaura.
In the III dynasty there was even a pharaoh with the name Kahedzhet - "the image of the [crown] hedzhet":
Pharaoh Kahejet (left).
These are far from all examples when the pharaoh of a united kingdom wears the crown of one of them, "forgetting" about the other. Let's try to figure out what's going on here. Let's start with the simplest and most understandable red deshret crown:
Red crown deshret, decorated with a curl.
The first thing she recalls is an armchair or a throne. The people of Antiquity had poorly developed abstract thinking, therefore they did not invent anything, but depicted what is. If the object looks like a throne with a back, then this is the throne. The crown depicting the throne makes it possible to uniquely identify its owner, i.e. supreme ruler.
The throne of the ruler today remains an indispensable attribute of any leader of an African tribe:
Congo. Nyimi Kok Mabintsh III, King of Cuba.
A crown in the form of a throne is the simplest solution for identification: if you meet a person with a throne - under him or on his head - then this is undoubtedly a leader.
The red color of the crown is due to the fact that in Africa the soil often has a bright brick red hue:
Uganda.
Kenya.
The throne has the same color as the earth, which was owned by the tribe led by the leader. But what about the fact that in Egypt the soil is yellow sand, not red soil? The fact is that in prehistoric times, the Nile Valley was settled by people from its upper reaches, or rather from the shores of Lake Victoria - they went downstream, bringing with them symbols and tribal cults.
So red crown deshret is a symbol of the power of the ruler, extending to a certain territory regardless of its location: in the upper reaches of the river or in the lower. It follows that the white crown of the hedge does not symbolize Upper Egypt, but something else, especially since, as we already understand, both crowns come from the same place - the upper reaches of the Nile.
The white crown khedzhet is no less ancient than the deshret, and its origin is also lost in the depths of millennia:
White crown hedge.
Its shape can be confusing at first, as it does not resemble anything that surrounds a person in everyday life. But let's not, however, forget that the crown appeared in Africa, therefore it should reflect the life of Africans, not Europeans. This consideration almost immediately leads to the answer: the hedge crown is made from the fruit of a gourd of the Lagenaria genus:
The fruit of the gourd lagenaria.
Lagenaria is most common in tropical areas, including Africa. It is also called utensil or bottle, which is due to its remarkable properties: convenient utensils are still made from lagenaria, various vessels- the so-called calabash, - souvenirs and even musical instruments.
Modern souvenir calabash from lagenaria.
It is not difficult to make a hedge crown from a lagenaria pumpkin, especially for residents tropical Africa, which have been using them for economic needs for thousands of years. Thus, as in the case of the red crown deshret, the ancient ancestors of the Egyptians did not invent anything, but used a subject that was well known to them.
But for what purpose did the African rulers begin to wear "bottles" on their heads? To answer this question, one should point out an important circumstance: the hedge crown is the obligatory headdress of the god Osiris.
Scene from the burial chamber of Amenhotep II.
On the above fresco, Osiris gives life to the late pharaoh, and the plot is read literally. Osiris is the god of rebirth, giving eternal life to the dead and prolonging it to the living. The connection between Osiris and the hedge crown is that Osiris is a mummy, which is a cocoon with the body of a dead person inside. This is the meaning of the ancient Egyptian "revival", peeped in nature, when an imago is born from a cocoon with a walled up "dead chrysalis":
It was the observations of the fauna that inspired the ancient Egyptians and their ancestors to engage in mummification of the dead, making original cocoons for them.
In fact, the crown of Osiris khedzhet serves as a continuation of his "cocoon" - this is its upper part - so the symbolism of the khedzhet reads as follows: this is what life comes from. However, the shape and color of the crown allows us to see another connotation in it: the hedge resembles an egg, the attitude of the Egyptians towards which is reflected in mythology. So, according to the Germanic cosmogony, the quote: "The Gods of the Great Eight swam in the Primordial Ocean. They created an Egg from the earth and water and laid it on the Primordial Hill -" the Fire Island ". And there, on the island, the sun god Khepri - "young Pa" hatched from the Egg(I.V. Rak, "Egyptian Mythology").
