Antonyms(Greek αντί- - against + όνομα - name) - these are words of one part of speech, different in sound and spelling, having directly opposite lexical meanings, for example: "truth" - "false", "good" - "evil", "speak" - "keep silent".
The lexical units of the vocabulary of a language turn out to be closely related not only on the basis of their associative connection by similarity or contiguity as lexico-semantic variants. polysemantic word. Most of the words of the language do not contain a feature capable of opposition, therefore, antonymic relations are impossible for them, however, in a figurative sense, they can acquire an antonym. Thus, in contextual antonymy, antonymic relations of words with a direct meaning are possible, and then these pairs of words carry an emphatic load and perform a special stylistic function.
Antonyms are possible for such words, the meanings of which contain opposite qualitative shades, but the meanings are always based on a common feature (weight, height, feeling, time of day, etc.). Also, only words belonging to the same grammatical or stylistic category can be opposed. Consequently, words belonging to different parts of speech or lexical levels cannot become linguistic antonyms.
There are no proper names, pronouns, numeral antonyms.
1Typology of antonymic relations
2Antonyms in poetry
3See Also
4Notes
5Literature
Typology of antonymic relations
Antonyms according to the type of concepts expressed:
contrastive correlates - such opposites that mutually complement each other to the whole, without transitional links; they are in relation to the privative opposition. Examples: bad - good, false - true, alive - dead.
counter correlates - antonyms expressing polar opposites within one essence in the presence of transitional links - internal gradation; they are in relation to the gradual opposition. Examples: black (- gray -) white, old (- elderly - middle-aged -) young, large (- medium -) small.
vector correlates - antonyms expressing different directions of actions, signs, social phenomena etc. Examples: enter - exit, descend - rise, light - extinguish, revolution - counter-revolution.
converses are words that describe the same situation in terms of different participants. Examples: buy - sell, husband - wife, teach - learn, lose - win, lose - find, young - old.
enantiosemy - the presence of opposite meanings in the structure of the word. Examples: to lend money to someone - to borrow money from someone, to surround with tea - to treat and not to treat.
pragmatic - words that are regularly opposed in the practice of their use, in contexts (pragmatics - "action"). Examples: soul - body, mind - heart, earth - sky.
By structure, antonyms are:
heterogeneous (forward - backward);
single root - are formed with the help of prefixes that are opposite in meaning: enter - exit, or with the help of a prefix added to the original word (monopoly - antimonopoly).
From the point of view of language and speech, antonyms are divided into:
linguistic (usual) - antonyms that exist in the language system (rich - poor);
contextual (contextual, speech, occasional) - antonyms that occur in a specific context (to check for the presence of this type, it is necessary to reduce them to a language pair) - (gold - copper half, that is, expensive - cheap). They often appear in proverbs.
From the point of view of action, antonyms are:
proportionate - action and reaction (get up - go to bed, get rich - get poorer);
disproportionate - action and lack of action (in the broad sense) (ignite - extinguish, think - think over).
Antonyms- these are words of the same part of speech with the opposite lexical meaning.
Word antonym came from the Greek anty- against + onyma- Name.
Antonyms allow you to see objects, phenomena, signs in contrast.
Example:
hot ↔ cold, loud ↔ quiet, walk ↔ stand, far ↔ close
Not all words have antonyms. Words that denote specific objects (table, desk, goat) usually do not have antonyms.
Different meanings of a polysemantic word can have different antonyms.
Example:
soft (fresh) bread ↔ stale bread; soft (smooth) movements ↔ sharp movements; mild (warm) climate ↔ harsh climate.
Most antonyms are words of different roots. But they also meet single-root antonyms.
The opposite meaning in such cases is created using negative prefixes Not-,without-,anti-,counter- and etc.
Example:
experienced - inexperienced, familiar - unfamiliar, tasty - tasteless, military - anti-war, revolution - counter-revolution
Antonyms are widely used by writers and poets to enhance the expressiveness of speech.
