Synopsis of a lesson in physics on the topic: "Three states of matter" (Grade 7). Topic: Three states of matter Closely packed molecules attract strongly

How well do you know how small molecules are? // Quantum. - 1988. - No. 10. - C.32-33.

By special agreement with the editorial board and the editors of the journal "Kvant"

The beginnings of things are inaccessible to the eye...
Lucretius Kar
... due to the smallness of the particles of matter, movement is hidden from view.
M. V. Lomonosov

Here are a few strokes to the generalized portrait of molecules.

They are so small that if every person had the globe demand a billion molecules each, then only a few billionths of a gram would be collected ...

There are so many of them that if you pour a glass of water with “marked” molecules into the World Ocean, then after a long time there will be at least 200 “marked” molecules in the same glass with water scooped up from the ocean ...

They are so "cramped" that under normal conditions, each gas molecule experiences up to 10 billion collisions per second with its neighbors...

They are so fast that a gas molecule would rise, without colliding, to a height of about 5 kilometers before gravity would stop it ...

However, despite such smallness and "brilliance", the molecules "give out" themselves to many people. We hope that the solution of the proposed problems will not allow the molecules to escape from your gaze armed with knowledge.

Questions and tasks

Why is the volume of a solution of alcohol in water less than the volumes of water and alcohol taken separately?
Why would a strongly inflated and tightly tied rubber balloon be “deflated” after a few days?
If a mixture of gases is passed through a microporous pipe surrounded by a hermetic tank from which air is evacuated, then a gas with a higher relative content of “light” molecules will accumulate in the tank than in the pipe. How to explain it?
Hydrogen has three isotopes with mass numbers 1, 2 and 3. The ions of which of these isotopes move more slowly towards the cathode during the electrolysis of water?
The glass plate is coated on one side ( IN) with a layer of copper and hung on a thread, as shown in the figure. In air, the plate is motionless, and in chlorine it rotates through a certain angle with its copper-plated side “forward”. Explain the phenomenon, given that chlorine molecules are absorbed by copper and reflected by glass.
To “weld” one piece of iron to another, both pieces are heated white in the flame of a forge, placed one on top of the other on an anvil and treated with strong blows of a blacksmith's hammer. Why is a strong connection obtained in this case?
Equal-arm balances are equipped with two identical vessels. One is filled with dry air, the other is filled with moist air, having the same pressure and temperature as dry air. Which of these vessels is heavier?
In what layers of the atmosphere is air closer to an ideal gas: near the surface of the Earth or at high altitudes?
The magnetic field in the chambers of Wilson - Skobeltsyn is uniform. Why does the particle track have a non-constant (gradually decreasing) radius of curvature in them?
Microexperience

Bring the water in the kettle to a boil and turn off the gas burner. Why does a strong jet of steam immediately escape from the kettle, although steam was not visible before?

It is curious that…

In the Tennessee Valley (USA) a giant isotope separation plant was erected, where two uranium gases (uranium-238 and uranium-235) were continuously circulated through porous chambers in which the lighter gas diffused faster, as a result of which the gas mixture was constantly enriched with light uranium isotope.
In the gas and dust clouds of the interstellar medium, not only relatively simple molecules, such as water and ammonia, but also complex organic compounds. "Given" their spectral lines of emission or absorption in the radio frequency range.

What to read in "Quantum" about molecules
1. "On the 175th Anniversary of the Avogadro Law" - 1986, No. 12, p. 12;
2. "Forces of Molecular Interaction" - 1987, No. 1, p. 31;
3. "Gas pressure in a vessel" - 1987, No. 9. p. 41;
4. "From the Life of Molecules" - 1988, No. 7. p. 46;
5. "Absolute Temperature" - 1988, No. 9, p. 60.
Answers
1. In a solution, water and alcohol molecules are “packed” more densely due to the fact that there are gaps between water and alcohol molecules taken separately.
2. Due to the pressure difference inside the balloon and outside, the air molecules “leak” through the shell of the balloon and the pressure in it drops.
3. Molecules of components with a lower molar mass are more mobile than more massive molecules and therefore more often pass through the pores of the pipe.
4. The ions of the most massive isotope \(~^3_1H\) move the slowest of all.
5. The total pressure on the copper-plated part of the plate is approximately two times less than on the second half, due to the inelastic collision of chlorine and copper molecules.
6. Hammer blows achieve good contact of the welded pieces. At a temperature white heat mutual diffusion of particles occurs at high speed and to great depths.
7. At equal pressure and temperature, equal volumes contain the same number of moles of any gas. The average molar mass of air is greater than the average molar mass of the mixture of air and water vapor. Therefore, a vessel with moist air is lighter than a vessel with dry air.
8. At high altitudes, because the air is rarefied there.
9. When a particle collides with gas molecules, it expends its kinetic energy on the ionization of molecules.
Microexperience

Water vapor itself is invisible. When the gas is turned off, the jets of heated air that flowed around the kettle disappear. The water vapor leaving the kettle cools and condenses. We observe the resulting cloud of tiny droplets.