In fact, from a phenomenological point of view, there is no difference between an egg and a cocoon - the difference is only in properties: the cocoon is woven from threads, and the egg has a solid, strong shell. Therefore, it is no coincidence that in the "Book of the Dead" the deceased was called a "cosmic egg", the mummy's coffin was also called an egg, "in which they are waiting for the entrance to the other world"(Manfred Lurker, "Egyptian Symbolism").
From the above it follows that the archaic symbolism of the hedge crown indicated the one who gave life. He, of course, was the leader of the tribe - he was considered the father of all his fellow tribesmen. Not in a biological sense, but rather in a religious sense, since it is unlikely that people of ancient times understood the connection between intercourse and the birth of a child.
In the historical era of Ancient Egypt, the symbolism of the crown of the hedge also acquired an eschatological connotation: the pharaoh gave his subjects not only worldly life, but also eternal posthumous life in the kingdom of the gods, thus demonstrating a soteric hypostasis.
The hedge crown had a more luxurious version - with two ostrich feathers - and was called atef:
God Osiris wearing the crown of atef.
Her symbolic meaning was similar to the hedge crown.
conclusions
1. The red ancient Egyptian deshret crown indicates the ruler of the territories that he possesses. In the general case, this is the ruler of the entire ancient Egyptian kingdom.
2. The white crown hedge is a symbol of the master of life. He gives it to his subjects and takes it away from his enemies (see above the relief from the temple of Mentuhotep II).
3. The double crown pshent combines both the crowns themselves and their symbolism.
The art and fashion of Ancient Egypt has always touched me personally, by the way they incredibly gracefully and subtly transferred their traditions from the depths of millennia, from century to century, from era to era, from the Stone Age to the Age of Iron, carefully weaving primitive beliefs and customs into new ones. realities of life.
One of such interesting phenomena that walked through the entire history of Ancient Egypt are the headdresses and crowns of queens and princesses. However, royal insignia are the most conservative part of what I called art and fashion above, and it is all the more interesting to trace their history.
The well-known double red-and-white crown Pshent - "Two strong", which symbolized power over the united Egypt and was a symbol of the power of the Kings-Gods, the Egyptian queens, judging by the images, did not wear. There were, of course, exceptions, like Queen Hatshepsut, but she ascended the throne of the country as a male pharaoh.
I want to trace the history of the royal headdresses worn by women who take the place of the queen, that is, the mother of the king or his wife (and not many daughters).
And the most main question, which puzzled me when I analyzed this topic, but were they?
One of the most characteristic early headdresses that crowned the heads of royal women and goddesses was Neret - a cap in the form of a female vulture. And it was this headdress that formed the basis of the royal crown in later times, a modification worn by Cleopatra, the very last queen of Egypt, who was the beloved of Caesar and Mark Antony.
The cap itself fit snugly to the head, and the neck and head of the Vulture protruded above the forehead of the queen, in its claws the bird clutched the sign of eternity Shen.
Why was the neck placed on the beautiful heads of Egyptian queens? Or more precisely, its species White-headed Vulture - Gyps fulvus.
Those who are at least a little familiar with Egyptian mythology know that there was such a goddess Nekhbet, who patronized Upper Egypt and was revered in the city of Nekheb. And she was depicted in the form of a female Vulture, and later in the form of a woman, on whose head was a cap-Neret.
Decoration Gold, carnelian, turquoise, glass National Museum The goddess Nekhbet in the form of a vulture, in the crown of Atef, shields with her wings the pharaoh, wrapped in the robe of the death god Osiris
Together with another goddess - Wajit, who patronized Lower Egypt, and was depicted as a cobra, Nekhbet made up a two-pronged image, which was called "Both mistresses." It was an important symbol of royal power. For example, one of the parts of the title of the pharaoh was his "name according to Nebti", which identified him with "Both mistresses."
