Karl Andreevich Schilder was a military man who knew firsthand about the hardships and hardships of military service, participated in all the wars that Russia waged in those days, and was a truly heroic person. A deep knowledge of military affairs made him want to improve the techniques of defense and attack, which helped to maintain human lives. Schilder developed special system counter-mine warfare, an unusual design of a hanging rope bridge and crossing facilities (“skinskin bridge”), designed the world's first all-metal submarine, etc.
Karl Andreevich was born into the family of a wealthy Riga merchant on December 27, 1785. He received his primary education in the family. Mom brought up in him religious beliefs and a love of the fine arts. After graduating from the Moscow Noble University boarding school, Schilder was appointed non-commissioned officer in the Moscow garrison battalion (1802), and a year later became a column leader. In Petersburg, he studied fortification. In 1805, Schilder was appointed to the headquarters of General L. L. Bennigsen, then to the army of M. I. Kutuzov, under whose leadership he participated in the battles of Austerlitz and was awarded the order St. Anne 4th degree for bravery and courage. Subsequently, Schilder held the defense of the fortress in Bobruisk.
After a short resignation, Karl Andreevich returned to service at the invitation of Grand Duke Nikolai Pavlovich and became commander of the 2nd Pioneer Battalion, and was later promoted to colonel (1821). Faced with difficulties, Karl Andreevich thought about improving the methods of crossing the army across the rivers. It was at this time that he made his first invention. It was a cable bridge of a completely new design. As a result, in 1826, Schilder was awarded a transfer to the Life Guards Sapper Battalion, and then became its commander and went on a Turkish campaign in 1828.
During the hostilities, he proved himself to be an experienced commander and a talented inventor. In September 1828, Russian troops besieged Varna and could not win in any way. Fearing the onset of cold weather and the storms that followed them on the Black Sea, Count A. R. Vorontsov decided to storm Varna, which, however, promised to be very difficult and bloody.
Having taken command of his battalion after an illness, Karl Andreevich studied the current military situation and developed a plan for the capture of Varna in a short time, avoiding bloodshed.
Schilder's mine plan was approved by the sovereign. The talented inventor, with his usual courage, carried out his plan, and after several successive explosions of the bastions, the fortress surrendered. Thanks to Schilder's tactics and his engineering improvements, the Russian troops managed to avoid a bloody assault. Using the technology of blasting, Karl Andreevich completed the assigned military task and saved hundreds of human lives.
For the capture of Varna, Emperor Nikolai Pavlovich awarded Schilder the Order of St. George of the 4th degree and the rank of major general.
Schilder accomplished another feat by preparing a crossing across the Danube River for the siege of Silistria. For the bridge, non-self-propelled cargo ships were prepared - ponies, which had to be rafted down the Danube and delivered to Kalrat. Having armed the ponies, Schilder set off down the Danube. During the crossing, Karl Andreevich encountered great difficulties. In the early days raged violent storm, then the Russians were attacked several times by the Turks, but Schilder safely reached the designated point and, during the siege of the fortress, applied the tactics of mine work, tested in Varna. After successive undermining and explosions, the fortress surrendered. Schilder was awarded the Order of St. George 3rd degree.
Subsequently, Karl Andreevich took part in several more battles. In one of them, Schilder was seriously wounded in the leg. After treatment, he returned to the army with an unhealed wound and continued to fight the enemies with great dedication, being everywhere ahead with the guards sappers. Having felt all the subtleties of military affairs, Schilder continued to think about improving the technologies of warfare, improving the means of defense and offensive.
From 1831 to 1854, Karl Andreevich worked actively on inventions in the field of engineering attack and defense and tested them in the position of adjutant general and chief of engineers of the army in the field from 1831 to 1854.
In 1832, he first used a galvanic current to explode gunpowder embedded in the ground. Subsequently, Schilder developed a new counter-mine system. It was based on the principle of laying a pipe in wells drilled in the ground. For wells, Karl Andreevich invented a special drill. In 1833, Schilder was awarded the title of Adjutant General for his successful inventions.
