Batalpashinskaya- st-tsa of the Kuban region. ; acc. article erroneously named city.

• Batalpashinsky village of the Cossacks- Batalpashinsky village of the Cossacks, stavrop. lips. and at. on Ber. R. Kuban, 2800 women; name by tour seraskir Batal Pasha, who was defeated here in 1790. German. Two fairs, an exchange yard.
• Baranov Nikolai Mikhailovich (addition to the article)- Baranov Nikolai Mikhailovich (addition to the article) (incorrectly according to the article: Nikolaevich) - senator, lieutenant general; † in 1901
• Besleneyites- Besleneevtsy - a kind of Circassian tribe in the Kuban region, along the Urupu and Laba rivers. In 1768 the Besleneyites were conquered by the Russians; in 1774 independence was returned to them, and in 1775 conquered over all ...
• Blashki (addition to the article)- Blashki (addition to the article) - no county. city ​​of Kalisz province. and u.; erroneously listed as a village (see).
• Bolgrad (addition to the article)- Bolgrad (supplement to the article) - bezuezd town of the Bessarabian province, Izmail district; inhabitants 12300; acc. article is erroneously listed as mst. of the same name.
• Brussels (addition to the article)- Brussels (addition to the article) (see) - table. Belgium. In 1901 there were 190,000 people in B. proper, and together with 8 suburbs actually connected with the city, 576,000 inhabitants.
• Bunsen Robert-Wilhelm (supplement to the article)- Bunsen Robert-Wilhelm (addition to the article) - chemist; died on August 16, 1899 in Heidelberg (for the rest, see the corresponding article).
• Ekaterinovskaya, village of the Kuban region- Ekaterinovskaya, the village of the Kuban region - the village of the Kuban region, Yeysk district, at the river Her, 150 miles from Yeysk. Over 8 thousand inhabitants; Orthodox Church.
• Elizavetpol province (addition to the article)- Elizavetpol province (addition to the article) (see the corresponding article). - According to the 1897 census in E. lips. there were 878415 inhabitants (480012 men and 398403 women), including urban 89259. Distribution ...
• Zhmerinka (addition to the article)- Zhmerinka (addition to the article) - a junction station of the South-Western Railways, Podolsk province, Vinnitsa region; in 1904 it was transformed into a city without a county. Inhabitants 11000; Technical school. See resp....
• Nikolaevskaya, the village of the Kuban region- Nikolaevskaya, the village of the Kuban region - the village of the Kuban region, the Labinsk department; households 625, inhabitants 4367; a church, a school, 1 steam and 36 horse-drawn threshing machines, 8 water mills, commercial and industrial...
• Novoaleksandrovskaya, the village of the Kuban region- Novoaleksandrovskaya, village of the Kuban region - village of the Kuban region, Labinsk department. Residents 5249, households 211; church, school; 7 threshers, 458 improved plows, 11 mills, trade...
• Novotroitskaya, the village of the Kuban region- Novotroitskaya, the village of the Kuban region - the village of the Kuban region, the Labinsk department. Residents 6264, households 822; church, 2 schools, 15 threshing machines, 329 improved plows, 11 mills, 21 merchants...
• Illukst (addition to the article)- Illukst (addition to the article) - the county town of the Courland province; see resp. an article where I. is listed as a shtetl.

At the origins of the city, the village of Batalpashinskaya

On September 30, 1790, the 4,000th Russian army under the command of General Ivan Ivanovich German defeated the 25,000th army of the Turkish seraskir Batal Pasha on the banks of the Kuban River. After this important victory, it was decided to build a Cossack guard redoubt on the right bank of the Kuban, next to the stone ford. Over time, the Cossacks began to settle around the redoubt, and people who came here under the protection of the Cossacks also settled near the fortification.

In 1825, in accordance with the Decree of the Emperor, in connection with the resettlement of the Cossacks to the new Caucasian line, it was decided to build the village of Batalpashinskaya here. An amazing and rare fact in history - the village was named after the defeated Turkish commander Batal Pasha, as if to remind the Turks of strength Russian Empire. The inhabitants of the village never fully accepted this name and called it "Pashinka" in everyday life. The first to settle in the village of Batalpashinskaya were the Cossacks of the Khopersky regiment, then in 1827 the Cossacks of the Kuban regiment, resettled from the disbanded village. The village grew, endless fertile fields attracted grain growers from the arid regions of Stavropol and the central provinces of Russia to these places. According to some sources, by the end of the 1820s. about 1.5 thousand people already lived in the village.

In 1860, the Kuban region was formed, and in 1869 the village of Batalpashinsky became the center of the newly formed Batalpashinsky district. After the end of the Caucasian War, trade relations between the peoples and regions of the North Caucasus began to intensify. Many settlements along the Caucasian fortified line, formed during the war, began to lose their defensive significance, over time they became centers of trade and cultural ties between Russian residents and local mountain peoples. One of these centers was the village of Batalpashinskaya. Merchants and local industrialists in exchange for bread, salt and fabrics purchased cattle, cloaks, dry skins, Circassians, hoods and other goods in the mountainous regions. Begins industrial production, the products of small local enterprises were willingly bought and exchanged by the population. The military administration encouraged such development. An exchange point was opened in the village, in which handicrafts were exchanged for products Agriculture, which contributed to an even greater expansion of ties between Circassia and other regions of the Caucasus.

In 1864, two regimental schools were opened in the village, from which in 1868 a brigade men's school was formed. In 1865, a women's school was opened. In 1868, the first military hospital, designed for 48 beds, was built and began to work; funds from the army treasury were allocated for its construction. On December 30, 1869, the village was transformed into a city by decree, but this decision remained only on paper. The initiative was not supported by large landowners who owned vast surrounding fields and who did not want to burden themselves with unnecessary expenses for improvement.

After completion in 1875 of construction railway- the pace of development of the village has increased significantly. According to the List of populated places of the Kuban region for 1882, in the village of Batalpashinsky district of the same name, there were 757 courtyards and 1,219 houses, in which 5,886 people of both sexes lived - 2,983 males and 2,883 females. The village owned 47,914 acres of land. At that time, the village operated: the seat of the Batalpashinsky district police department, the Orthodox and Armenian-Gregorian churches, a two-class male school, a one-class female school, a post office, 12 shops with red goods, 5 grocery and 31 haberdashery shops, 4 drinking establishments, 14 water flour mills, markets on Sundays, 2 fairs - Easter and 17 October. Since 1888, the village has become the administrative center of the Batalpashinsky department of the Kuban region, into which the county was transformed. Here they traded cattle, grain, and a sawmill worked.

Early 20th century

In 1910, Batalpashinskaya was built up with solid houses, shops, shops, men's and women's gymnasiums worked. Back in 1891, Nikolsky Cathedral was laid in the village, the construction of which was completed 5 years later and on December 19, 1896, it was consecrated. In the evenings, on the square where Pervomaiskaya Street passes today, a brass band played, officers walked with ladies. In the house where the Philharmonic is located today, a cinematograph worked, and a large manufacturing store of the Khafshanov brothers was located nearby. The center of trade was located on a large market square, which was located on the site of the modern House of Printing, the Palace of Children's Art and St. Nicholas Cathedral. On Sundays, large bazaars gathered here.