Lesson on MKT for students in grade 10 on the topic " The structure of gaseous, liquid and solid bodies.

The lesson discusses the structural features and properties of gaseous, liquid and solid bodies from the point of view of molecular-kinetic theory.

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Slides captions:

1 In one moment to see eternity A huge world - in a grain of sand, In a single moment - infinity And the sky - in a cup of a flower. W. Blake.

Lesson topic: The structure of gaseous, liquid and solid bodies. 2

There are four aggregate states of matter: 3 Liquid Solid Gaseous Plasma

Phase transition is the transition of a system from one state of aggregation to another. During a phase transition, any physical quantity(density, internal energy) 4

Gases are easily compressed. Can expand indefinitely. They do not retain their shape or volume. Numerous impacts of molecules on the walls of the vessel create gas pressure. 5) The forces of interaction are very small. 6) Molecules move randomly. 10

They shrink a little. Maintain their volume. Fluid, easy to change shape. They take the form of a vessel. The forces of interaction are great. Molecules move randomly, jumping around. Liquids 14

Solids Retain volume and shape Molecules or atoms oscillate around certain equilibrium positions Interaction forces are very large 4) Most solids have a crystal lattice 18

Gases Liquids Solids 200 100 100 200 200 100 300 300 300 19

20 Gases 100 Why can gases expand indefinitely? Weak Forces the attraction of gas molecules is not able to keep them near each other

21 Gases 200 Why do gases compress easily? The distance between atoms or molecules in gases is many times greater than the size of the molecules themselves.

22 Gases 300 What creates gas pressure on the bottom and walls of the vessel? Numerous impacts of molecules on the walls of the vessel create gas pressure.

23 Liquids 100 Why is it almost as difficult to compress a liquid as a solid body? Liquid molecules are located directly next to each other. When you try to compress the liquid, the deformation of the molecules themselves begins

24 Liquids 200 What states of aggregation maybe apple juice? In all three: liquid, solid, gaseous.

25 Liquids 300 What is the name of the process of transition of a substance from a liquid to a solid state? Crystallization

26 Solids 100 What is the name of the process of transition of a substance from a solid to a gaseous state? Sublimation

27 Solids 200 Are the attractive forces between molecules in solids large or small? Very large

28 Solids 300 How do molecules move in solids? They oscillate around certain equilibrium positions.

I option I - 3 II - 2, 5 III - 1 IV - 1 V - 4 II option I - 1 II - 1, 4, 5 III - 3 IV - 3 V - 4 III option I - 2 II - 1, 3 , 5 III - 1 IV - 4 V - 4 IV option I - 3 II - 1, 4 III - 3 IV - 2 V - 4 Answers to the test 29

Homework § 61, 62 Answer questions to § 62 Fill in the table Aggregate state of matter Distance between particles Interaction of particles Nature of particle movement Preservation of shape and volume 30

End of Lesson 31

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Grade 10.

The structure of gaseous, liquid and solid bodies. § 61, 62

The purpose of the lesson: Consider the structural features and properties of gaseous, liquid and solid bodies from the point of view of molecular-kinetic theory.

Lesson objectives:

Educational

To contribute to the acquisition of knowledge on the topic “Structure of gaseous, liquid and solid bodies”;
Establish the nature of the dependence of the forces of attraction and repulsion on the distance between molecules;
Learn to solve quality problems.

Educational

Develop:

observation, independence;
logical thinking
the ability to apply knowledge of theory in practice;
promote the development of speech, thinking

Educational:

Formation of ideas about the unity and interconnection of natural phenomena.
Build a positive attitude towards the subject

Lesson type: A lesson in learning new material.

Lesson form: combined

Complex methodological support:Computer, screen, multimedia projector,presentation, samples of crystals, test tasks.

Interdisciplinary connections:

chemistry
Informatics

Stages of the lesson.

organizational stage.
The stage of explaining new material.
The stage of fixing the material covered.
The final stage.
Homework.

During the classes

1. Organizational stage

Teacher: Hello. Even Napoleon I said: "Imagination rules the world." And Democritus argued that "Nothing exists except atoms."

