In meaning, but words belonging to the same part of speech. They have different spelling and sound. It is very easy to determine the meaning of one antonym through another, it is enough to give it the form of negation. For example, a direct antonym for the word to speak - not to be silent, sad - not cheerful and so on. In this article, we will consider the concept of "antonyms" in more detail and find out their types.
General information
Due to the richness of the Russian language, there are many nuances and subtleties in any part of speech. Not without reason in schools and some higher educational institutions Numerous textbooks on linguistics are studied.
- It is noteworthy that, due to the ambiguity, the antonyms of the same word in different contexts differ. For example: old boar - young boar, old car - new car, old cheese - fresh cheese and so on.
- Not every lexical unit has antonyms. They are not, for example, in words sew, institute, book and so on.
- The main feature is the opposition of words that can mean:
- attributes of the subject ( smart - stupid, evil - kind);
- social and natural phenomena (talent - mediocrity, heat - cold);
- states and actions ( disassemble - collect, forget - remember).
Types of antonyms
They are different in structure.
- One-root antonyms are words that are opposite in meaning, but have the same root. For example: love - dislike, progress - regression. They are formed by adding prefixes (non-, without / with-, re-, de-, and so on).
- Different-root antonyms are words that are polar in meaning and have different roots. For example: big - small, black - white.
In turn, the first type is also divided into: antonyms-euphemisms (loyally express the opposite, difference, for example: significant - insignificant) and enantiosemes (express opposition with the same word, for example: view(in the sense of seeing) and view(meaning skip).
Another group is also distinguished: contextual antonyms are words that differ in meaning only in a particular case. For example, in the author's performance: she had not eyes- A eyes.
The meaning of antonyms are as follows.
- Opposite: they denote the polarity of actions, phenomena or signs. As a rule, between similar antonyms you can put a word with a neutral meaning: joy- apathy - sad, positive- indifference - negative.
- Vector: they denote multidirectional actions: put on - take off, open - close.
- Contradictory: indicate the polarity of objects, phenomena and signs, each of which excludes the other. It is impossible to put a neutral word between them: right left.
In a sentence, antonyms play a stylistic role and are used to make speech more expressive. Often they are used as an antithesis (opposition, contrast). Example: "Who was nobody, he will become everything." Sometimes antonyms form an oxymoron (connection of the incompatible). Example: "Hot snow", "Living corpse".
Antonyms are widely used not only in the titles of works, but also in proverbs and sayings.
(from Greek anti - against, ónyma - name) - these are words with the opposite meaning when used in pairs. Those words enter into antonymic relations, which disclose with opposite sides correlated concepts associated with one circle of objects, phenomena. Words form antonymic pairs based on their lexical meaning. One and the same word, if it is ambiguous, can have several antonyms.
occur within all parts of speech, however, the words of an antonymic pair must belong to the same part of speech.
Do not enter into antonymic relations:
- nouns with a specific meaning (house, book, school), proper names;
- numerals, most pronouns;
- words denoting gender (man and woman, son and daughter);
- words with different stylistic coloring;
- words with magnifying or diminutive accents (hand - hands, house - house).
By their structure, antonyms are not homogeneous. Among them there are:
- one-root antonyms: happiness - misfortune, open - close;
- heterogeneous antonyms: black - white, good - bad.
The phenomenon of antonymy is closely related to the polysemy of the word. Each of the meanings of the word can have its own antonyms. Yes, the word fresh V different meanings will have different antonymic pairs: fresh wind - sultry wind, fresh bread - stale bread, fresh shirt - dirty shirt.
Antonymic relations can also arise between different meanings of the same word. For example, to look through means “to get acquainted with something, to check, quickly examining, looking through, reading” and “to skip, not notice, miss”. Combination opposite meanings in one word is called enantiosemy.
Depending on the distinctive features that words with the opposite meaning have, two types of antonyms can be distinguished general language(or simply language) And contextual speech(author's or individual).
Common language antonyms are regularly reproduced in speech and fixed in the vocabulary (day - night, poor - rich).
Contextual speech antonyms- these are words that enter into antonymous relations only in a certain context: Sing better with a goldfinch than with a nightingale.
