Topic on how I visit the doctor. Topic in English At the Doctors (At the doctor)

Wordssome , any , no and their derivatives are included in the programstudying of English language still at an elementary level, however, many mistakenly do not pay due attention to them, when, as their competent use, not only will your speech become more natural, but it will also help to avoid awkward pauses when communicating.

Let's start with the wordsome and immediately run into difficulties when trying to translate it. Dictionaries translate it as"several", "a few" , but you need to keep in mind that it is used in speech a little more widely than its counterparts in Russian or Ukrainian.

For example, if you want to say:I would like to drink tea ", then you will sound more natural if you say:"I would like some tea ", that is "I would like to drink A little tea ". A few more examples:

We bought some flowers. We bought some flowers.

We ’ ve got some work to do. – We have some work to do.

I want to bring some fruit. – I want to bring some fruit.

In the use of the wordsome there is a special limitation: it occurs only in statements, proposals and requests that only superficially resemble a question:

Would you like some coffee ? – Would you like some coffee?;

could you bring me some paper ? – Could you bring me some paper?

In addition, there is another type of situation where we will need this word. For example, they brought you a folder with some unknown documents and asked you to pass it on to a colleague. With the help of a wordsome You can emphasize that the subject in question is not familiar to you:

That man brought you some documents – that man brought you some documentation.

That is, the wordsomecan also mean"some" , "unknown".

But what if you need to say "a little, a certain amount" in a negative or interrogative sentence? Here on shift word some comes any :

We bought some flowers – Did you buy any flowers? – We didn't buy any flowers.

We bought some flowers - Did you buy some flowers? We didn't buy flowers.

We've got some work to do - Do we have any work to do? – We don't have any work to do.

We have some work - Do we have a job? We don't have any work.

I want to bring some fruits – Do you want to bring any fruits ? – I don ’ t want to bring any fruit.

I want to bring some fruit - Do you want to bring some fruit? I don't want to bring fruit.

Of course, the wordany has its own meaning, other than just a substitute functionsome in "inconvenient" types of sentences for him. In statementsany Can mean "any", "doesn't matter which ". For example, if at a new workplace they ask you which table you would like to sit at, but this does not matter to you:

Which table do you like ? – I can use any table , it doesn't ’ t matter.

What table do you like? - I can work for any , it does not matter.

Now we move on to the last word on our list.no . It matters"not at all, none" :

We have no food . – We do not have " not at all » food.

He has no problems. - He doesn't have " none » problems.

Such a construction of proposals may look strange. The point here is that in English two negatives cannot coexist in one sentence, which we successfully do in our speech every day:He Not offered no help; We Not saw none problems. When translating such phrases into English, you can go one of two ways:

Use habitual negation by joining auxiliary verb particlesnot :

He didn't ’ t offer any help ; We didn't ’ t see any problems .

In this case, we use negation + wordany , which does not have the meaning of negation, which could not coexist withnot .

The second way is to build an outwardly affirmative sentence and addno :

He offered no help ; We saw no problems .

Of course, this option looks strange to us, since it would literally be translated:He offered " no" help; We saw " none" problems . We noticeably lack the second negation, but for the English language it is completely impossible.

So we see thatno can only be used in affirmative sentences, that is, when there is no other negation (for example, particlesnot ) is not nearby.

Terms of usesome , A ny Andno , like the words themselves, may at first seem like too little subtlety, superfluous for those who need the most basic knowledge of the language, but these words are the basis for building several words, without which successful communication is impossible:

The rules for using these derived words are the same as for their originals. For example, the wordanyone can act as a substitute forsomebody in interrogative and negative sentences, as we have already seen in the examplesome Andany :

I saw somebody – Did you see anyone ?

I saw someone - Did you see someone?

I want to meet somebody – I don ’ t want to see anyone.

I want to meet someone - I don't want to meet anyone.

The only feature of the use of such derivative words is that in a sentence they appear in singular, that is, for example, inpresent Simplethey want to end– s , and the form of the verb to be past tense for them will bewas :

Somebody come s here every day.