The stage of setting goals and objectives of the lesson.

Agree! The world is amazing and diverse. Man has long tried to explain the inexplicable, to see the invisible, to hear the inaudible. Looking around him, he thought about nature and tried to solve the riddles that she put before him.

Russian poet Fyodor Ivanovich Tyutchev wrote.

Not what you think, nature:
Not a cast, not a soulless face -
It has a soul, it has freedom,
It has love, it has language.

But over time, people began to understand that it is the law that is at the head of everything that surrounds us.

Of course, every day you are faced with various physical phenomena ruled by the law, and in most cases you can predict how they will end. For example, predict how the following events will end:

If you open a perfume bottle, then ...;
If you heat the ice, then ...;
If you strongly squeeze two pieces of plasticine, then ...;
If you put a drop of oil on water, then ...;
If you put the thermometer in hot water, That …

Teacher: So, in giving your answers, you were guided by certain knowledge gained earlier. Every day we observe a whole range of objects around us: tables, chairs, books, pens, notebooks, cars, etc. Tell me, do they just seem solid to us, or are they really so?

Student: They just seem.

Teacher: Then tell me, what are all substances made of?

Student: From molecules or atoms

Teacher: What do you think, are the molecules of different substances the same or not? Prove it.

Student: No. They have different chemical compounds.

Teacher: Are ice, water and water vapor made up of the same molecules or not?

Student: Yes.

Teacher: Why?

Student: Because it's the same substance, but in a different form

Teacher: So guys, we come to the topic of our lesson. Open your workbooks, write down the date and topic of our lesson: “The structure of gaseous, liquid and solid bodies”.

(Slide 2).

There are no two absolutely identical objects in the world. It is impossible to find two identical grains of sand in a mountain of sand or two identical leaves on a tree, but the molecules of the same substance are exactly the same. For example, we are used to seeing water in a liquid state. Chemical formula of water H 2 O. In the gaseous state, it is water vapor. (What is the chemical formula?). In the solid state, it is ice or snow. All the same chemical formula - H 2 O.

Then the question arises: if the molecules of the same substance are exactly the same, then why can this substance be in different states of aggregation?

This is the question we are going to answer in today's lesson.

(Slide 3)

There are four states of aggregation of matter:

solid
liquid
gaseous
Plasma

Today we will talk about three of them. First, let's get acquainted with the concept of a phase transition.(Slide 4)

Phase transition is the transition of a system from one state of aggregation to another. During a phase transition, any physical quantity changes abruptly (density, internal energy)

The realization of the state of aggregation of a substance depends on the ratio of the kinetic and potential energies of the molecules that make up its composition.

The stage of explaining new material

(Slide 5)

What does each drawing symbolize?(Different aggregate states)

A cloud is a gaseous state of a substance, a bottle is a liquid state, a cube is a solid state. We will gradually analyze the structure of gaseous, liquid and solid bodies. We write the conclusions in notebooks.

GASES (Slides 6 - 10)

The distance between atoms or molecules in gases is, on average, many times greater than the size of the molecules themselves. Gases are easily compressed, thus reducing the average distance between molecules, but the molecules do not squeeze each other. Molecules move at tremendous speeds - hundreds of meters per second. Colliding, they bounce off each other in different directions. Weak forces of attraction of gas molecules are not able to keep them near each other. Therefore, gases can expand indefinitely. They retain neither shape nor volume.

LIQUIDS (Slides 11 - 14)

Liquid molecules are located almost close to each other, so a liquid molecule behaves differently than a gas molecule. Clamped, as in a “cage”, by other molecules, it performs a “run in place” (oscillates around the equilibrium position, colliding with neighboring molecules). Only from time to time does it make a "jump", breaking through the "bars of the cage", but immediately gets into a new cage formed by new neighbors. The settled life time of a water molecule, i.e., the time of oscillations around one specific equilibrium position at room temperature, is on average 10-11 With. The time of one oscillation is much less (10-12 -10 -13 With). As the temperature rises, the time of the settled life of molecules decreases.

Liquid molecules are located directly next to each other. When you try to change the volume of the liquid (even by a small amount), the molecules themselves begin to deform, this requires very large forces. This explains the low compressibility of liquids.

As you know, liquids are fluid, that is, they do not retain their shape, they take the shape of a vessel.

