Samara region village Kameshkir history. Russian kameshkir of the Penza region. Difficult times, rebirth

The route to the village with the interesting name Russian Kameshkir was built after virtual walk according to the photos on the Yandex map: "Look," my husband called me. "You can go to this place."
Can? After looking at the photos, the question was no longer there. Need to!
Russian Kameshkir is very different from the rest of the surrounding villages. Just as it was once possible to learn about the occupation of a person by a nickname, so here, when looking at the houses, you can immediately understand which craft not only fed, but also glorified this place.

You should leave your car somewhere and go on foot, otherwise you risk burning a lot of gasoline, constantly stopping at one or another house, whose facade is decorated with carved details like lace

Wooden carving appeared in Russian Kameshkir in the 20-30s of the last century and over a hundred years it has spread so widely that now you can shoot and shoot here. On Kirov Street alone (however, it is quite long), I probably took at least fifty photographs

During this time, their own dynasties of craftsmen appeared in the village - the Sorokins, Kirilins, Chirkins

At first, only the eaves of houses were decorated in the village, and then the woodworkers "turned their skills into a reflection of all the beauty that externally surrounds our Russian houses," said Valentina Dimitrashko, director of the Kameshkir Museum of Local History and Local Lore, in an interview with the Penza edition of the Rossiya 1 TV channel.

Curls, leaves, twigs, flowers and many, many more details that, found in almost every house, make the street one patterned canvas

There are often found ornaments, such as, for example, this either a peacock's tail, or a fan. The most popular in Russian Kameshkir

Or suns more familiar to us under the roof


And there are outlandish ones.
Cockerel on one of the houses

Stars


This pattern reminded me of a power. I have strange associations, yes

And in this incredible interweaving of motifs, I see mice, swans, and even dragons with horses.

Anchors suddenly appeared on some houses. I have never seen such a detail in wooden jewelry before.


At the same time, such an ornament may appear on the house for a reason. I can’t say anything about the house from the photo above, but in the one below, a sailor really lived

The years of construction or, alternatively, the decoration of the building with wooden carvings can be found on many houses.

Interestingly, the numbering has changed over a long time, so that individual houses stand with two numbers at once, one of which is part of the facade decor. To the left behind the branches you can see the number 225


In Russian Kameshkir, in my opinion, everything that can be decorated is decorated with carvings. Here is just a bench in front of the house, which is also remembered by a wonderful fence with Christmas trees


And this place is at the column. Also with a bench. True, I seem to have photographed the most broken version, fearing that such an arrangement would no longer come across, and then I forgot, looking at everything else


Here, for example, is one of the large buildings in the village. Also decorated with carvings


As reported on the website of the regional newspaper "Nov", this is the oldest building in Russian Kameshkir


But in terms of patterning, it is far from the most probably famous house in Russian Kameshkir, which meets everyone who enters the village from Gagarin Street. This is a tavern or cafe "Kameshkir Patterns" (architect A.V. Mamatkadze). On the facade you can see the year of construction - 1980. I note that some sources indicate 1982. The Sorokin brothers covered this building pattern after pattern. The house has become a real monument to their skill and talent.


Interestingly, this building remained in Russian Kameshkir by chance. As reported in a newsreel for 1975, "the fame of rural carpenters has long crossed the borders of the region. Ahead is the design of the astronauts' cafe in Star City." Nadezhda Ulyanova, a resident of the village of Russian Kameshkir, spoke about the same a few years ago in an interview with Rossiya 1, only Baikonur was already mentioned instead of Star City: “In general, this building was intended for Baikonur, but for some reason unknown to us, maybe , fortunately for the people of Kameshki, they decided to leave this building"


Masters of artistic carving from Russian Kameshkir really transformed houses not only in their native village. IN Soviet time the "Combine of consumer services" worked here, where it was possible to place an order for the decoration and construction of rooms and houses. And for this, not only private individuals from the surrounding villages applied here. So, near Penza, the Russian tavern "Golden Petushok" was built, which for several decades became one of business cards cities. For the creation of wooden carvings, they turned to the brothers Vasily, Ivan and Nikolai Sorokin, as well as their cousin Strokin. Moreover, they were invited to work in Penza by the second secretary of the regional committee of the CPSU Georg Myasnikov, who before that personally traveled almost the entire Penza region, choosing the most suitable thread. Today, unfortunately, it is no longer possible to see this masterpiece of carpentry - in the summer of 2009, a fire destroyed a beautiful building, which had been empty for several years, attracting the appropriate residents. And there are almost no photos of this building on the Internet.