Also, the inventor did not leave the idea of \u200b\u200bconquering the depths of the sea - building a submarine. Until now, scientists find it difficult to establish who was the first inventor of the submarine. It is known that many scientists, philosophers and even artists were interested in creating various devices for scuba diving. The first Russian inventor of a submarine is considered to be Efim Nikonov, who designed his experimental model in 1721 and presented it to Peter I. However, it was not possible to test the submarine in action, since its hull was damaged during launching, a leak formed, and the model was abandoned . And it was Karl Andreevich Schilder who designed the world's first metal submarine in 1834.
The boat had observation towers and an optical tube. The inventor made the boat armored in order to protect it from shells, to hide the mechanism that set the boat in motion from shots. To reduce the area of a possible sight, Schilder reduced the size of the surface part. The submarine was armed with harpoon mines with an electric fuse. The boat passed successful tests, but developed a low speed. The drawings and the submarine itself were kept in the strictest confidence and did not reach contemporaries. The boat disappeared without a trace. Her drawings were found in an abandoned archive by Schilder's son, who talked with N.P. Patrick, who was sailing on her, and found out that the boat's engine was rowing like crow's feet. Schilder planned to use the screw, but did not implement his plan.
Schilder's ideas were developed in further inventions by Russian scientists. After 30 years, I.F. Aleksandrovsky built a submarine and developed an engine for it (1866). In 1884, S.K. Dzhevetsky built the world's first submarine with an electric motor. Over time, the shape, size, engines and equipment of submarines improved. The development of the submarine fleet was of great importance for the defense of the country from the enemy. Submarines were considered the most formidable naval weapons, they sank ships without being noticed.
Schilder also proposed equipping submarines with pole mines, which were an explosive charge located at the end of a long pole and were used for an active attack. A submarine (or mine boat), usually in the dark, delivered these mine weapons to the side of enemy ships. With the help of a contact or electric fuse, the mine was activated. Subsequently, Admiral G. I. Butakov was engaged in testing pole mines. The pole mine was also called a “mine ram”, which consisted of a powder charge (weighing approximately 20 kg) attached to the end of a spy log (5 to 18 m long), which is a continuation of the stem of an armored boat. as an explosive in different time gunpowder, dynamite and pyroxylin were used.
By the 70s of the 19th century, there were more than 10 varieties of pole mines in the Russian fleet, from the lightest to very heavy (V. F. Petrushevsky's ship mine weighed 182 kg without a pole and had a charge of 57.5 kg of gunpowder). This mine weapon was actively used during civil war in America, in Russian-Turkish war of 1877-1878 and at that time was a powerful destructive force. They stopped using pole mines after the invention of torpedoes.
The year 1838 was marked by new inventions for Schilder. He came up with his own design of high-explosive rockets with big amount gunpowder. The inventor also used electricity to explode underwater mines, invented a method for laying wires under water and improved methods for constructing a waterskin bridge. In addition, Schilder worked on a steamship connection between St. Petersburg and Kronstadt, where the inventor, together with B. S. Yakobi, tested his new types of weapons. Unfortunately, this case ended in failure. The steamboats were poorly designed and moved slowly.
A tireless talented inventor also designed powder torpedoes and an underwater torpedo bomber, and together with Academician Jacobi created galvanic and galvanic impact underwater mines.
In 1849, Schilder was appointed chief of engineers of the army in the field. He was supposed to monitor the condition of the fortresses in the western region. Under his leadership, the Novogeorgievsk fortress was built. In honor of the inventor, one of the fortifications was named "Schilder"
The systematic development of underwater mine weapons in Russia began with the creation in 1839 of the "Committee on Underwater Experiments", which dealt with the consideration of Schilder's submarine, his high-explosive rockets and other projects to create underwater mines.
In 1853 began Eastern war, and Karl Andreevich accepted in it Active participation. He led the work to strengthen the Danube in order to destroy the Turkish flotilla, in which he was successful. Russian batteries, built and skillfully disguised with fleur masks and anvelopes (outer buildings in fortresses to cover dry ditches and the main rampart of the fortress from artillery fire), were destroyed at Ruschuk Turkish fleet (1854).
