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| Osman II عثمان ثانى - Osmân-ı sâno | |
| Osman II | |
| - | |
|---|---|
| Predecessor: | Mustafa I |
| Successor: | Mustafa I |
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| Birth: | the 3rd of November(1604-11-03
)
Istanbul, Ottoman Empire |
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Istanbul, Ottoman Empire |
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| Father: | Ahmed I |
| Mother: | Mahfiruz Khadije Sultan |
| Spouse: | Aishe Khatun Akile Khatun Meilisha Khatun |
| Children: | Shehzade Omer Zeynep Sultan Shehzade Mustafa |
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| Tughra: | Tughra |
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Biography
| Check information. |
In culture
- In the Turkish film Mahpeyker (2010), the role of Osman was played by Mert Ozcelik.
- In the Turkish television series The Magnificent Century: Kösem Sultan, the role of the adult Osman was played by Taner Olmez.
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Notes
Links
- http://www.osmanli700.gen.tr/english/engindex.html
- http://www.theottomans.org/english/index.asp
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An excerpt characterizing Osman II
Stella was already waiting for me, ready for "the most terrible feats", and we, together and collectively, rushed "beyond" ...This time it turned out much easier for me, maybe because it was not the first time, or maybe also because the same purple crystal was “discovered” ... I was taken out of the mental level of the Earth like a bullet, and it was then that I realized that I overdid it a little ... Stella, according to general agreement, was waiting at the "line" to insure me if she saw that something went wrong ... But "wrong" went from the very beginning, and where I am in this moment was, she, to my great regret, could no longer get me.
The black, ominous space that I dreamed about for so many years, and which now frightened me with its wild, unique silence, was breathing around in the cold of the night ... I was completely alone, without the reliable protection of my "star friends", and without the warm support of my faithful girlfriend Stella ... And, despite the fact that I saw all this not for the first time, I suddenly felt very small and alone in this unfamiliar world around me distant stars, which here did not look at all as friendly and familiar as from Earth, and little by little a petty, cowardly squeaking from undisguised horror panic began to seize me treacherously ... But since I was still very, very stubborn as a little man, I decided, that there is nothing to sag, and began to look around, where did it still bring me ...
I hung in a black, almost physically tangible void, and only sometimes some “shooting stars” flickered around, leaving dazzling tails for a moment. And right there, like, very close by, such a dear and familiar Earth flickered with a blue glow. But, to my great regret, it only seemed close, but in fact it was very, very far ... And I suddenly wanted to go back!!! to return home, where everything was so familiar and familiar (to warm grandmother's pies and favorite books!), And not to hang frozen in some kind of black, cold "worldlessness", not knowing how to get out of all this, and, moreover, preferably without any - or "terrifying and irreparable" consequences... I tried to imagine the only thing that first came to mind - the violet-eyed girl Wei. For some reason it did not work - she did not appear. Then I tried to unfold its crystal ... And then, everything around me sparkled, shone and swirled in a frenzied whirlpool of some unprecedented matters, I felt as if I was sharply, like a big vacuum cleaner, drawn somewhere, and immediately in front of me “turned around ” in all its glory, the already familiar, mysterious and beautiful world of Weiyin .... As I realized too late - the key to which was my open purple crystal ...
I didn't know how far away this unfamiliar world was... Was it real this time? And I didn’t know at all how to return home from it ... And there was no one around whom I could ask at least something ...
In front of me stretched a wondrous emerald valley, bathed in a very bright, golden-violet light. In a strange pinkish sky, sparkling and sparkling, golden clouds slowly floated, almost covering one of the suns. In the distance one could see very high, pointed, shining with heavy gold, alien mountains ... And right at my feet, almost in an earthly way, a small, cheerful stream murmured, only the water in it was not at all earthly - “thick” and purple, and not slightly opaque... I carefully dipped my hand - the sensation was amazing and very unexpected - as if I had touched a soft teddy bear... Warm and pleasant, but by no means "fresh and wet", as we used to feel on Earth. I even doubted whether this was what was called on Earth - “water”? ..