In Russian Kameshkir, fortunately, the art carving business is not dying, and I hope that the growing interest in this craft will provide them with orders for long years forward. One of the examples of work not for oneself, but for the joy of everyone is a gazebo in one of the local squares


Vandals, however, live everywhere, so a few years ago it had to be renovated


The buildings near the Beliy Klyuch spring with very tasty water are decorated in the same carved style. But I'll tell you about it another time.

Used information from sites

RUSSIAN KAMESHKIR (Sergievskoye, Monastyrskoye, Kimishkir), a Russian village, a regional center 110 km southeast of Penza, 40 km from railway station Chaadaevka on the line Penza - Kuznetsk, on both banks of the river. Kameshkir, the left tributary of the Kadada, in a lowland formed by a river valley. As of 1.1.2004 - 2094 households, 5388 inhabitants. Under the name Kumishkir, the river has been known since 1611 according to cadastral books as a place of forest beekeeping of the Mordovians. On the land map of the Penza province (1730) - Kimishker. Perhaps the basis of the Chuvash word is khamash "reed, reed", khir "field, steppe"; "reed steppe".

The settlement was founded around 1700 on lands denied to the Trinity-Sergius Monastery on the former Mordovian estate of Vidmanka Isaev, who lived in 1701 in the village of Kimishkir (now Mordovian Kameshkir). Initially, the village was called Sergievskoe, Kimishkir, too, the newly baptized Mordovians and monastic peasants lived in it. In addition to farming and cattle breeding, the peasants were engaged in the extraction of flagstone, the manufacture of millstones, pottery, and other crafts. As V. Yuryev noted in the article “The Saratov Territory under the first Romanovs” (1913), “the monastery received from each soul a certain quitrent from 70 kopecks to 1 ruble per year, collected “crown money” of 25 kopecks from the wedding and “for a brood of girls” in marriage per side for 3 rubles. for every girl (...). The Lavra provided the peasants with all the land, forests and other lands for use, without collecting any special dues from them. However, the peasants bore in-kind and monetary duties for this: “except for the salary determined by the authorities of 10 kopecks. from each smoke, "entry and bath" 4 kopecks. from smoke, “festive” - 1 1/2 kopecks each. from the howl (howl was equal to 15 tithes, divided into three fields), the stewards received more for bread and for all sorts of supplies.

According to the church with an altar in the name of St. Sergius of Radonezh, the village was called Sergievsky. In 1859, there were 770 households in the village, a church, a rural school, a post office, two annual fairs, a market, 5 small industrial establishments, and 3 mills.

In 1877, a church, a school (opened in 1843), a post station, 2 shops, 7 inns, 3 tanneries, 3 brick factories, a vodka factory, and a mill. Until 1928, Russian Kameshkir was the volost center of the Kuznetsk district of the Saratov province, then the center of the Russian-Kameshkir region. In 1926 - bazaars on Fridays, 2 fairs: on the 9th week after Easter - and on October 8 - Sergievskaya (trade in livestock and manufactured goods). In the late 1930s there was a power plant, a telephone, 150 radio points, a small tannery. On September 17, 1975, the village entered the village. Lutkovka, located on the left bank of the river. Kameshkir.

The main enterprises in 1993: a mechanized forestry, a feed mill, a butter factory. Agricultural joint-stock company "Dawn" on the basis of the collective farm of the same name (pig breeding, grain and meat and dairy production). District hospital, middle and 2 primary schools, house of culture, library, other institutions of social and cultural life.

The village is inhabited by wood carving masters brothers Sorokin, Garanyushkin, V.S. Chirkin, V.M. Glukhov, V.K. Martynov; the attraction of the village is the tavern "Kameshkirskie Zori" (architect A.V. Mamatkadze, 1982), as well as residential buildings, in the decorative decoration of which carvings were widely used.

Homeland of the Saratov zemstvo figure, book publisher, bibliophile V.I. Milovidov (1861–1943). Hero lived in the village Soviet Union General A.V. Lapshov, submarine hero V. Dolganov (for a trip to the area North Pole awarded the order Lenin), doctor technical sciences Professor V.S. Tarasov. Homeland of the 2nd Secretary of the Central Committee of the Communist Party of Estonia (since 1971), candidate member of the Central Committee of the CPSU (1982) K.V. Lebedev.

Monument to the Kameshkir warriors who died during the Great Patriotic War.

Since the 1930s, the village has included neighboring settlements Iskra Ilyich, Red Hammer, October 11th.