In 1915, the amount of the annual trade turnover in the Batalpashinsky department exceeded 7 million 234 thousand rubles. But this figure did not reflect the total volume of trade, because. between the inhabitants of the village and the local mountain population, large trade and exchange transactions were also carried out, which could not be accounted for. Required access to new, distant markets. Therefore, after the completion of the construction of the Military Sukhum road, local authorities paid much attention to the construction and improvement of existing dirt roads leading to the villages and cities of the North Caucasus, as well as to the stations of the North Caucasian railway.

In 1912, a small power plant was built, individual institutions, houses of wealthy Cossacks and large merchants were illuminated. The streets and squares in the village were unpaved, after the rain they were washed out, became dirty and impassable.

In the autumn of 1918, the detachments of General A. G. Shkuro occupied the village of Batalpashinskaya. After the capture of the village, mobilization into the army was announced. On January 5, 1919, the detachments of Shkuro captured, which by that time had been occupied by the Reds. The general seized equipment and specialists in Kislovodsk and organized in Batalpashinskaya the production of shells and cartridges, leather boots, cloth, fur coats, cloaks for the White Army. Karachay and Cherkessia were in the power of Denikin's troops until the spring of 1920.

In accordance with the Decree of the Presidium of the All-Russian Central Executive Committee of June 16, 1922, Batalpashinskaya became the administrative center of the united Karachay-Cherkess Autonomous Region. Since 1926, the village was the center of the Circassian national district, and in 1928-1943. center of the Circassian Autonomous Region.

In 1931, the village received the status of a city and the name Batalpashinsk. Over the next eight years, the city changed its name three times. Already in 1934, Batalpashinsk was renamed Sulimov, in honor of the chairman of the Council people's commissars RSFSR Daniil Egorovich Sulimov. In June 1937, D. E. Sulimov was arrested and shot on November 27, and the city was then renamed Yezhovo-Cherkessk, in honor of People's Commissar of Internal Affairs Nikolai Ivanovich Yezhov (Daniil Sulimov was posthumously rehabilitated in 1956). But already 2 years later, in 1939, after the arrest of Yezhov, the first part was removed from the name of the city, and he received a new name - Cherkessk, which he still bears.

Cherkessk during the war

The city experienced a lot during the Great Patriotic War. Thousands of citizens went to the front. On August 23, 1942, Cherkessk was captured by German troops. In the building where the Harvest store used to be located, the Nazis set up a Gestapo department. The House of Soviets (today it is the building of the Government of the Republic) housed a German military hospital.

In the city, a district and Circassian partisan detachments, an underground organization acted to fight the invaders - a group of 14-17-year-old children that spontaneously arose and was not led by anyone. During the occupation, about 3 thousand civilians died, 800 Jews were killed in gas chambers. The Nazis shot everyone who was suspected of underground and partisan activities.

The liberation of Cherkessk began on January 16, 1943, the fighting continued for two days. The pit with the bodies of dead people is the first thing they saw soviet soldiers that entered Cherkessk in mid-January. Later, a monument appeared on this site.

By the end of 1943, all the destroyed enterprises of the city, most affected by the fascist invaders - a meat processing plant, a cold storage plant, a shoe and clothing factory - were restored. Streets of the city are named in honor of the heroes Kh. Bogatyrev, I. Lobodin, I. Laar, D. Starikov, O. Kasaev and others. The memory of the defenders and liberators of the Fatherland is kept by the erected memorial "Eternal Flame", located in Victory Park.

Modern period

The city was built, developed, restored after the war. In 1957, Cherkessk became the center of the Karachay-Cherkess Autonomous Region. Construction boomed in the 1960s. Cherkessk, which did not have clean water, thanks to the construction and commissioning of treatment facilities in 1964, received purified water in sufficient quantities. Against the backdrop of old huts, new multi-storey buildings arose. The streets are being paved. The Rossiya cinema, the Spartak sports complex, the first department store, medical and music school. Large industrial enterprises appear.

In the early 1960s, a decision was made to build the Green Island Culture and Leisure Park, which, according to the plan of the city's leadership, was to become the hallmark of Cherkessk. Today the city is getting prettier and improving every year to the delight of the townspeople.

The city began with a redoubt

The city of Cherkessk was founded as a redoubt or defensive point, on the site of the battle between two armies of the opposing states - Turkey and Russia. Perhaps this is the rarest settlement in the world, which was named not after the victorious commander, but after the beaten, defeated.

Here is how it was. In 1790, the Turkish sultan ordered his seraskir, commander-in-chief Batal Pasha, to finally subdue the East Caucasian highlanders and annex this region to Turkey. Fulfilling this order, Batal Pasha from the city of Anapa set out with a 25,000-strong army. The army was well armed, had 30 powerful guns. The troops went to Urup unnoticed. Under the supervision of Russian scouts, they crossed the Kuban in the area of ​​\u200b\u200bthe present village of Kubin and the city of Ust-Dzheguta.

Intelligence reported to its command about the location of Turkish troops on the right bank of the Kuban. Against the 25,000th army of the enemy, a detachment of only four thousand people with 18 guns opposed. However, having assessed the unfavorable location of Batal Pasha's troops, the commander of the Russian troops, I. I. German, decided to attack the Turks on September 30, 1790. The offensive was successful, the defeat of the enemy was complete. The Russians captured many prisoners, all the artillery and the commander-in-chief Batal Pasha himself with the entire staff. And the remnants of his troops fled, pursued by the Cossacks and the Circassian cavalry.

In the battle area on the right bank of the Kuban, a redoubt was founded in 1804 to strengthen the Kuban border line. They called him Batal-Pashinsky. In the autumn of 1825, the first settlers from the depths of the Stavropol province appeared near the redoubt. This is how the Cossack village of Batalpashinskaya was formed.

Of course, the name of the village was not given to perpetuate the memory of the beaten commander, but to edify the Turks about the strength of the Russian miracle heroes, who defeated the enemy's seven times superior forces. Over time, the village grew, the vast fertile fields and steppes around attracted grain growers from central Russia and the arid regions of Stavropol.

After the end of the Caucasian War, trade relations between various regions and peoples of the North Caucasus intensified. And in this regard, many settlements that were formed during the war along the entire Caucasian fortified line lost their defensive significance and military functions. Over time, they become centers of trade relations between the Russians and the local Caucasian peoples. Industrial production begins in Russian villages, the products of which the population willingly bought and exchanged.

The military administration encouraged this development. In the village of Batalpashinskaya, a point was opened for the exchange of handicraft products for agricultural products. This circumstance further expanded the ties of Circassia with other regions of the Caucasus. And when the tsarist government decided to divide the North Caucasus into political and administrative regions, the village of Batalpashinskaya became one of the major economic and administrative centers in this vast region.

