Noun
Noun- a part of speech that denotes an object and answers the questions who? What?
Note.
A subject in grammar is anything that can be asked about. who is this? What is this?
By meaning, nouns are divided into own And common nouns, animated And inanimate.
Nouns are either masculine, feminine or neuter.
Note.
Nouns by gender do not change.
Nouns change by cases and by numbers.
The initial form of a noun is the nominative case singular.
In a sentence, nouns are most often subject and object, as well as inconsistent definition, application, circumstance and nominal part of the compound predicate.
Proper nouns and common nouns
Proper nouns- These are the names of individuals, single objects.
Proper nouns include:
- surnames (pseudonyms, nicknames), first names, patronymics of people, as well as nicknames of animals.
- geographical names
- astronomical names
- names of newspapers, magazines, works of literature and art, factories, ships, etc.
Note.
should be distinguished proper names nouns from proper names.
Proper nouns sometimes turn into common nouns (for example: Ampere - a French scientist, ampere - a unit of electric current strength
Common nouns- this is a common name for all homogeneous objects and phenomena.
Common nouns can become proper nouns (for example: earth - land, Earth - a planet in the solar system).
Nouns, animate and inanimate
Animated nouns serve as the names of people, animals and answer the question who?
Inanimate nouns serve as the names of inanimate objects, as well as objects flora and answer the question what?
Inanimate also include nouns such as group, people, crowd, flock, youth, etc.
The number of nouns.
Nouns are used in the singular when referring to one thing, and in the plural when referring to several things.
Some nouns are either used only in the singular or only in the plural.
Nouns that only have the singular form:
- Set names identical faces, objects (collective nouns): youth, children, students, humanity and etc.
- Names of objects with a real value: asphalt, iron, strawberries, milk, steel, beets, kerosene and etc.
- Names of quality or feature: whiteness, malice, dexterity, youth, freshness, blueness, darkness, blackness and etc.
- Action or state names: mowing, felling, execution, suggestion, burning and etc.
- Proper names as names of single objects: Moscow, Volga and etc.
- Words: burden, udder, flame, crown
Nouns that only have a plural form:
- Names of composite and paired items: pants, scales, railings, vise, tongs, rakes, scissors, pitchforks, swings and etc.
- Names of materials or their waste, residues: white, yeast, pasta, cream, bran, sawdust and etc.
- Names of time intervals, games: hide and seek, hide and seek, chess, holidays, day, weekdays and etc.
- Names of actions and states of nature: chores, elections, negotiations, shoots, frosts, debates and etc.
- Some geographical names: Carpathians, Fili, Gorki, Athens, Alps, Sokolniki and etc.
Cases of nouns
There are six cases in Russian. The case is determined by questions.
Nominative - who? or what?
Parent - who? or what?
Dative - to whom? or what?
Accusative - whom? or what?
Creative - by whom? or what?
Prepositional - about whom? or about what?
To determine the case of a noun in a sentence, you need:
- find the word to which the given noun refers;
- put a question from this word to the noun.
Declension of nouns
Changing words by case is called declension.
Exists three declensions nouns.
First decline.
The first declension includes nouns female with the ending -а (-я) in the nominative singular (country, land), as well as nouns male denoting people, with the same endings (young man, uncle).
Second decline.
The second declension includes masculine nouns with a zero ending (shore, day), as well as with endings -o, -e (house, house) and neuter with endings -o, -e in the nominative singular (word, building ).
Third declension.
The third declension includes feminine nouns with a zero ending in the nominative singular.
Variable nouns.
Ten neuter nouns in -mya (burden, time, udder, banner, name, flame, tribe, seed, stirrup and crown) and the masculine noun way in the genitive, dative and prepositional cases in the singular have 3rd declension noun endings -i, and in the instrumental case they take the endings of nouns of the 2nd declension -em (-em).
Indeclinable nouns.
Indeclinable are nouns that have the same form for all cases.
Among them there are both common nouns (coffee, radio, cinema, jury) and proper names (Goethe, Zola, Sochi).
I. Part of speech. General value.
II. Morphological features:
1.
2.
Permanent signs:
a) own or common noun,
b) animate or inanimate,
c) gender
d) declination.
3.
Irregular symptoms:
a) fall
b) number.
III. syntactic role.
Adjective
The meaning and grammatical features of the adjective
Adjective- a part of speech that denotes a sign of an object and answers the questions what? which? which? whose?
Note.
Under the attribute in grammar, it is customary to understand the properties, belonging, quantities, etc., characterizing objects.
According to the meaning and form, the categories of adjectives are distinguished: qualitative, relative and possessive.
Adjectives, depending on nouns, agree with them, i.e. are put in the same case, number, gender as the nouns to which they refer.
The initial form of adjectives is the nominative case in the singular masculine. Adjectives are in complete and in brief form (only high quality).
In a sentence, adjectives in full form, as a rule, are agreed definitions, sometimes they are the nominal part of the compound predicate.
Short form adjectives are used only as predicates.
Qualitative adjectives have a comparative and a superlative degree.
Quality adjectives
Qualitative adjectives denote such a sign (quality) of an object that can be in this object to a greater or lesser extent.
Qualitative adjectives designate a feature of an object by:
- form(straight, angled)
- size(narrow, low)
- bloom(red, lemon)
- property(durable, tough)
- taste(bitter, salty)
- weight(heavy, weightless)
- smell(odorous, fragrant)
- temperature(warm, cool)
- sound(loud, quiet)
- general assessment(important, harmful)
- and etc.
Complete the form changes according to cases, numbers and genders.
adjectives in brief form change according to numbers and gender. Short adjectives are not declined; in a sentence are used as predicates.
Some adjectives are used only in a short form: much, glad, must, necessary.
Some quality adjectives do not have a corresponding short form: adjectives with suffixes denoting a high degree of a feature, and an adjective that is part of terminological names (fast train, deep rear).
Qualitative adjectives can be combined with an adverb Very, have antonyms.
Qualitative adjectives have comparative and superlative degrees of comparison. In form, each degree can be simple(consists of one word) and composite(consists of two words): harder, quietest.
comparative
comparative shows that in one or another object a sign appears to a greater or lesser extent than in another.