Example:
You rich, I am very poor; You novelist, I poet; You rouge, like poppies, I'm like death, and skinny and pale. (A. Pushkin)
This technique (the use of antonyms in a literary text) is called antithesis.
Phoneme(ancient Greek φώνημα - “sound”) - the minimum semantic-distinctive unit of the language - (Linguistic unit of speech). The phoneme does not have an independent lexical or grammatical meaning, but serves to distinguish and identify significant units of the language (morphemes and words):
when you replace one phoneme with another, you get another word (<д>ohm -<т>ohm);
changing the order of the phonemes will also result in another word (<сон> - <нос>);
deleting a phoneme will also result in another word (t<р>he is the tone).
The term "phoneme" in a close modern sense was introduced by the Polish-Russian linguists N. V. Krushevsky and I. A. Baudouin de Courtenay, who worked in Kazan (after the early death of Krushevsky, Baudouin de Courtenay pointed to its priority).
The phoneme as an abstract unit of language corresponds to the sound of speech as a concrete unit in which the phoneme is materially realized. Strictly speaking, the sounds of speech are infinitely varied; sufficiently accurate physical analysis can show that one person never pronounces the same sound in the same way (for example, shock [а́]). However, as long as all these pronunciation options allow you to correctly identify and distinguish words, the sound [а́] in all its variants will be a realization of the same phoneme<а>.
The phoneme is the object of study of phonology. This concept plays an important role in solving such practical problems as the development of alphabets, spelling principles, etc.
The minimal unit of sign languages was formerly called the hirema.
In meaning, but words belonging to the same part of speech. They have different spelling and sound. It is very easy to determine the meaning of one antonym through another, it is enough to give it the form of negation. For example, a direct antonym for the word to speak - not to be silent, sad - not cheerful and so on. In this article, we will consider the concept of "antonyms" in more detail and find out their types.
General information
Due to the richness of the Russian language, there are many nuances and subtleties in any part of speech. Not without reason in schools and some higher educational institutions Numerous textbooks on linguistics are studied.
- It is noteworthy that, due to the ambiguity, the antonyms of the same word in different contexts differ. For example: old boar - young boar, old car - new car, old cheese - fresh cheese and so on.
- Not every lexical unit has antonyms. They are not, for example, in words sew, institute, book and so on.
- The main feature is the opposition of words that can mean:
- attributes of the subject ( smart - stupid, evil - kind);
- social and natural phenomena (talent - mediocrity, heat - cold);
- states and actions ( disassemble - collect, forget - remember).
Types of antonyms
They are different in structure.
- One-root antonyms are words that are opposite in meaning, but have the same root. For example: love - dislike, progress - regression. They are formed by adding prefixes (non-, without / with-, re-, de-, and so on).
- Heterogeneous antonyms are words that are polar in meaning and have different roots. For example: big - small, black - white.
In turn, the first type is also divided into: antonyms-euphemisms (loyally express the opposite, difference, for example: significant - insignificant) and enantiosemes (express opposition with the same word, for example: view(in the sense of seeing) and view(meaning skip).
Another group is also distinguished: contextual antonyms are words that differ in meaning only in a particular case. For example, in the author's performance: she had not eyes- A eyes.
The meaning of antonyms are as follows.
- Opposite: they denote the polarity of actions, phenomena or signs. As a rule, between similar antonyms you can put a word with a neutral meaning: joy- apathy - sad, positive- indifference - negative.
- Vector: they denote multidirectional actions: put on - take off, open - close.
- Contradictory: indicate the polarity of objects, phenomena and signs, each of which excludes the other. It is impossible to put a neutral word between them: right left.
In a sentence, antonyms play a stylistic role and are used to make speech more expressive. Often they are used as an antithesis (opposition, contrast). Example: "Who was nobody, he will become everything." Sometimes antonyms form an oxymoron (connection of the incompatible). Example: "Hot snow", "Living corpse".