Subsequently, Schilder organized a successful crossing of the Russian army across the Danube and was awarded the Order of St. Alexander Nevsky with diamond decorations for this.
Schilder's work in the field of organizing fortress maneuvers was very successful and was subsequently used by engineers of subsequent generations. Experts in this field under the leadership of E. I. Totleben, using the achievements of Schilder, went down in history by defending Sevastopol.
During the preparation of the siege of the Silistria fortress and the mine work, a grenade exploded and crushed the wounded leg of the inventor. After the amputation of his leg, Schilder remained steadfast and did not lose his composure and sense of humor. However, he failed to recover. On June 11, 1854, the talented inventor died. This loss was a great tragedy both for ordinary soldiers, who simply idolized their commander, and for the entire Russian people, for whose benefit all Schilder's inventions were made. Contemporaries spoke of Karl Andreevich as a tireless seeker of everything new and better, a man of high morality, courage and dedication.
The emperor, who was present at the test of almost all Schilder's innovations, was very upset when he learned of the death of the inventor, and noted that "there will be no second such both in knowledge and in courage."
Discoveries and inventions of Russia, Slavic House of Books
He was born on December 27, 1785 (January 7, 1786 according to the new style) in the village of Simanovo, now the Nevelsky district of the Pskov region.
He received his secondary education at the Moscow Noble University Boarding School. In 1803 he was enlisted as a column leader at the Tsar's Depot. He received his baptism of fire in the battle of Austerlitz (1805), and the next year he received the first rank of second lieutenant and began serving in the engineering troops, where he remained until the end of his life and rose to the rank of adjutant general.
Fortification became the main, but not the only vocation of Schilder. His work in rocket and mine technology, bridge building, underground driving, in the creation of underwater mines and a submarine for the defense of fortresses - this is not a complete list of his inventions and ideas.
But before that there was service in the army, participation in the defense of Bobruisk (1812), in the Russian-Turkish war of 1828-1829.
In 1831, Pavel Lvovich Schilling, a corresponding member of the St. Petersburg Academy of Sciences, a friend of Schilder's youth, initiated him into the secrets of the method of electric ignition of gunpowder invented by Schilling. Schilder considered it necessary to apply this invention for the electrical detonation of underwater mines. The first demonstrative test of underwater mines using galvanism was carried out by Schilder on the Obvodny Canal on March 21 (April 2), 1834. At the same time, the first underwater launches of powder rockets took place.
Subsequently, with the participation of Schilder, the "Committee on Underwater Experiments" was created in 1839, which led the work on underwater mines and, since Schilder moved from the idea of an underwater mine to the idea of \u200b\u200bsubmarines, then on submarines. In March 1834, the construction of a submarine designed by K.A. Schilder was started and completed in May. The hull of the submarine was manufactured at the Alexander Foundry (now Proletarsky Zavod). Weapons and equipment were made in the workshops of the life guards of the engineer battalion; rockets - in the Petersburg rocket institution.
Schilder's submarine was the first ship in Russia with an all-metal hull and was an elongated streamlined body. The cross section resembled an irregular ellipse. Sheathing was made of boiler sheet iron about 5 mm thick and reinforced with five frames. Two towers with portholes protruded above the hull, between the towers there was a hatch for loading large equipment. The diving system consisted of a reservoir in the hold, filled with water through two taps; during the ascent, the pumping of water from the tank was carried out with a hand pump. The boat had two anchor weights, cast iron. When lowering the weights to the bottom, the boat became lighter by 130 kg. The boat was propelled by rows. Each of the strokes consisted of two folding blades rotated by a handle (through gearing) from inside the boat. Creating strokes, Schilder imitated the paws of waterfowl. To control the movement of the boat served as a vertical steering wheel in the form of a fish tail. In the aft tower there was a spotting scope with two mirrors (periscope). To replace the air, a centrifugal fan designed by A.A. Sablukov, manually rotated. An air duct was connected to the exhaust pipe of the fan, which was discharged into the atmosphere through the cover of the aft tower, and a pipeline for fresh air was located in the other tower. The underwater mine had a pointed rod and was put on a bowsprit. The mine was connected to a galvanic battery inside the boat with a long wire. To hit an enemy ship with a mine, it was necessary to pierce a completed mine rod into its hull, move away from the ship to a safe distance and use an electric fuse to blow up the mine.