In 1860, the Kuban-Black Sea region was formed. The village of Batalpashinskaya becomes the center of one of its districts. In 1869 an attempt was made to transform the village into a city. This initiative was not supported by large landowners who owned the surrounding fields. They did not want to bear the extra cost of improvement. On this occasion, the historian Dyachkov-Tarasov wrote: "The village of Batalpashinskaya has long been officially declared the city of Batalpashinsky: a plan for the future city has long been laid out near the village, but the Cossacks do not like the conversion of the village to the city and the village of the department stands under reed roofs. "After 28 years, in 1888, the Batalpashinsky department was separated from the Kuban region. The department united Cherkessia and Karachay. The population of the village was constantly growing due to non-residents arriving to work from various regions of Russia. However, the economic importance of this region grew more slowly, since it did not have proper transport links with Russia On the eve of the formation of the Batalpashinsky department of the Kuban region, the village had: a post office, shops with red goods - 12, groceries - 5, haberdashery - 31, drinking establishments - 4, water mills - 14, a market on Sundays, fairs - 2.

At that time, 10 thousand people lived in the village.

With the completion of the construction of the railway line Rostov - Vladikavkaz, the village is growing rapidly, new residential areas appear, buildings of trade enterprises are being built in the center, a large cathedral was erected on the square where the city square in front of the House of Soviets is now, and the village of Batalpashinskaya gradually became the most important center not only of Circassia and Karachay, but also adjacent cities and other settlements in the southeastern part of the Kuban region.

In huge bazaars, colorful fairs, in rich shops at that time, local peasants and artisans could sell their products in the village and buy what they needed. Already in 1915, the annual trade turnover in the Batalpashinsky department amounted to more than 7 million 234 thousand rubles. This figure cannot give a complete picture of the state of the entire turnover, because huge trade and exchange transactions took place between the villagers and the local population of the highlanders, which were not subject to any accounting. All this required access to new, more distant markets. Therefore, with the completion of the construction of the Military Sukhum road, local authorities were engaged in the construction and improvement of existing dirt roads to the cities and villages of the North Caucasus, to the stations of the North Caucasian railway. An attempt was made to connect the village of Batalpashinskaya with the village of Nevinnomysskaya, located on the railway line. It was supposed to pass along the left bank of the Kuban to the economy of the landowner Gorkushin, where the Psyzh hospital is now located, and then further to the southern tip of the Druzhba farm, closer to the lands of the landowner Barabash. But these intentions were not realized due to the outbreak of the Russian-German war in 1914.

However, since the beginning of the 20th century, the village began to expand and improve rapidly. And still there are small, but quite decent brick mansions with large basements in the city, where the years of their construction are displayed on the facades - 1907, 1909, 1910, 1912, etc. The center of the village was decorated with the largest cathedral in the North Caucasus and the Church of the Intercession . In 1912, a power station was built, which illuminated individual institutions, houses of large merchants and wealthy Cossacks. Handicraft workshops appeared that made carts, carts, rulers, phaetons, wheels, harness, dressed leather and soap, sewed shoes, etc.

The squares of the village and the streets were not paved, therefore, after rain or melting snow, they became dirty, in some places they were even dangerous for travel. In this form, the village of Batalpashinskaya got Soviet power.

On January 12, 1922, the Karachay-Cherkess Autonomous Region was formed with the administrative center of the village of Batalpashinskaya.

In 1926, it was divided into the Cherkess and Karachaev autonomous regions. The village of Batalpashinskaya remained the center of the Cherkess Autonomous Region. And the capital of Karachay became new town Mikoyan-Shakhar, now Karachaevsk.

In the same 1926, by a decree of local authorities, the village of Batalpashinskaya was transformed into the city of Batalpashnsk. But this decision of the All-Russian Central Executive Committee was approved only on September 20, 1931 with the name of the city of Sulimov. Sulimov was the chairman of the Council of People's Commissars of the RSFSR, patronized the Circassian Autonomous Region in the 30s, and came to the city. And in 1935 the city of Sulimov was renamed the city of Yezhovo-Cherkessk. And only since 1938 the city has its real name - Cherkessk.

Those who arrived in the city for the first time do not suspect that under their feet a hot cauldron is seething in the depths. Under Cherkessk there is a whole underground sea of ​​mineral water with a temperature of up to 80 degrees. It is worth drilling the earth to a shallow depth anywhere in the city, as a fountain of boiling water will hit from there. In several places on the outskirts of the city, such hot fountains beat from wells. Water has good medicinal properties, and can also be used in the national economy.

In Cherkessk in winter there are sometimes extreme cold. On some days frosts reach 20-25 degrees. Minus average monthly temperatures occur in December, January and February. Cherkessk is not inferior to any city in the North Caucasus in terms of the number of sunny days, there are more than 300 of them a year. There are very hot days. Summer temperature. sometimes it reaches +35 degrees.

The city's population is growing rapidly. Over the past 20 years, it has increased by 60 percent and reached more than one hundred thousand people. The most numerous are: Russians - about 113 thousand, then Circassians - more than 9 thousand, Karachais - more than 8 thousand, Abazins - about 7000, Ukrainians - about 2 thousand, Nogais - 3000, Armenians - 965, Ossetians - 460, Belarusians - 486 " Greeks - 485, Azerbaijanis - 220, Germans - 200 people and others.

Industry is the pride of the townspeople. She is young, created in the main. V post-war years. Such major enterprises as a chemical association, an NVA association, a rubber technical products plant, the largest cement plant in the North Caucasus, a lime plant, a sand-lime brick plant, a bakery, a meat processing plant, a dairy plant and others are located on the outskirts of the city. Each enterprise is specific, interesting in its own way, and the teams are multinational.

The chemical association is one of the largest in the country. It was created on the basis of the Khimprom trade artel, founded in 1934 and producing wheel and shoe ointments, ink, combs, baskets, paints, drying oil. Now the association produces special paints and enamels for coating metal and wooden structures, especially resistant grades for priming the underwater part of ships, special paints for aircraft and other vehicles. It has its own Palace of Culture, a stadium, a recreation center on the Black Sea coast, a dispensary in the Teberda region. The hospital and clinic are located next to the plant, a wonderful working canteen. Residential houses, hostels for single and small-family workers are being built for workers and employees. The association does a lot to improve the city. Its funds are used to build communications for the trolleybus movement, which went into operation in 1989.

The low-voltage equipment plant began its career in 1959. It produces low-voltage electrical equipment - drum switches, control buttons, machine tools, etc. It supplies its products not only to our country, but also to the countries of Western and Eastern Europe, Africa and Latin America.

RTI plant. A large plant for rubber technical products was put into operation in 1960. It produces wedge-shaped and ventilation belts for agricultural machines, molded technical products, shut-off and suction hoses for various sectors of the national economy, up to fishing fleets.

The refrigeration engineering plant has become the country's largest enterprise for the production of refrigeration units and refrigerators.

In the place where the old production buildings of the plant now stand, an iron foundry was organized in 1922, in which only 9 people worked. A year later, it was turned into a mechanical workshop for the production and repair of agricultural implements.

In 1935, this workshop became a factory for the production of scales of various systems. Before the war, the plant annually produced up to 10 thousand of them. After the war, he switched to the repair of tractor engines and the restoration of various parts. Then the team mastered the production of cell batteries for incubation stations and car repair, the manufacture of spare parts for tractors and cars.

All these changes in the production profile allowed the plant to create a large close-knit team of highly skilled workers and engineers. And, finally, this team was instructed to set up the production of powerful refrigeration units. Every year, the designs of these units and refrigerated trucks are improving, and they are now in great demand in our country and abroad, especially in hot countries.