Superlatives
Superlatives shows that one or another object is superior to other objects in some way.
Relative adjectives
Relative adjectives denote such a feature of an object that cannot be in the object to a greater or lesser extent.
Relative adjectives do not have a short form, degrees of comparison, do not combine with an adverb Very, have no antonyms.
Relative adjectives change by case, number and gender (singular).
Relative adjectives mean:
- material(wooden spoon, clay pot)
- quantity(five-year-old daughter, two-story house)
- location(river port, steppe wind)
- time(last year's plan, January frosts)
- appointment(washing machine, passenger train)
- weight, length, measure(meter stick, quarterly plan)
- and etc.
Possessive adjectives indicate the belonging of something to a person and answer the questions of whose? whose? whose? whose?
Possessive adjectives change by case, number and gender.
Morphological analysis of the adjective
I. Part of speech. General value.
II. Morphological features:
1.
Initial form (nominative singular masculine).
2.
Permanent signs: qualitative, relative or possessive.
3.
Irregular symptoms:
1) for quality:
a) the degree of comparison,
b) short and long form;
2) For all adjectives:
a) fall
b) number
c) genus.
III. syntactic role.
Numeral
The meaning and grammatical features of the numeral.
Numeral- a part of speech that indicates the number of objects, the number, as well as the order of objects when counting.
According to their meaning and grammatical features, numerals are divided into quantitative and ordinal.
quantitative numerals denote quantity or number and answer the question how much?
Ordinal numerals indicate the order of objects in the count and answer the questions what? which? which? which?
Note.
Quantity can also refer to other parts of speech. Numerals can be written in words and numbers, while other parts of speech can only be written in words: three horses - three horses.
The nouns change according to cases.
The initial form of the numeral is the nominative case.
In a sentence, numerals are subject, predicate, definition, adverb of time.
The numeral denoting the quantity, in combination with nouns, is one member of the sentence.
Simple and compound numbers
By the number of words, numerals are simple and compound.
Simple numerals consist of one word, and composite of two or more words.
Cardinal numbers.
Quantitative numerals are divided into three categories: whole numbers, fractional numbers and collective numbers.
Ordinals.
Ordinal numbers are formed, as a rule, from numerals denoting integers, usually without suffixes: five - fifth, six - sixth.
Note.
The ordinal numbers first and second are non-derivative (original words).
Ordinal numbers, like adjectives, change by case, number, and gender.
In compound ordinal numbers, only the last word is declined.
Morphological analysis of the name of the numeral
I. Part of speech. General value.
II. Morphological features:
1.
Initial form (nominative case).
2.
Permanent signs:
a) simple or compound,
b) quantitative or ordinal,
c) category (for quantitative).
3.
Irregular symptoms:
a) fall
b) number (if any),
c) gender (if any).
III. syntactic role.
Pronoun
Meaning and grammatical features of the pronoun.
Pronoun- a part of speech that indicates objects, signs and quantities, but does not name them.
The initial form of pronouns is the nominative singular.
In a sentence, pronouns are used as a subject, definition, object, less often - circumstances, and a pronoun can also be used as a predicate.
Pronoun ranks by meaning
According to their meaning and grammatical features, pronouns are divided into several categories:
- personal(I you he she)
- returnable(myself)
- interrogative(who, what, what)
- relative(who, which, than, which)
- uncertain(someone, something, some)
- negative(no one, nothing, some)
- possessive(mine, yours, ours)
- index(that, this, such, such, so many)
- defining(all, every, other)
Personal pronouns.
Personal pronouns I And You indicate the participants in the speech.
Pronouns he, she, it, they indicate the subject that is being said, has been said before or will be said. They serve to connect independent sentences in the text.
Pronoun You can refer to one person. The verb is the predicate and the short form of adjectives and participles are used in the plural. If the predicate is expressed by the adjective of the full form, then it is used in the singular.
reflexive pronoun myself.
reflexive pronoun myself indicates the person they are talking about.
Pronoun myself does not have a face, number, gender. It can be applied to any person, singular and plural, to any gender.
reflexive pronoun myself is in the offer an addition, sometimes a circumstance.
Interrogative and relative pronouns.
Words that respond to nouns (who? what?), adjectives (what? whose? what?), numerals (how much?), form a group interrogative pronouns.
The same pronouns without a question, as well as the pronoun which They are used to link simple sentences into complex sentences. This - relative pronouns.
In sentences containing a question, pronouns what, how much- interrogative. In complex sentences, allied words which, what, how much- relative pronouns.
indefinite pronouns.
Indefinite pronouns indicate indefinite objects, signs, quantity.
Indefinite pronouns are formed by adding prefixes to interrogative and relative pronouns -something(something, someone, etc.) and -Not(someone, several, etc.), which is always under stress, as well as suffixes something, something, something(someone, someone, anyone, etc.).
Indefinite pronouns change according to the type of pronoun from which oi are formed.
In a sentence, indefinite pronouns are subject, object, definition.
negative pronouns.
Negative pronouns(no one, not at all, no one, etc.) serve to deny the presence of any object, feature, quantity, or to reinforce the negative meaning of the entire sentence.
They are formed from interrogative (relative) pronouns using an unstressed prefix neither-(no one, no one, no one) and a percussion device Not-(no one, nothing).
Negative pronouns change by case, number, and in the singular - by gender.
Note.
Pronouns with the prefix non- are most often used in impersonal sentences, the predicate in which is expressed by the indefinite form of the verb.
Negative pronouns in a sentence are subjects, objects, definitions.
Possessive pronouns.
Possessive pronouns mine, yours, ours, yours indicate to which person the object belongs.
Pronoun my indicates that the subject belongs to the speaker. Is yours indicates that the object belongs to the person with whom we are talking.
Pronoun mine Indicates the belonging of the subject to the speaker, or his interlocutor, or a third person who are subjects in the sentence.
All of these pronouns in sentences are agreed definitions.
Demonstrative pronouns.
Demonstrative pronouns that, this, this, such, such, so much, this serve to distinguish one from another certain subject, sign, quantity.
Sometimes demonstrative pronouns that, such, such, so much serve to form complex sentences. In this case they are demonstrative words in the main clause, in the subordinate clause, as a rule, they correspond to the relative pronouns that are in it allied words.