The use of antonyms makes speech more vivid and expressive. Antonyms are used in colloquial and artistic speech, in many proverbs and sayings, in the titles of many literary works.
One of the stylistic figures is built on a sharp opposition of antonyms - antithesis(opposition) - a characteristic by comparing two opposite phenomena or signs: Long live the sun, let the darkness hide! (A.S. Pushkin). Writers often build titles of works using this technique: “War and Peace” (L.N. Tolstoy), “Fathers and Sons” (I.S. Turgenev), “Thick and Thin” (A.P. Chekhov), etc. .
Another stylistic device, which is based on the comparison of antonymic meanings, is oxymoron or oxymoron(gr. oxymoron - lit. witty-stupid) - a figure of speech in which logically incompatible concepts are connected: a living corpse, dead souls, ringing silence.
Dictionaries of antonyms will help you choose an antonym for a word.Dictionaries of antonyms- linguistic reference dictionaries that describe antonyms. For example, in dictionary L.A. Vvedenskaya the interpretation of more than 1000 antonymic pairs is given (their synonymous correspondences are also taken into account), the contexts of use are given. A in the dictionary of N.P. Kolesnikova antonyms and paronyms are fixed. The book contains approximately 3,000 paronyms and more than 1,300 pairs of antonyms. There are no illustrations of the use of antonyms in the dictionary.
In addition to antonym dictionaries of a general type, there are also private dictionaries that fix polar relationships in some narrow areas of the vocabulary. This includes, for example, dictionaries of antonyms-phraseological units, dictionaries of antonyms-dialectisms, etc.
Let's take a look at the most common examples of antonyms: good evil; good bad; friend - enemy; day Night; heat - cold; peace - war, quarrel; true False; success - failure; benefit - harm; rich - poor; difficult - easy; generous - stingy; thick - thin; hard - soft; brave - cowardly; White black; fast - slow; high Low; bitter - sweet; hot Cold; wet - dry; full - hungry; new - old; big small; laugh - cry; speak - be silent; love - hate.
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Antonyms are words that are different in sound and have opposite meanings: lie - truth, evil - good, silence - speak. Examples of antonyms show that they refer to the same part of speech.
Antonymy in Russian is presented much narrower than synonymy. This is explained by the fact that only words that are related in terms of quality (good - bad, native - alien, smart - stupid, thick - rare, high - low), temporal (day - night, early - late), quantitative (single - multiple, many - few), spatial (spacious - cramped, large - small, wide - narrow, high - low) features.
There are antonymic pairs denoting the names of states, actions. Examples of antonyms of this kind: rejoice - grieve, cry - laugh.
Types and examples of antonyms in Russian
According to the structure, antonyms are divided into heterogeneous (morning - evening) and single-root (enter - exit). The opposite of the meaning of single-root antonyms is caused by prefixes. However, it should be remembered that the addition to adverbs and prefixes without-, Not- in most cases, it gives them the value of a weakened opposite (high - low), so the contrast of their values \u200b\u200bis turned out to be "muffled" (low - this does not mean "low"). Based on this, not all prefix formations can be attributed to antonyms, but only those that are the extreme points of the lexical paradigm: strong - powerless, harmful - harmless, successful - unsuccessful.
Antonyms, as well as synonyms, are in close connection with polysemy: empty - serious (conversation); empty - full (cup); empty - expressive (look); empty - meaningful (story). Examples of antonyms show that different meanings of the word "empty" are included in different antonymic pairs. Single-valued words, as well as words with specific meanings (iambic, pencil, desk, notebook, etc.) cannot have antonyms.
Among antonyms, the phenomenon of enantiosemy also exists - this is the development of mutually exclusive, opposite meanings of some polysemantic words: carry (into the room, bring) - carry (out of the room, take away); abandoned (a phrase just said) - abandoned (abandoned, forgotten). The meaning in such cases is specified in the context. Enantiosemy is often the cause of ambiguity in certain expressions. Examples of antonyms of this kind: he listened to the report; the director looked through these lines.