(This is how it was depicted in hieroglyphs.) Thus, it was emphasized that the pharaoh identifies with himself all the power and fullness of power in united Egypt.
(Approximately 3100 BC, the unification of Upper and Lower Egypt took place, the paired image of Wajit and Nekhbet symbolized power over both parts of the country).
Image of Nekhbet in the form of a kite with a white crown of Upper Egypt and Wajit in the red crown of Lower Egypt
An image of the goddess Wajit in her snake form, attached to the forehead of a headdresspharaoh, called Uraeus. And often next to Wajit was Nekhbet.
Wadjit, in the form of a uraeus, together with Nekhbet
on the forehead of Tutankhamun's mask. The pharaoh's striped scarf was called Nemes.
Pharaoh Ptolemy I
X
crowned millet between the goddesses Wajit and
Nekhbet. Temple of Horus at Edfu. On both the goddess Neret with the head of a Vulture
Wadjit in the red crown of the deshret of Lower Egypt and Nekhbet in the crown of Upper Egypt hedzhet, with staffs entwined with snakes in their respective crowns. In the center is Isis with the infant Horus among the reeds. Temple in Dendera
By the reign of Pharaoh Nyuserre (Vdynasty) refers to one of the early images of the modification of Neret, which has in the frontal part not a head of a vulture, but an uraeus, which is explained by the fact that in a particular case, not Nekhbet, but the snake goddess Wajit is depicted in an anthropomorphic form.
Reliefs from the pyramidal complex of King Pepi II (VI Dynasty) also show the goddesses Wajit and Nekhbet in anthropomorphic form and in the Neret headdress, worn over a classic three-part wig. The main visual difference of both goddesses from each other (except for the names inscribed above them) is the only element of their headdress: Nekhbet has a vulture head on her forehead, and Wajit has an uraeus snake.
Images of Neret's cap on the heads of the goddesses, which they wear over a three-part wig, appear quite early, already at the time
IV dynasty. This
2639-2506 BC e. (By the way, the same dynasty to which the famous pharaohs the pyramid builders Khufu, Khafre and Menkaur belonged). And the privilege of wearing it belonged mainly to goddesses. The royal women of the era of the Old Kingdom in the images differ from other aristocrats only in their titles. Already at this time, Neret is not only an attribute of the goddess Nekhbet. It is tried on by Wadjet, Meret and other goddesses.
Nekhbet feeding Pharaoh Sakhur from the 5th Dynasty. Cairo, Egyptian Museum. From the mortuary temple of Sahure at Abydos. One of the earliest images of the goddess in the Neret cap.
According to Horapollon (4th century BC), “the genus of vultures… is only female. Therefore, the Egyptians place the vulture as a crown on all female images, and, consequently, the Egyptians use this sign for all goddesses.
».
One of the aspects that the vulture goddess Nekhbet expressed was motherhood. Vultures are very caring parents. In the hieroglyphic writing of Egypt, the identifying sign "Neret" - "Vulture", was also an ideogram for the word "Mut" - "Mother". And they also wrote the name Mut - the great mother goddess, the wife of the supreme creator god in Theban cosmogony - Amon, the patroness of motherhood (accordingly, the name Mut is translated as "Mother").
Mut was not depicted as a vulture, her main appearance was human, and sometimes with a lion's head.
But on her head, she, not infrequently, wore a headdress in the form of a female vulture - Neret, on top of which the Pshent crown was placed.
Mut feeding King Seti I. Relief from the mortuary temple of Seti I at Abydos. 13th c. BC. photo - Viktor Solkin.
Besides the fact that Nekhbet was a mother goddess, she also frightened the enemies of the pharaoh. The word "Neret" - "Vulture", is considered to be derived from the verb "Neri" - "to intimidate". The head of the vulture (or simply the vulture) was used as a determiner for the noun "Nehru" - "intimidation", "horror".
Neret not only frightened the enemies of the pharaoh, but also protected him.