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Powder rockets were placed in 6 horizontal iron pipes - a package of 3 pipes on each side. The package could be brought to an inclined position to create an elevation angle of 10-12 degrees, which is necessary when firing. Electric launch of rockets was also carried out from inside the boat. When rockets were launched, the plugs covering the ends of the pipes were knocked out by the rockets themselves and their exhaust gases.
Work on the construction of the submarine was delayed until 1840, when Schilder was required to submit a note on those corrections that still needed to be made before the final tests. Finally, on September 23 (October 5), 1840, on the Nevka fairway between Petrovsky and Krestovsky islands, the boat was submerged as far as the depth of the river allowed, only the tops of the towers were above the surface of the water. After 3 hours the boat surfaced. Eight people of the team "did not feel the constraint of the air."
Further tests took place in Kronstadt according to a program drawn up by Schilder and approved by the Committee on Underwater Experiments. On September 24 (October 6), 1841, additional ballast was applied, then with the help of weights, water inlet and Archimedean screw, the boat sank and surfaced. September 25 (October 7) the boat was sunk with the help of ballast, the towers rose 1 foot above the surface of the water. Schilder himself controlled the movement of the boat along the course and the shifting of the rudders from the boat through a rubber speaking tube, one end of which entered the boat, and the other, in the form of a mouthpiece, was in his hands. The submarine covered 183 fathoms in 35 minutes (one stroke was broken), after which it was towed to the pier.
After these tests, the Committee concluded that the boat could not perform combat missions, since it itself could not find a direction under water, and considered further experiments useless. By order of the Minister of War dated October 9 (October 21), 1841, No. 949, the experiments were stopped and the boat was assigned for destruction. At the request of Schilder, the boat was placed at his disposal for "particular studies". A few years later, having no more funds to continue the experiments, Schilder dismantled the boat and sold it as scrap metal.
Like all nineteenth-century submarine inventors, Schilder was ahead of his age, technical means of that time could not ensure the creation of a submarine suitable for combat use. Schilder himself was also aware of the modest combat capabilities of his boat, so he proposed using a movable pier to deliver the submarine to the place of hostilities, also arming it with missiles. Another option for the delivery of submarines was two steamships, the construction of the first of them was not completed, and the second ("Courage") did not justify itself during testing. Schilder proposed two more submarine projects that were not implemented.
The Crimean War, which began in 1853, forced Schilder to return to the army and continue his service in his main specialty. When crossing the Danube in 1854, he was seriously wounded and died on June 11 (June 23), 1854 in a hospital in the city of Calarasi (Romania).
Karl Schilder
Alexander Lesov 25.04.2008 08:36:21
I am a direct descendant of this man and therefore very proud of it. His daughter is my great great grandmother. If all our officers were such selflessly serving Russia, then the lands that Russia had been collecting for a millennium would have been part of it, and would not have been given away!