Further on, a “plush” stream ran straight into a green tunnel, which was formed, intertwined, by “fluffy” and transparent, silvery-green “lianas”, hanging in thousands above the purple “water”. They “knitted” a bizarre pattern over it, which was decorated with tiny “stars” of white, strong-smelling, unprecedented flowers.
Yes, this world was extraordinarily beautiful ... But at that moment I would have given a lot to be in my own, maybe not so beautiful, but for that so familiar and dear, earthly world!.. For the first time I was so scared, and I was not afraid to honestly admit it to myself ... I was completely alone, and there was no one to advise in a friendly way what to do next. Therefore, having no other choice, and somehow gathering all my "trembling" will into a fist, I decided to move somewhere further, so as not to stand still and not wait for something terrible (although in such a beautiful world!) will happen.
– How did you get here? - I heard, in my brain exhausted by fear, a gentle voice.
I turned around abruptly... and once again faced with beautiful purple eyes - Veya was standing behind me...
– Oh, is it really you?!!.. – I almost squealed from unexpected happiness.
“I saw that you unwrapped the crystal, I came to help,” the girl answered calmly.
Only her big eyes again peered very attentively into my frightened face, and deep, “adult” understanding flickered in them.
He ruled over it from 1618 to 1622. Osman fought with Poland and lost the battle of Khotyn, although he retained control of Moldavia. Under him, the Khotyn Peace Treaty was signed.
The sultan blamed the Janissaries for his defeat, he planned the implementation of military reform and replaced the Janissary corps with other formations consisting of the inhabitants of Anatolia. As a result, Osman was overthrown by the rebellious Janissaries and became the first Turkish sultan to be killed. own subjects. The biography of Osman II will be presented next.
early years
Osman was the son of the Sultan, born from one of his concubines named Mahfiruz. Since he was the firstborn of Ahmed, he was named after Osman Ghazi, the founder of the Ottoman dynasty. At his birth, magnificent festivities were arranged, which lasted for a week.
The second son of Ahmed I from another concubine, Kesem Sultan, was born 4 months after Osman. They named him Mehmed. Both brothers grew up and were brought up together. From some sources it is known that Osman began to read early, received a good education and, in addition to oriental languages, he also knew Greek, Latin, and Italian. However, a number of modern historians doubt this.
From childhood, the boy tried to establish a good relationship with Kesem Sultan. He treated his stepmother with great respect and even revered her.
Ascension to the throne
Despite the fact that he was the rightful heir, due to his infancy, after the death of his father, the demented brother of the latter, Mustafa, ascended the throne. This was an unprecedented case, since usually power passed in a straight line - from father to son. However, Mustafa reigned for a very short time, only three months. During this period, his behavior was very strange. So, at a meeting of the sofa, he could tear off the turban from the vizier or pull his beard. He threw coins to fish and birds.
Osman II came to the throne in February 1618 when he was 14 years old. The period of his reign fell on the onset of adverse climatic conditions. These years were the coldest in the Little Ice Age.
Then periodically there were bad omens and disasters that followed them. A flood occurred in one of the districts of Istanbul, which has never happened before.
In winter and summer, people fell ill with plague. The Bosphorus strait froze, and, since supplies and provisions could not be delivered by sea, hunger and terrible high prices reigned in the city.
brother murder
Before leading the army in the Khotyn war, Osman II decided to deal with his 15-year-old brother Mehmed. After all, in his absence, he could declare himself a sultan. To do this legally, it was necessary to obtain a fatwa (permission) from one of the Qadis. Osman II, after the refusal of Sheikh al-Islam, turned to the kadiasker of Rumelia (judge for military and religious affairs) Tashkopruzade Kemaleddin Mehmed Effendi and received it. And in January 1621, shehzade Mehmed was executed.
Discontent in the army and the people
After the military defeats of Sultan Osman II, his reputation in the country was greatly shaken. Another event that aggravated his situation was his marriage to a Turkish woman. After all, the sultans were supposed to create families only with foreigners, while not having Turkish origin.