In the Pyramid Texts, Nekhbet calls for the protection of the pharaoh: “May this king N live thanks to his father Atum! May you protect him, Nekhbet! For you have already protected him, Nekhbet, king N, who is in the House of the Noble, who is in June ».
The fact that Nekhbet was depicted as a vulture or a woman with a Neret headdress, over which the white crown of Upper Egypt - Khenzhent was put on, can serve in favor of the fact that this goddess was a kind of female parallel to the falcon-god Horus, whose earthly incarnation was considered to be the pharaoh himself . In her sacred city of Nekhen, Horus of Nekhen was considered Nekhen's husband. According to legend, she was the embodiment of his invisible eye. And by analogy with how Horus clasped the head of the pharaoh, Nekhbet was placed on the head of the queen
Statue of Pharaoh Khafre c. 2500 with Horus
Based on the foregoing, the main functions of Nekhbet were to protect his son-pharaoh, to nurture him, and also to be a formidable intimidator of his enemies.
The most ancient evidence that the headdress of Neret was also worn by queenscan be found on a fragment of a sculptural portrait of the mother (possibly) of King Khafre and a relief depicting the royal wife Khamerernebti II (IVdynasty). However, on the reliefs in the tomb of Meresankh III, the wife of Khafre, this headdress is not found in her iconography. Neret is not found in other images of royal women of this era.
Even more case in point known from the reliefs of the burial complex of the "king's mother" Khentkaus II in Abusir (V dynasty). At the end of the inscription with the title and the name of Khentkaus there is a identifying sign in the form of a figure of a queen sitting on a cube-shaped throne of gods and kings.
On one relief, the queen is shown in a long wig and Neret's cap,
On the other - in a simple wig, but with a urea on his forehead.
The uraeus on the headdress of Khentkaus II is the first reliably established evidence of the use of this important attribute in the iconography of royal women.According to S. Roth, the unique images of Khentkaus II are the only evidence of the era of the Old Kingdom of such a complete assimilation of a woman of the royal family to her divine prototypes (that is, the patron goddesses Nekhbet and Wajit).
Starting from the 5th Dynasty, the headdress in the form of a vulture can be considered as a characteristic accessory of the mother of the reigning king, or the mother of the heir to the throne. This observation is best illustrated by a miniature alabaster figurine of the queen-mother Ankhesenmerir (Ankhesenpepi) II in the Neret cap, holding the child king Pepi II on her knees.OK. 2288-2224 or 2194 BC 6th dynasty
Queen Ankhnesmerira II and her son Pharaoh Piopi II
She wears a striped wig and a headdress in the form of a royal vulture with outstretched wings; the bird's head, now lost, was made separately from metal (possibly gold) or stone and inserted into a hole in the front of the statue.In the reign of Pepi II, the wearing of a headdress in the form of a vulture, which was probably at first the exclusive privilege of the queen mother, extended to the royal wives in general.
Clear evidence that the headdress in the form of a vulture became an attribute of both the ruling and the future royal mother no later than the era of the Old Kingdom is provided by the stele of King Sebekhotep III (XIII dynasty). On the stele, the mother of King Iwahetibu and his wife Senebhenas are shown in headdresses in the form of a vulture, while the princesses depicted in the lower case wear uraeus.
From the beginning of the era of the New Kingdom (XVI-XI centuries BC), the headdress in the form of a female vulture becomes the main type of headdress for the mothers and spouses of the king.
Well, already from the middle of the XVIII dynasty (XIV century BC), coming from the Old Kingdom, the combination of a three-part wig and Neret's cap became noticeably more complicated. From now on three-piece wig of blue color, covers the chased Neret, the head of the neck on the cap either replaces the uraeus, or is framed by two uraeus, and the cap itself is complemented by a crown with a solar disk and two stylized feathers of a falcon or ostrich - the so-called crown of Shuti. They were most likely made of metal (copper or gold).