Schilder, Karl Andreevich
Engineer General, Adjutant General. Genus. December 27, 1785 in the estate of Simonovo, Nevelskoy district. Vitebsk province, which his father Andrei Mikhailovich, a wealthy Riga merchant, bought in 1785 after the liquidation of trade affairs and where he moved from Riga. Sh. spent his childhood in the countryside, and received his initial education under the guidance of tutor Liebicht and his mother, who instilled in him sincere religious convictions that distinguished him later, and developed in him a love for the fine arts. To continue his education, he was sent to Moscow to his older brother Efim Andreevich, a civil engineer, who placed him, in all likelihood, in the Noble University Boarding School. At the end of the course, due to an early manifestation of a propensity for military service, on March 7, 1802, Sh. was enrolled as a non-commissioned officer in the Moscow garrison battalion; a year later he was recorded as a column leader; in 1804 c. Sukhtelen appointed him as an assistant to Lieutenant Tenner, with whom he began to collect and prepare materials for an astronomical expedition that was supposed to accompany Golovnin to China. Sh., however, did not join the expedition and remained in St. Petersburg to continue his education. Here he began to study mainly fortification. In 1805, he was appointed to the headquarters of the corps of General Bennigsen, which was part of the army of General Michelson, sent to join the allied forces against Napoleon. When this corps entered Silesia, Sh. was sent to the army of c. M. I. Kutuzova, who was already retreating towards the Russian border and pursued by Napoleon, and on November 20 participated in the battle of Austerlitz, for which he was awarded the Order of St. Anna of the 4th degree with the inscription "for bravery". On his return to Russia, he continued the interrupted scientific studies in the Kart Depot and, having passed the exam, on May 17, 1806, he was promoted to the rank of lieutenant with an appointment to the 2nd Pioneer Regiment. From that time began his service in the engineering troops. In 1810, with the rank of lieutenant, he, among the best engineering officers, was assigned to the Bobruisk fortress to carry out work on its expansion. Patriotic War caught Sh. in Bobruisk; this fortress was almost completed by the time that it had great importance in view of the impending blockade. During the siege, Sh. was instructed to correct the duties of an artillery officer for the lack of the latter. The fortress was not taken; the Polish troops besieging it were forced to retreat. On August 13, 1812, Sh received the rank of staff captain and was transferred to the Sapper Regiment, which was assigned to the corps of Lieutenant General. Ertel, who stood at Mozyr, to defend the banks of the river. Pripet. Sh. arrived there in September and he was entrusted with the formation of half a company of Cossack horse artillery. Having completed this assignment, Sh. with his half-company joined the detachment of the regiment. Lukovkin, who on November 7 took part in the battle near the village of Ushi. In 1813, Mr.. Sh. received the rank of captain and was assigned to the 1st sapper battalion. In the companies of 1813 and 1814 Sh. did not take part, because his battalion remained in Russia.
In 1815 he married the daughter of Dr. Stockmar, a neighbor on his father's estate. In February 1818 he was promoted to lieutenant colonel, and at the beginning of 1819 he left the service and settled in the village. Alexandrov, an estate that belonged to his wife. Less than a year had passed, however, when Sh. again began to think about returning to military service. Upon learning of this, the adjutant of the Inspector General of Engineers A.K. Gerua reported on the desire of Sh. led. book. Nikolai Pavlovich and, having received permission, invited Sh. to enter engineering troops. On January 27, 1820, Sh. was appointed commander of the 2nd Pioneer Battalion, and on September 2, 1821, he was promoted to colonel. Commanding a battalion, Sh. took up the issue of improving the methods of crossing troops across rivers and made his first invention - he drafted a rope bridge of a new design. Behind useful activity, March 11, 1826, Sh. was awarded a transfer to the Life Guards. Sapper battalion as a junior staff officer.
