Doubtful consonants at the root of the word. Meaning of doubtful consonants in the dictionary of linguistic terms. Figurative Memory Training “Exercise Game”

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A conditional term used in relation to the writing of consonants denoting consonant sounds in a weak position. To check such spellings, related words or another form of the same word are selected, in which the checked consonant is followed by a vowel or sonorant consonant. cf.; pond (ponds) - rod (twig), frost (frosty) - question (question). Unverifiable consonants (asbestos, railway station, football, etc.) also belong to doubtful ones.

Meanings in other dictionaries

Agreed predicate

A verbal predicate that agrees with the subject in person, number, gender. The agreement of the predicate in person occurs in cases where the subject is expressed by a personal pronoun. I know you will love him, my Pashenka (L. Tolstoy). Do you know the land where everything breathes in abundance? (A.K. Tolstoy). The predicate with the subject expressed by the noun is used in the form of the 3rd person. The bee knows me...

Solecism

(Greek soloikismos from the name Sol - an ancient Athenian colony that has lost its purity Greek). Error against syntax rules, wrong choice grammatical form for this build. Who needs financial assistance, it is necessary for him to provide for her (instead of ... will she be careless or that he needs to provide for her). What time is it? (colloquially). ...

The Russian language would not be great and powerful if it did not have a complex grammar. And to learn all the rules is not at all easy not only for foreign students, but also for native speakers. Also in primary school when teaching spelling, schoolchildren face serious problems, one of which is dubious consonants. Examples of words with them cause a lot of difficulties and underlining with a red pen from an angry teacher in notebooks. How to dispel doubts? We will try to find the answers in this article.

Strong position

From what part of the word and in what environment this or that sound is located, its position depends: strong or weak. In a weak position, the sound loses its distinctive properties and becomes like another, stronger one. Thus, a strong position reveals all the properties of the sound and allows you to distinguish it from the rest in the flow of natural speech.

Of course, a strong position for a vowel sound is its being under stress. In the word "hurry" the sound [e] is unstressed, so it can be easily mistaken for [and]. To check spelling, it is worth choosing a single-root word, where the desired vowel would be under stress - “haste”. Since the root of the word has not changed, we can conclude: the letter is written in the word e.

The strong position for consonants can be of two types: by voicedness and deafness, and also by hardness and softness. In the first case, the consonant must either be after the vowel (floor, beat), or after the sonorant consonant, as well as the sound [v] (your, anger). The participation of the voice in vowels and sonorants helps to reveal the strengths of the consonant. In the case of hardness and softness, the strong position of the consonant is at the end of the word (angle - coal), before the vowel (they say - chalk), and also before the hard consonant (mock). Consonants in a strong position are intuitive to all native speakers. Therefore, they never cause difficulties for students and are easy to remember.

Weak position

It is she who causes the greatest difficulties in teaching spelling, since the sound in this position loses its distinctive properties. Instead of a voiced consonant, the student really wants to write a deaf consonant, and replace the hard one with a soft one. The morphological principle of writing words in Russian is to blame for this confusion - it is necessary to write all the meaningful parts of a word according to a standard template, not paying attention to the peculiarities of their pronunciation.

For vowels, this, of course, is the position in an unstressed syllable: spring, milk. Sounds in this position lose longitude and strength. As mentioned above, to check the spelling of such words, it is necessary to select similar forms with the same sound in a strong position - under stress.

With consonants, the situation is much more complicated. If we talk about deafness and sonority, then the weak position in this case will be the position of the sound at the end of the word (zu b), as well as before noisy deaf and voiced consonants (lo dk a, pere sd acha).

They also make up dubious consonant examples in terms of softness / hardness: this is primarily an assimilation of the soft consonant in front (whether st ik, sun yo, sbo rsh ik). More details about the features of writing a soft sign will be discussed in the penultimate chapter.

At the end of a word

In what positions are the most common words with doubtful consonants? The examples are very numerous, therefore, first of all, we will separately consider the final position - it is most common in the great and mighty.

Voiced consonants at the end of a word have a strong tendency to become stunned, since the pronunciation effort is reduced to a minimum by the end of the word. The sounds [f] in the word “lens”, [w] in the word “swift” are dubious consonants. There are no examples of voicing at the end of Russian words.

It is easy to check the spelling of such consonants - you need to change the word form so that after an incomprehensible sound there is a vowel: “objectives”, “swifts”.

You should also be aware of unverifiable cases: genitive case plural (tables) and gerunds (falling down, having done).

Doubtful consonants at the root of the word: examples and rules

The root of the word is the most important part that carries the meaning, therefore, in no case should it be distorted. There are many cases when it is worth remembering the spelling of dubious consonants at the root of a word. Examples will follow below.