The nature of molecular motion in liquids, first established by the Soviet physicist Ya. I. Frenkel, makes it possible to understand the basic properties of liquids.(Slide 15)

SOLID BODIES. (Slides 16 - 18)

Atoms or molecules of solids, unlike atoms and molecules of liquids, oscillate around certain equilibrium positions. True, sometimes the molecules change their equilibrium position, but this rarely happens. That is why solids retain not only volume, but also shape.

There is another important difference between liquids and solids.

A liquid can be compared to a crowd of people, where separate individuals uneasily jostling in place, and a solid body is like a slender cohort of the same individuals who, although they do not stand at attention, maintain certain intervals on average among themselves. If we connect the centers of the equilibrium positions of atoms or ions of a solid body, then we get a regular spatial lattice, called a crystalline one.

The figures show crystal lattices salt and diamond. The internal order in the arrangement of crystal atoms leads to regular external geometric shapes.

So, it's time to answer the question posed at the beginning of the lesson: what determines that the same substance can be in different states of aggregation?

Student responses:From the distance between the particles, from the forces of interaction, that is, from how the molecules are located, how they move and how they interact with each other.

4. The stage of fixing the material covered. The game “What is the state?”

(slides 19 - 28)

100 Why are gases able to expand indefinitely?

Weak forces of attraction of gas molecules are not able to keep them near each other

200 Why do gases compress easily?

The distance between atoms or molecules in gases is many times greater than the size of the molecules themselves.

300 Due to what is the gas pressure created on the bottom and walls of the vessel?

Numerous impacts of molecules on the walls of the vessel create gas pressure.

100 Why is it almost as difficult to compress a liquid as it is a solid body?

Liquid molecules are located directly next to each other. When you try to compress the liquid, the deformation of the molecules themselves begins

200 In what states of aggregation can apple juice be?

In all three: liquid, solid, gaseous.

300 What is the name of the process of transition of a substance from a liquid to a solid state?

Crystallization

100 What is the name of the process of transition of a substance from a solid state to a gaseous state?

Sublimation

200 Are the attractive forces between molecules in solids large or small?

Very large

300 How do molecules move in solids?

oscillate around certain equilibrium positions

A grade of "5" is given to a student who scores the largest number points.

The stage of checking the knowledge gained in the lesson. Test.

Answers to tests

I option

I-3

II- 2, 5

III-1

IV-1

V-4

II option

I-1

II- 1, 4, 5

III-3

IV-3

V-4

III option

I-2

II- 1, 3, 5

III-1

IV-4

V-4

IV option

I-3

II- 1, 4

III-3

IV-2

V-4

The final stage.

And now let's summarize our work in today's lesson. What new did you learn in the lesson? What grades did you get.

Homework:§ 61.62, answer the questions after the paragraph, fill in the table.(Slide 30)

Teacher:

Riddles can be solved forever.
The universe is, after all, infinite.
Thank you all for the lesson
And most importantly, that he was for the future!

Topic: Three states of matter

I option

have a certain volume
Occupies the volume of the entire vessel
Takes the form of a vessel
little shrink
Easy to compress

Will increase by 2 times
Decrease by 2 times
Will not change

Solid
Liquid
There is no such body

Only in solid state
Only in liquid state
Only in gaseous
In all three states

Topic: Three states of matter

II option

Molecules are arranged in a strict order and vibrate around certain equilibrium positions.

Difficult to compress
Easy to compress
Do not have their own form

3 3 . Will the volume of water change?

will increase
will decrease
Will not change

Liquid
Solid
There are no such bodies.

Only in liquid state
Only in solid state
In all three states

Topic: Three states of matter

III option

Difficult to change shape
They take up all the space provided to them.
Retain a permanent shape
Easily change shape
Difficult to compress

Will increase by 2 times
Decrease by 2 times
Will not change

Liquid
Solid

Only in liquid
Only in solid
Only in gaseous
In all three states

Topic: Three states of matter

IV option

have a certain volume
Occupies the volume of the entire vessel
Takes the form of a vessel
little shrink
Easy to compress

will increase
will decrease
Will not change

Liquid
Solid

What state can alcohol be in?

Only in solid state
Only in liquid state
Only in gaseous state
In all three states

Preview:

Topic: Three states of matter

I option

How are molecules arranged in solids and how do they move?

Molecules are located at distances smaller than the dimensions of the molecules themselves and move freely relative to each other.
Molecules are located at large distances from each other (compared to the size of the molecules) and move randomly.
Molecules are arranged in a strict order and vibrate around certain equilibrium positions.

Which of the following properties belong to gases?

have a certain volume
Occupies the volume of the entire vessel
Takes the form of a vessel
little shrink
Easy to compress

Will the volume of gas change if it is pumped from a vessel with a capacity of 1 liter to a vessel with a capacity of 2 liters?