Population: in 1748 - approx. 2000, 1859 - 4399, 1877 - 4676, 1897 - 4861, 1917 - 5786, 1926 - 5883, 1930 - 6052, 1939 - 5306, 1959 - 4126, 1970 - 4899, 1979 - 5209, 1989 - 5448, 1998 - 5730 residents .

Literature:
1. Volosts and the most important villages of European Russia. Issue. 4. St. Petersburg, 1883.
2. Address-calendar of the Saratov province for 1895. Saratov, 1895.
3. Berdnikov V. Monastic estate. - "Lenin's Way" (R. Kameshkir), 1968, March 28.
4. Berdnikov V.P. Russian Kameshkir / Penza Encyclopedia. M.: Scientific publishing house "Bolshaya Russian Encyclopedia", 2001, p. 531-532.
5. Gildenbrand E.Ya. So how old is Russian Kameshkir? - "Nov" (R. Kameshkir), 1995, January 14.
6. Poluboyarov M.S. - http://suslony.ru, 2007.

Residential building in the village of Russian Kameshkir

Geography

It is located 35 km south of the Chaadaevka railway station of the Kuibyshev railway on the Penza - Samara line, 120 km southeast of Penza, on the Kameshkirka River, a tributary of the Sura. The total area of ​​​​the territory is 127 thousand hectares. The district borders on Gorodishchensky, Lopatinsky, Shemysheysky, Kuznetsky, Neverkinsky districts of the Penza region and on the Saratov region.

Climate

The climate is temperate continental.

Winter is moderately cold. Winter and temperatures in January range from -12.8 to -13.9.

Spring is friendly, short, with sharp fluctuations in temperature associated with the invasion of cold masses of Arctic air.

Summer is warm (average temperature in July is from +19 to +19.7 degrees). On some hot days, the maximum temperature rises to 38 degrees.

Autumn is characterized by early frosts. On average, the first frost occurs on September 23. The frost-free period lasts an average of 130 days in the region.

The annual amount of precipitation in the Kameshkir region is 415 millimeters. The Kameshkir region is partly included in the region of moderate moisture and in the region of insufficient moisture. Snow cover is established in the third decade of November, and disappears on average in the first decade of April. The average number of days per year with snow cover is 140 days.

Relief

The Kameshkirsky district is located on the Volga Upland, the highest height is 331 m on the Kikino-Chirchimsky uplift. This uplift is composed of sandy-argillaceous sediments of the Cretaceous age. The relief is a deeply dissected plain, dominated by smoothed ridged-hilly forms of the ancient erosional dissection of the plains.

Story

In 1926, bazaars were held in the village on Fridays and 2 fairs a year: on the 9th week after Easter and on October 8 - Sergievskaya (trade in livestock and manufactured goods).

In the late 1930s there was a power plant, a telephone, 150 radio points, a small tannery.

Since the 1930s, the village included the neighboring settlements Iskra Ilyicha, Krasny Molot, 11th October.

In 1975, the village was included with. Lutkovka, located on the left bank of the river. Kameshkir.

Modernity

In 1993, the village had a mechanized forestry, a feed mill, a butter factory, an agricultural enterprise "Dawn" on the basis of the collective farm of the same name (pig breeding, grain and meat and dairy production), a district hospital, a secondary and 2 primary schools, a cultural center, a library, and others. social and cultural institutions.

Economy

• butter and cheese plant
• mekhleskhoz

Demography

In 1748 - about 2000 inhabitants,
In 1859 - 4399 inhabitants,
In 1877 - 4676 inhabitants,
In 1897 - 4861 inhabitants,
In 1917 - 5786 inhabitants,
In 1926 - 5883 inhabitants,
In 1930 - 6052 inhabitants,
In 1939 - 5306 inhabitants,
In 1959 - 4126 inhabitants,
In 1970 - 4899 inhabitants,
In 1979 - 5209 inhabitants,
In 1989 - 5448 inhabitants,
In 1998 - 5730 inhabitants.

Personalities

Born in the village:

• Saratov zemstvo figure, book publisher, bibliophile V. I. Milovidov (1861–1943).
• 2nd Secretary of the Central Committee of the Communist Party of Estonia (since 1971), candidate member of the Central Committee of the CPSU (1982) KV Lebedev.

Here lived:

• Hero of the Soviet Union, General A. V. Lapshov
• hero submariner V. Dolganov (for a trip to the North Pole was awarded the Order of Lenin).
• Doctor of Technical Sciences Professor V. S. Tarasov.

The village is inhabited by masters of wood carving brothers Sorokin, Garanyushkin, V. S. Chirkin, V. M. Glukhov, V. K. Martynov.