The first wife of Osman II, Aisha Khatun, was born in Istanbul, she is the granddaughter of the vizier Pertev Pasha by her father. His second wife was a girl named Akile. She was the daughter of Sheikh Haji Mehmed Essadulakhh and the great granddaughter of Sultan Suleiman the Magnificent.
In addition, Osman had several concubines from whom he had children, but they all died in early age.
Janissary rebellion
In 1622, in May, Osman II wanted to leave Istanbul for Anatolia, announcing his intention to make a pilgrimage to Mecca. He intended to take the treasury with him. But the Janissaries found out about this and revolted. They, along with the Sipahis, gathered at the hippodrome. Sheikh al-Islam came to the sultan and demanded the execution of six close associates of the ruler, on which he gave a fatwa, perhaps forcedly.
But the Sultan broke the fatwa, threatening the rebels with reprisals. In response, the rebels invaded the dwelling of Omer-efendi, arranging a pogrom there. The crowd then moved towards Mustafa, who was locked up in the Old Palace, freed him and declared him sultan.
Very frightened, Osman ordered Dilavera Pasha to be handed over to the rebels. They found him, took him out of the gate, where he was immediately chopped to pieces. The Sultan announced that he would not go to Asia, however, he did not fully realize the seriousness of the situation. He refused to remove Suleiman Agha and Omer Efendi, as the Janissaries demanded.
Meanwhile, they broke into the courtyard of the Topkapı palace complex. At the same time, the chief eunuch and the grand vizier, who tried to block their path, were torn to pieces. Osman hid in a hiding place, but they found him and, dressed in rags, dragged him through the whole city on a horse, accompanying this trick with ridicule and mockery.
Assassination of the Sultan
Osman, turning to the Janissaries, begged for mercy, asked not to deprive him of his life. In response, he heard that they did not want his blood. But at the same time they immediately tried to kill him. According to the recollections of one of the eyewitnesses, the head of the gunsmiths threw a rope around his neck to strangle him, but at the same time two other Janissaries prevented him.
There is evidence that Davut Pasha appeared in the Orta-Jami mosque, where Osman was taken, with a noose in his hands. But former sultan reminded the rebels surrounding him that he forgave Davut Pasha several times for the crimes committed by him. And then the military did not allow the captive to be killed on the territory of the mosque.
The deposed ruler was moved to the Yedikule fortress in Istanbul. There, the next day, which was May 20, 1622, he was killed. The mentally unhealthy Mustafa I turned out to be a sultan for the second time, and Davud Pasha took the place of the Grand Vizier.
"The murdered Sultan Osman II (reigned February 26, 1618 - May 20, 1622) On February 26, 1618, the eldest son of Sultan Ahmed, Osman, ascended the throne. The ascension ceremony was held on February 27 in Eyup. Although the 14-year-old sultan was under the influence of the valide sultan, Omer's teacher Efendi and religious mentor Mustafa Agha, despite his young years, had an assertive character. It was difficult for him to agree that after the death of his father, his uncle sat on the throne instead of him. For this reason, when he ascended the throne, he first removed Sufi Mehmed from his post Pasha and lowered the powers of Esada Efendi, whom he considered guilty of this.It is said that after ascending the throne, the young Sultan Osman sent his unloved mother, Mahfiruz Sultan, to the Old Palace for reasons unknown to us. was her main rival, representing a danger to her children.Mahfiruz died in 1620. Osman's wives Before Sultan Osman, the padishahs had only harem concubines.For the first time this tradition was broken by young Osman. He had a concubine in the harem named Ayse. In addition, he married the daughters of Sheikh-ul-Islam Mehmed Esad Effendi and Pertev Pasha. But the people and statesmen the marriage of the padishah outside the walls of the harem to free Turkish girls did not come to court. By doing so, he violated an ancient tradition. Esad Efendi was also against it. He compared this marriage with the marriage of the founder Ottoman Empire Osman Ghazi, who married the daughter of Sheikh Edebali. War