In a sentence, demonstrative pronouns can be subject, object, attribute, predicate.
Definitive pronouns.
Definitive pronouns- all, everyone, everyone, everyone, himself, the most, any, different, other.
Pronouns each, any, most point to one object from a series of homogeneous ones.
Pronoun any points to any object from many homogeneous ones.
Pronouns all, everyone define an object as something indivisible.
Pronoun myself refers to the person or thing that performs the action.
Pronoun most, in addition to the above value, can indicate the degree of the feature, serves to form superlatives adjectives.
Morphological analysis of the pronoun
I. Part of speech. General value.
II. Morphological features:
1.
Initial form (nominative singular).
2.
Permanent signs:
a) rank
b) person (for personal pronouns).
3.
Irregular symptoms:
a) fall
b) number (if any),
c) gender (if any).
III. syntactic role.
Verb
Verb- a part of speech that denotes an action or state of an object and answers the questions what to do? what to do?
Verbs are imperfect and perfect look.
Verbs are divided into transitive and intransitive.
Verbs change according to moods.
The verb has an initial form, which is called the indefinite form of the verb (or infinitive). It shows no time, no number, no face, no gender.
Verbs in a sentence are predicates.
The indefinite form of the verb can be included in compound predicate, can be subject, addition, definition, circumstance.
The indefinite form of the verb (or infinitive)
Verbs in indefinite form (infinitive) answer the questions what to do? or what to do?
Verbs in indefinite form have form, transitivity and intransitivity, conjugation. Verbs in the indefinite form have endings -ty, -ty, or zero.
Verb types
Verbs imperfect form
answer the question what to do?, and the verbs perfect look- what to do?
Imperfective verbs do not indicate the completion of the action, its end or result. Perfective verbs indicate the completion of an action, its end or result.
A verb of one kind can correspond to a verb of another kind with the same lexical meaning.
When forming verbs of one type from verbs of another type, prefixes are used.
The formation of verb types can be accompanied by an alternation of vowels and consonants in the root.
Transitive and intransitive verbs
Verbs that combine or can combine with a noun or pronoun in the accusative case without a preposition are called transitional.
Transitive verbs denote an action that passes to another object.
A noun or pronoun with a transitive verb can be in the genitive case.
Verbs are intransitive, if the action is not directly transition to another subject.
Intransitive verbs are those with the suffix -sya (-sya).
Reflexive verbs
Verbs with suffix -sya (-sya) called returnable.
Some verbs can be reflexive and non-reflexive; others are only reflexive (no suffix -sya they are not used).
verb mood
Verbs in indicative mood denote actions that are happening or will actually happen.
Verbs in the indicative mood change with tenses. In the present and future tenses, the end vowel of the indefinite stem is sometimes omitted.
In the indicative mood, imperfective verbs have three tenses: present, past and future, and perfective verbs have two tenses: past and future simple.
Verbs in conditional mood denote actions that are desirable or possible under certain conditions.
The conditional mood of the verb is formed from the stem of the indefinite form of the verb with the help of a suffix -l- and particles would (b). This particle can stand after the verb and before it, can be separated from the verb by other words.
Verbs in the conditional mood change by number and in the singular by gender.
Verbs in imperative mood express an impulse to action, an order, a request.
Imperative verbs are usually used in the form 2nd person.
Imperative verbs do not change tenses.
Forms of the imperative mood are formed from the basis of the present or future simple tense with the help of the suffix -And- or null suffix. Imperative verbs in the singular have a zero ending, and in the plural - -those.
Sometimes a particle is added to imperative verbs -ka, which somewhat softens the order.
verb tense
Present tense.
Verbs in the present tense show that the action is happening at the moment of speaking.
Verbs in the present tense can denote actions that are performed constantly, always.
Verbs in the present tense change in person and number.
Past tense.
Verbs in the past tense show that the action took place before the moment of speech.
When describing the past, the present tense is often used instead of the past tense.
Verbs in the past tense form are formed from the indefinite form (infinitive) using the suffix -l-.
Verbs in the indefinite form -who, -ty, -thread(imperfective form) forms of the past tense singular masculine without a suffix -l-.
Past tense verbs change by number, and in the singular by gender. In the plural, past tense verbs do not change by person.
Future tense.
Verbs in the future tense show that the action will take place after the moment of speech.
The future tense has two forms: simple and compound. Shape of the future composite imperfective verbs consists of the future tense of the verb be and the indefinite form of the imperfective verb. The future tense is formed from perfective verbs simple, from imperfective verbs - future tense composite.
Morphological analysis of the verb
I. Part of speech. General value.
II. Morphological features:
1.
Initial form (indefinite form).
2.
Permanent signs:
a) view
b) conjugation,
c) transition.
3.
Irregular symptoms:
a) inclination
b) number
c) time (if any),
d) number (if any),
e) gender (if any).
III. syntactic role.
Participle
Participle- a special form of the verb that denotes a sign of an object by action and answers the questions what? which? which? which?
Note.
Some scientists consider participles to be an independent part of speech, since they have a number of features that are not characteristic of the verb.
As verb forms, participles have some grammatical features. They are perfect and imperfect; present tense and past; returnable and non-refundable.
The forms of the future tense do not have participles.
There are participles real and passive.
Denoting a sign of an object, participles, like adjectives, grammatically depend on nouns that agree with them, i.e. become in the same case, number and gender as the nouns they refer to.
Participles change by cases, by numbers, by gender. The case, number, gender of participles is determined by the case, number, gender of the noun to which the participle refers. Some participles, like adjectives, have a full and short form. initial participle form- nominative singular masculine. All verb signs of the participle correspond to the initial form of the verb - the indefinite form.
Like an adjective, a full participle in a sentence is a definition.
Participles in short form are used only as a nominal part of a compound predicate.
Active and passive participles
Valid participles designate a sign of the object that itself produces the action. Passive participles denote a sign of the object that is experiencing the action of another object.
Participle formation
When forming participles, the following verb signs are taken into account:
- Transitivity or intransitivity of the verb(both real and passive participles are formed from transitive verbs; only real participles are formed from intransitive verbs).