Building materials industry. Karachay-Cherkessia is exceptionally rich in natural raw materials for the manufacture of building materials. From time immemorial, they have been burning red bricks, tiles and pottery: jugs and pots for milk, water and various pickles, children's toys. These dishes were brought to the bazaars in such quantities that the Circassians still, when they see a surprisingly large number of any items, exclaim: “Oh my God, the whole world is jugs!”

The rapid development of industrial and residential construction required a large number cement and lime. Lime production was established in the places of occurrence of limestone in the southern regions of the region, and a cement plant was built on the southern outskirts of Cherkessk. It produces as much cement per year as all Novorossiysk plants put together.

Plants for the production of silicate bricks and lime were built next to the cement plant, a little to the south, at the head structure of the Great Stavropol Canal - alabaster.

Using natural resources, construction organizations have created factories of reinforced concrete products. Recently, a new house-building plant, two asphalt plants and one asphalt concrete plant have been put into operation.

The area named after Vladimir Ilyich Lenin before the revolution was called the Cathedral. Office buildings of the Cossack administration and houses of wealthy villagers were built around it. The square is a witness to many historical events. A lot of blood of the first revolutionaries, fighters for the people's happiness, was shed here.

On the western side, facing the square, stood the two-story house of the merchant Ryabchenko. On February 2, 1918, from the balcony of this building, Soviet power was proclaimed throughout the territory of Karachay-Cherkessia. The Cossack elite and the royal henchmen were removed from power. Enraged by this outcome of events, the counter-revolutionary officers attacked the members of the executive committee, elected by the Soviet, on the night of February 7-8. In this battle, Alexander Makeev was mortally wounded, through whose mouth Soviet power was proclaimed.

Six months later, on September 4, 1918, the counter-revolutionary troops of the tsarist general Shkuro entered the village. And on this square, next to the temple, gallows were erected, on which the first commissar of public education of the Batalpashinsky department A. Eremovsky, the chairman of the Batalpashinsky executive committee of the Soviets T. Besedin, worker activists A. Chetvertnaya, A. Stefansky and others were hanged. All those who sympathized with the Soviet government were brutally flogged with legs right on the square.

For more than a year and a half, the nightmarish night of the White Guard excesses over the village and the entire region continued. On March 22, 1920, parts of the Eleventh Army, which included the ninth column, commanded by our stanitsa, the legendary commander of the civil war, Yakov Filippovich Balakhonov, liberated the village of Batalpashinskaya and restored Soviet power.

Here on the square, near the House of Soviets, a monument to Vladimir Ilyich Lenin was erected. It seems that it is interesting to talk about the first monument to V.I. Lenin. The fact is that this is not only the first monument to the leader of the revolution in the village, but also the first in the whole country. In any case, our museum workers could not establish that a monument to V. I. Lenin had been erected somewhere in the country before.

Eyewitnesses and participants in the events of those years say that the anxious January days of 1924 were going on. All the work collectives were worried about the health of V.I., Lenin, the working day began with reports on the state of health of Vladimir Ilyich. In the village of Batalpashinskaya in the House of Trade Unions on January 21, 1924, a mourning meeting of the party and economic activists was convened, dedicated to the victims of the “Bloody Sunday”, January 9, 1905.

The meeting participants had already gathered, but for some reason the leaders did not appear. Then the secretary of the regional party committee Daut Gutyakulov entered the hall and went up to the podium. It was evident that he was very worried and could not begin to speak. In an intermittent and trembling voice, he announced that at 6:50 pm Vladimir Ilyich Lenin had died in Gorki near Moscow. The hall stood up. Everyone was silent.

The protracted silence was interrupted by Daut. He said: "There is a proposal to build a monument to Ilyich and put it on the village square." This proposal was unanimously supported.

The employees of the regional trade union council Naum Sheikin and Nikolai Lapin were instructed to gather the best joiners and carpenters of the village. There were more than 40 of them. Among them were famous craftsmen Yakov Rudakov, Timofey Tatuev, Nikolai Orlov and others. The drawing of the monument was made by the head of the carpentry workshop Yegor Larionov. He also supervised the work and himself participated in the construction of the monument.

The time was difficult, the country was hardly rising from the devastation of the civil war. There were no nails, staples. They were made from thick wire by the power plant engineer Dmitry Dolgachev. The head of the power plant, Karl Leppe, with a team of electricians and students of the Soviet party school, installed poles and made wiring in order to illuminate the square at night - the place where the monument was built. Prior to this, the area was not illuminated. One of the former cadets of the Soviet party school, Ilyas Makhov, recalls:

The winter was fierce, a sharp wind blew. We warmed the deeply frozen ground with fires to dig holes for poles. They pounded with crowbars and pickaxes. Hands froze to metal, but the work did not stop.

Another construction participant, holder of the Order of the Red Banner, former squadron commander of the legendary Yakov Balakhonov, Nikolai Lapin said:

We worked in a stream, some prepared the parts, others polished them, and still others assembled them. Hands were severely cold. I still remember that January night, the fires and fires of my comrades...

By the morning of January 22, the monument was ready. It was a 12-meter multi-stage openwork obelisk crowned with an almost meter-long red star brightly lit from the inside. Below the star is the emblem of the world's first workers' and peasants' state - a hammer and sickle, in the center of the obelisk - a portrait of V. I. Lenin. On the monument there was only one word "Ilyich".

The communists decided to improve the area around the monument. Thousands of gravel and sand carts were brought from the shores of the Kuban, they planned and surrounded the territory with a picket fence. On January 27, 1924, on the day of the leader’s funeral, a solemn mourning meeting of the workers of the village and residents of nearby auls and farms took place here, dedicated to memory V. I. Lenin and the opening of the monument.

So the memory of the great Lenin was first immortalized in the land of Karachay-Cherkessia.

Even before the war, this wooden monument was replaced by a sculptural one. It was installed in front of the main entrance of the House of Soviets. During the reconstruction of the House of Soviets in the 50s, an architectural discrepancy between the building and the monument was obtained. Then he was transported to the territory of vocational school No. 17 along Oktyabrskaya Street, and in 1969 a new, now standing, monument was erected on Lenin Square facing the House of Soviets.

Kirov Square is one of the oldest squares in the city. It has existed since the formation of the village of Batalpashinskaya. Geographically, the square is located in the city center. Previously, it was called the bazaar and occupied the space from Pervomaiskaya Street to Kavkazskaya Street from south to north and from the Uyut furniture store to Kirov Street from west to east.

On Sundays, a huge crowd of people gathered here, herds of horses, herds of cattle were driven. Shops, shops and various small workshops crowded around the square, there was a brisk trade. The area was not paved and not paved, so on rainy and warm winter days it turned into solid mud, in places huge puddles formed, in which pigs and geese swarmed for days on end. Before the revolution, the stanitsa shepherds here in the mornings gathered their herds of cattle for pastures, and in the afternoon the Cossack units held classes with recruits, organized equestrian sports competitions.

Noisy annual fairs were also held here. To attract more people, swings were built, stages for the performance of artists, strongmen, jesters. After the war, the bazaar was moved to a new location, and the square was landscaped and named after S. M. Kirov. The remains of the legendary Civil War commander Yakov Filippovich Balakhonov are buried here and a monument to him has been erected. His name occupies a worthy place among the prominent commanders of the civil war. He was awarded three Orders of the Red Banner, and for special military distinction - a golden weapon.