First of all, the selection of a test word with the same consonant in a strong position can greatly facilitate the writing of many words (lubrication - lubricate). The alternation of the consonants Mrs. and ts-ch is also sometimes found in Russian (kovrizhka - kovriga).

double consonant

If the prefix and the root are joined using the same consonant, it doubles (heartless, appeal). The same applies to the junction of the two foundations in compound words(head physician). Often this feature is reflected in pronunciation, so it does not cause difficulties.

There are other positions in which there are dubious consonants in the root: examples concern joints with suffixes. If the root ends in a double consonant, it remains before the suffix in full: ten-point, compromise.

The unverifiable dubious consonants at the root of the word will make the memory work hard. Examples can be found in the spelling dictionary: ato ll, gi bb he, ca ll igraphy, couple ll elogram, tennis and others.

Soft sign: needed or not

The softness of the consonant is often questioned. The problem here is that not only a soft sign can soften the sound, but also a vowel with an iot component (letters e, e, u, i, as well as i). Therefore, in words where such a vowel follows two consonants, a soft sign between them is not needed. This rule once again confirms what a complex phenomenon is dubious consonants. Examples: snowball, chick, racer, bridle.

A special point in this rule - numerals from fifty to eighty, as well as from five hundred to nine hundred. Soft sign in words six hundred, seven hundred remains as part of the stem in the compound word. Infinitives are written with soft sign before the postfix, as opposed to the personal forms of the verb (study well - they study well). This also includes the imperative mood of the verb in plural (sit down, stop).

Doubtful and unpronounceable consonants: examples and rules

The confluence of three or more consonants inevitably entails the loss of one of them, which is in the weakest position. The selection of a single-root word with this sound in a strong position will become a reliable assistant in this case as well. For example : hello - health, amateurish - amateurish. But the word "ladder" will have to be remembered, because the test "ladder" will not help here.

How to stop doubting

Only a combination of different methods will help to deal forever with the many-sided problem of dubious consonants in the Russian language. First of all, it is worth adopting the selection of test words with consonants in a strong position. In addition to self-examination, the search for such forms is also an exciting activity that allows you to once again pay attention to your vocabulary.

Of course, there are many words that cannot be verified due to their origin or uniqueness. Such cases are collected in any spelling dictionary - a reliable assistant for anyone who wants to know the Russian language thoroughly.

And finally, do not despair - very few people can fully comprehend the complex grammar of the Russian language. Any spelling errors do not need to be treated too emotionally, it is enough just to correct them willingly and try to remember. Doubts are inherent not only in consonant sounds, but also in each of us.

consonants at the root. consonants at the root. doubtful unpronounceable unverifiable. - presentation

Presentation on the topic: » Consonants in the root. consonants at the root. dubious unpronounceable unverifiable.” - Transcript:

1 Consonants in the root. consonants at the root. dubious unpronounceable unverifiable

2 In order not to make a mistake in writing dubious consonants at the root of a word, you need to change or pick up such a single-root word where there is a vowel after the consonant being checked. 1) Change the number of the noun: nails - nail, oak - oaks. 2) Change the case of the noun: meadow - in the meadow, bow in the bow. 3) Replace nouns with a verb: threshing - threshing, without looking back - looking back. 4) Use diminutive suffixes: help-help, smooth - smooth. 5) Form short forms of adjectives: viscous - viscous, sensitive - sensitive. You need to remember: a knuckle, a vest, a kopchushka, a piece of wood, as if, after all, a station, football, an automatic machine, climb Ways to check dubious consonants.

3 Unpronounceable consonants at the root of a word In order not to make mistakes in writing unpronounceable consonants at the root of a word, you need to choose a test word in which this consonant is pronounced clearly. distinctly. late - late, crunch - crunch. There is no unpronounceable consonant in the words tasty, wonderful, dangerous, beautiful. Delicious - delicious, beautiful - beautiful.

4 Unchecked consonants in the root Spelling of consonants in the root of the word must be remembered. STAIRS SUN FEELING STATION BASKETBALL PACKAGE HOUSE PEER EXCAVATOR HANDBALL FOOTBALL PROGRAM

5 Spelling of consonants at the root of the word late late warehouse.warehouse in the warehouse. the sun is sunny, the train station, football, the book is a little book, the heart is a heart oak oaks, unpronounceable consonants at the root of the word. Unverifiable e consonants in the root of the word ( dictionary words). Checked voiced and deaf consonants in the root.