Antonyms are widely used not only in the titles of works, but also in proverbs and sayings.
Antonyms are words belonging to the same part of speech, differing in spelling and sound, and meaning directly opposite concepts.
One part of speech is not the only condition under which words of opposite meaning can be called antonyms. There must be some common feature between these words. That is, both concepts should describe a feeling, or time, or space, or quality and quantity - and in this case they will be antonyms.
Examples of antonyms.
Let's analyze this definition with examples.
Antonym for the word "before".
The antonym for the word "before" would be the word "now". Both words are adverbs - “when? before" and "when? now". Both of them are united by a common feature - the description of time. But if the word "before" describes a situation or event that took place sometime in the past, then the word "now" refers to the present. Thus, the words are opposite in meaning and are antonyms.
Antonym for the word "Greetings".
The antonym for the word "friendly" is the word "unfriendly". Both concepts belong to the same part of speech - adverb. As the rule requires, they are united by a common feature - that is, they describe an emotional connotation. But if the word “friendly” means joy and pleasure (for example, from someone’s presence), then “unfriendly” has the exact opposite meaning - the one whose appearance or speech is characterized by this word is clearly not happy with anything.
Antonym for the word "Tears".
The antonym for the word "tears" will be the word "laughter". Both concepts are nouns, both of them describe an emotional action. But if in the first case the emotion is clearly negative - tears of grief, tears of sadness, tears of pain - then the word "laughter" means joy, happiness and fun. The words are opposite in meaning - and therefore, are antonyms.
Other popular antonyms.
Below is a list of words and their antonyms.
- The word "Synonym", antonym - "Antonym".
- The word "Interesting", the antonym - "Boring".
- The word "Wind", the antonym - "Quiet".
- The word is “Find”, the antonym is “Losing”.
- The word is “Fresh”, the antonym is “Spoiled, stale”.
- The word "Beautiful", the antonym - "Disgusting, terrible."
- The word is "Snow", the antonym is "Rain".
- The word is “Expected”, the antonym is “Sudden, unexpected”.
- The word "Carefully", the antonym - "Carelessly".
- The word is "Sun", the antonym is "Moon".
- The word is "Day", the antonym is "Night".
- The word "Fast", the antonym - "slow".
We hope now you know what an antonym is.
Different in sound and spelling, having directly opposite lexical meanings: truth - lies, good - evil, speak - be silent.
Antonyms according to the type of concepts expressed:
- contrasting correlates- such opposites that mutually complement each other to the whole, without transitional links; they are in relation to the privative opposition. Examples: bad - good, false - true, alive - dead.
- counter correlates- antonyms expressing polar opposites within one essence in the presence of transitional links - internal gradation; they are in relation to the gradual opposition. Examples: black (- gray -) white, old (- elderly - middle-aged -) young, large (- medium -) small.
- vector correlates- antonyms expressing different directions of actions, signs, social phenomena, etc. Examples: enter - exit, descend - rise, ignite - extinguish, revolution - counter-revolution.
- conversives- words describing the same situation from the point of view of different participants. Examples: buy - sell, husband - wife, teach - learn, lose - win, lose - find.
- enantiosemy- the presence of opposite meanings in the structure of the word. Examples: to lend money to someone - to borrow money from someone, to surround with tea - to treat and not to treat.
- pragmatic- words that are regularly opposed in the practice of their use, in contexts (pragmatics - "action"). Examples: soul - body, mind - heart, earth - sky.
By structure, antonyms are:
- heteroroot(back and forth);
- single root- are formed with the help of prefixes that are opposite in meaning: enter - exit, or with the help of a prefix added to the original word (monopoly - antimonopoly).
From the point of view of language and speech, antonyms are divided into:
- language(usual) - antonyms that exist in the language system (rich - poor);
- speech(occasional) - antonyms that occur in a certain context (to check for the presence of this type, you need to reduce them to a language pair) - (gold - a copper half, that is, expensive - cheap). They often appear in proverbs.