In ancient Egypt, pharaohs ruled for several millennia. They were considered the embodiment of the supreme god on earth. The Egyptians were convinced that the pharaoh was born from a supreme deity, who was embodied in the ruling monarch and queen mother. The pharaoh regulated the life of Egyptian society and participated in religious rites. With his death, the whole way of life of society collapsed, the order and peace of citizens were violated, because without him there is no Egypt.
What was the life of the pharaohs? What were the attributes of power? What did the double crown of the Egyptian pharaohs symbolize? The answers to these questions are contained in the article.
Two parts of Egypt
What did the double crown of the Egyptian pharaohs symbolize? Unity. The first dynasties of rulers date back to the era of the Early Kingdom. History tells that this period is characterized by the dual unity of Egypt, which consisted of the Upper and Lower kingdoms. This unity was fragile. When a new ruler ascended the throne, the lands of Egypt united, but such an association was of a violent nature. The struggle of the territorial units runs like a red thread through the entire period of history, but the king was the head of state. For centuries, dynasties succeeded each other, the state changed, but the power of the pharaoh remained inviolable.
Pharaoh is God
Pharaohs we call the rulers of ancient Egypt. The emergence of the word is associated with the era of the New Kingdom and did not serve official name. It was just that this word was shorter and made it possible to avoid mentioning the long royal name and all his titles. This term was borrowed by the Greeks from the Bible. Translating it from Egyptian, we get the "great house". Most likely, the name comes from the palace where the Egyptian king lived.
The inner circle of the pharaoh could not call the ruler by name. He was called "He", "Horus", "His Majesty", God". Often the ruler was called "both mistresses", because in his face the goddesses of both halves of the kingdom were united. The usual designation of the pharaoh, uniting both parts of Egypt, was the expression "belonging to Reed and Bee". The reed meant Upper Egypt, the bee - Lower.
All royal power deified, there was a cult of the pharaoh. If he was considered the incarnation of God in the form of a man, then, therefore, he had a dual nature. The pharaoh was born as a result of the marriage of a god in the guise of a ruling pharaoh and the mother of a future ruler. Initially, Ra was considered the god-father, later - Amon-Ra. The pharaoh was the incarnation on earth during his lifetime, and after death - the incarnation of Osiris.
double crown
What is her story? What did the double crown of the Egyptian pharaohs symbolize? How did she look?
One of the main attributes of power was a headdress called "pshent", which had the meaning of a crown. It consisted of two crowns, which were of different colors. The red one belonged to Lower Egypt, the white one to Upper Egypt. Their merger meant the acquisition of power over both lands. These crowns were worn together.
What else did the double crown of the Egyptian pharaohs symbolize? Who did she belong to?
Both parts of the Egyptian land had their patronesses - goddesses. The Lower Egyptian goddess Wadjet was revered in the form of a cobra, the Upper Egyptian, Nekhbet, was depicted as a vulture. Their images were pinned to the front of the crown. Thus, the double crown of the Egyptian pharaohs symbolized power over the united lands of Egypt.
Handkerchief
A scarf was adapted for everyday wear. It was worn everywhere. At the pharaoh, it consisted of a large piece of striped fabric, a ribbon and a diadem with a snake. Such a scarf was called "klaft". How did he dress? It was superimposed on the forehead in a horizontal position, then a ribbon was tied, from above it was fixed with a diadem. Behind the matter was collected and fixed with the ends of the tape. Sometimes a crown was worn on the claft.
Other attributes
The staff is the oldest attribute of power, it was a memory of the times of cattle breeding, because then it played a significant role in people's lives. For several millennia, the staff remained among the symbols of the power of the pharaohs, but in the frescoes the pharaoh was often depicted without it.
Another symbol of power was the hake. It was a short rod, the upper end of which was rounded. This symbol was not individual; both gods and officials of the highest circle used such a rod. There was also another wand, only in the form of a long cane with a forked end at the bottom. From above it was decorated with the head of a jackal. These attributes were depicted with a whip. As an attribute of royal dignity, the kings wore a false beard made of gold.