Unpronounceable consonants at the root of a word. Rule, word examples

Unpronounceable consonants are sounds that are not pronounced or are poorly distinguished in the cluster of consonants in a word. In the words of the Russian language there are difficult-to-pronounce clusters of consonants:

vstv(hello, feel, clear, virgin)
zdn(celebrate, holiday, late, late, abyss, starry),
ndsk(Dutch, Scottish, Finnish),
ntsk(giant, diplomatist, amateurish),
stl(sent, happy, conscientious, sympathetic),
stn(valiant, provincial, furious)
lnts(Sun),
RDC(heart),
stsk(racist, nationalist)

When pronouncing such words, the sounds v, d, t, l fall out. They are called unpronounceable.

In such cases, the spelling of a word with an unpronounceable consonant requires verification.

To correctly write a word with an unpronounceable consonant, you need to change its form or choose a related word in such a way that after the first or second consonant of this group of consonants there is a vowel.

For a consonant, if there is a vowel after it, this position in the word is strong, that is, then the consonant is heard clearly and distinctly.

The position of the unpronounceable consonant also becomes strong at the end of the word and in cases where it is followed by an unpaired sonorant sound (l, m, n, p, d):

sun - sunny, happy - happiness (e \u003d [y'e], before th);

agency - agent, lean (food) - fasting, compassionate - pity.

Rule Application Examples

Examples of words with unpronounceable consonants

When pronouncing the words "sad", "bony", "furious" in the cluster of consonant sounds st the sound t disappears. To write them correctly, we use the spelling rule.

Sad - sad, sad, sad;

bone - bone, bone, bones, ossify;

furious - furious, furious.

Excellent results are given by tasks for children to make cards from words with an unpronounceable consonant. On the card, children write 5-10 words, skipping dangerous place. Then at the lesson, the students change cards and write test words to the words. Examples of words that have an unpronounceable consonant:

Whistle (whistle), agency (agent), nameless (news), messenger (news), domineering (power), giant (giant), dutch (Holland), grief heavy (sorrows), cumbersome (piled up), amateurish (amateurs), valorous (valor), starry (star), provincial (backwater), hello (health), selfishness ny (self-interest), bone (bone), local (place), hated (hatred), rainy (bad weather), obscurity (news), regional (region), neighborhood (around), pasture (graze), late (late), idleness (idle), lovely (charm), biased (addiction), joyful (joy), whistle ( whistle), heart (heart), happy (happiness), reed (reed), whip (whip), crunch (crunch), holistic (wholeness), real (in reality ), furious (rage).

Examples of words that do not have a pronounced consonant

In a number of words there is no unpronounceable consonant sound. Examples of words where no unpronounceable consonant t:

voiceless, delicious, vile, picturesque, intriguing, artful, artful, interesting, picturesque, heavenly, inert (backward), where is the dream , dangerous, verbal, verbal, terrible, coeval, wonderful.

To make sure that there is no unpronounceable consonant sound in the given words, we do the same: we change their form or look for a single-root word in which a vowel appears in a dubious place.

Dangerous - dangerous, skillful - skillful, interesting - interesting, terrible - terrible, tasty - tasty;

word dreamy - words, miraculous - miracles, heavenly - heaven, picturesque - painting.

The adjectives "wonderful", "heavenly", "verbal" have in their composition a formative suffix -es-, with the help of which the plural forms and oblique cases of the nouns "miracle", "sky", "word" are formed.

Miracle - miracles - miraculous;
sky - heaven - heavenly;
word - words - verbal, literature, wordsmith.

Do not include extra consonant in stv combinations in the following words:

participate, honor, march, food.

But there are exceptions that don't follow the rule. This dictionary words:

shine to sleep (but shine, sparkles), splash (but splash), ladder (but ladder), bottle (but glass, glass).

coeval (smooth in springs) - over T nickname (same in age);

march (procession) - she f to act (chiefs);

dishes (old Slavonic yasti - eat) - I V natural (reality, appear, phenomenon);

confidant (Old Slavonic persi - chest) - napers T ok (finger - finger);

inert (backward, reactionary) - braid T ny broth (bones).

The words "peer" and "peer" are considered dictionary words, the spelling of which should be remembered.

The noun "peer" goes back to the common Slavic word "verst", which served as a measure not only of length, but also of age. Knowing this will help write the letter t in the word peer.

Spelling of consonants in the root

1. Doubtful consonants. Consonants paired by deafness of voicedness can be deafened or voiced when pronounced, so the question arises about their spelling.

RULE. In order not to make a mistake in the spelling of dubious consonants, you need to choose a single-root word or change the word so that after this consonant there is a vowel or sonorant (L, M, N, R, Y) letter. Then the letter that is written will sound distinct.

