Medical encyclopedia. The meaning of the word artifact in medical terms Artifact is a medical term

Most modern people understand the meaning of the word "artifact" through the prism of the game world. That is, the meaning is perceived as an amazing and mystical find of mankind, which has unprecedented power or some symbolism. And older people can’t really identify him at all. They only ask the question: an artifact, what is it?

Artifact: the meaning of the word

The word was first spoken in Latin. Established: this is a complex fusion of the two foundations "art" and "fact", and in literal translation stands for "artificially made". The place where the term first began to be used cannot be named. Due to the fact that in ancient times each ethnic group had its own designation, which corresponded to the word in question. There is little speculation that the Middle East first uttered the term, vaguely reminiscent of the sound of "artifact". The definition, unfortunately, is unrealistic to derive in such a way as to please all branches of civilization.

A little later, with the development of civilization, the word began to take on other meanings. Due to the ease of memorization and ease of expression, this word is used in almost every field of human activity. This includes not only the computer sphere:

• Culture.
• Archeology.
• Story.
• Medicine.
• Programming.

The path of the word through time, a cultural artifact

The word sounds great, and easily makes a sentence epic. It's worth recognizing this. In modern culture, it is easy enough to find all the meanings of the word artifact. Wikipedia offers small explanations regarding the different stages of human development.

All culturologists say that initially this word defines any material product created by man. Why? It is known that the word "fact" in ancient times denoted accuracy in the non-material world. That is, the words spoken from the lips of a person, which were confirmed and recognized as true, were called facts. Something similar happened with the use of our chosen word. It is generally accepted that in culture there is a division into only two branches:

• The material world (everything that can be seen and touched).
• Spiritual world (tangible only by the mind or through the soul).

However, most culturologists single out a completely new branch - human relations. All this leads to the fact that absolutely any information that is present in our world has no specifics, and leads to the creation of the phenomenon of symbolism. A similar process occurred with the "artifact". The meaning went beyond its branch, and was able to absorb some other knowledge into itself. Yes, it all looks quite naive. However, no one has yet provided any refutable evidence of such a theory, including culture.

The concept of an artifact in other areas

An archaeological artifact is called a certain material object that was found as a result of excavations and is provided as the property of mankind, and in a single copy.

Programming, as a science, appeared relatively recently, and has a rather narrow specialization, therefore it is oversaturated with terms. And among them, the word “artifact” could also find an echo. They denote some created element of the programmed final product, which can function due to the effectiveness of this element. So to speak, the missing puzzle for the sense of the integrity of the whole picture.

In laboratory-type studies there is also the word artifact in common vocabulary terms. Most often, artifacts are called a certain reaction, resulting from deliberate interference with the naturalness of ongoing processes, or an accidental reaction that resulted from unplanned actions. Sometimes it accompanies the synonyms of "miracle" or "really." Most often this happens in biological and physico-mathematical research centers.

Let's return a little to the beginning of the article and again plunge into the gaming and cinematic world. In addition to what has already been said, a few suggestions should be added.

In the gaming world, the word "artifact" has always been associated with a mysterious powerful object with incredible power. Distinctive features were complex obstacles and quests to obtain it, a deep history and a mandatory impact on the outside world and on the person who took possession of it. It is easy to remember the famous game of the beginning of the third millennium, WarCraft. In it, you can clearly see any artifact. The essence of the "gaming" artifact is that it is most often a material vessel for non-material force. So to speak, it is a unifying link of the two main branches of culture.

However, all this "gaming" generation of artifacts had their origin in the cinema. For the first time, people began to use the word artifact in active vocabulary thanks to cinema. It was it that gave the development of this term in the computer world. All the features voiced above, one way or another, apply to cinema.

It is hard to imagine a good fantasy book without a well-written world, a strong and memorable protagonist, an equally charismatic villain and an important artifact, because of which, in general, further actions take place. Who decided to use this word for the first time as a term for the meaning of a certain subject, having power and strength, is unlikely to be installed. In our time, thousands of different books are written daily in the world, where it will be possible to meet this word several times directly. The strange thing is that many writers, and indeed modern people perfectly understand the meaning of the word, unable to explain it at the proper level.

It is enough just to take one famous king of the last century, "The Lord of the Rings" by Tolkien. It would seem that according to all the canons in the book there is only one mysterious object - the Ring of Omnipotence, however, in the narrative we come across other objects - the staff of magicians, the sword of the King of Gondor, mithril, and so on. It would seem that they do not meet certain criteria of "actuality", but they are still considered as such. The term artifact, the definition of which is rather vague, is changing.

For a younger contingent of readers, let's use the Harry Potter books as an example. It does not contain the main artifact. But present many minor artifacts, which are necessary only for the disclosure of characters and their temporary use to achieve the goal. Cloak of invisibility, magic wand, soul stone and so on. Again, it is almost impossible to concretize this term without going beyond the bounds of literature.

See also `Artifact` in other dictionaries

ARTIFACT

(from lat. artefactum - artificially made) - English artefact/artifact; German Artifact. 1. Man-made object. 2. A tool worked by prehistoric man.

Antinazi. Encyclopedia of Sociology, 2009

ARTIFACT

(from lat. artefactum - artificially made), 1) an object made, made by a person. 2) A process or formation that is not normal for the object under study and usually occurs in the course of its study. Eg, at fixing gistol. the drug in the cells (due to coagulation of proteins), precipitation (clumps) may appear.