Pharaoh activities
There were 30 ruling dynasties in Egypt. Despite their divine origin, the pharaohs led a difficult and even exhausting life. They took in the life of the country the most Active participation. Not a single economic report could do without a thorough study, the pharaohs had to delve into all spheres of the life of the state and make decisions regarding war and peace.
The pharaoh for the Egyptians is the guarantor of stability, justice and order. Anyone could turn to the Lord for mercy. Therefore, his death was a tragedy, and his accession to the throne was a celebration.
What was the double crown on a pharaoh called? and got the best answer
Answer from Alrami[guru]
Atev - a double crown, decorated with symbols of Egypt - a kite and a snake (uraeus). As a sign of the power of the pharaoh, it existed already in the 30th century BC. e.
Answer from 2 answers[guru]
Hello! Here is a selection of topics with answers to your question: What was the name of the double crown on the pharaoh?
Answer from Rain drop[guru]
millet
Answer from Withstand[guru]
millet
Ancient Egypt costume
Hats
Since most Egyptians wore wigs, their headdresses were quite simple. Slaves and peasants, working in the fields, covered their heads with scarves or small linen caps. Noble people wore such hats, embroidered with beads, under their wigs.
The following types of crowns were known: 1) the white crown of Upper Egypt (khedzhet), resembling a pin or a bottle in shape; 2) the red crown of Lower Egypt (deshret), which was a truncated inverted cone with a flat bottom and a high raised back; 3) double crown (pshent), which combined the first two and symbolized the unity of the country; 4) blue with red ribbons "combat crown"; 5) "Amon's crown" of two feathers with a golden disk between them; 6) atef crown; 7) "reed crown" (hemhemet) - a complex structure of golden feathers, ram's horns, snakes and solar disks; and etc.
Judging by the surviving sculptures and reliefs, there were up to 20 varieties of crowns (unfortunately, not a single authentic ancient Egyptian crown has survived to our time). An obligatory accessory of any royal headdress was the uraeus - a golden image of a cobra, which was a symbol of the goddess Wadjet, the patroness of Lower Egypt. It was placed over the forehead and sometimes supplemented with the golden head of a kite - the sign of Nekhebt, the goddess of Upper Egypt.
The priests in the temples during the rituals put on painted plaster masks depicting the gods. So, the priests of the god Thoth wore masks in the form of the head of the sacred ibis bird, the priests of Anubis - in the form of the head of a jackal, etc.
Crown (from Latin corona - wreath, wreath) - a headdress that is a symbol of monarchical power. Crowns were made from various precious metals (usually gold) and decorated with precious and semi precious stones.
Portrait of Charlemagne by Albrecht Dürer
in ancient Egypt, the double crown of the pharaoh, decorated with the symbols of Upper and Lower Egypt - a kite and a snake-uraeus.
And after in 3200 BC. Lower and Upper Egypt united, the pharaohs had a white-red double crown. Another headdress of the pharaoh was called “klaf-ushebti”, its components were ribbons, a large piece of striped fabric and a hoop with a uraeus (snake).
Pharaoh in the white crown of the South
Crowns can have a different shape: caps, crowns, hoops crowned with leaves, teeth or plates.
Friedrich III King of Austria.
The crown is placed on the helmet or, as in state emblems, directly above the shield (for example, the princely crown in the coat of arms of Liechtenstein). The crown in the coat of arms is the most common class of heraldic signs of dignity, indicating the feudal status of the owner of the coat of arms. There are many varieties of crowns, any of them can be found in coats of arms, placed on a helmet, above a shield or above a mantle.
Jean_Paul_Laurens_Le_Pape_Formose_et_Etienne_VII_1870
Richard_II_of_England
Depending on the title of their owner, the crowns are divided into:
imperial,
royal,
PRINCE CROWN
(German: Fürstenkrone), an open crown depicted on German coins. feudal principalities (see Prince) and consisted of a gold, jeweled hoop with 5 visible teeth (3 sheets, 2 balls) and 3 visible pearl-adorned bows, connected at the top by a power and covering a purple cap.
ducal,
county, etc.