The name of Ya. F. Balakhonov enjoys special respect from our townspeople. He was born in March 1892. His friends - peers say that he was a cheerful and sociable guy. From childhood, he worked in the workshop of his father, a master wheeler.

In 1915, Balakhonov was called to military service and sent to the Russian-Turkish front, where he became a fearless intelligence officer. From the front, he was sent to the Tiflis military school of ensigns. His superiors did not know that he was already connected with the underground Bolsheviks at the front.

In March 1917, after graduating from school, Balakhonov received the rank of ensign and was sent to the Russian-Austrian front as a company commander.

From there he returned in February 1917. On the way to his village, Batalpashinsky, Yakov Filippovich met with his countrymen at the Nevinnomysskaya station, where they arrived to join the Red detachments. They invited him to take command of the detachment. All the Red Army men who arrived in the village of Nevinnomysskaya from the Batalpashinsky department, by order of the Kuban regional executive committee, were united in the second Kuban military revolutionary detachment of Balakhonov.

Soon the detachment moved to the village of Otradnaya, where he suppressed the counter-revolutionary rebellion of the Cossacks. In the autumn of 1918, a difficult situation developed for the Red Army and Balakhonov's detachment was forced to retreat to Astrakhan through the waterless Caspian desert. In the spring of 1919, in Astrakhan, the 33rd Kuban Rifle Division was formed from units of the 9th Army. Balakhonov was appointed commander of the first rifle brigade, which distinguished itself in the battles for Rostov, Starocherkassk, Aksai, Krasnodar and Novorossiysk.

In the 1920s, Balakhonov's brigade took an active part in the defeat of banditry in the North Caucasus and Wrangel's landing troops in the Kuban. In 1921, he became the head of the 16th Cavalry Division, which was entrusted with the task of eliminating banditry in the Kuban and Terek.

After the civil war, Ya. F. Balakhonov was appointed regional military commissar of the Karachay-Cherkess Autonomous Region, created in 1922. From this position he was sent to study at military academy Frunze General Staff. After successfully graduating from the Academy of Balakhonov, he worked in various military and economic positions in Moscow.

In March 1935, after a long illness, Yakov Filippovich died. The memory of Balakhonov is dear to the working people of the city and the region. The monument to the hero was erected in the most crowded place in the park, one street and school number 7 were named after him. The village of Boguslavskoye, where his headquarters was located in 1918, is named after Balakhonov.

In August 1942, the Nazi invaders came to the territory of the region and stayed until January 16, 1943. During all this time, the heroic struggle of the soldiers of the Soviet troops, partisans and the population did not stop. In this struggle, which was waged under the most difficult conditions against the specially trained and armed troops of the enemy, representatives of all the peoples of the country of the Soviets took a selfless part in the Soviet troops and partisan detachments.

On January 16, 1943, the soldiers of the 295th Guards Rifle Division, Major General F.V. Zakharov, liberated the city of Cherkessk. The fights were brutal. The liberation of the entire territory of Cherkessk continued until January 18, 1943. Many wonderful sons and daughters of the Soviet Motherland died in these battles.

To perpetuate the memory of their exploits, a 12-meter monument was erected here, which was opened on August 6, 1952. The author is Vasily Mikhailovich Markov, a former engineer of the city communal economy. In the center of the triumphal arch is a sculpture of a soldier. The monument is decorated with bas-reliefs depicting various types of troops participating in the war, individual episodes from front-line life, the Victory Parade on Red Square in Moscow. On the monument in gold letters is the inscription: Everlasting memory to the heroes who fell in the battles for the freedom and independence of our Motherland.

At the foot of the monument there is a mass grave in which soldiers and partisans who died in the battles for the liberation of the city of Cherkessk and the region are buried. The names of the heroes are carved on the marble slabs. An eternal flame is lit in their honor. On the days of revolutionary and labor holidays, the townspeople come here with whole labor collectives, families and alone and lay bouquets of flowers and wreaths on the sacred slabs with the names of the heroes buried here. Grandparents bring their grandchildren here and talk about the deeds of their peers who did not live to see the great victory.

The fighting in these parts was deadly. And she went everywhere - in cities and villages, in mountains and forests. And when the enemy felt instead of sympathy, as he hoped, contempt and hatred, the invaders threw off their sheepskins and discovered the insides of a wolf. A mass hunt for people began, executions of adults and children, the elderly and women who were suspected of sympathy Soviet army and partisans.

Three thousand people were shot in the northern part of the city. After the liberation, between the city of Cherkessk and the village of Kavkazsky (Chapaevsky), 19 pits with 15 thousand corpses were discovered. In September 1942, 200 evacuated Jews were shot in one village of Storozheva.

In the summer of 1942, 70 Spanish children were evacuated from the city of Leningrad to the village of Ispravnaya. They did not have time to take them home, as the Nazis and their henchmen raided. They drove these children to the Labinsk Gorge, shot them and threw the corpses into the turbulent Laba River. In the resort town of Teberda, 54 people (sick children) were gassed, and 287 health resort workers were shot on the spot.

The water area of ​​the Kirov Square also includes the Yunost children's park. There are beautiful alleys, playgrounds, carousels, swings and much more. In the southern part of the square, the Palace of Pioneers named after Yu. A. Gagarin, the Press House and the Kuban Hotel were built.

Square named after Gutyakulov. Before the war, various sports competitions, horse races and horse riding were organized here.

In the fifties, experts considered this place the most suitable for the construction of a residential area. After some time, a working town with multi-storey buildings, shops, a library, children's and sports grounds grew here, and the free space from the bank of the Kuban River to Oktyabrskaya Street was turned into a green recreation area and named the Dauta Gutyakulov Square. After graduating from the Ekaterinodar paramedical school, he returned to his native village of Beslenei and began revolutionary work among his fellow countrymen and peasants of the nearby Circassian, Abaza and Nogai auls, Russian farms and villages. His work was directed by the representative of the Kuban Committee of the RSDLP Mos Shovgenov.

Daut Gutyakulov, even before the October revolutionary events, organized a protest by the peasants of the Nogai village of Mansurovsky (now Ikon-Hulk) to seize the land of the landowner Mamontov, which they cultivated for nothing. These lands used to belong to this village.

During the years of the struggle for Soviet power in the North Caucasus, Daut Gutyakulov became one of the organizers and leaders in uniting the revolutionary forces of Circassia. Together with Yakov Filippovich Balakhonov, he led new formations of Red Guard detachments to defeat the counter-revolutionary forces of the provisional government.

After the establishment of Soviet power in Circassia, Daut Gutyakulov was one of the leading leaders in establishing a new life in the Circassian, Nogai and Abaza villages. At the first founding congress of Soviets of the newly created Karachay-Cherkess Autonomous Region in January 1922, Gutyakulov was elected deputy chairman of the regional executive committee. In subsequent years, Gutyakulov worked as the secretary of the regional party committee, and then became the head of the health department of the North Caucasian regional executive committee.