Will increase by 2 times
Decrease by 2 times
Will not change

Molecules are located at large distances from each other (in relation to the size of the molecules), weakly interact with each other, and move randomly. What is this body?

Solid
Liquid
There is no such body

What is the state of the steel?

Only in solid state
Only in liquid state
Only in gaseous
In all three states

Topic: Three states of matter

II option

How are the molecules of liquids arranged and how do they move?

The molecules are located at distances commensurate with the size of the molecules themselves, and move freely relative to each other.
Molecules are located at large distances (compared to the size of the molecules) from each other and move randomly.
Molecules are arranged in a strict order and vibrate around certain equilibrium positions.

Which of the following properties belong to gases?

They take up all the space provided to them.
Difficult to compress
Have a crystalline structure
Easy to compress
Do not have their own form

A beaker contains 100 ml of water. 3 . It is poured into a glass with a capacity of 200 cm 3 . Will the volume of water change?

will increase
will decrease
Will not change

Molecules are densely packed, strongly attracted to each other, each molecule oscillates around a certain position. What is this body?

Liquid
Solid
There are no such bodies.

What state can water be in?

Only in liquid state
Only in gaseous state
Only in solid state
In all three states

Topic: Three states of matter

III option

How are gas molecules arranged and how do they move?

Molecules are located at distances smaller than the size of the molecules themselves, and move freely relative to each other.
Molecules are located at distances many times the size of the molecules themselves, and move randomly.
Molecules are arranged in a strict order and vibrate around certain positions.

Which of the following properties belong to solids?

Difficult to change shape
They take up all the space provided to them.
Retain a permanent shape
Easily change shape
Difficult to compress

Will the volume of gas change if it is pumped from a cylinder with a capacity of 20 liters to a cylinder with a capacity of .40 liters?

Will increase by 2 times
Decrease by 2 times
Will not change

Is there a substance in which the molecules are located at large distances, are strongly attracted to each other and oscillate around certain positions?

Liquid
Solid
Such a substance does not exist.

What is the state of mercury?

Only in liquid
Only in solid
Only in gaseous
In all three states

Topic: Three states of matter

IV option

Below is the behavior of molecules in solid, liquid and gaseous bodies. What is common for liquids and gases?

The fact that molecules are located at distances smaller than the size of the molecules themselves and move freely relative to each other
The fact that the molecules are located at large distances from each other and move randomly
Molecules move randomly with respect to each other
The fact that the molecules are arranged in a strict order and oscillate around certain positions

Which of the following properties belong to solids?

have a certain volume
Occupies the volume of the entire vessel
Takes the form of a vessel
little shrink
Easy to compress

The bottle contains 0.5 liters of water. It is poured into a flask with a capacity of 1 liter. Will the volume of water change?

will increase
will decrease
Will not change

The molecules are arranged so that the distance between them is less than the size of the molecules themselves. They are strongly attracted to each other and move from place to place. What is this body?
I-3
II- 2, 5
III-1
IV-1
V-4

II option
I-1
II- 1, 4, 5
III-3
IV-3
V-4

III option
I-2
II- 1, 3, 5
III-1
IV-4
V-4

IV option
I-3
II- 1, 4
III-3
IV-2

Test tasks on the topic “ Molecular physics”.

Option 1

1. How are the molecules of liquids located and how do they move?

2. Which of the following properties belong to gases?

A) They occupy the entire volume provided to them;

B) difficult to compress;

C) have a crystalline structure;

D) are easily compressed;

D) do not have their own form.

3. The beaker contains 100 cm3 of water 3 . It is poured into a glass with a capacity of 200 cm 3 . Will the volume of water change?

A) will increase

B) will decrease;

B) will not change.

4. Molecules are tightly packed, strongly attracted to each other, and each molecule oscillates around a certain position. What is this body?

A) gas

B) liquid;

B) a solid body

D) there are no such bodies.

5. In what state can water be:

A) only in liquid;

B) only in the gaseous state;

B) only in the solid state;

D) in all three states.

6. How are gas molecules located and how do they move?

A) the molecules are located at distances smaller than the size of the molecules themselves, and move freely relative to each other;

B) the molecules are located at distances many times greater than the size of the molecules themselves, and move randomly;

C) the molecules are arranged in a strict order and vibrate around certain positions.

7. Which of the following properties belong to solids? (Select multiple options)

A) it is difficult to change the shape;

B) occupy the entire volume provided to them;

B) retain a constant shape;

D) easily change shape;

D) difficult to compress.