- Verb type(Present participles are not formed from perfective verbs. Real participles of the present and past tense are formed from imperfective verbs, passive past participles are not formed from most imperfective verbs, although these verbs have the corresponding forms of passive present participles).
- Verb conjugations(both active and passive present participles have different suffixes depending on the conjugation of the verb).
- Reflexivity or non-recurrence of the verb(passive participles are not formed from reflexive verbs). Real participles formed from reflexive verbs retain the suffix -sya at all times, regardless of which sound (vowel or consonant) is in front of this suffix; the suffix -sya stands at the participle after the end.
From a number of verbs are formed Not all types of sacraments.
Note.
Most transitive imperfective verbs do not have a passive past participle form.
Morphological analysis of the sacrament
I. Part of speech (special form of the verb); from which verb the general meaning is formed.
II. Morphological features:
1.
The initial form is the nominative singular masculine.
2.
Permanent signs:
a) real or passive;
b) time;
c) view.
3.
Irregular symptoms:
a) full and short form (for passive participles);
b) case (for participles in full form);
c) number;
d) kind.
III. syntactic role.
gerund
gerund- a special form of the verb, which denotes an additional action with the main action expressed by the verb, and answers the questions what are you doing? having done what?
As a form of the verb, the participle has some of its grammatical features. gerunds are either perfect or imperfect. They retain the form of the verb from which they are formed.
The gerund retains the verb sign - transitivity.
Note.
A gerund, like a verb, can be returnable and irrevocable.
The participle, like the verb, can be determined by the adverb.
In a sentence, the participle is a circumstance.
Note.
Some scientists consider gerunds to be an independent part of speech, since they do not have many of the grammatical features characteristic of the verb.
Imperfect participles
Imperfect participles denote pending additional action, which occurs simultaneously with the action expressed by the verb - predicate.
Imperfect gerunds are formed from the stem present tense of the verb with a suffix -and I).
After the hissing suffix is used -A, and in other cases - -I.
From the verb to be, the imperfect participle is formed using the suffix - teach.
Notes.
- From imperfective verbs with a suffix -va- in an indefinite form (give, recognize, get up, etc.), the gerund participle is formed from the basis of an indefinite form: give out (give out) - giving out.
- Imperfect participles are not formed from some verbs:
- from verbs whose roots consist of only consonants:
beat - beat, tear - tear, sew - sew, burn - tourniquet, etc.
Exception:
rush - rush - rush; - from verbs with a present tense stem to g, k, x: cherish - cherish, able - can, etc .;
- from most verbs with the stem of the present tense to hissing: write - write, whip - whip, etc .;
- from verbs with suffix -Well-: fade - fade, get wet - get wet, pull - pull, go out - go out, etc.
- from verbs whose roots consist of only consonants:
Perfect participles
Perfective gerunds denote completed extra action, which is usually completed before the action begins. expressed by the verb predicate.
Perfective gerunds are formed from the stem of the indefinite form or the past tense (which, as a rule, coincide) with the help of suffixes -in, -lice, -shi. From reflexive verbs, perfect participles are formed with the suffix -lice (s), -shi (s). The participles with a consonant stem are formed with the suffix -shi.
Notes.
- From some verbs, the formation of double forms is possible: from the stem of the indefinite form and from the stem of the past tense (when they do not match).
- To suffix -to reflexive suffix -sya does not join.
In some verbs, the perfective participles are formed with the help of the suffix -and I) from the basis of the future tense.
Notes.
- From some verbs, forms with suffixes have been preserved -in, -lice, -shi(having returned, having tuned in, having come, having brought, having brought, having said goodbye, having acquired, having seen, having seen, having heard, having heard). if there are double forms, gerunds with the suffix are more often used -and I) as less cumbersome.
- Sometimes gerunds with suffixes -in, -lice imperfective verbs are formed, but they are rarely used (former, ate, not having).
Morphological analysis of the participle
I. Part of speech (a special form of the verb). General value.
II. Morphological features:
1.
Initial form (indefinite form of the verb)
2.
View.
3.
Immutability.
III. syntactic role.
Adverb
Adverb- a part of speech that denotes a sign of an action, a sign of an object and another sign.
Adverbs can refer to the verb, to its special forms - participle and gerund, as well as to the noun, adjective and other adverbs.
The adverb means sign of action, if attached to a verb and a participle.
The adverb means object attribute, if attached to a noun.
The adverb means sign of another sign, if attached to an adjective, participle and other adverb.
The adverb does not change, i.e. does not bend or hide.
In a sentence, adverbs are most often circumstances.
Note.
Some adverbs can be predicates.
Adverbs are divided into the following groups according to their meaning:
- Adverbs of manner- How? how? - quickly, well, to smithereens
- Adverbs of time- When? since when? How long? how long? - today, now, in winter
- Adverbs of place- Where? Where? where? - away, upstairs, home
- Adverbs of reason- why - rashly, blindly, reluctantly
- Adverbs of purpose- For what? - on purpose, on purpose
- Adverbs of measure and degree- How many? at what time? how much? in what degree? to what extent? - very, completely, extremely
- demonstrative adverbs(here, there, here, there, from there, then)
- Indefinite adverbs(somewhere, somewhere, somewhere)
- Interrogative adverbs(how, why, where)
- Negative adverbs(nowhere, never, nowhere, nowhere)
Degrees of comparison of adverbs
Adverbs for -o (-e), formed from qualitative adjectives, have two degrees of comparison: comparative and superlative.
The comparative degree of adverbs has two forms - simple and compound. The simple form of the comparative degree is formed with the help of suffixes -her(s), -e, -she from the original form of adverbs, from which the final ones are discarded -o (-e), -ko. The compound form of the comparative degree of adverbs is formed by combining adverbs and words more and less.
The superlative degree of adverbs, as a rule, has a compound form, which is a combination of two words - the comparative degree of an adverb and a pronoun all (total).
Morphological analysis of the adverb
I. Part of speech. General value.
II. Morphological features:
1.
The unchangeable word.
2.
Degree of comparison (if any).
III. syntactic role.
Service parts of speech.
Pretext
Pretext- the service part of speech, which expresses the dependence of the noun, numeral and pronoun on other words in the phrase, and therefore in the sentence.
Prepositions do not change and are not part of the sentence.