1) Monomakhovskaya,
2) the Kingdom of Kazan,
3) Mikhail Fedorovich,
4) Peter I Alekseevich,
5) Ivan V Alekseevich,
6) Elizabeth Petrovna,
7) Catherine I,
8) Anna Ivanovna,
9) Large imperial crown,
10) Crown of the Empress.
There is also a papal crown - tiara.
Tiara
The appearance is attributed to states ancient world(Ancient Egypt, Ancient Rome, Sumer). They were very common in the states of Europe during the period of developed feudalism (since the 11th century). In Rus', the cap of Monomakh was used as the crown of the Grand Duke, later the tsar, under the emperors - the Great Imperial Crown.
Cap of Monomakh. Drawing from the early 1830s, F. G. Solntsev
Drawing of the Great Imperial Crown
Coronation, crowning is a formal procedure, symbolizing the acceptance by the monarch of power and its attributes (throne, crown, scepter, etc.). Does not coincide with the moment of the beginning of the reign (death or abdication of the predecessor, election). In the European Christian culture coronation - a religious ceremony, accompanied by the rite of anointing to the kingdom (Old Testament origin).
Jean Fouquet. "Coronation of Charles VI the Mad in Reims Cathedral (November 4, 1380)"
In the Middle Ages, the monarchs of some countries were crowned almost immediately, within days, or rarely weeks, after the beginning of the reign. The reason for this was that the uncrowned monarch was considered illegal in many medieval countries, without grace; the true king of France was to be crowned in Reims Cathedral and anointed from a special vessel (ampoule).
Louis IX - King of France
Theodosius the Great
In Byzantium, the coronation of co-emperors was timed to coincide with Easter. In modern times, after the death of a predecessor, many months or a year of mourning began to be declared, which prevented an immediate coronation. For reasons of auspicious omens, the coronation was henceforth timed to coincide with spring or summer.
Franz II - the last Emperor Holy Roman Empire
In Christian countries, starting from the 5th century (Byzantium, and then the Western kingdoms), the highest church hierarch usually performed the crowning on the head of the monarch, but many monarchs (almost all Russian, Napoleon I, some British) only took the crown from the hierarch and placed it on themselves.
Napoleon in full imperial garb
Regalia of Russian emperors
The crown is placed on the helmet or, as in state emblems, directly above the shield (for example, the princely crown in the coat of arms of Liechtenstein). The crown in the coat of arms is the most common class of heraldic signs of dignity, indicating the feudal status of the owner of the coat of arms. There are many varieties of crowns, any of them can be found in coats of arms, placed on a helmet, above a shield or above a mantle.
Karl Reichel-portrait of Empress Alexandra Feodorovna
The custom of decorating a helmet with a crown appeared among the knights in the 15th century. Crowned helmets were worn during tournaments, especially in Germany, where a crowned helmet was considered a sign of nobility. Often the crown is not a sign of royal or princely dignity, but performs a purely decorative function. This heraldic crown, or diadem, is placed on the helmet as a crest, supporting the crest itself in place of the windmill, or together with it, located on top.
Portrait of Ludwig I, King of Bavaria
In Russian heraldry of the XVIII - early XX centuries. the coats of arms of all the sovereigns who reigned after Catherine II contained the image of her Big Diamond Crown, with which each of them was crowned the kingdom. The princely title corresponded to the so-called. a princely hat with a red or crimson (purple) top protruding above the ermine edge.
Portrait of Empress Catherine II
The count's crown of dignity with nine pearls did not differ in any way from its German prototype, and the baron's crown repeated a similar sign of dignity adopted in French heraldry - a tall gold hoop expanding upwards, once entwined with a pearl thread. The noble crown, like the German variation corresponding to it in rank, had three leaf-shaped prongs with two pearls between them. Images of crowns different types according to titles of nobility.