Someone comes here every day.

Anybody is able to do this.

Anyone can do it.

Mastering a few of these nuances will not only help you sound more confident and natural, but also successfully overcome situations where you cannot remember the necessary word. Usingsomebody , something etc. You can always rephrase the statement to: "I need someone who can fix the car " instead of the unknown word "Auto Mechanic ».

Let's talk about the use of the pronouns some, any, no, as well as their derivatives. You can perform exercises on working out this topic in the article.

Briefly rules for using some, any, no can be reduced to the following statements:

• In affirmative sentences we use some;
• In interrogative sentences we use any;
• In negative sentences with not we use any;
• No has the meaning "none" and makes the sentence negative.

But this is only ground rules, which do not give a complete picture, so let's talk about each pronoun and their derivatives separately.

The use of some.

Some translates as a few, some, some .

The pronoun some is used:

• with uncountable (which cannot be counted) English nouns in meaning "A little'

There is some pure water in the bottle. There is some pure water in the bottle.

• with countable (which can be counted) nouns in plural in meaning 'some' or 'some'

Some students prepared interesting reports. Several students (some students) have prepared interesting reports.

• with countable English nouns in the singular in the meaning ‘any one’

Some girl has just called you. Some girl just called you.

Some and its derivatives (see table below) are most often used in affirmative sentences. However, they can also be used in interrogative structures:

• to express a request or suggestion

Would you like something to drink? - Will you drink?

Can I have some warm milk? - Can I have some warm milk?

• when we assume an affirmative answer to our question.

Are you doing something at the moment? Are you busy with something right now?

Some can be used with the preposition of to mean some of. But after the preposition, the noun must be preceded by either a definite article or a demonstrative or possessive pronoun.

Some of my relations live in Brest. — Some of my relatives live in Brest.

Some of the girls were not properly dressed. Some of the girls were not dressed very well.

Let's summarize with a table:

Using the pronoun Any

Any and its derivatives are used mainly in negative and interrogative sentences:

I'm glad that you haven't any problems with your studies. I'm glad you don't have any problems with your studies.

Has anyone called me? - Did anyone call me?

Any and its derivatives can also be used in affirmative constructions in the following situations:

• in the meaning of anyone, anyone, anything, anywhere, etc.

Anyone can tell you her name. “Anyone can tell you her name.

You may use anything you need. - You can use whatever you need.

• V subordinate clauses after if.

I wonder if they found anybody there. I wonder if they found anyone there.

Let me know if you have any trouble. - If there are any problems, let me know.

• after the following words that have a negative meaning:

Hardly - hardly, almost not

Scarcely - hardly, almost not

Never - never

Without - without, without doing something

Seldom - rare

Rarely - occasionally

little, few - little

to refuse - refuse

Sally seldom talks to anyone. Sally rarely talks to anyone.

Fred could hardly see anything in that dark room - Fred could hardly see anything in that dark room.

Any can be used with the preposition of to mean any:

You can catch any of these trams. They all go to Lake Komsomol - You can ride any of these trams. All of them go to Komsomolskoye Lake.

However, the compound pronouns anyone, anything, anybody are not used with the preposition of.

You can't say:

Anyone of these managers can be appointed director. – Any of these managers can be appointed director.

Can:

Any of these managers can be appointed director.

After complex pronouns and adverbs, the adverb else can be used - in the meaning else, except.

anybody / anyone else - anyone else

anything else - something else

anywhere else - somewhere else

Have you got anything else to tell me? “Is there anything else you want to tell me?”

The indefinite pronouns anybody, anyone MAY take the possessive ending.

I don't want to get anyone's help. I don't want to accept anyone's help.

If the pronoun is used in combination with the adverb else, the possessive case takes this adverb.

Did you notice anybody else's tracks there? Did you notice any other footprints there?

To summarize what has been said

The use of the pronoun no.

The pronoun no is used before any nouns. The use of the pronoun no makes the sentence negative.

note

No \u003d not a + noun in singular. including

No = not... any + plural countable noun number / uncountable noun

Has no CD player. = Has not a CD player. He doesn't have a CD player.