Prepositions express different relationships:
- spatial;
- temporary;
- causal.
Suggestions are divided into non-derivatives and derivatives.
Non-derivative prepositions: without, in, before, for, for, from, to, on, over, about, about, from, by, under, before, with, about, with, at, through.
Derived prepositions formed from independent parts of speech by losing their meaning and morphological features.
It is necessary to distinguish derivative prepositions from homonymous ones. independent parts speech.
- Prepositions:
- against Houses, ahead detachment, near rivers, inside tents, around garden, along road, near coast, according to instructions;
- around axes, due to bad weather, about work, due to rain, during days, in continuation nights, say Finally, by virtue of circumstances;
- thanks to rain, despite disease.
- Independent parts of speech:
- Adverb:
live against, go ahead, stand near, wash inside, inspected around, stick along, did not have near, live according to, looked back around, have in mind - Noun:
put to the account jar, because of in this case, during rivers, in continuation novel, in custody on the book, believe by virtue of. - gerund:
thanks to mistress, despite on both sides.
- Adverb:
Derivative prepositions are usually used with one case. Many non-derivative prepositions can be used with different cases.
Note.
Prepositions consisting of one word are called simple (in, on, to, from, before, from, in spite of, after and etc.). Prepositions consisting of two or more words are called constituent (in spite of, in conclusion and etc.).
I. Part of speech. General value.
II. Morphological trait:
immutability
III. syntactic role.
Union
Union- a service part of speech that connects homogeneous members in a simple sentence and simple sentences as part of complex sentence.
Unions are divided into coordinating and subordinating.
writing unions connect homogeneous members and equal simple sentences as part of a complex (compound).
Subordinating unions connect simple sentences in a complex (complex-subordinate) sentence, of which one is subordinate in meaning to the other, i.e. from one sentence to the next one can pose a question.
Unions consisting of one word are called simple: a, and, but, or, either, how, what, when, barely, as if etc., and conjunctions consisting of several words, composite: due to the fact that, due to the fact that, while, due to the fact that, despite the fact that and etc.
Coordinating conjunctions
Coordinating conjunctions are divided into three groups:
- Connecting: And; yes (meaning and); not only but; like... so;
- opposing: A; But; yes (meaning but); though; but;
- Dividing: or; or or; or; then ... then; not that... not that.
Parts of some unions ( like ... so and, not only ... but also, not that ... not that etc.) are at different homogeneous members or in different parts of a complex sentence.
Subordinating conjunctions
Subordinating conjunctions are divided into the following groups:
- Causal: because; because of; because; due to the fact that; thanks to; due to the fact that; due to the fact that and others;
- Target: to (to); in order to; so that etc.;
- Temporary: When; only; just; Bye; barely, etc.;
- Conditional: If; if; once; whether; how soon, etc.;
- Comparative: How; as if; like; as if; exactly, etc.;
- Explanatory: What; to; like others;
- concessions: although; Although; no matter how, etc.
Morphological analysis of the union
I. Part of speech. General value.
II. Morphological features:
1)
Composing or subordinating;
2)
The unchangeable word.
III. syntactic role.
Particle
Particle- a service part of speech that introduces various shades of meaning into a sentence or serves to form word forms.Particles do not change and are not members of the sentence.
According to the meaning and role in the sentence, the particles are divided into three categories: formative, negative and modal.
Shaping particles
Form-building particles include particles that serve to form the conditional and imperative mood of the verb.
Particle would (b) can stand before the verb to which it refers, after the verb, can be separated from the verb by other words.
negative particles
The negative particles are Not And neither.
Particle Not can give sentences or individual words not only negative, but also positive value with double negative.
The value of the particle is not
- Negative meaning.
- of the whole offer: Not hurry up with the answer. Not to be this.
- a single word: Before us was Not small, but a large meadow.
- Positive value.
- Comrade Not could Not help me.
negative particle neither can have other meanings than negative.
The meaning of the particle is neither
- Negative meaning in a sentence without a subject.
Neither from place! Around neither souls. - Strengthening the negation in sentences with a particle neither and with the word No.
around no neither souls. Can not see neither bush. - Generalizing meaning in sentences with negative pronouns and adverbs.
What neither (= everything) would do, everything worked out for him. Where neither (= everywhere) look, fields and fields are everywhere.
modal particles
Modal particles include particles that bring various semantic shades to the sentence, and also express the feelings and attitudes of the speaker.
Particles that add semantic shades to the sentence are divided into groups according to their meaning:
- Question: whether, really, really
- indication: here (and here), out (and out)
- Clarification: exactly, exactly
- Highlight, limit: only, exclusively, exclusively, almost
- Exclamation: what, how
- Doubt: hardly, hardly
- Gain: even, even and, neither, and, yet, after all, really, everything, after all
- Mitigation, requirement: -ka
Morphological parsing of a particle
I. Part of speech. General value.
II. Morphological features:
1)
Discharge;
2)
The unchangeable word.
III. syntactic role.
Interjection
Interjection- a special part of speech that expresses, but does not name, various feelings and impulses.
Interjections are not included in either independent or auxiliary parts of speech.
Interjections do not change and are not part of the sentence. But sometimes interjections are used in the meaning of other parts of speech. In this case, the interjection takes on a specific lexical meaning and becomes a member of the proposal.
INDEPENDENT PARTS OF SPEECH
Independent (significant) parts of speech are categories of words that name an object, action, quality, state, etc. or point to them and which have an independent lexical and grammatical meaning and are members of the sentence (main or secondary).
The independent parts of speech are:
- noun,
adjective,
numeral,
pronoun,
verb,
adverb.
24.1. Discharges of nouns: common, specific, collective.
Depending on the lexical and grammatical features, nouns are divided into:
- common nouns (names of homogeneous objects, actions or states): house, bed
own (names of single objects selected from a number of homogeneous ones - names, surnames, geographical names, etc.): Vanya Petrov, Pluto, Moscow;
concrete (they name specific objects and phenomena from reality): a boy, a station and abstract (abstract) (they call an object or sign abstractly from the agent or carrier of the sign): hatred, love, care;
collective (denoting a set of the same or similar to each other individual items as one whole): students, sheet.