Sh. took an active part in the company in 1828 on April 1 of this year, commanding the L.-Gds. As a sapper battalion, Sh. set out from St. Petersburg to the south; having safely reached Kovarna, he fell ill with a fever and was forced to transfer command to Colonel Wittw; only on September 12, he rejoined the battalion, which was ordered to go to the troops besieging Varna. The siege of Varna proceeded extremely slowly; the coming autumn promised storms on the Black Sea, which would force the Russian fleet to retreat from Varna in order to find a more convenient parking lot, and the troops would be forced to urgently lift the siege and retire to the left bank of the Danube, since there were no permanent crossings across this river for supply supplies to the active army. These circumstances prompted Count Vorontsov to resort to taking Varna by storm. Arriving at the fortress, Sh. quickly got acquainted with the siege work and developed a plan for new work, which, eliminating the need for a bloody assault, would make it possible to capture the fortress in a short time. On the approval of this plan of mine work by the Sovereign, Sh. boldly began to carry it out, while showing great resourcefulness in the application of engineering art and great personal courage. After several successive explosions of the fortress bastions, she surrendered on 29 September. Sh.'s main merit in this matter is the quick capture of the fortress without storming it, but only with the help of successfully applied engineering art. For the capture of Varna Sh. was awarded the Order of St.. George of the 4th degree, the rank of major general and the appointment of commander of the life guards. Sapper battalion. By order of Emperor Nikolai Pavlovich, the artist Zacerveide depicted one of the moments of the explosion of the 2nd bastion of the Varna fortress. Another feat Sh. in this war was the preparation of the crossing over the Danube for the siege of Silistria. The boats for the bridge were prepared near the Cape Fundeni and it was necessary to float them along the Danube to Kalrat in view of the Turkish fortifications and the Danube flotilla. Having strengthened the mouth of pp. Arzhis and Botha, Sh. set off on ponies, arming them, down the Danube. The first two days the storm almost broke the boats; in the further voyage, they had to withstand several attacks by the Turks, which, however, were successfully repulsed. The boats were delivered to their destination and the island against Silistria was occupied. Upon the arrival of the main Russian forces to Silistria from land, and from the sea - the Black Sea Flotilla, the siege of the fortress began. Sh. was entrusted with part of the mine work. At this time, the main part of the army had to move away from Silistria, where only 8 thousand soldiers were left for the siege. Human. Sh. used here the means tested by him during the siege of Varna, and after a series of undermining and explosions, Russian troops entered the fortress, which was forced to surrender on June 17th. For this Sh. was awarded the Order of St.. George 3rd degree.
After the capture of Silistria, Sh. was at the corps of General-Leut. Krasovsky and took part in three battles.
At the conclusion of peace, Sh. returned to St. Petersburg to his battalion. In May 1830 he entered into a second marriage with Alexandra Nikolaevna Dubenskaya.
In 1831, Mr.. Sh. was appointed chief of engineers of the guards corps and seconded to the headquarters of the corps, which was under the command led. book. Mikhail Pavlovich, moved to Poland to pacify the outbreak of the uprising. Here Sh took part in several battles; for his work at the crossing at Tykochin he was awarded a golden sword with diamond decorations and the inscription "for courage". In the case near Ostrolenka, near vil. Srjendi Sh. was wounded in the leg, after which, having been treated for three months in Koenigsberg, having a bullet in his leg, still walking on crutches, he returned to the active army, which was stationed near Warsaw, and took an active part in the storming of the latter. Field Marshal Prince Varshavsky reported on the activities of Sh. "despite the wound received at Ostroleka, from which he had not yet recovered, and moving on crutches, he was everywhere in front with the guards sappers, who, both in the fortification of Volya and on the main city rampart, in the most cruel fire, they carried out work in order to crash loopholes into it. Soon, however, the suffering caused by an unhealed wound forced Sh. to leave the active army and go to St. Petersburg.