From the point of view of action, antonyms are:
- proportionate- action and reaction (get up - go to bed, get rich - get poorer);
- disproportionate- action and lack of action (in the broad sense) (ignite - extinguish, think - think over).
Antonyms, or words with opposite meanings, became the subject of linguistic analysis relatively recently, and interest in the study of Russian and Tatar antonymy is growing noticeably. This is evidenced by the appearance of a number of special linguistic studies on antonymy and dictionaries of antonyms.
The lexical units of the vocabulary of a language turn out to be closely related not only on the basis of their associative connection by similarity or contiguity as lexico-semantic variants of a polysemantic word. Most of the words of the language do not contain a feature capable of opposition, therefore, antonymic relations are impossible for them, however, in a figurative sense, they can acquire an antonym. Thus, in contextual antonymy, antonymic relations of words with a direct meaning are possible, and then these pairs of words carry an emphatic load and perform a special stylistic function.
Antonyms are possible for such words, the meanings of which contain opposite qualitative shades, but the meanings are always based on a common feature (weight, height, feeling, time of day, etc.). Also, only words belonging to the same grammatical or stylistic category can be opposed. Consequently, words belonging to different parts of speech or lexical levels cannot become linguistic antonyms.
Antonyms in poetry
Here we are entering August, oh,
not into the forest rare, and in thick,
where from the aspen is not Judas
hanging down without grumbling and prowess.
August tangle knot,
How good in captivity evil,
he has flowers under his feet,
often similar to footboards.
see also
Notes
Wikimedia Foundation. 2010 .
- Synonyms
- Anthem of Bulgaria
See what "Antonyms" are in other dictionaries:
ANTONYMS- (from anti ... and Greek onyma name), words of one part of speech with the opposite meaning, for example true lies, poor rich ... Modern Encyclopedia
ANTONYMS- (from anti... and Greek onyma name) words with the opposite meaning. For example: the truth is a lie, the poor rich ... Big Encyclopedic Dictionary
ANTONYMS- (from Greek anti... - against + onoma - name). 1. Words that have opposite meanings. The basis of antonymy is the presence in the meaning of the word of a qualitative feature that can increase or decrease and reach the opposite. That's why… … New dictionary methodological terms and concepts (theory and practice of teaching languages)
Antonyms- (from anti ... and Greek onyma name), words of one part of speech with the opposite meaning, for example, “truth is a lie”, “poor rich”. … Illustrated Encyclopedic Dictionary
Antonyms- (from the Greek anti - 'against' + onyma - 'name') - pairs of words of one part of speech with the opposite meaning. The psychological basis of A.'s existence is association by contrast; logical - opposite and contradictory concepts. Mapping relationships... Stylistic encyclopedic dictionary of the Russian language
Antonyms- (from Greek ἀντι against and ὄνυμα name) words of the same part of speech with opposite meanings. Depending on the type of opposition expressed (see Antonymy), antonyms are divided into corresponding classes, the main of which are: 1) antonyms, ... ... Linguistic Encyclopedic Dictionary
antonyms- (from Greek anti against + onima name). Words with opposite meanings. The basis of antonymy is the presence in the meaning of the word of a qualitative feature that can increase or decrease and reach the opposite. Therefore, especially many ... ... Dictionary linguistic terms
antonyms- (Greek anti against and onuma name) Words of the same part of speech that have opposite meanings correlative with each other; love hate. Not all words are antonymous. According to the structure of the root, antonyms are distinguished: 1) ... ... Dictionary of linguistic terms T.V. Foal
antonyms- (from the Greek anti - against and onoma - name), words connected by relations of opposite meaning, for example: victory - defeat, joking - seriously. A polysemantic word has different antonyms for different meanings: soft - callous, hard, hard. Literature and ... ... Literary Encyclopedia