24.1. Animation-inanimate category: animate nouns designate living beings (people and animals), and inanimate nouns - an object in the proper sense of the word, in contrast to living beings. This category is manifested in the declension of nouns, namely in the accusative case of the plural: the form of the accusative case of the plural of animate nouns coincides with the form of the genitive case, and of inanimate nouns with the form of the nominative case. For masculine nouns (except for -a, -я), the same thing happens in the singular.
The masculine gender is a variety of the gender category, characterized by a certain form change, and for animate nouns, the belonging to it of masculine creatures (father, cat, table, house).
Feminine gender is a kind of gender category, characterized by a certain form change, and for animate nouns - belonging to it of feminine creatures (mother, cat, bench, terrace).
There are nouns of the general gender that can be correlated with both masculine and feminine persons: slob, orphan, incognito, protégé.
The neuter gender is a variety of the gender category, characterized by a certain form change (partially coincides with the form change of the masculine gender) and the meaning of inanimateness (window, sky, sun);
24.2.3. Category of number: in Russian there is a singular form (denotes one parent in a series of homogeneous objects): chair, sock, boy, and a plural form (denotes an indefinite set of homogeneous objects): chairs, socks, boys.
The only and plural differ in different endings, different compatibility with other parts of speech.
There are nouns that have only the singular form: some abstract nouns (love, care), collective nouns (leaves, students), proper names (Moscow, Siberia), some nouns denoting substance (milk, gold).
There are nouns that, on the contrary, have only a plural form: some abstract nouns (holidays, twilight), some nouns denoting a substance (soup, cream), the names of some games (chess, hide and seek), some concrete nouns that consist of several components (scissors, trousers);
24.2.4. Case category: this category is based on the opposition of case forms and denotes the relationship of the object denoted by the noun to other objects, actions or features. There are six cases in Russian: nominative, genitive, dative, accusative, instrumental, prepositional.
24.3. Declension of nouns is a change of nouns by cases.
There are three declensions in Russian.
|
I. p. militia, genius, blade
R.p. militia, genius, blade
D.p. militia, genius, blade
V.p. militia, genius, blade
etc. militia, genius, blade
P.p. about the police, about the genius, about the blade
For more information about difficult cases of writing the ending of nouns, see the "Spelling" section.
In the Russian language there are nouns with different declensions: these are 10 neuter nouns in -mya (flame, burden, time, udder, banner, seed, stirrup, shemya, tribe, name) - they decline with an increase in the suffix -en- in the singular in all cases , except for the instrumental, according to the 3rd declension, and in the instrumental case of the singular - according to the 2nd declension, in the plural they decline according to the 2nd declension; words mother, daughter (inclined according to the 3rd declension with an increase -er-), path (inclined in all cases according to the 3rd declension and only in the instrumental - according to the 2nd), child (this word is not used in oblique cases now singular).
There are also indeclinable nouns (that is, they do not change for cases and numbers). Basically, they include words of foreign origin, which denote both inanimate objects (cafes, radios), and masculine and feminine persons (attache, lady); they can also represent animals (kangaroos, chimpanzees), given names and surnames (Helen Frankenstein), place names (Baku, Helsinki), etc.
24.4. Syntactic functions of nouns
In a sentence, a noun can be; any member:
- subject: Mom goes to the store,
addition: I asked him to give me a book.
definition: Mom bought me a notebook with checkered paper.
Addendum: The Volga River is very beautiful.
circumstance: He got his way despite the difficulties.
predicate: My father is an engineer.
25.1. Classes of adjectives: qualitative, relative, possessive.
Lexico-grammatical categories of adjectives.
- quality adjectives - designate an object directly, that is, without relation to other objects (red, beautiful, kind), have comparison forms and short forms;
relative adjectives - indicate a sign through relation to another object, they are derived from nominal bases (laboratory, wooden);
possessive adjectives - denote belonging to a person or animal, that is, they contain an indication of the owner (foxes, fathers).
25.3. Degrees of comparison of adjectives is a grammatical category of adjectives that expresses the relative difference or superiority in quality inherent in objects. In Russian, three forms are opposed:
- positive,
- comparative
- excellent.
A positive degree names a feature without any opposition to another feature. The comparative degree indicates a feature that a given subject has to a greater or lesser extent. The superlative degree indicates the highest degree of manifestation of this quality in comparison with other subjects (cf .: kind - kinder - kindest).
Formation of forms of comparison.
Adjectives are declined, i.e. change in gender, case and number, but their form depends on the form of the word on which they depend. (For the spelling of the endings of the names of adjectives, see the "Spelling" section)
25.4. Syntactic function of the adjective.
In a sentence, adjectives can act as:
- definitions (The girl had a very beautiful doll),
- the nominal part of the compound nominal predicate (The doll was beautiful).
26. NUMBER- an independent part of speech that combines words that denote abstract numbers or the number of objects and their order when counting. Numerals are combined as a quantitative determinant only with nouns and form an indivisible phrase with them, which in the sentence is one member of the sentence. Numerals cannot be determined by adjectives.
By composition, numerals are divided into:
- simple (non-derivative base: two, eight, one hundred),
complex (derivatives: eighteen, seven hundred, five hundredth),
compound (consisting of two or more words: six hundred thirty-five).
- quantitative (denoting an abstract number or the number of homogeneous objects): two, twenty-five;
fractional (denoting a fractional value: two-fifths);
collective (denoting the number of items as a set: three, both);
ordinal (indicate the order of objects in the count: first, third, twenty).
Fractional numbers are formed by combining the cardinal number in the nominative case and the ordinal number in the genitive case (three fifths, six eighths).
The collective numerals eight, nine, ten are practically not used in modern Russian, the numerals two, three, four, five, six, seven, both, both are used much more often. Collective nouns can only be used in certain cases:
- with masculine or common nouns that name males: two boys, both professors;
with nouns that have only the plural form: three days, two sledges);
with nouns guys, people, children, person (meaning "person"): six guys, two persons;
with personal pronouns in the plural (there were three of us);
with the names of baby animals: (three kittens);
as substantiated numerals (five in white);
with the names of paired items (three mittens (= three pairs of mittens)).
For details on the endings of numerals in declension, see the "Spelling" section.