The ensuing period of peace gave Sh. the opportunity to engage in the development of mine and sapper business. In 1832, he was the first to use a galvanic current to explode gunpowder embedded in the ground. Further, he invented a new anti-mine system based on the principle of laying a pipe in holes drilled in the ground; for the production of these wells, he invented a special drill. For these inventions Sh. in 1833 was awarded the rank of Adjutant General. In 1836, he was appointed chief of engineers of a separate Guards Corps. In 1838, Sh. invented high-explosive rockets of a new design, containing a large number of gunpowder; he used electric current to explode underwater mines, inventing a method of laying wires under water; he perfected the method of arranging wineskin bridges; he also owns the honor of inventing the first submarine and, moreover, armored. True, the first boat, worked out at the Alexander Plant, did not justify, due to the imperfection of the technical devices, the hopes placed on it; but Sh.'s merit is that he was the first in Russia to build a boat made of iron, wanting to make it impervious to shells, to hide the mechanism that sets the ship in motion from shots, and to reduce the size of the surface of the boat in order to reduce the sight area as much as possible; in a word, W. owns the idea of building armored ships. At the same time, Sh. worked on the device of the steamship communication between St. Petersburg and Kronstadt. However, this enterprise ended in failure, because the steamships made in Russia were poorly built, went slowly, and soon the organized society ceased its activities. From this short list of the most important inventions Sh. easy to imagine how tireless was their author. Sh. enjoyed great confidence in the Sovereign Nikolai Pavlovich, in whose presence experiments were carried out on many of his inventions. In 1849, Mr.. W. was instructed to investigate the actions of the General. Schwartz and the highest commission in the Novye Zagatala fortress in the case of the theft of private and government funds. He went to his destination, but with the beginning of the Hungarian campaign, he was ordered to complete the investigation of the case as soon as possible, so that he could then go to the army in the field. Despite the hasty completion of the case and the speed of the move, Sh. arrived at the main army headquarters after the suppression of the uprising. In the same year, he was appointed chief of engineers of the army in the field. His duty was to monitor the condition of the fortresses in the western region; under him, the Novogeorgievsk fortress was built, and in honor of him one of the fortifications was named "Schilder". The rest of the fortresses of the region were put in full order at his insistence. In 1853, the Eastern War broke out. Prince M. D. Gorchakov was appointed commander of the army, which was supposed to occupy the Danubian principalities, who soon asked Sh. to be sent to him, which was done. Indecisive course of action. Gorchakov was known to Sh., so the latter, upon arrival in the army, began to act independently. He began to strengthen the banks of the Danube in order to destroy the Turkish flotilla with the help of the fortifications being built, which he succeeded on February 3 near Ruschuk. After that, he arranged a successful crossing of Russian troops across the Danube, for which he was awarded the Order of St. Alexander Nevsky with diamond jewelry. He began to prepare the siege of Silistria, for which, by his order, three islands on the Danube below this fortress were occupied and batteries were erected on them. The siege work had already begun, and the mine work entrusted to Sh. was proceeding successfully. On July 1, during his usual round of work, he sat down on the tour to rest. A grenade that exploded at that time crushed the foot of his wounded leg. He was taken to a tent, his leg was immediately amputated and transported to Kalrath for further treatment. The wounded man did not lose his presence of mind and treated his position with jokes. The state of health, however, became more complicated; On June 10, he demanded a priest, took communion, and on 11 he died. He was buried in the Kalrat cemetery of the church of St. Nicholas the Wonderworker. Contemporaries highly valued Sh.; he himself ardently loved the soldiers, who, in turn, idolized him. One of his contemporaries commented on Sh .: “Until his most glorious death, he was always a man of initiative, remarkable courage, for whom difficulties gave rise to energy and a means to destroy them, and at the same time possessing such a rare moral courage in our time, which is not retreats from any responsibility."
Markovich: "The life and service of Adjutant General K. A. Schilder" St. Petersburg. 1876 - "For many years. Rus. Star." 1894 - N. K. Schilder. "Emperor Nicholas I in 1828-29 Rus. Star". 1894 His own, "K. A. Schilder. Rus. Star." 1875 - His own, "Field Marshal Paskevich in Crimean War. Rus Star." 1875 - His own, "Notes on the events of 1853-1854. Rus. Old." 1875. - Ushakov, "Notes of an eyewitness about the warrior of Russia against Turkey and the Western powers 1853-1856" - P. Glebov, "K. A. Schilder in the Turkish War of 1828 and 29 Military collection" 1861 No. 10 - "Memories of the campaign on the Danube in 1854" by General Clemens, "Eng. journal." 1864 No. 2. - Valkenstein, "History Ch. Sapper Battalion "St. Petersburg. 1851. - N. Epapchin," Sketches of the campaign. 1829 to European Turkey" St. Petersburg, 1905-1907