ARTIFACT

ARTIFACT

(from lat. - artificially made) in the usual sense, any artificially created object; in cultural studies, this concept came from archeology, where it was used to distinguish between natures. and arts. objects.

In aesthetics, the term is used etymologically, i.e. directly to refer to objects created specifically to function in the system of art. In the interpretation of the institutional school in aesthetics, any real object can act as A. in the appropriate environment (particularly, so...

ARTIFACT - a process or formation that is not inherent in the body and resulting from the use of some imperfect research method (for example, structures formed during the processing of microscopic preparations due to protein coagulation).

Dictionary of botanical terms. - Kyiv: Naukova Dumka. Under the general editorship of d.b.s. I.A. Dudki. 1984 .

(microbiol.) - a phenomenon unusual for the observed object, leading to a distortion of the research results. With a microscope, research method A occurs as a result of a violation of the method of taking the material, preparing a smear, especially its fixation and staining; in serol. reactions - when using improperly prepared dishes, non-compliance with the conditions for setting up reactions, for example. pH; in biochem. reactions - in case of incorrect pH setting, contamination of the to-ry by extraneous microflora, etc.

(Source: Glossary of Microbiology Terms)

experiment (from lat. arte - artificially + factus - made) - the effect in the experiment, arising from defects in the methodology of the experiment. Yes, in psychological experiments A. are the moments of suggestion to the subject of certain indications, in electrophysiology - currents from interference, etc.

Artifact

(from lat. artefactum - artificially made)

1) an object made by a man;

2) (in biology) formation (structure) or a process that sometimes occurs in the study of a biological object due to the very conditions of the study, i.e., in fact, is not normally characteristic of the object under study.

Artifact

artef A/ kt, -a

merged. Apart. Through a hyphen.. B. Z. Bookchin.

Artifact

(2 m); pl. artef A/ kty, R. artefa/ who in

Spelling Dictionary of the Russian Language. 2006 .

1. A magical thing that has its own history.
2. Hack found at the site of an ancient site.
3. Say in Latin "made by man."

1) an object (object) that is a product of human labor (as opposed to natural objects); 2) biol. (usually plural) structures and formations that have arisen in a living object during its examination (eg, microscopic) or during the preparation of a preparation.

(Source: "Dictionary of Foreign Words". Komlev N.G., 2006)

(from Latin artefactum - artificially made), man-made, i.e. created by man, and not by nature, an object (kitchen utensils, a piece of furniture, etc.), which the artist, in the process of creativity, removes from the everyday context and recreates it into a work art.

(Source: "Art. Modern Illustrated Encyclopedia." Under the editorship of Prof. A.P. Gorkin; M.: Rosmen; 2007.)

Artifact (from lat. Artefactum - artificially made)

(biol.), a process or formation that is unusual for an organism in the norm and caused by the very method of its study. In microscopy (including electronic) microscopy includes, for example, formations that appear in tissues or cells during preparation processing (filling, sectioning, fixing, staining), its studies under vacuum conditions, electron bombardment, etc. e. In autoradiography, A. depends on the exposure and processing of the photographic emulsion combined with the tissue section. In X-ray diagnostics, A. are found on the pictures in the form of extraneous shadows that arise, for example, as a result of technical. errors in the processing of films or their improper storage. In experimental and forensic medicine, A. is called ...

ARTIFACT (from lat. artefactum - artificially made) - .. 1) an object made, made by a person ... 2) A process or formation that is not normal for the object under study and usually occurs in the course of its study. Eg. Big encyclopedic dictionary

A large number of color artifacts can provide Negative influence on the interpretation of the results of the CDE or distort it. Some of them are unavoidable and in fact can be used to increase the accuracy and sensitivity of diagnostics.

Interference: One reason may be that the color gain setting is too high. Interference can be a significant problem, but in some cases it is intentional and is used to detect slow blood flow.

Movement Artifacts: motion artifacts (flowering flashes) also make it difficult to study. Their possible reasons there may be transmissible pulsations of the heart (for example, when examining vascularized neoplasms in the left lobe of the liver) and pulsations of the aorta.

overlay: This artifact presents a problem when, for diagnostic purposes, the color scale of the instrument is set to a specific velocity range (PRF) that does not correspond to the blood flow velocity in all the examined vessels. This results in unwanted color inversion zones.

Artifact confetti: has the appearance of numerous small color pixels, is an important sign of post-stenotic turbulent flow.

Flicker Artifact: is of great diagnostic value. It occurs when confetti artifact pixels or color stripes (red and blue pixels) are created by structures with very strong sound-reflecting properties (stone, cholesterol polyp) located in the acoustic shadow. Flicker is caused by the vibration of a reflecting surface due to sound waves incident on it. This artifact may be useful in the diagnosis of kidney stones and other formations.

Definition: in ultrasound diagnostics, artifacts are acoustic images that do not correlate with anatomical structures. Their occurrence is due to the fact that not all physical phenomena are taken into account in the visualization process.

Meaning: When interpreting ultrasound images, artifacts can have different meanings. Some of them, such as the ultrasound beam thickness artifact, may interfere with the interpretation of the ultrasound image, while others, such as acoustic shadowing, are of diagnostic value.

sidelobe artifact

Incorrect object display on the screen due to the echoes produced by the side lobes accompanying the ultrasonic beam.
sidelobe artifact has the appearance of a curved line in an anechoic structure.

Meaning: These artifacts can be mistaken for echoes from internal structures cystic organs (septa, sediment).
Differentiation with a real object: Changing the angle of the probe or the scanning plane easily causes the artifact to disappear.