27. PRONOUN- an independent part of speech, which includes words that indicate objects, signs, etc., but do not name them. In a sentence, pronouns can act as various members of a sentence.
Groups of pronouns according to correlation with other parts of speech:
- noun pronouns (I, who, nothing);
pronouns-adjectives (none, own);
pronouns-numerals (a few, not at all).
- personal (indicate a person or object): I, you, he, she, it, we, you, they;
reflexive (indicates the attitude towards the acting person): oneself;
possessive (indicate belonging to one of three persons): mine, yours, mine;
demonstrative (generally indicate objects, their quality or quantity): this, this, that;
interrogative (transmit the question): who, which, whose;
relative (in form they coincide with interrogative pronouns, but act as allied words): who, what;
negative (indicate the absence of an object): no one, nothing;
indefinite (indicate indefinite objects or their signs): someone, someone;
definitive (indicate a generalized attribute of an object): any, any.
- subject: I came home very tired.
definition: I want to buy some book.
Addendum: I want to ask her about it.
circumstance: The boys went to her.
28.1. Conjugated and non-conjugated forms of the verb, infinitive.
Verbs, depending on the ability or inability to change in persons, numbers, moods and tenses, have non-conjugated forms (the infinitive is the indefinite form of the verb) participles and participles, all other forms belong to conjugated forms.
The infinitive is the original form of the verb, with which all other forms of the verb are lexically and word-formatively connected. Verbs in the infinitive name the process itself, without attributing it to any person or tense. The indefinite form of the verb is characterized by the suffixes -t, -ti (revenge, buy), some verbs in the infinitive end in -chi (lie down).
Grammatical categories of verbs:
28.2. Verb type
- aspect - a grammatical category that expresses differences in the course of an action. Imperfective verbs denote an action in development, without indicating its limit, and answer the question what to do? (receive, buy, wear); and perfective verbs designate an action as limited by a certain limit and answer the question what to do? (get, buy, demolish).
28.3. Transitivity of the verb
- transitivity - intransitivity - this is a category on the basis of which verbs with the meaning of an action directed at an object (it is the object of this action) are distinguished - transitive verbs read a magazine, paint a wall), and verbs with the meaning of an action that does not imply an object on which this action is naturally directed - intransitive verbs (ache, sit). In practice, this difference) manifests itself in management: transitive verbs are combined with nouns or pronouns in the accusative case without a preposition (treat a boy, read a book), and intransitive verbs are combined with objects expressed by nouns or pronouns in indirect cases with prepositions (walk down the street, play in the yard). A special group of intransitive verbs is made up of reflexive verbs, the formal feature of which is the suffix -sya (to return, to wash).
28.4. Voice of the verb
- pledge is a category that expresses various relations between the subject and the object of the action. Active voice verbs are verbs in which the subject names the actor (subject of the action): mother washed the frame; passive voice verbs are verbs that act in a passive construction (when the subject names the object of the action, and the object in the instrumental case is the subject of the action (the window was washed by mom)).
28.5. verb mood
- inclination is a category that expresses the relation of action to reality. There are three moods in Russian:
- indicative - expresses an action that really exists, existed or will exist (bought, read); verbs in the indicative mood have forms of tense (present, past and future), person (1,2 and 3) and number (singular or plural);
conditional (or subjunctive) - expresses an action that does not really exist, but is only possible or desirable (would buy, would read); it is formed with the help of a verb in the past tense of the indicative mood and a particle by;
imperative - expresses an action that is not real, it expresses a request, an order, etc. (buy, read); it is formed from the basis of the present or simple future tense using the suffix -i- (buy, count) or the zero suffix read, smear), the plural is formed by adding the imperative suffix -te (buy, read) to the singular form (buy, read), also imperative mood can be formed by adding particles to verbs in the explanatory mood of the present tense let, let.
- person is the most important category, with the help of which it is indicated who performs the action. There are three persons in Russian, they differ in singular and plural. Every face has its endings
For conjugation of verbs, see the Spelling section. In a sentence, verbs can act as:
- simple predicate: I bought a book;
compound verbal predicate: I decided to go to the library;
an inconsistent definition: I did not like the plan to go there right away.
- signs of the verb:
- transitivity - intransitivity,
return, irrevocable
view,
pledge,
time (present and past);
- genus,
number,
case,
in the sentence acts as a definition,
the presence of passive participles in both full and short forms.
note:
- from perfective verbs that do not have the present tense form, present participles are not formed;
passive participles are formed only from transitive verbs.
In a sentence, full participles act as a definition (The girl who entered was very pretty.), And short participles act as a nominal part of a complex predicate (The floor is washed.)
30. GENERAL PARTICIPLE- this is a special invariable form of the verb, which denotes a sign, but acts as a sign of another action. The participle combines the features of a verb and an adverb:
- signs of the verb:
- lexical meaning,
view,
syntax control,
recurrence - non-returnability;
- immutability,
type of subordinating relationship - adjacency.
For more information on the spelling of adverbs, see the "Spelling" section.
31. ADVERB- this is an independent part of speech, which includes words denoting signs of actions or signs of signs and answering questions like how? Where? When? Where? Why? For what? in what degree? (read carefully, see you tomorrow, very cheerful). In a sentence, adverbs act as circumstances, adjoining verbs, adjectives, adverbs and nouns.
According to the word-formation structure, adverbs are:
- derivative (or motivated), they are formed mainly from adjectives (fabulous, beautiful); there are much smaller groups that include adverbs formed from nouns, numerals, pronouns, verbs and other adverbs;
non-derivative (then, here, where, etc.).
- definitive (characterize a feature or object in terms of quality or quantity): by heart, good, bad; this group includes qualitative adverbs (beautifully, softly), quantitative adverbs (very, twice), adverbs of image and mode of action (in my opinion, in English, tipsy, secretly).