I found no books on Art in this library. = I did not find any books on Art in this library. I didn't find art books in this library.

If the noun plays the role of the subject in the sentence, then it can only be preceded by no (none, none), and not not ... but / not ... any.

No student has failed this difficult exam. Not a single student failed this difficult exam.

No has the following derivatives: nobody = no one - nobody, nothing - nothing, nowhere - nowhere. Since the pronoun and its derivatives have a negative meaning, the verb-predicate in the sentence must be in the affirmative form.

I've heard nothing about this man. - I haven't heard anything about this man.

When they entered the room, they saw nobody there. When they entered the room, they did not see anyone there.

When nobody, no one, and nothing are the subject, the verb is singular.

Nobody has seen him since Sunday. Nobody has seen him since Sunday.

There is nothing personal in the note. There is nothing personal in this note.

The preposition of cannot be used after the pronouns nobody and no one. The expression none of is translated as none of.

Derivatives from some, any, no.

Let's look at the main derivatives of some, any, no.

Derivatives from the pronoun some, any, no are used independently without subsequent nouns and play the role of a subject or object in a sentence.

Someone should help him. “Someone has to help him.

However, the compound pronouns someone, somebody. Something and others are never used with the preposition of,

You can't say:

Somebody of my friends like rock music.

After complex pronouns and adverbs, the adverb else can be used - in the meaning of more, except for (somebody else, someone else, something else, somewhere else).

I don't know how to get there. Ask someone else. “I don't know how to get there. Ask someone else.

Derived pronouns take the possessive case ending:

I have found someone's purse. - I found someone's wallet.

In English grammar, special attention should be paid to the category of indefinite pronouns, which includes such pronouns as some, any, little, few, every, much, etc.

These pronouns are studied in separate topics, usually in pairs:

some/any;

Either/neither;

Much/many, etc.

This article will cover in detail the pronouns some and any, which are used in different meanings. To present information in a convenient, structured form, all of it is listed in a table.

Usage table for Some and Any

Indefinite pronouns some, any, no and their forms actively used in English. Any and no are synonymous in some cases.

Basic rule:

• use in declarative sentences some(except "would you like ...", etc.),
• in interrogative and negative any and no(except any in the meaning of "any").

When used with countable nouns, it means "several", "some".

Some people in our town are very generous - Some people in our town are very generous.
Some relatives came to help me to pack - Several relatives came to help me pack.

In sentences with uncountable nouns, it means "a little".

He lent me some money - He lent me some money.

Some is sometimes used in interrogative sentences when there is a request.

Can I make some milkshake for myself? – Can I make a milkshake for myself?

Pronoun Any

Any in an interrogative sentence usually means "any", "anyone".

Has any of you read the “The Hobbit”? Have any of you read The Hobbit?

Any is also used in a declarative sentence to mean "any of" as shown in the example above.

Any in negative sentences:

I haven't received any package from you - I haven't received any package from you.

Pronoun No

The particle no means negation. In most cases, it can be replaced by any with a negation.

I had no mobile phone when I was ten. I didn’t’t have any mobile phone when I was ten - I didn’t have a mobile phone when I was 10.

Table of derived indefinite pronouns

The general rules for the use of derivatives from some, any, no do not change.

Examples:

Somebody / Someone came to this room and took all the books from here - Someone came into this room and took all the books from here.

It is raining somewhere near Tula now - Now it is raining somewhere near Tula.

Something fell from the shelf and woke the baby up - Something fell from the shelf and woke the baby up.

Nobody/No one has ever stood on its ears - No one has ever stood on their ears.

Nothing bothers Lena, when she does yoga - Nothing bothers Lena when she does yoga.

We could buy caviar nowhere in this little town - We couldn't buy caviar anywhere in this little town.

Anyone/Anybody can learn how to swim if they want - Anyone can learn how to swim if they want.

You can ski anywhere in this forest - In this forest, you can ski anywhere.

Anything would be better than this terrible soup - Everything would be tastier than this terrible soup.