In 1935, while on a business trip in Cherkessk, Daut Gutyakulov died at the hands of a novice of bandits, who were still quite a few in the region. The working people of the region highly honor the name of the glorious son of the Circassian people, who gave all his strength, knowledge and life for the happiness of the working people. His countrymen erected a monument in front of the village culture palace, they named him after him. high school. A monument to the great Russian chemist Mendeleev was built on the same square, next to the complex of medical institutions.

The area is planted with ornamental trees, shrubs and flowers.

Station Square. Until 1927, there was an ordinary field here. During the construction of the first stage of the Nevinnomysskaya - Batalpashinskaya railway line, a railway station was built here. However, he was quite far from the outlying houses of the village. But the road was laid, then paved with cobblestones, and when the railway connection was opened from the Nevinnomysskaya station, masses of people flowed to the noisy bazaars, colorful fairs of the village of Batalpashinskaya with all sorts of goods and agricultural products.

During the war, the station was destroyed. The occupiers staged a massacre near the station. By order of the German command, on September 28, 1942, more than 800 children, old people and women were killed in gas chambers. The corpses were taken to pre-dug pits in the gardens of Sadkoopkhoz (now the Yubileiny state farm) and buried.

Immediately after the liberation of the city, the station was restored and reconstructed, and the station square was landscaped. With the development of the city and the region, the inflow and outflow of goods has increased significantly. The station and the station began not to provide the reception and departure of wagons. Reconstruction, expansion of station facilities, a network of railway lines began again. A new bus station was built on the same square, through which Cherkessk is connected with many cities, regions, republics, resorts of the Transcaucasus, the North Caucasus and the Black Sea region, a monument to Lenin was erected.

All major public transport routes approach this square. Square "Friendship of Peoples". In 1957, Karachay-Cherkessia, Kabardino-Balkaria and Adygeya for the first time solemnly celebrated the 400th anniversary of the voluntary annexation of the peoples of these regions and the republic to Russia. In commemoration of this event, the Presidium of the Supreme Council USSR awarded them the Orders of Lenin.

In honor of this significant date, it was decided to build monuments in the cities of Nalchik, Cherkessk and Maykop. The construction of the square and the construction of the monumental monument "Friendship of Peoples" in Cherkessk was completed in 1979. The authors are architect Rozhin and sculptor Ikonnikov.

The Park of Culture and Leisure "Green Island" is a natural continuation of the "Friendship of Peoples" square. They are separated from each other by a footbridge across the canal.

Back in 1905-1907, May Day meetings of the workers of the village of Batalpashinskaya were held here. Then the island was overgrown with dense forest and thorny sea buckthorn bushes. Therefore, it was a reliable hiding place for secret gatherings of workers and revolutionaries. And the classes of the secret circle of the first revolutionaries-village workers under the guidance of the teacher Makeev were held here. And during the years of the revolution and the civil war, the activists of the Soviet government, persecuted by the reaction, went there, into the forest. The "Green Island" became the same refuge for the counter-revolutionaries, when they were pursued by the organs of Soviet power and the Red Army.

In 1918, the famous Circassian abrek Aslambek Gedygushev, who opposed the excesses of the tsarist authorities, died there in the fight against the White Cossacks.

Now the "Green Island" has been turned into a favorite vacation spot for the working people of the city. The forest has been cleared of thorny bushes, walking paths, flower beds, a children's playground, two ponds for bathing and swimming, a water station for boating have been arranged. The Nart stadium and the Dombay motor track, shooting ranges and a summer club, a restaurant and a hotel for athletes, playgrounds, a zoological corner and much more are also located there. The park occupies 160 hectares of greenery. Fast-flowing ditches are laid here, in dense thickets there are many wild fruits and berries.

Powerful and impetuous Kuban. It rushes its waters for years and millennia from the Main Caucasian Range, biting into the rocky ground. It will lower auls, villages and cities onto the thread of its channel. Unmerciful to people used to be and now is the Kuban. Terrible and stormy in spring, when the snow melts in the mountains and gorges, it demolished bridges and buildings, undermined trees, licked and carried away the fertile soil layer from arable land. We have a legend, one of many, telling about the deeds of the fabulous Nart heroes.

The sledges were a curious people. They need to understand everything, to get to the bottom of everything hidden. They wanted to penetrate the secrets of the god Tkha, to find out why it rains, snow falls, why fogs cover the earth, why the rivers get angry and carry away everything that comes across ... But how many secrets are hidden in the possessions of the great deity! And the sledges thought: Isn't the mountain Oshkhomakho hiding the secrets of Tkha? Its two-headed peak is illuminated by the rays of the sun before other mountains, its last is covered by the night twilight. From there, rain and snow clouds often come. Many rivers originate in its gorges.

That's what the Narts thought. And so one of them, Nasren, decided to check whether their assumptions were correct. He made his way into the crevice between the peaks of Oshkomakho, to the place where from time to time some kind of roar was heard and smoke escaped. God did not tolerate such audacity of a mortal and chained him to the top of the mountain. And so that the sled would not break the chains or move the mountain from its place, Tkha assigned an eagle as a watchman to him.

The sled rushed about, tore the chains. Two of his dogs gnawed at them for days and nights, it seemed that they were about to gnaw through them, but an evil bird, the guardian of the god Tkha, swooped in from behind the clouds, and the chains again stopped thick and strong. The mighty sledge did not humble itself: it shook the rock to which it was chained, it was about to tear it off the mountain. But the formidable guard-bird sat on the rock, and it again grew together with the mountain.

Nasren was exhausted from thirst, although at his feet a spring made its way from the mountain. But as soon as the sled bent down, the bird flew down and drank all the water. And this water was not simple: whoever drinks a few drops of it was destined to live until the end of time.

For many years he executed Tkha Nasren with great torment. The sledge grew old, his beard grew and turned white, like the glaciers of Oshkhoma-kho, the mighty camp bent, wrinkles furrowed his proud face ... Bataraz. He entered into battle with God, defeated and freed Nasren. Two heroes, young and old, cleared a convenient channel for water, and, gaining strength, it ran like a river through the country of the Narts. People who drank from the new river gained immortality, and the land, which was irrigated by its water, blossomed with fields and gardens.

Every nation has a dream of good, of victory over evil. As you can see, the legend of fighters like Prometheus was also born in our region. Our ancestors knew the heat of the earth cracked with thirst: after all, we have enough natural moisture only for the regions lying south of the city of Ust-Dzheguta, where lush pastures and rich fields lie in the mountains. But there is little arable land. And in the north and east of the Stavropol region, the vast expanses of the steppes have been languishing from drought for centuries. The inhabitants of these places collected and carefully stored snow and rain water drop by drop. Wells were dug a hundred meters deep, and the water turned out to be salty, undrinkable. And they carried fresh water in barrels and tanks, sometimes hundreds of kilometers away.

Kuban... Restless, absurd river. More than two hundred swift mountain rivers of our region pour their waters into it. If the wind rips off your hat and throws you into the river, say goodbye to your hat - you won’t catch up, the current is so fast. On its way to the sea, the Kuban carved out the deepest channel in a rocky gorge - 35-40 meters below the surface of the valley. Every year, the Kuban takes away more than four billion cubic meters of water from the region.