8. Will the volume of gas change if it is pumped from a cylinder with a capacity of 20 liters to a cylinder with a capacity of 40 liters?

A) will increase by 2 times;

B) will decrease by 2 times;

B) will not change.

9. Is there a substance in which the molecules are located at large distances, are strongly attracted to each other and oscillate around certain positions?

A) gas

B) liquid;

B) a solid body

D) there is no such substance.

10. In what state can mercury be: solid, liquid or gaseous?

A) only in liquid;

B) only in the solid state;

D) in all three states.

11. Condition of gas ideality:

A) the diameter of the molecules is less than the average distance between these molecules;

B) the kinetic energy is much greater than the average potential energy of their interaction at a distance greater than the diameter of the molecules;

C) molecules interact with the walls of the vessel and between themselves elastically;

D) all statements are true.

12. Interaction between molecules has the character:

A) attraction

B) repulsion;

C) repulsion at small distances, attraction - at large;

D) attraction at small distances, repulsion - at large.

13. During condensation, molecules remain in the vapor that have ...

B) the smallest kinetic energy

14. If a liquid is in equilibrium with its saturated vapor, then the rate of evaporation of the liquid ...

A) more steam condensation rate;

B) less steam condensation rate;

C) is equal to the rate of condensation of steam;

D) is equal to zero.

Option - 2

1. There is unsaturated steam in the vessel under the piston. It can be translated into saturated ...

A) raising the temperature

B) increasing the volume of steam;

D) reducing the volume of steam.

2. Density of saturated steam…

A) with increasing pressure - increases;

B) decreases with decreasing pressure;

B) does not depend on pressure;

D) decreases with increasing pressure.

3. The difference in readings of psychrometer thermometers with increasing relative humidity ...

A) does not change

B) increases;

B) decreases

D) can either increase or decrease.

4. If water vapor remains unsaturated when the air temperature changes, then its absolute humidity will be ...

A) permanent

B) decrease

B) increase

D) take any value.

5. In a vessel closed by a movable piston, water and water vapor are in equilibrium. The volume of the vessel is very slowly reduced by lowering the piston from position 1 to position 2. The plot of the pressure in the vessel against the volume is correctly shown in the figure ...

A) 1;

B) 2;

AT 3;

D) 4.

6. Relative humidity in the room is 40%. What is the concentration ratio n n n

A)n lessn n 2.5 times;

B)n moren n 2.5 times;

IN)n lessn n by 40%

G)n moren n by 40%

7. The relative humidity of the air in the cylinder under the piston is 50%. The air is isothermally compressed, reducing its volume by 3 times. The relative humidity has become

A) 150% B) 100%

C) 50% D) 25%
A) the molecules are located at distances smaller than the size of the molecules themselves and move freely relative to each other;

B) the molecules are located at large distances (compared to the size of the molecules) relative to each other and move randomly;

C) the molecules are arranged in a strict order and vibrate around certain positions.

9. Which of the following properties belong to liquids? (Select multiple options)

A) have a certain volume;

B) occupy the volume of the entire vessel;

B) take the form of a vessel;

D) shrink a little;

D) easy to compress.

10. Will the volume of gas change if it is pumped from a vessel with a capacity of 1 liter to a vessel with a capacity of 2 liters?

A) will increase by 2 times;

B) will decrease by 2 times;

B) will not change.

11. Molecules are located at large distances relative to each other (compared to the size of the molecules), weakly interact with each other, move randomly. What is this body?

A) gas

B) a solid body;

B) liquid

D) there is no such body.

12. In what condition can the steel be: solid, liquid or gaseous?

C) only in the gaseous state;

D) in all three states.

13. Below is the behavior of molecules in solid, liquid and gaseous bodies. What is common for liquids and gases?

A) the fact that the molecules are located at distances smaller than the size of the molecules themselves, and move freely relative to each other;

B) the fact that the molecules are located at large distances relative to each other (compared to the size of the molecules) and move randomly;

C) the fact that the molecules move randomly relative to each other;

D) the fact that the molecules are arranged in a strict order and vibrate around certain positions.

14. Which of the indicated properties belong to solid bodies? (Select multiple options)

A) have a certain volume;

B) occupy the volume of the entire vessel;

B) take the form of a vessel;

D) shrink a little;

D) easy to compress.

Option -3

1. The bottle contains water with a volume of 0.5 liters. It is poured into a 1 liter flask. Will the volume of water change?

A) will increase

B) will decrease;

B) will not change.