Attractions

The village has a tavern "Kameshkir patterns" (architect A.V. Mamatkadze, 1982), as well as residential buildings, in the decorative decoration of which carvings were widely used.

A monument was erected in the village to the Kameshkir warriors who died during the Great Patriotic War.

In the Penza region, 110 kilometers from the regional center along the banks of the Kameshkir River, there is a beautiful old village of Russian Kameshkir. During its more than three hundred years of history, this settlement has undergone repeated renaming. For a long time, local lands were in the possession of the Mordovian peoples, who were engaged in forest beekeeping. In 1675, the redistribution of the boundaries of possessions began, started by Mordovian merchants.

As a result of internecine disputes in 1700, part of the land became the property of the Trinity-Sergius Lavra. Here the village was founded, named Sergievsky in honor of the church built by Russian peasants in the name of Sergius of Radonezh. Since these lands had previously been a refuge for peasants assigned to the Trinity-Sergius Monastery, the village was sometimes called Monastic. Also, by the name of the river, the village was sometimes called Kimishkir, then Kumishkir, then Kimishker.

Currently, there are two settlements with related names on the map of the Penza region: Russkiy Kameshkir and Mordovskiy Kameshkir.

Where does this name come from

The origin of the definition of "kameshkir" is not entirely clear. It is assumed that the word originates from the Chuvash language and means "reed steppe". Some local historians believe that stones played an important role in the name of the village, that is, “pebbles” - this is how flagstone mined in coastal zones has long been called here.

wood crafts photo

Flagstone in Russian Kameshkir is used to build the foundations of houses and utility rooms, pave the sidewalks.

wood carving

Houses in Kameshkir are predominantly log houses. Here you will not find a single building, the facade of which would not be decorated with wooden carvings.. Lace patterns are located on the window frames, on the gables of the roofs, and even on well buildings and light arbors.

The local church, which has existed for about three hundred years and has been repeatedly rebuilt, is also decorated with wooden carvings. In 1982, a building of a tavern was built in the village, which is called "Kameshkir Patterns". Looking at this lace splendor, you feel like a character in an old fairy tale. Although wooden architecture is not considered the main craft of the local population, even to this day, craftsmen involved in woodcarving have not disappeared in Russian Kameshkir.

Previously, in addition to cattle breeding and farming, the villagers were engaged in pottery, the manufacture of millstones, and practiced beekeeping. Now the village has a butter factory, a school, a hospital, and a well-developed network of social and cultural institutions.

One of the main production organizations of the Kameshkir region is a mechanized forestry. While logging and maintaining forest land, its workers may not cut wooden lace, but this enterprise has already gone down in history. Back in 1970, in honor of the centenary of the leader of the revolution, forestry employees compiled a giant inscription LENIN with the help of selective cutting down of trees, which can still be seen from space today.

110 km from the city of Penza, on both banks of the river Kameshkir, there is an ancient village of Russian Kameshkir. It has over 300 years of history. The lands on which this large settlement is spread, for a considerable time belonged to the Mordovian peoples, who were mainly engaged in forest beekeeping.

Geography, climate

Russian Kameshkir is located at a distance of 35 km from the railway station Chaadaevka (Kuibyshev railway), on the stretch Penza - Samara. It stands on the banks of the Kameshkir River, which is a tributary of the Sura River. From the regional center (the city of Penza) it is separated by a distance of 120 km. Russian Kameshkir covers an area of ​​about 125,000 hectares. It borders on the Saratov region.

The climate in the location of the village is temperate continental. Winter is relatively not cold, average temperatures in winter range from 12 to 14 degrees below zero. The average summer temperature is around 20 degrees with a plus sign. Very rarely, on particularly hot summer days, the temperature can rise above 35 degrees Celsius. Early frosts occur in autumn, from the end of September.

The village of Russian Kameshkir is the regional center of the Kameshkir region. Located on This area is dominated by hilly forms.

History of occurrence

Mordovian merchants in 1675 began to change the boundaries of their possessions, which led to lengthy disputes. As a result, in 1700, most of the disputed lands passed into the possession of the Trinity-Sergius Lavra. A village was created on them, which was called Sergievsky. The name was given to it by the church built by the peasants, dedicated to Sergei Radonezhsky. Lavra, which owns these lands, gave shelter to the peasants, as a result of which the village was sometimes called Monastyrskoe. There were other names, mainly according to the river on which it was located (Kameshkir, Kameshkir or Kameshkir).

Basically, its inhabitants consisted of monastic peasants and Mordovians, who underwent the rite of baptism. The main occupation of the population was agriculture, cattle breeding, flagstone mining, pottery, etc.