EXAMPLES. Reporta and– report and and, lysine G– lysine G ah, squaw sz– squaw h Noah.

2. Unpronounceable consonants. Man always strives to take the shorter route. Just like his speech apparatus, if it is inconvenient for us to pronounce combinations of some consonants, then he simply throws out one of them, hence the unpronounceable consonants appear.

RULE. In order not to make mistakes in the spelling of words with unpronounceable consonants, it is necessary to choose a single-root word in which this consonant is heard quite clearly. If the consonant is not heard, then it is not necessary to write it. Most often, unpronounceable consonants are found in combinations: STN, ZDN, RDC, LNC, VSTV.

EXAMPLES. Locality - place, tasty - taste.
⇒ Note. However, there are words in which unpronounceable consonants cannot be checked, such words must be memorized. For example: sun, ladder, holiday, feeling, flashed, peer, peer, etc.

3. Double consonants.
- Usually double consonants are written in the root where a long sound is pronounced. For example: baroque, antenna, corruption, aggression, pizza.
- However, there are words in which a long sound is not pronounced, but, nevertheless, a double consonant is written. Such words must be memorized. (See appendix to section) For example: neat, banknotes, etc.
- In addition, double consonants can occur at the junction of morphemes (parts of a word), then both consonants are preserved. For example: distance (ras - prefix, standing - root), long (length - root, n - suffix).

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Spelling of consonants at the root of a word

Voiceless and voiced consonants

Paired voiceless consonants p, f, t, s(and corresponding soft), k, w at the end of a word and before voiceless consonants can be transmitted respectively by letters P or b , f or V , T or d , With or h , To or G , w or and . The same letters can convey paired voiced consonants b, c, e, h(and corresponding soft), g, f before paired voiced consonants (except V). In order to correctly write a consonant letter in these cases, you need to choose a different form of the same word or another word, where in the same significant part of the word (same root, prefix, suffix) the consonant being checked is before the vowel or before the consonants p, l, m, n, v (and corresponding soft ones).

1) at the end of a word: du b (cf. oak, oak), deep P (stupid, stupid), gra b (rob), sy pi (pour), But With (noses), in h (carts), th d (of the year), cro T (mole), wife T (married), hand V (sleeves), cro vy (blood, blood), shtra f (fines, penalty, penal), vymo To (get wet, get wet, wet), blue To (bruises), mo G (can, could), small w (baby, baby), monta and (mounting, mounting), draw zh (tremble, tremble); izmoro sz (frost, frost, freeze) And izmoro camping (drizzle, drizzle);

2) before consonants:

a) in front of the deaf: du b ki(cf. oaks, oak), trya P ka (rag, rag, rag, rag), ku P ca (merchant), O V ca (sheep), lo V cue (dexterous), hand V chik (sleeves), scale f chik (cabinets), nor h cue (low), mi With ka (bowls), Wa camping ka (Vasya), Ku sz ka (Kuzya, Kuzma), ka d ka (tub), me T cue (marks), to G ti (claw), lo To ti (elbow), be G stvo (running, fugitive), lo and ka (spoon, spoon), room w ka (small rooms), wings w to (wings); together and ku (intersperse) And together w ku (mix), su P chik (soups) And su b chik (subject);

b) before paired voiced (except V): molo be ba (thresh), swa d ba (weddings, wedding; do not check with a word woo), ho d ba (walk), about camping ba (ask), re sz ba (cut), ox w ba (magic), bo and ba (swear), vra and Yes (hostile), and gu (burn, burn), and give (wait).

Exceptions: in words holed And open spelled With , although there are verbs open (Xia), open (Xia) And open (Xia), open up (Xia). In words abstraction, reaction, correction spelled To (Although abstract, react, correct), in a word transcription spelled P (Although transcribe); in these cases, the letter reflects the alternation of consonants in the source language (Latin).

In some words, the letter G sound is transmitted X : God (god, gods), light, lighter (easy), soft, softer (soft, soft). Words soft, softer, soften etc. should not be checked with words like pulp, soften, soften.

The spelling of unchecked consonants in roots is determined in dictionary order, For example: A b sept, a b salty, ane To DotA P teka, and P sitting, and With best, and f Ghanaian, V friend, in To hall, V torii, G de, zi G zag, cosmon V That b shchy, oh P about f set, ryu To zach, With trousers, then G Yes, f thor, fu T bol, uh To substitutions .

Words with consonant combinations sk, st, zg, zd. In these combinations, the first consonant is usually unverifiable. When writing words containing these very common consonant groups, one should be guided by the following patterns of letter combinations.