Portrait of Emperor Nicholas II
In order to streamline the herbalism in Russian Empire, in 1857, Baron Köhne drew up rules for decorating the coats of arms of provinces, regions, townships, cities and towns. They were approved by the Highest on May 7, July 4 and 16 of the same year.
Portrait of Empress Maria Feodorovna.
The rules include: the classification of heraldic crowns above the shields, decorations (wreaths) around the shields, entwined with appropriate ribbons, and the method of indicating provincial affiliation - in the free part of the shield.
Portraits of Emperor Nikolai Alexandrovich
The imperial crown (model 1857) was established for the capitals of the empire (St. Petersburg and Moscow) and provinces. Ancient royal (sample of 1857) - for cities that had the status of city administration, regions and counties. Ancient royal, crowned with a double-headed eagle - for cities that had the status of city administration and fortresses.
Portraits of Empress Eugenie
Cap of Monomakh - for the ancient Russian cities that were the capitals of the Grand Dukes (Kyiv, Vladimir, Novgorod, Tver, Yaroslavl, Ryazan, Smolensk, etc.); for Kazan and Astrakhan - the corresponding "nominal" hats (crowns).
MARIA FYODOROVNA
Russian Empress, wife Alexander III(since October 28, 1866), mother of Emperor Nicholas II.
Maria - Queen of Romania
After the assassination of her husband Alexander in 1934, Maria became regent for her minor son, King Peter II of Yugoslavia.
Maria - Queen of Romania
In 1945, after the proclamation of Yugoslavia as a Socialist Republic and the expulsion of the king, the royal family went to London. Maria died there on June 22, 1961.
Eleanor
Alienora (Alienor, Allenora) Aquitaine
At the age of 15, after the death of her father and brother, Eleanor became the owner of the Duchy of Aquitaine, which occupied vast territories in southwestern France.
Eleanor of Aquitaine
After the dissolution of her marriage with Louis, on May 18, 1152, Eleanor married Count Henry of Anjou, who on October 25, 1154 became King of England - Henry II Plantagenet. The vast Aquitanian lands - her dowry - four times the size of the possessions of the Capetians, became English. According to a number of scientists, it is in the history of the marriage of Eleanor of Aquitaine that one should look for the origins of the war, which received in the 19th century. the name of the Centenary. From the first marriage, Eleanor of Aquitaine had two daughters, from the second - five sons, among them - the king-knight Richard the Lionheart.
MARIA THERESIA
Maria Theresia (German: Maria Theresia, May 13, 1717 - November 29, 1780) - Archduchess of Austria, King of Hungary (that's right, because Hungary, in principle, cannot be ruled by a woman) from June 25, 1741, Queen of Bohemia from October 20, 1740 (had these titles personally, by inheritance) and the Empress of the Holy Roman Empire (as the wife and then the widow of Franz I Stephen of Lorraine, elected emperor in 1745). Founder of the Lorraine branch of the Habsburg dynasty.
Coronation portrait of Elizabeth I
Elizabeth I (September 7, 1533 - March 24, 1603), Queen Bess - Queen of England and Queen of Ireland from November 17, 1558, the last of the Tudor dynasty. She succeeded to the throne after the death of her sister, Queen Mary I.
The reign of Elizabeth is sometimes called the "golden age of England", both in connection with the flourishing of culture (the so-called "Elizabethians": Shakespeare, Marlowe, Bacon, etc.), and with the increased importance of England on the world stage (the defeat of Invincible Armada, Drake, Reilly, East India Company).
Anna Yaroslavna 6th Queen Consort of France
eldest of three daughters Kyiv prince Yaroslav the Wise from his marriage to Ingegerda of Sweden, wife of the French King Henry I and Queen of France.
Emperor of China. Guangxu
Pu Yi,
Edward III, who ruled England in the 14th century
Portrait of the Spanish king
Portrait of a King (Magician)
King of England Richard I Plantagenet
Jan Matejko captures Mieszko
Bonaparte Joseph
Now, as a rule, monarchs wear crowns only on especially solemn occasions.