In the Penza region, there are currently two villages that have almost the same names, namely Mordovsky Kameshkir and Russian Kameshkir.

origin of name

There is no understanding of where the word “Kameshkir” came from. There are suggestions that it has its roots in the Chuvash language (can be translated as "reed steppe"). Some local historians suggest that stones (pebbles) gave the name to the village. In these places, flagstone is designated as such, which has been mined along the banks of the river since very ancient times. From it in Russian Kameshkir they build foundations, ancillary buildings, use it as a stone for paving roads.

Development

With the development of Russian Kameshkir, the village gradually developed into a decent regional center. So, in 1859 it had about 770 households, a rural school, a church, three mills, five industrial establishments. Two large fairs were held in the village, in spring and autumn. There was also a significant postal station. Twenty years later, three tanneries, three brick factories, one more mill were added to these buildings, and a vodka factory was erected.

Until the end of the twenties of the last century, the village of Russian Kameshkir was an important settlement of the Kuznetsk district of the Saratov province. According to historical tradition, fairs continued to be held there twice a year (in spring and autumn). At the end of the thirties, a power plant was erected in the village, a telephone was installed, and a new tannery was opened.

At the same time, the nearby villages of Iskra Ilyich, Krasny Molot, October 11 were attached to the village.

In 1975, the village of Lutovka, which was located on the opposite bank of the Kameshkir River, was annexed to Russian Kameshkir.

Difficult times, rebirth

After the USSR embarked on the path of collapse in 1991, Kameshkir experienced severe unemployment. Most of the regional enterprises were closed, including profitable ones. The population began to leave the village, leaving to work in the regional center and in Moscow.

Now the Russian Kameshkir of the Penza region is gradually gaining stability. There are new enterprises, mainly agricultural. The population starts to grow slowly. According to the latest estimates, about 5,500 people live in Russian Kameshkir.

Currently, the village has a fairly modern mechanized forestry. In the village there is a department of the Kameshkir-Lopatinsky forestry. Compound feed and butter factories were built. The Rassvet agricultural enterprise was revived at a new modern level on the basis of the collective farm of the same name destroyed in the 1990s. Its main direction is dairy production, pig breeding. In the village of Russian Kameshkir there is a brick and smoking enterprise. There are one secondary and two primary schools, equipped with modern technology district hospital, as well as other institutions of social, cultural and domestic purposes.

Russian Kameshkir is considered a major transport hub of the Penza region. The main highway Lower Yeluzan passes through the village - the border of the region. The road is mainly used by drivers of heavy vehicles in order to shorten the way to Saratov, Kuznetsk, Ulyanovsk, Samara.

The village has its own bus station. Buses are sent from it along the route Russian Kameshkir - Penza and to other settlements of the region. There is a long-distance communication with Kuznetsk, Saratov, Moscow and other cities.

railway passing by Russian Kameshkir is not available. The nearest station is located 35 kilometers from the village - the railway station of the Chaadaevka village. Passenger trains run through it to Moscow and other regional centers. Buses run daily from Russian Kameshkir to the station.

The village also had its own airfield, which was built in 1969. Worked until 1992. Received and sent flights from regional and regional centers, as well as other cities of the USSR. It was closed due to lack of funds for its operation. The village has only a helipad. It belongs to Gazprom. The remaining sections of the runway are used to train drivers of the local driving school.

In the village there is a famous temple of the Russian Orthodox Church (Trinity-Sergius Church). Erected in 1709. In times after revolutionary upheavals, in 1930, the church became a power plant. From 1970 to 1989, the Selenergo division was placed in it, and a store was also opened building materials. After the return of the church to the Penza and Saratov diocese, Archbishop Seraphim took steps to revive the church and organize a parish council under it.

wood carving

The bulk of the houses in Russian Kameshkir are made of wood and logs. It is difficult to find facades among them that are not decorated with wooden carvings. Carved lace patterns are placed on roof pediments, well buildings, arbors. In abundance - carved shutters, platbands on the windows.

Despite the fact that wood carving is not the main occupation and craft of the population of Russian Kameshkir, in this village, wood carving has been a part of the life of its inhabitants since ancient times.

The inscription "Lenin"

One of the attractions of Russian Kameshkir is the mechanized forestry created in its vicinity. He carries out logging, and is also actively involved in the conservation of forest land. He became famous for the fact that the employees of this farm in 1970, in commemoration of the 100th anniversary of the birth of the leader October revolution a huge inscription "Lenin" was made from a living tree (by means of selective felling). It can be seen now, having risen into the sky, and it is also observed from their cosmos.