1. There are no stems in Russian that end in letter combinations sg, sd , but there are only the basics on zg, zd (b ); are written: brain (brain), clanging, squealing, small fry; thrush, much, nail, nest, star, train, passage etc. At the beginning of the roots are written zg, zd : no idea (can not see), here, health, building ; exception : sweetness, sweet .

2. At the end of the stems, letter combinations predominate sk, st (b ); are written: start (launch), search, risk, melancholy, gloss, arabesque, Bryansk, Kursk. At the beginning of the basics and roots of letter combinations zk, zt missing, but written sk, st , for example: scrape, creak, cheekbone, wall, groan, step, country .

letter combination zt occurs only at the junction of the root with the suffix of the indefinite form (infinitive) of the verb: climb, gnaw, crawl, carry; letter combination zk - only at the junction of the root and suffix ?To?, for example: close, vile, grease, wagon, dragonfly.

Silent consonants

In groups of consonants, one of the consonants may not be pronounced: in combinations stn, stl, zdn, rdts, rdch, sts, zds, ntsk, ndsk, ndts, ntsv, stsk is the middle consonant, in combinations lnts, sun - initial consonant. The presence of an unpronounceable consonant is checked by selecting a different form of the same word or another related word where this consonant is pronounced, eg: ches T ny (honest, honor), Strass T ny (passionate, passion), rados T ny (joyful, joy), joint T ny (together), cross T ny, chair T Nick (cross, baptize), around T ny (around), braid T ny (bone), pakos T Nick (dirty trick, dirty trick), whip T choke (whip), crunch T choke (crunch), unhappily T ny And right now T livid (happiness), stuck T livid (envy), With T lat (stele), poses d ny (be late), praz d ny (idle), run over d Nick (ride), ser d tse, ser d cevin, ser d chishko (hearts, cordial), kres T tsovy (sacrum), is T ca (plaintiff), under the bonds d tsy (bridle), giant T sky (giant), gollan d sky And gollan d tsy (Holland, Dutch), agent T stvo (agent), marxis T sky (Marxist); co l nce (solar), healthy V goodbye, hello V go (healthy, health), I V to succumb (explicit).

Words without unpronounceable consonants , For example: horrible (terrible), dangerous, danger (dangerous), inert (kosen), skillful (skillful), dominate (power, domineering), participate (participation), send (send), intriguing, intrigue (schemer).

Exceptions. Contrary to the verification, according to tradition, the words are written: flash(Although shine), bottle‘glass vessel’ (although glass, glass), be angry(Although be angry), tablecloth(Although tablecloth; But tablecloth).

In some cases, the silent consonant is unverifiable, for example: V in a word feeling, T in a word ladder(in the latter case, the consonant T spelled contrary to word verification ladder). The spelling of such words should be memorized, as well as words where an extra consonant can be suspected, for example: march(go), viands(food), peer.

double consonants

Double consonants at the junction meaningful parts words

Double consonants are written at the junction of the prefix and the root, if the prefix ends and the root begins with the same consonant letter, for example: lawless, heartless, introduce, restore, chill, anciently, wipe(but cf. wipe off, where is the prefix O- ), support, threshold, pre-diploma, pour, scatter, call, interlock, counter-revolution, post-totalitarian .

They differ in spelling, on the one hand, words with a root ?even? (calculation, calculation, calculation; to comb, to comb), and on the other hand, words with the root -cheat- (ra ss read, ra ss read).

Double consonants are written at the junction constituent parts compound words , if one part ends and the other begins with the same consonant, for example: head physician, state property, Moscow City Council, pommaster .

Double n and double With are written at the junction of the generating stem and the suffix, if the stem ends and the suffix begins with the same consonant n or With :

In words with suffixes -n (oh, oh), for example: long(from length), old (antiquity), stone (stone), pocket (pocket), domain (blast furnace), law (law), living room(from noun. living room: living room talk, living room regular), chased (mint), temporary And temporal (time, time), wall (wall); -n (uy): autumn (autumn), third party (side), early (early); -Nick: price tag (price); -nits (A): belfry (ringing); -nicha (be): ape (monkey);

In words with suffixes -sk (uy), for example: sailor(from sailor), Russian (Rus), Arzamas (Arzamas), Circassian (Circassian); -stv (O): art (skillful).

Double n also written in the numeral eleven(from one); double With - in the form of a man. the gender of the past tense of verbs when the root is combined on With with final part (postfix) -sya , for example: rush, escape .

Double l written in word goofy(from walk, suffix -living- ).

In words like young, swine, one is written n , since they do not contain the suffix -n- .