B. Savinkov.
(Polovtsov)
Schilder, Karl Andreevich
(1785-1854) - an outstanding military engineer. He was brought up in the school of columnists. In 1805 he was in the battle of Austerlitz. Having drawn the attention of Count Operman, in 1811 he was sent by him to work on expanding the fortress in Bobruisk. Then he participated in the defense of the latter during the blockade of its Polish troops in 1812. In 1813 he was transferred to the 1st engineer battalion, where he served until 1818, when, due to family reasons, he retired as a lieutenant colonel; but in 1820, at the invitation of Grand Duke Nikolai Pavlovich, he again entered the service as commander of the 2nd Pioneer Battalion, and in 1826 Sh. was appointed commander of the Life Guards engineer battalion, with whom he went on a Turkish campaign in 1828. By the arrival of guards sappers near Varna, Sh. fell ill. The gradual attack of the fortress, begun without him, was unsuccessful. Immediately after his recovery, Sh. drew up his plan of attack and carried it out brilliantly. With the beginning of the company in 1829, Sh. near Silistria led a gradual attack with such success that it ended with the surrender of the fortress. The Polish war in 1831 found him correcting the post of chief of engineers of the Guards Corps. In the battle of Ostrołęka he was wounded by a bullet in the leg, but during the assault on Warsaw he was already on crutches in the most cruel dump in the fortification of Wola. From 1831 to 1854 Sh., appointed Adjutant General, chief of engineers of the army in the Kingdom of Poland, stood out for his activity in inventing and testing various methods of engineering attack and defense. His proposals are most remarkable: tube mines; applying Schiling's ideas to explosions through galvanism; submarines with pole mines; galvanic and galvanic shock underwater mines, developed by him jointly with Academician Jacobi. Many of Sh.'s inventions were far ahead of his current state of technology, and therefore only now can they be properly applied. The secret of his submarine was kept so diligently that she herself disappeared without a trace, and the son of Sh. in the seventies could only learn something about her from the words of N.P. Patrick, who sailed on her during the experiments, and found in one abandoned archive some drawings. The drawing of the original boat is placed in Mazyukevich's book: the engine was rows like crow's feet; the use of them and the screw remained unfulfilled, many rather successful experiments were made with the boat, the speed of movement turned out to be insufficient. Sh.'s activity as an initiator and organizer of serf maneuvers, experiments, and others is also remarkable. ways of practical training of the engineering corps in peacetime, thanks to which our engineers, with Totleben at the head, who went through the school of Sh., later took such an honorable place in the history of the defense of Sevastopol. A business trip in 1854 to the Danube army gave Sh. a new case for a number of differences: during the destruction of the Turkish flotilla at Ruschuk by the fire of our batteries, which he built and ingeniously masked with anvelops and fleur masks; during the crossing of our troops at Brailov; at the siege of Silistria. Started by Prince Gorchakov, against the wishes of the commander in chief, the Danube campaign of 1853-54. It was led incoherently and sluggishly, contrary to the instructions of Emperor Nicholas, which was reflected in a number of failures. Unaware of personal considerations, imbued only with a desire for success for the cause, Sh. waged a merciless struggle not only with the enemy, but also with countless reasons that prevented the favorable course of our movements on the Danube, especially during the siege of Silistria. Always ahead with his sappers, bypassing the siege, Sh. was wounded by a fragment of a grenade in the leg, and died in Calarasi, unable to endure the operation. Emperor Nicholas I, in a letter to Prince Gorchakov, honored the memory of his favorite with the words: "The loss of Sh. made me extremely sad; there will not be another like it, both in knowledge and in courage."
A man of initiative, with rare military and civil courage, inexhaustible in the means to overcome unexpected obstacles, alien to pettiness, Sh. was quite a "knight without fear and reproach" and deserved the title "Bayard of the Russian engineering corps."
Wed Mazyukevich, "The Life and Service of Adjutant General K. A. Sh." (St. Petersburg, 1876); "Russian Antiquity" (1875 and 1876).
(Brockhaus)
Schilder, Karl Andreevich
general engineer, adjutant general, chief engineers of the active army, commander of a sapper battalion (1830); R. 1786 (1787), † July 11, 1854 from a wound during the siege of Silistria.