Contextual antonyms are words that are opposed in a specific context: moonlight - sunlight; not a mother, but a daughter; one day - the whole life; wolves are sheep. The polarity of the meanings of such words in the language is not fixed, and their opposition is an individual decision of the author. The writer in such cases reveals the opposite qualities of various concepts and contrasts them in speech. However, these pairs of words are not antonyms.
Antonyms(Greek αντί- - against + όνομα - name) - these are words of one part of speech, different in sound and spelling, having directly opposite lexical meanings, for example: "truth" - "false", "good" - "evil", " to speak - to be silent.
The lexical units of the vocabulary of a language turn out to be closely related not only on the basis of their associative connection by similarity or contiguity as lexico-semantic variants of a polysemantic word. Most of the words of the language do not contain a feature capable of opposition, therefore, antonymic relations are impossible for them, however, in a figurative sense, they can acquire an antonym. Thus, in contextual antonymy, antonymic relations of words with a direct meaning are possible, and then these pairs of words carry an emphatic load and perform a special stylistic function.
Antonyms are possible for such words, the meanings of which contain opposite qualitative shades, but the meanings are always based on a common feature (weight, height, feeling, time of day, etc.). Also, only words belonging to the same grammatical or stylistic category can be opposed. Consequently, words belonging to different parts of speech or lexical levels cannot become linguistic antonyms.
There are no proper names, pronouns, numeral antonyms.
1Typology of antonymic relations
2Antonyms in poetry
3See Also
4Notes
5Literature
Typology of antonymic relations
Antonyms according to the type of concepts expressed:
contrastive correlates - such opposites that mutually complement each other to the whole, without transitional links; they are in relation to the privative opposition. Examples: bad - good, false - true, alive - dead.
counter correlates - antonyms expressing polar opposites within one essence in the presence of transitional links - internal gradation; they are in relation to the gradual opposition. Examples: black (- gray -) white, old (- elderly - middle-aged -) young, large (- medium -) small.
vector correlates - antonyms expressing different directions of actions, signs, social phenomena etc. Examples: enter - exit, descend - rise, light - extinguish, revolution - counter-revolution.
Converses are words that describe the same situation from the point of view of different participants. Examples: buy - sell, husband - wife, teach - learn, lose - win, lose - find, young - old.
enantiosemy - the presence of opposite meanings in the structure of the word. Examples: to lend money to someone - to borrow money from someone, to surround with tea - to treat and not to treat.
pragmatic - words that are regularly opposed in the practice of their use, in contexts (pragmatics - "action"). Examples: soul - body, mind - heart, earth - sky.
By structure, antonyms are:
heterogeneous (forward - backward);
single root - are formed with the help of prefixes that are opposite in meaning: enter - exit, or with the help of a prefix added to the original word (monopoly - antimonopoly).
From the point of view of language and speech, antonyms are divided into:
linguistic (usual) - antonyms that exist in the language system (rich - poor);
contextual (contextual, speech, occasional) - antonyms that occur in a specific context (to check for the presence of this type, it is necessary to reduce them to a language pair) - (gold - copper half, that is, expensive - cheap). They often appear in proverbs.
From the point of view of action, antonyms are:
proportionate - action and reaction (get up - go to bed, get rich - get poorer);
disproportionate - action and lack of action (in the broad sense) (ignite - extinguish, think - think over).
Antonyms- these are words of the same part of speech with the opposite lexical meaning.
Word antonym came from the Greek anty- against + onyma- Name.
Antonyms allow you to see objects, phenomena, signs in contrast.
Example:
hot ↔ cold, loud ↔ quiet, walk ↔ stand, far ↔ close
Not all words have antonyms. Words that denote specific objects (table, desk, goat) usually do not have antonyms.
Different meanings of a polysemantic word can have different antonyms.
Example:
soft (fresh) bread ↔ stale bread; soft (smooth) movements ↔ sharp movements; mild (warm) climate ↔ harsh climate.
Most antonyms are words of different roots. But they also meet single-root antonyms.
The opposite meaning in such cases is created using negative prefixes Not-,without-,anti-,counter- and etc.
Example:
experienced - inexperienced, familiar - unfamiliar, tasty - tasteless, military - anti-war, revolution - counter-revolution
Antonyms are widely used by writers and poets to enhance the expressiveness of speech.