In fused words, no more than two identical consonants are written in a row , even though it was required by the composition of the word, for example: quarrel (race + quarrel), columnar(from column: column + ny), bathroom(from bath: bath+naya), five-ton(from ton: five+ton+ny), Odessa(from Odessa: odess+skiy), Prussian(from Prussia: Prussian+sky), Donbass(from Donbass: donbass+sky). But cf. preservation of three identical consonants in hyphenated words: press secretary, press service, mass start, gram-molecule, kilogram-meter .

Double consonants in Russian roots

Double consonants are written in the roots of Russian (not borrowed) words in the following cases.

Double and written in words reins, yeast, buzz, juniper and in their derivatives, for example: yeasty, buzz, juniper, as well as in some forms of the verb burn and derivatives of it, for example: burn, burn, burnt, burnt, burnt, burning, burnt(second and arises here as a result of the alternation g - w: cf. sting - sting).

However, in words where there is an alternation zg - zzh , zd - zzh, written in place of a long consonant and not double and , A zzh , for example: splashes (spray), grumble (killjoy), squeal (screech), rattle (to smithereens), clutter up (clutter up), cerebellum, crush (brain), Later (late), come (arrival); the same in glimpse(from obsolete disdain'dawn').

Double With written in word argument and its derivatives: quarrel, quarrel etc., as well as in words with the root ross- , For example: Russia, Russians, Russian, Great Russian, Little Russian .

Words with roots rus? written with one With , for example: rusist, russification, russified, russophile, russophobe, russify, Belarusian; but with a suffix ?sk?- double With : Russian, Russian-speaking, Russian-speaking, Belarusian, Great Russian; with double With the word is written Belarus.

Double consonants in borrowed (foreign) roots

The spelling of double consonants in the roots of borrowed (foreign) words is determined in dictionary order , for example: abbreviation, acclimatization, accompaniment, accreditation, neat, alley, antenna, appeal, apparatus, association, attraction, bacillus, gross, buddhism, bath, watt, gram, grammar, flu, group, illusion, illustration, immigration, irrigation, cash desk, cassette, killer, class, collection, column, comment, commune, compromise, correspondent, bullfight, corrosion, corruption, mass, metal, mission, short story, opposition, pizza, press, press, program, professor, rabbi, spinning, shelving, saturday, terrace, terror, ton, thriller, troupe, chlorophyll, hockey, kurtosis, essence .

foreign words with single consonants : aluminum, gallery, dessert, dealer, amateur, impresario, corridor, office, official, offshore, report, race, soffit, torero, sidewalk, plug, emigration and many others.

Double consonants are also written in some proper names, for example: Haggai, Apollo, Vissarion, Gennady, Hippolyte, Cyril, Philip, Alla, Anna, Apollinaria, Bella, Henrietta, Inna, Rimma; Akkerman, Bessarabia, Bonn, Holland, Essentuki, Odessa .

In variants diamond - diamond and derived words ( brilliant - brilliant, brilliant - brilliant, brilliant - brilliant) the second members of these pairs are written with one letter l before b . The same applies to options like million - millionth, millionth - millionth, billion - billionth(the second members of such pairs, limited in use, are more common in poetry).

In words formed from stems ending in two identical consonants, double consonants before suffixes are preserved, for example: group - group, group, group; program - program, program, program; score - five points, Gauls - Gallic, metal - metal, metallurgist; class - class, class, classmate; compromise - compromise, kilowatt - kilowatt, libretto - librettist, Normans - Norman, antenna - aerialist, bath - bathtub, Dardanelles - gift? Danelles, Calcutta - Calcutta, Cannes(And Cannes) - Cannes, Ravenna - Ravenna .

However, instead of a double consonant, one consonant is written in the following cases:

1) in diminutive and familiar forms of personal names with a suffix -To (A), for example: Alla - Alka, Stella - Stelka, Emma - Emka, Zhanna - Zhanka, Inna - Inka, Rimma - Rimka, Vassa - Vaska, Mirra - Mirka, Marietta - Marietka, Savva - Savka, Cyril - Kirilka, Philip - Filipka(Also: Filipok, genus. P. Filipka? And Filipchik);

2) single letter n - in any words with a suffix -To (A), for example: Finnish(cf. Finn), five-ton, three-ton (ton), column (Column), antenna (antenna);

3) in the following words: crystal (crystal), Finnish (Finn), operetta (operetta).

When abbreviating words containing a double consonant, only one consonant is retained as part of complex abbreviated words, for example: record (gramophone record), bureau (correspondent office), terrorist attack (terrorist act), groupcom, grouporg, special correspondent.