2. Molecules are located so that the distance between them is less than the size of the molecules themselves. They are strongly attracted to each other and move from place to place. What is this body?

A) gas

B) liquid;

B) a solid body.

3. In what state can oxygen be: solid, liquid or gaseous?

A) only in the solid state;

B) only in a liquid state;

C) only in the gaseous state;

D) in all three states.

4. What is the dynamic equilibrium of the “vapor-liquid” system?

A) the number of molecules emitted from the liquid during evaporation more number molecules returned to the liquid during condensation;

B) the number of ejected molecules during evaporation less than number molecules returned to the liquid during condensation;

C) the number of molecules leaving the liquid in a certain time is equal to the number of molecules returning from the vapor to the liquid in the same time.

5. Interaction between molecules has the character:

A) attraction

B) repulsion;

C) attraction at small distances, repulsion - at large;

D) repulsion at small distances, attraction - at large.

6. During evaporation, molecules with ...

A) the greatest kinetic energy;

B) the smallest kinetic energy;

B) the greatest potential energy;

D) the smallest potential energy.

7. With dynamic equilibrium between a liquid and its saturated vapor ...

A) condensation and evaporation do not occur;

B) condensation occurs faster than evaporation;

C) condensation occurs more slowly than evaporation;

D) condensation occurs at the same rate as evaporation.

8. At the same temperature, saturated steam in a closed vessel differs from unsaturated steam

A) pressure

B) the structure of molecules;

C) the average energy of the chaotic movement of molecules;

D) the absence of impurities of foreign gases.

9. Density of saturated steam…

A) with an increase in volume - increases;

B) with a decrease in volume - decreases;

B) does not depend on volume;

D) with an increase in volume - decreases.

10. The number of molecules leaving the surface of the liquid becomes equal to the number molecules returning to it, at relative humidity...

A) 100% B) 50%

C) 0% D) 25%

11. In a vessel containing only steam and water, the piston is moved so that the pressure remains constant. The temperature at this

A) does not change

B) increases;

B) decreases

D) can both decrease and increase.

12. Relative humidity in the room is 20%. What is the concentration ratio n water molecules in room air and concentration n n water molecules in saturated water vapor at the same temperature?

A) n moren n 5 times;

B)n lessn n 5 times;

IN)n lessn n by 20%;

G)n moren n by 20%.

13. The relative humidity of the air in the cylinder under the piston is 60%. The air is isothermally compressed, reducing its volume by half. The relative humidity has become

A) 120% B) 100%

C) 60% D) 30%

14. There is unsaturated steam in the vessel under the piston. It can be translated into saturated ...

A) raising the temperature

B) adding another gas to the vessel;

B) increasing the volume of steam;

D) reducing the volume of steam.

Answers:

№ question Option

Option 1

A, G, D

A, B, D

Option 2

A, B, D

A, G

Option 3

I part
What is diffusion?
1. The phenomenon of the penetration of molecules of one substance between the molecules of another.
2. The phenomenon in which substances are mixed with each other.
3. The phenomenon in which substances spontaneously mix with each other.
What important conclusion can be drawn from the phenomenon of diffusion about the structure of matter?
1. The molecules of all substances are immobile.
2. Molecules of all substances are constantly moving.
3. All bodies are made up of tiny particles.
In order for fresh cucumbers to pickle faster, they are poured with hot brine.
Why pickling cucumbers in hot brine is faster?
1. Salt dissolves quickly.
2. The distance between cucumber fiber molecules becomes larger,
and the process itself is faster?
3. The speed of movement of molecules increases, and diffusion proceeds faster.
Molecules are located at large distances relative to each other
(compared to the size of the molecules), weakly interact with each other, move randomly. What is this body?
1. Gas.
2. Solid body.
3. Liquid.
The molecules are tightly packed, strongly attracted to each other, and each oscillates around a certain point. What is this body?
1. Gas.
2. Liquid.
3. Solid body.
What state can oxygen be in: solid, liquid, or gaseous?
1. Only in liquid state.
2. Only in solid state.
3. Only in the gaseous state.
4. In all three states.
II part
What particles make up a water molecule?
Half of the water is poured into a glass tube and then alcohol is carefully added.
After measuring the level of alcohol, mix it with water. At the same time, it turns out
that the volume of the resulting mixture is less than the sum of the volumes of liquids taken.
Why?
In order to improve the strength of some steel parts, their surface is impregnated with chromium. (This process is called chromium plating.) In chromium plating, the part is placed in chromium powder and heated to a temperature of 1000 °C. After 10-15 hours, the top layer of steel is impregnated with chromium. What physical phenomenon is used in this case?
What is the purpose of heating steel parts and chromium powder?
Will the volume of gas change if it is pumped from a vessel with a capacity of 1 liter to a vessel with a capacity of 2 liters?
A beaker contains 100 cm3 of water. It is poured into a glass with a capacity of 200 cm3.
Will the volume of water change?
Describe an experiment that can be used to prove that any substance consists of tiny particles - molecules.
Give examples of experiments proving that the molecules of a substance are in continuous chaotic motion and there are gaps between the molecules.
Children's rubber balloon filled with hydrogen after a few hours
becomes weakly inflated. Why?
If we look at a drop of highly diluted milk through a microscope, we can see
that small drops of oil floating in a liquid are constantly moving. Explain this phenomenon.
Explain why gases do not have their own shape and constant volume.