Example:
You rich, I am very poor; You novelist, I poet; You rouge, like poppies, I'm like death, and skinny and pale. (A. Pushkin)
This technique (the use of antonyms in a literary text) is called antithesis.
Phoneme(ancient Greek φώνημα - “sound”) - the minimum semantic-distinctive unit of the language - (Linguistic unit of speech). The phoneme does not have an independent lexical or grammatical meaning, but serves to distinguish and identify significant units of the language (morphemes and words):
when you replace one phoneme with another, you get another word (<д>ohm -<т>ohm);
changing the order of the phonemes will also result in another word (<сон> - <нос>);
deleting a phoneme will also result in another word (t<р>he is the tone).
The term "phoneme" in a close modern sense was introduced by the Polish-Russian linguists N. V. Krushevsky and I. A. Baudouin de Courtenay, who worked in Kazan (after the early death of Krushevsky, Baudouin de Courtenay pointed to its priority).
The phoneme as an abstract unit of language corresponds to the sound of speech as a concrete unit in which the phoneme is materially realized. Strictly speaking, the sounds of speech are infinitely varied; sufficiently accurate physical analysis can show that one person never pronounces the same sound in the same way (for example, shock [а́]). However, as long as all these pronunciation options allow you to correctly identify and distinguish words, the sound [а́] in all its variants will be a realization of the same phoneme<а>.
The phoneme is the object of study of phonology. This concept plays an important role in solving such practical problems as the development of alphabets, spelling principles, etc.
The minimal unit of sign languages was formerly called the hirema.
Even if you have already graduated from school a long time ago, it is still not too late to figure out what antonyms are, including contextual ones. Antonyms are words of the same part of speech with opposite lexical meanings, contrasting phenomena: good - evil, truth - a lie, talk - be silent, a lot - a little, up - down, appear - disappear. Antonyms are pairs of words that are always based on a common feature (height, weight, quality, quantity, feeling, time of day, space), but the meanings are opposite.
Now it should be very clear what antonyms are. However, this is not all the necessary information. Proper names, numerals and pronouns have no antonyms. However, service words can also be connected by antonyms: for and against, with and without (They like to drink tea with and without sugar).
Classification of antonym words
By structure, antonyms are divided into:
- heterogeneous (forward - backward);
- single root: they are formed with the help of prefixes opposite in meaning (enter - exit), as well as with the help of a prefix that is added to the original word (monopoly - antimonopoly).
Usually, words of different roots are referred to as antonyms, but some linguists consider such pairs of words as antonyms: calm - restless, big - small, love - not love. Here the antonym is formed with the help of the negative particle "not", the prefixes "demon", "not", etc.
From the point of view of language and speech, there are antonyms:
- linguistic (usual): they exist in the language system (loud - quiet);
- speech (occasional): arise in a certain context. They are often found in proverbs and poetry.
So what are contextual antonyms? Contextual antonyms are words that are opposed in a particular context. This phenomenon is of an individual authorial nature: wolves and sheep (as you understand, the polarity of the meanings of these words is not fixed in the language). The writer can discover opposite qualities in certain concepts and contrast them in speech: sunlight - moonlight, one year - the whole life, not a mother, but a daughter. The opposition of such concepts is not reproduced in the language. These are occasional (contextual, speech) antonyms.
Antonyms in terms of action are:
- proportionate: denote action and reaction (get rich - get poorer, get up - go to bed);
- disproportionate: in a broad sense, they denote action and lack of action (ignite - do not ignite, think - think over).
Polysemantic words and their antonyms
In different meanings polysemantic word may have different antonyms.
For example: fresh bread - stale bread, fresh thought - hackneyed thought, fresh evening - stuffy evening, etc.
Antithesis
Antonyms can serve as a means of poetic expression. This technique is called antithesis. Basically, the antithesis is characteristic of poetic and oratorical speech: "black evening, white snow" (A. A. Blok). The antithesis is also found in the titles: "Thick and Thin" (A.P. Chekhov), "Fathers and Sons" (I.S. Turgenev),
So, now you know what antonyms are, examples of these pairs of words will not be difficult for you. Remember what contextual antonyms and antithesis are.