In the first part of complex words written with a hyphen, double consonants are preserved, for example: mass indicator, mass culture, mold, press center, express analysis, watt-second; same in word wattmeter.

At the end of words Donbass, Kuzbass (-bass from pool) is written double With .

It is necessary to distinguish between the spelling of compound words and graphic abbreviations: the latter retain double consonants at the end before the dot, for example: special correspondent, correspondent, But: specialist. corr., sob. corr.

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The Russian language would not be great and powerful if it did not have a complex grammar. And to learn all the rules is not at all easy not only for foreign students, but also for native speakers. Even in the primary grades, when teaching spelling, schoolchildren face serious problems, one of which is dubious consonants. Examples of words with them cause a lot of difficulties and underlining with a red pen from an angry teacher in notebooks. How to dispel doubts? We will try to find the answers in this article.

Strong position

Of course, a strong position for a vowel sound is its being under stress. In the word "hurry" the sound [e] is unstressed, so it can be easily mistaken for [and]. To check the spelling, it is worth choosing where the desired vowel would be under stress - “hurry”. Since the root of the word has not changed, we can conclude: the letter is written in the word e.

The strong position for consonants can be of two types: by voicedness and deafness, and also by hardness and softness. In the first case, the consonant must either be after the vowel (floor, beat), or after the sound [v] (your, anger). The participation of voice in vowels and helps to reveal the strengths of the consonant sound. In the case of hardness and softness, the strong position of the consonant is at the end of the word (angle - coal), before the vowel (they say - chalk), and also before (mock). in a strong position are intuitive to all native speakers. Therefore, they never cause difficulties for students and are easy to remember.

Weak position

It is she who causes the greatest difficulties in teaching spelling, since the sound in this position loses its distinctive properties. Instead of a voiced consonant, the student really wants to write a deaf consonant, and replace the hard one with a soft one. The morphological principle of writing words in Russian is to blame for this confusion - it is necessary to write all the meaningful parts of a word according to a standard pattern, not paying attention to the peculiarities of their pronunciation.

At the end of a word

Voiced consonants at the end of a word have a strong tendency to become stunned, since the pronunciation effort is reduced to a minimum by the end of the word. The sounds [f] in the word "lens", [w] in the word "swift" are dubious consonants. There are no examples of voicing at the end of Russian words.

It is easy to check the spelling of such consonants - you need to change the word form so that after an incomprehensible sound there is a vowel: "objectives", "swifts".

You should also remember about unverifiable cases: the genitive plural (stol) and gerunds (having fallen, done).

Doubtful consonants at the root of the word: examples and rules

double consonant

If the prefix and the root are joined using the same consonant, it doubles (heartless, appeal). The same applies to the junction of two stems in compound words (chief physician). Often this feature is reflected in pronunciation, so it does not cause difficulties.

Soft sign: needed or not

The softness of the consonant is often questioned. The problem here is that not only a soft sign can soften the sound, but also a vowel with an iot component (letters e, e, u, i, as well as i). Therefore, in words where such a vowel follows two consonants, a soft sign between them is not needed. This rule once again confirms what a complex phenomenon is doubtful consonants. Examples: snowball, chick, racer, bridle.

A special point in this rule - numerals from fifty to eighty, as well as from five hundred to nine hundred. Soft sign in words six hundred, seven hundred remains as part of the stem in the compound word. Infinitives are written with a soft sign before the postfix, in contrast to the personal forms of the verb (study well - they study well). This also includes the imperative mood of the verb in the plural. (sit down, stop).

Doubtful and examples and rules

The confluence of three or more consonants inevitably entails the loss of one of them, which is in the weakest position. The selection of a single-root word with this sound in a strong position will become a reliable assistant in this case as well. For example : hello - health, amateurish - amateur. But the word "ladder" will have to be remembered, because the test "ladder" will not help here.

How to stop doubting

And finally, do not despair - very few people can fully comprehend the most complex grammar of the Russian language. Any spelling errors do not need to be treated too emotionally, it is enough just to correct them willingly and try to remember. Doubts are inherent not only in consonant sounds, but also in each of us.

indicate the erroneous judgment: 1) in the word CHTILI, all consonant sounds have a pair of hardness-softness 2) in the word FRIENDS, the number of sounds and letters is the same

3) in the word FORMER, the letter B denotes the sound (f) 4) in the word MANER, all consonants are voiced

Write down in three columns: 1) words with aparous in voicing - deafness consonants in the root; 2) words with unpronounceable consonants at the root;

3) words with doubled consonants at the root.

der (sk) y, known (sn) y, and () ku (s) tvo, how (sk) y, not (sn) y, kro (s) word, re (tk) y, ki (l) ogre (m), gi (p) cue, kamy (sh), miracle (sn) th, a (l) ee, is (tk) a, gr (sn) th, pe (r) he, svi (sn) st , a (p) etit, conversation (tk) a, participate (st) vovat, excursion (s) iya

What words would you not write in any of the groups?