Topic: Three states of matter

I option

I.How are molecules arranged in solids and how do they move?
Molecules are located at distances smaller than the dimensions of the molecules themselves and move freely relative to each other. Molecules are located at large distances from each other (compared to the size of the molecules) and move randomly. Molecules are arranged in a strict order and vibrate around certain equilibrium positions.
II.Which of the following properties belong to gases?
Have a certain volume Occupy the volume of the entire vessel Take the shape of the vessel Slightly compressed Easy to compress
III.Will the volume of gas change if it is pumped from a vessel with a capacity of1 literin a 2 liter container?
IV. Molecules are located at large distances from each other (in relation to the size of the molecules), weakly interact with each other, and move randomly. What is this body?
Gas Solid Liquid No such body
v.What is the state of the steel?
Only in the solid state Only in the liquid state Only in the gaseous state In all three states
Topic: Three states of matter

II option

I.How are the molecules of liquids arranged and how do they move?
The molecules are located at distances commensurate with the size of the molecules themselves, and move freely relative to each other. Molecules are located at large distances (compared to the size of the molecules) from each other and move randomly. Molecules are arranged in a strict order and vibrate around certain equilibrium positions.
II.Which of the following properties belong to gases?
Occupies the entire volume provided to them Difficult to compress Have a crystalline structure Easy to compress Do not have their own shape
III.A beaker contains 100 cm3 of water. It is poured into a glass with a capacity of 200 cm3. Will the volume of water change?
IV. Molecules are densely packed, strongly attracted to each other, each molecule oscillates around a certain position. What is this body?
Gas Liquid Solid body There are no such bodies
v.What state can water be in?
Only in liquid state Only in gaseous state Only in solid state In all three states
Topic: Three states of matter

III option

I.How are gas molecules arranged and how do they move?
Molecules are located at distances smaller than the size of the molecules themselves, and move freely relative to each other. Molecules are located at distances many times the size of the molecules themselves, and move randomly. Molecules are arranged in a strict order and vibrate around certain positions.
II.Which of the following properties belong to solids?
Difficult to change shape Occupies the entire volume provided to them Retain a constant shape Easily change shape Difficult to compress
III.Will the volume of gas change if it is pumped from a cylinder with a capacity of 20 liters to a cylinder with a capacity of .40 liters?
Increase by 2 times Decrease by 2 times No change
IV. Is there a substance in which the molecules are located at large distances, are strongly attracted to each other and oscillate around certain positions?
Gas Liquid Solid No such substance exists
v.What is the state of mercury?
Only in liquid Only in solid Only in gaseous All three states
Topic: Three states of matter

IV option

I. Below is the behavior of molecules in solid, liquid and gaseous bodies. What is common for liquids and gases?
The fact that molecules are located at distances smaller than the size of the molecules themselves and move freely relative to each other That the molecules are located at large distances from each other and move randomly That the molecules move randomly relative to each other That the molecules are arranged in a strict order and oscillate near certain positions
II.Which of the following properties belong to solids?
Have a certain volume Occupy the volume of the entire vessel Take the shape of the vessel Slightly compressed Easy to compress
III.The bottle contains 0.5 liters of water. It is poured into a flask with a capacity of 1 liter. Will the volume of water change?
Increase Decrease No change
IV. The molecules are arranged so that the distance between them is less than the size of the molecules themselves. They are strongly attracted to each other and move from place to place. What is this body?
Gas Liquid Solid
v.What state can alcohol be in?
Only in the solid state Only in the liquid state Only in the gaseous state In all three states
Answers to tests

I option

II - 2, 5

II option

II - 1, 4, 5

III option

II - 1, 3, 5

IV option

II - 1, 4