with the Cossacks. The war with Iran, which lasted at the time when Osman sat on the throne, ended in 1619 by mutual agreement. But the lands of the Ottoman Empire, which extended to Poland and the shores of the Black Sea, were threatened by the Cossacks. ... The young padishah was so determined to go on a campaign that he did not accept any excuses. The ambassador of King Sigismund, who was sent to the Sultan in the winter for negotiations, was not even accepted, and on the outskirts of Istanbul they turned around and sent home without even listening. Negotiations with British ambassadors also gave no results. The murder of his brother Young Osman, preparing for a campaign against Poland in January 1621, executed his brother, shehzade Mehmed, who was 4 months younger than him. .... According to rumors, he wanted to kill Kösem Sultan too, fearing that she could imprison one of her sons in her absence, but changed his mind. The Bosporus was covered with ice During the mourning for the murdered shehzade, an unprecedented phenomenon occurred in Istanbul. From January 24, 1621 to February 8, 1621, it snowed incessantly. It was a very harsh winter. For this reason, almost the entire Bosphorus Strait was covered with ice. Only in the middle there was a small channel as wide as a river. But on February 9, the Bosporus completely froze over. It was possible to walk between the banks. Because of the ice, ships could not enter the Bosphorus and deliver food. For this reason, food prices have risen. There was a big shortage. Only in March, when the weather warmed up, the Bosphorus traffic was resumed. Before the ascension of Osman, Hungary, which was under the yoke of the Ottoman Empire, experienced a powerful meteor shower. Young Osman sat on the throne after the eclipse of the sun. After the coronation, there was a strong fire in the large bazaar of Kapalycarsi in Istanbul. In 1620, due to a severe plague in Istanbul, died a large number of of people. Together with all these disasters, the freezing of the Bosphorus also occurred. Historians considered these disasters as a sign of the misfortunes of the young Osman and the rapid decline of the star of his reign .... "Erhan Afyoncu" The Magnificent Valide Kösem Sultan "
Sultan Osman II. Actor Taner Olmez
Sultan Osman has the saddest history of brutal dethronement. When I watched the series, my heart simply sank from the cruelty that the rebels showed towards their padishah.
Osman II was the son of Sultan Ahmed and his concubine Mahfiruz. He was born on November 3, 1604. Although he was the rightful heir, he did not become a sultan after the death of Ahmed. Then his weak-minded uncle Mustafa, who was only a puppet in the hands of his mother and son-in-law, ascended the throne. Osman came to the throne a little later as a result of the overthrow of Mustafa from the throne.
Osman was very educated, and he was good at governing the state. He was energetic and had the ability to make important decisions quickly.
When Osman became sultan in 1618, he was only 13 and a half years old. His mother Mahfiruz Khadija Sultan remained in the Old Palace. Even despite the fact that the woman received the status of Valide, she never took the place in the palace that she was entitled to. Not a single harem book even mentions that she returned to Topkapı Palace.
Mahfiruz, Osman's mother in the TV series Magnificent Age Unrecognized Valide Mahfiruz
Mahfiruz died in 1620 without seeing her son, the padishah. She was not given a magnificent funeral and was buried near the Eyyub mosque. Kösem Sultan continued to live with her children in the Old Palace, where, after the death of Ahmed, she was sent by Valide Halime Sultan (mother of Sultan Mustafa).
Lost war and loss of reputation
In 1620, Osman went on a military campaign against Poland. He personally led a large army. But his army was defeated in the battle of Khotyn. Sultan Osman II signed the Treaty of Khotyn with Poland. Under the terms of this treaty, they could not claim Polish territories. The defeat in this battle caused great damage to Osman's authority.
Upon returning to the capital in 1621, Osman decided to make a number of reforms. First, he decided to get rid of the rebellious Janissaries and create a new army from the Turkic population of Anatolia and Northern Syria. Secondly, he wanted to move the capital to Asia.