Help! :-) 1. Specify an erroneous judgment. 1) There are two consonants in the word ITS. 2) There are more sounds in the word OWN than letters.

3) The word POWER has four syllables.

4) In the word PUGACH, all consonants have a pair of hardness - softness. 2. Specify a word with an alternating vowel in the root.

1) distinguished

2) were going

3) originated

4) reconcile

3. In what word is the prefix always spelled the same, regardless of pronunciation?

2) resounded

3) conversation

4) deal with

4. In what word is the spelling of the suffix determined by the rule: “In a short passive communion past tense is written N "?

2) contemptuously

3) huge

4) put to shame

5. Write out the grammatical basis of the sentence:

There, in the heavenly floors, it seemed that a completely different life was going on than below.

6.Among the suggestions:

1) So Lyovka from a person who was going to disgrace the whole world,
turned into a hero.

2) And from this, probably, that time was born in Glebov that heaviness at the bottom of the soul ...

3) And there is no more unfortunate people stricken with envy.

4) And there was no more devastating misfortune than what happened to Glebov at the moment of his seemingly supreme triumph.

find offers with a separate

agreed definition. Write the numbers of these proposals.

7. Specify quantity grammar basics in a sentence:

Then all five rushed to the sides, Lyovka got to his feet, and in his hand he held a bugger that fired special caps.

8.Among the suggestions:

car tire.

find difficult sentence with uniform

subordination of adjectives. Write the number of this offer.
9. Among the suggestions:

1) The boys - there were five of them - called Lyovka after school
to the backyard, surrounded, arguing about something, and suddenly the Bear, the main
strongman of the class, grabbed Lyovka by the neck, knocked him over backwards with a jerk,
the rest with cries of "hoo!" pounced, Lyovka resisted, beat

feet, but, of course, he was crushed, twisted, someone sat on his chest.

2) And suddenly there was a loud crash, as if a cracker had exploded or burst
car tire.

3) Then all five rushed to the sides, Lyovka got to his feet, and in his hand he held a bugger that fired special caps.

4) Shulepa came out of this story as a winner, and the attackers were put to shame and subsequently tried their best to make peace and make friends with him.
5) So Lyovka from a person who was going to disgrace the whole world turned into a hero.

find a compound sentence with a non-union and

allied writing and subordination between parts.
Write the number of this offer.

Point out the erroneous statement. 1) In the word SLEEP, all consonants have a pair of sonority. 2) In the word SVYAZISTOV, the last sound is [f]. 3) In the word FEELING

the number of sounds and letters is the same. 4) In the word NOW, all consonants are soft.

Doubtful consonants

Dictionary-reference linguistic terms. Ed. 2nd. - M.: Enlightenment. Rosenthal D. E., Telenkova M. A.. 1976 .

See what "doubtful consonants" are in other dictionaries:

Letter designation sound composition of words. In terms of spelling, the following types of spellings are distinguished: 1) Support spellings. Spellings created according to the rules of graphics based on pronunciation. cf .: house smoke ladies doom. 2) Spellings are checked. ... ... Dictionary of linguistic terms

Mattress lectiones- (from Latin matres lectionis "mothers of reading") - signs for consonants, with the help of which long vowels or vowels in general are transmitted in Semitic writing systems (h=a, y=u/e, w=o/y, sometimes ˀ= A). For example, the word "shidonim" was previously written without taking into account ... ... Grammatological Dictionary

Books

Russian language. 5-6 classes. Morphemics. Word formation (CDpc) , . Educational complex (OK) "Russian language, 5-6 cells. Morphemics. Word formation" - a textbook for students in grades 5 and 6 general education schools and schools with in-depth study ...
Russian language. 2-3 class. We check dubious consonants at the root of the word, Vetrov Evgeny Viktorovich, Vetrova Tatyana Vadimovna. With the help of this manual, the child will be able to independently test his skills in identifying and checking unpronounceable consonants at the root of the word and, having found any gaps, eliminate them.…
Russian language. We check the doubtful consonants in the root of the word. 2-3 classes. Notebook for independent work on the Russian language, Vetrov E.V .. This is the first set of textbooks in which the new state educational standard is fully implemented and the ideas of modernization are embodied Russian education. These are textbooks that…