How to curb this restive river? How to tame her? About this back in 1921, Vladimir Ilyich Lenin, writing with a letter “To the comrades of the communists of Azerbaijan, Georgia, Armenia, Dagestan,. Mountain Republic (the Mountain Republic then included Karachay-Cherkessia), advised as soon as possible to deal with the problem of electrification and irrigation.

Only after the end of collectivization, in 1936, was it possible to take this problem seriously: the construction of a canal in the lower reaches of the Kuban, near the city of Nevinnomyssk, began. The waters of the Kuban were to be transferred to the bed of the Yegorlyk River, which dried up in the summer months, and thus irrigate vast areas of arid lands. This building was difficult. There was a lack of machinery, and much of the work had to be done by hand. Cutting through the mountains, exploding rocks, filling up ravines, the builders lifted ten million cubic meters of earth, laid 250 thousand cubic meters of concrete.

The construction of the Nevinnomyssko-Egorlyk Canal was interrupted by the Great Patriotic War. The channel was completed only after the victory. In the seventies. Water rushed along its bed at a speed of 75 cubic meters per second, irrigating millions of hectares of Stavropol land.

Other channels were built in the north and east of the region. But in this case, we are interested in the Kuban-Kalausskaya watering and irrigation system, because it begins in the very heart of Karachay-Cherkessia, near the city of Ust-Dzheguta. In the very place where in 1790 Russian troops defeated the regiments of the Turkish seraskir Batal Pasha, and he himself was captured. Here the river dug itself a deep bed. The banks are high and steep. They rise 200-300 meters above the bottom of the valley. And now - the dam - the head structure of the Kuban-Kalausskaya system. A huge ingot of water smoothly slides down and breaks, breaking under the bridge into a myriad of fragments. A dam 40 meters high and more than half a kilometer long stopped a powerful pressure of water, raised it, threw it to the northeast and forced it to go through the fields of collective farms and state farms of the Kuban region of Karachay-Cherkessia to the arid steppes of Stavropol, Caspian, Kalmykia, Krasnodar Territory and Rostov Region.

The main building was under construction for five years. In the spring of 1962, finally, a solemn moment came - the overlap of the Kuban. Thousands of people crowded along the banks of the recalcitrant river, wanting to see with their own eyes how they would put a bridle on it. I could not believe that these restive streams of water could be stopped even for a second.

While the dam was being built, water was diverted into an artificial channel and into a tunnel. Now this channel is closed. While the water filled the recesses and irregularities of the future reservoir, the gates of the tunnel were lowered. Twelve powerful bulldozers barely had time to cover them with stone and gravel when the water hissed and boiled up to them. There was no way further, the water began to flood the reservoir. So she reached the very dam and stopped, like a lathered horse, tamed by the firm hand of an experienced rider. A thousand-voiced "Hurrah" swept through the gorges. People rejoiced.

It took several days for the water to fill the reservoir. When 35 million cubic meters of water were poured, it rose to the required level and went through the canal. It took a titanic work to put it on dry fields: 209 million cubic meters of earth were raised, 900 thousand cubic meters of concrete and reinforced concrete were laid, 700 thousand cubic meters of stone ...

The Kuban-Kalausskaya system moistened more than three million hectares of land, a territory equal to Belgium, 180 cubic meters of water pass through the canal every second.

The water of the Kuban now also waters the cities: Stavropol and Pyatigorsk, Kislovodsk and Zheleznovodsk, Yessentuki ... A large reservoir, which is located between Cherkessk and Pyatigorsk, is a real sea 18 meters deep and an area of ​​​​72 square kilometers. Thanks to this system, the arid steppes of Stavropol came to life. Where only camel thorns used to grow, new settlements appeared, people began to grow wheat, rice, corn, and vegetables. Grape berries began to pour in the gardens, apples, cherries turned red, honey juice played in apricots and pears, couch potatoes-watermelons and melons bask on melons, pastures and haylands were dressed in a green grassy carpet.

The Kuban River is of a very unstable level. In spring and early summer, when streams run into it from the rains that have passed somewhere high in the mountains, it is full-flowing and formidable. Already after the launch of the canal, the Kuban once raged so much that it rose above the dam and flooded the entire embankment street in Cherkessk, destroying several houses. And the park on the Green Island completely went under water. Now the surplus of water that passes through the canal in spring and summer is dumped into a large reservoir. One of the unique power plants operates on the discharge of this water. In winter, the Kuban becomes smaller. It does not have enough water for the normal operation of the irrigation system and hydroelectric power station. It is just right to close the channel at the very head structure. And is it possible to do this? Cities and villages, collective farms and enterprises of the steppe regions, resort towns will then be left without water. During this waterless time, the power plant changes its profession: it turns into a pumping station, pumping water from the reservoir into the canal to ensure the operation of the irrigation system and the power plants below.

This is the first power plant of its kind in the country. An interesting building. Half of it is under water. The station is easily transferred from one mode to another. So let's sum it up. What benefits does our Kuban water bring? Well, first of all, it irrigates waterless spaces. Gives electricity. The third task it serves is fisheries.

Commercial fishing takes place in all reservoirs and reservoirs. And the fourth concern of the Kuban is the health of the population. Throughout its length, the canal has become a place of rest. To our miraculous sun, an abundance of water was added.

And now about the greenhouse complex "Yuzhny".

Somehow, specialists from the Moscow City Council, being here on a visit, looked after these places - a flat field, moderate annual temperature, many sunny days, no harsh winds, the Kuban River, rich in mineral salts, good and convenient access roads, and most importantly, around settlements, where free hands are available. Among the highlanders, the custom is this: what the guest likes, they give him, except for his horse and weapons. And they gave this area to Moscow, removing crops and livestock buildings from there.

And now the handsome village "Moskovsky" and the plant-garden "Yuzhny" have grown here. Dozens of refrigerated vehicles with fresh cucumbers, tomatoes and other vegetables, freshly plucked from the beds of greenhouses, which will appear in Moscow stores on the second day, leave the gates of the plant every day in winter and summer in a continuous stream to Moscow.

The road continues south. Behind the greenhouses, before reaching the bridge over the Kuban River, dredgers are working on the water surface of the reservoir, washing river sand from the bottom - excellent construction material. Millions of cubic meters of sand dispersed from here to the construction sites of the region and the region.

And behind the river, right under the mountain itself, there is a small enterprise that provides construction sites with excellent quality alabaster. The plant processes huge, almost inexhaustible reserves of raw materials. Near Karachay village. And behind the village, on the very bank of the river, a narzan spring emerges from under a cliff. Few people pass by this healing and tasty drink. Everyone who knows him will definitely stop, get drunk, and take a break from fatigue, from the road.

The ruins of an ancient fortress are also nearby. She stands over a cliff to the river. This fortress was also built during the Russo-Turkish Caucasian War. And again the bridge across the Kuban. Here the road diverges: one to the left - to the city of Karachaevsk, to Teberda and Dombai, the other to the right - to Zelenchuk, Arkhyz and Urupsky district.

Immediately behind the bridge is a large Karachay aul Kumysh (silver mines). Where in the gorges there are small deposits of coal, therefore, small mines of local importance have been created here.

And to the east, across the river, under the rocks, is the ancient Circassian village of Khumara. You look at the rocks, and they seem natural, but in fact, their upper part above the eastern part of the village from gorge to gorge is an artificial fortress wall with numerous rooms. The roof of the fortress is a flat area of ​​several hectares of fertile land. Nowadays, this field is cultivated and the collective farmers grow excellent corn here.