In May 1622, under the pretext of a pilgrimage, Osman was about to leave Istanbul and go to Mecca. He also wanted to take the treasury with him. But his plans were thwarted.
Osman became the first sultan to break tradition by legally marrying a Turkish girl. According to tradition, Turkish sultans could only create families with foreign women of non-Turkish origin. His bride was the daughter of Sheikh-ul-Islam Haji Mehmed Essadulakhha-efendi and the great-granddaughter of Sultan Suleiman the Magnificent. The girl's name was Akile.
Janissary uprising against Osman
Janissaries came for Osman Osman was already not particularly loved by the people and the army, and this act became another reason for the uprising that broke out on May 18, 1622 in Istanbul. In fact, the rebellion rose not because of this, but because Osman wanted to replace the active Janissaries with other soldiers.
Most likely, Halime Sultan, the mother of the deposed idiot Mustafa, was involved in this rebellion. Because her son-in-law Kara Davut Pasha participated in the rebellion against Osman. He pursued his interests as he had two sons. And he decided that if all the sons of Ahmed were eliminated, then the next contenders for the throne would be his sons. Because after the death of Ahmed, new rules of succession came into force. Now the senior blood relative of the male sultan could become the sultan.
Osman was captured Part of the population also joined the rebellious Janissaries. Sheikh-ul-Islam, who came to the hippodrome for negotiations on the orders of the Sultan, was forced to recognize their demands and give a fatwa for the execution, where the Grand Vizier Dilaver Pasha and his minions, Khoja Omer Efendi, Kizlyar Agha Suleiman, Khilfiz Ahmed kaymakam -pasha, treasurer Baki-pasha and Nasuh-aga were accused of corrupting the sultan.
Sheikh-ul-Islam conveyed this fatwa to Osman and advised him to satisfy the demands of the rebels. But Osman tore the fatwa, drove out the parliamentarians and threatened with reprisals.
A crowd of rioters staged a complete mayhem on the streets. They plundered and destroyed shops and dwellings. They broke into the house of Omer-efendi, arranging a pogrom there. After that, they entered the Topkapı Palace by force, freed Mustafa and proclaimed him Sultan.
Massacre of Osman
Frightened, Osman ordered Dilavera Pasha to be handed over to the traitors, who was found and pushed out of the gate. There he was brutally killed, chopped to pieces. Osman, still not understanding the full horror and gravity of what was happening, tried to calm the riot and announced that he had changed his mind about going to Asia and was abandoning his plans to disband the active army. But the rebels did not hear him.
Osman being driven around the city Having seized Sultan Osman, they carried him almost naked, riding a horse, through the city. All the way they terribly scoffed at him and called dirty names. These were such shameful words that none of the historians dared to write them.
Osman turned to the Janissaries with pleas for mercy. But they said they didn't want his blood. However, immediately the head of the gunsmith corps tried to kill the Sultan by throwing a noose around his neck. But he was interrupted. After that, Davut Pasha himself appeared in Orta-Jami, who also intended to strangle Osman. But Osman reminded the assembled rebels that he had once spared Davud Pasha several times for all his atrocities. And the Janissaries did not allow the Sultan to be killed in the mosque.
The former sultan was taken to Yedikule, where he suffered an inhuman death. He was beaten, abused and eventually strangled. The ear and nose of Osman Davud Pasha were brought by Halime Sultan. So the feeble-minded Mustafa became king again.
Assassination of Osman Children of Osman
As expected, Osman was to have heirs. And October 20, 1621. his son Omer was born to his concubine Meilishah. Then, from another concubine, he had twins, son Mustafa and daughter Zeyneb. But all of his children died as babies.
This greatly disturbed the young Sultan. Fearing that he might be removed from the throne, he executed his fifteen-year-old brother Mehmed on January 12, 1621. Osman explained the execution of shehzade Mehmed by the fact that this was necessary in order to avoid a war for the throne. All the other sons of Kösem Sultan were able to protect not only from Osman, but also from all the others who wanted to kill them.