Scientists say that this field was a marketplace for exchange operations by caravaners during the passage of the Great Silk Road here. Scientists-researchers are now working here, and soon the Humarin settlement will open its gates for tourists.

BATALPASHINSKAYA: The village of the Kuban region. Founded in 1804 as a fortification of Batalpashinsky, later a village appeared. In 1936 it was renamed the city of Sulimov. D.E. Sulimov was repressed. In 1937 the city was renamed Yezhovo-Cherkessk. Yezhov is arrested, and the city is renamed Cherkessk. Now the capital of Karachay-Cherkessia
Early 20th century text:
Batalpashinskaya - a village of the Kuban region, on the left bank of the Kuban, 50 versts from the Nevinnomysskaya station of the Vladikavkaz railway, 6100 inhabitants. Trade in bread and livestock. In the fence of the church there is a monument to General Petrusevich, who was killed in 1881 in Akhal-Teke. About 4th c. to the south of B., General Herman, with 3,000 troops, on September 28, 1789, defeated a large army of Batal Pasha, sent with huge supplies of weapons and money, to raise the highlanders against Russia. This victory was of great importance for Russia and deprived Turkey of influence on the central part of the North Caucasus. In honor of the victory over Batal Pasha, the neighboring village, founded in 1803 and renamed the city in 1880, was named. In Batalpashinsk, a fairly significant sawmill, a pine forest is fused with the river. Teberda, the first left tributary of the Kuban.
Batalpashinsky department- the former county of the Kuban region, occupies 151357 sq. in., or 1570686 acres, inhabitants of both sexes 188441. The distribution of land ownership is as follows: from private companies, societies and others. institutions - 665 acres, at the premises. nobles and non-noble origin - 172830 acres, from the states. peasants - 38988 days, among the Cossacks - 673360 days, among the villages - 135349 days and in the use of the colonies - 4357 days and the treasury - 545137 acres. The department occupies the easternmost part of the region, bordering on the South - Caucasian ridge separating it from the Kutaisi province, in the V - Terek region, in the north - Stavropol province. Most of the mountainous. In addition to the main Caucasian ridge, it is worth mentioning the volcanic spur protruding in the N with the Elborus peak, the highest in the Caucasus. He is on the border of Batalp. otd. and department of the Nalchik Kuban region. In addition, parallel to the main ridge stretch the so-called. Black mountains of limestones, sandstones and shales of the Jurassic formation. They fall steeply to the south to the side of the main ridge, more gently to the north. Their peaks are from 1500 to 1900 m. To the north from the Black Mountains there is a lower ridge of the Cretaceous stage, the peaks are 1000 m and lower. The northern and northeastern parts of the department are much lower; on the border of the Stavropol province. the area rises again - this is the Stavropol Highlands (plateau). Dep. abundantly irrigated. Here originates Kuban; it is formed near the village of Khurzuk from the confluence of Ulukam, flowing from the snows of Elborus, and Uchkulan, which originates in the main ridge. It makes its way through the Black Mountains and the Cretaceous Range and flows along the separate. almost to Armanug already on a slightly hilly steppe terrain. All its right tributaries are insignificant, and from the left along the high-water mountain rivers Teberda, Small and Big Zelenchuks and Urup flow in summer. Of the mineral wealth, there is coal of poor quality, it is being developed near the Mt. Humara, 60th c. above Batalpashinsk, in the Kuban. There are silver-lead ores in the upper Kuban, but they are not being developed. Glauber's salt is extracted from the Batalpashinsky salt lakes.
The climate, depending on the heights, is very diverse; There are no observations in B., except for rain gauges. Here, 529 mm of precipitation falls annually, more in June, then in May and July. The end of spring and the beginning of summer are rainy, at the end of summer and the beginning of autumn there is little rain and the sky is clear. At the end of autumn there are frequent fogs in the valley. Closer to the mountains, especially between the Black Mountains and the main range and to the north. slope of the Black Mountains, much more rain, especially in the Zelenchuk river area. Settled here in the 60s, the villages acquired the name of the rain, and part of their population moved out. And here, however, in early autumn the weather is much better than in summer. The higher valleys in the spurs of the main range, for example, in the upper Kuban and Teberda, are much less rainy. Here, in general, the climate is better than in the steppe, the summer is not hot, and in winter the weather is clear and often much warmer than in the steppe. The vegetation is very diverse, in the steppe on the N it is similar to the vegetation of the steppes Southern Russia. In the Black Mountains there are magnificent, partly virgin deciduous forests (beech, birch, linden, maple, oak, etc.); higher, especially to the west, and conifers - pine and fir. Above are excellent mountain pastures; finally, mosses, lichens and permanent snows. The population in the northern and middle parts of the department, both on the right bank of the Kuban and on the left to the Black Mountains, is mostly Russian. This is part of the Cossacks, part of the so-called. non-residents, i.e., peasants and persons of other classes. There are significant estates granted to the highest military and civil ranks, some of them have been sold, some are leased out for grazing livestock, especially sheep. Already 20 years ago, sheep breeders-Tavriches moved here from the Novorossiysk Territory, b. h. Molokans, with their merino sheep, bought and rented a lot of land. Farming is not yet very developed, it flourishes most of all in the north. In the mountains, there are excellent conditions for dairy farming, and cheese-making is already beginning. In the entire indicated strip, small auls of highlanders are scattered, b. h. Kabardian tribe and Ossetians. In the valley of the upper Kuban, above its wooded gorge, the so-called. The Tatar tribe of the Karachays has long lived in the Greater Karachai, it already in 1841 submitted to Russia and remained in its former places, it is especially engaged in cattle breeding; the herds are huge. Here is the fatherland of kefir. Karachays multiply rapidly and in 1865 occupied the previously uninhabited valley of Teberda. They sow grain, especially barley, using artificial irrigation for this. Karachays and Bacardians are Muslims, Sunnis, Ossetians are Orthodox. There are two tar factories in the Teberda valley, then there are only a few mills from industrial establishments. Trade is quite significant; the main centers, except for the city, are the villages of Suvorovskaya and Otradnaya in Urup and Nevinnomysskaya in the Kuban. According to sowing parts of passes the Vladikavkaz railway. e. The mountain valleys of Zelenchuk and Teberda used to be much more populated than now, as can be seen from the ruins of Orthodox churches, which are quite well preserved; 3 of them are close to one another near the village of Zelenchuk. A monastery has now been built here, and the churches have been restored. Then there is the church of Shoan, on a cliff near Mt. Khumary, and Senta, also on a mountain, near the Teberda valley, both in ruins. It is known that the trade route of the Genoese from the Black Sea to the Caspian passed here. There are ruins of dwellings and fortifications, traces of copper smelting, etc. in the Teberda valley and above it. How Christianity and higher culture disappeared here is unknown. Russian troops appeared for the first time in late XVIII Art. and then only in the north-east. parts of the department. The fortifications of the villages of Batalpashinskaya and Suvorovskaya were built here. Southwestern part of conquered between 1860-62, and from that time settlements of Russian people began: mandatory - Cossacks and voluntary - other classes.