The question of studying parts of speech has occupied scientists for a long time. Since ancient times, such studies have been carried out by such famous scientists as Plato and Aristotle. Parts of speech are the most general and necessary categories in the grammar of any language, therefore, in the grammatical description of a language, first of all, the question of parts of speech as a grammatical grouping of lexical units is clarified. These may be certain groups or categories, which are characterized by different features. There are many different statements about the essence and principles of parts of speech, on which they are based. This topic is a debatable problem in general linguistics. In the etymological meaning of the modern term, parts of speech were originally called grammatical phenomena, which in our time in grammar are called "sentence members". These are parts of speech, parts of statements and sentences. The parts of speech include the subject and predicates, as well as additions, definitions. When studying linguistics, the question of dividing all the words that are in the language into certain classes often arose before learned linguists. So, even Aristotle made a division of all words into Greek on the part of speech, there were four of them: a member, a verb, a name and a union (a bunch). In our time, linguists, studying the grammatical doctrine concerning parts of speech, more often paid attention to the analysis of grammatical specific properties inherent in the Russian language. Thus, Russian linguistics, as a science, has already acquired its own grammatical original ideas. They are formed on the basis not only of comparative historical methods, but also in the field of descriptive grammar.
The Russian science of grammar in the Russian language has naturally developed and continues to develop successfully today, it does not remain aloof from the great achievements of world science. The path of its development every year becomes more independent, original and fruitful, due to the originality of the concepts and the originality of the material. Today, in the linguistics of different countries, one can find ideas that are consonant with our national schools, in particular, concerning the issue of defining parts of speech. This is most often especially pronounced in finding common paths when determining parts of speech.
Even the young grammarian G. Paul noted the failure of many attempts to establish a strict logical classification of all parts of speech. He wrote extensively and pointed out three aspects of their definition:
Semantic;
- syntactic;
- morphological (word formation and inflection).
Linguists emphasized that “parts of speech can reflect our ability to fit reality into formal, diverse patterns,” it was also noted that when determining a part of speech, many things must be taken into account: form, meaning and function.
As for the definition of parts of speech, then in the Great Soviet Encyclopedia are classes of words that have the following characteristics:
1. The unity of meaning (generalized), but abstracted from the lexical meaning of all words in a given class.This may be objectivity in a noun, or process in a verb.
2. Common inflection and grammatical category.
Report-message on the world around for grades 2-3 on the topic "Parts of speech"
Parts of speech are a group of words in a language defined by syntax and morphology. Each unit has a lexical meaning, which is its personal defining characteristic among other words. In languages there is a name and a verb. Also, parts of speech are divided into service and independent. Independent parts of speech are words that name objects, their state or action, and various signs. The service parts of speech include words that denote only the position of independent parts of speech between each other.
Noun
A noun is an independent part of speech that names an object. This part of speech can answer the questions who? What? They are related to a certain gender, and their change is possible in numbers and cases. Nouns can be animate or inanimate.
Adjective
The adjective refers to independent parts of speech and names the attribute of an object. There are qualitative adjectives that name a feature that is expressed with varying intensity. Such adjectives have degrees of comparison and short forms. There are relative adjectives that express the sign of one object in relation to an action or another object. There are also possessive adjectives that indicate that an object belongs to someone.
numeral
The numeral is an independent part of speech that names the numerical indicator of objects. There are quantitative, ordinal and collective numbers.
Pronoun
A pronoun is an independent part of speech that indicates an object, person or feature, but does not name them. Pronouns are personal, reflexive, possessive, interrogative-relative, demonstrative, attributive, negative and indefinite.
Verb
The verb is an independent part of speech that names the action of an object. This part of speech is declined according to types, persons, pledges, tenses, numbers, genders and moods. Verbs are divided into several forms: initial form, participle and participle. Participles are real and passive.
Adverb
An adverb is an independent part of speech that names a sign of an object, a sign of an action or a sign of quality. The adverb is immutable.
Pretext
The preposition refers to the service parts of speech and is used to connect words. It is an invariable part of speech.
Union
The union refers to the service parts of speech and is used to connect members of a sentence or parts of a complex sentence. Unions are coordinating and subordinating.
Particles
Particles are auxiliary words that give meaning or emotionality to a certain word or sentence.
The link is also a service word. The function of which is to additionally indicate the syntactic relationships of the main members of a two-part sentence. A link can be a word, a phrase, conjugated verbs, as well as forms of the verb to be. Often this part of speech is omitted, and a dash appears in the sentence instead.
Service parts of speech
Pretext
Pretext
- the service part of speech, which expresses the dependence of the noun, numeral and pronoun on other words in the phrase, and therefore in the sentence.
Prepositions do not change and are not part of the sentence.
Prepositions express different relationships:
spatial;
temporary;
causal.
Non-derivative and derived prepositions
Suggestions are divided intonon-derivatives and derivatives.
Non-derivative prepositions
: without, in, before, for, for, from, to, on, over, about, about, from, by, under, before, with, about, with, at, through.
Derived prepositions
formed fromindependent parts of speech
by losing their meaning and morphological features.
It is necessary to distinguish derivative prepositions from independent parts of speech homonymous to them.
aroundgarden,alongroad,nearcoast,according toinstructions;
aroundaxes,due tobad weather,aboutwork,due torain,
duringdays,in continuationnights, sayFinally,
by virtue ofcircumstances;
thanks torain,despitedisease.
Adverb: liveon the contraryV , goahead , standnear , washinside , inspectedaround , stickalong , did not havenear , liveaccording to , looked backaround , havein mind
Noun: putto the account jar,because of in this case,during rivers,in continuation novel,in custody on the book, believeby virtue of .
gerund: thanks to mistress,despite on both sides.
Prepositions:
Independent parts of speech:
Derivative prepositions are usually used with one case. Many non-derivative prepositions can be used with different cases.
Note.
Prepositions consisting of one word are calledsimple
(
in, on, to, from, before, from, in spite of, after
and etc.). Prepositions consisting of two or more words are calledconstituent
(
in spite of, in conclusion
and etc.).
Morphological analysis of a preposition
I.
Part of speech. General value.
II.
Morphological trait: Immutability
III.
syntactic role.
Union
Union
- a service part of speech that connects homogeneous members in a simple sentence and simple sentences in a complex sentence.
Unions are divided intocoordinating and subordinating.
writing unions connect homogeneous members and equal simple sentences as part of a complex (compound).
Subordinating
unions connect simple sentences in a complex (complex-subordinate) sentence, of which one is subordinate in meaning to the other, i.e. from one sentence to the next one can pose a question.
Unions consisting of one word are calledsimple:
a, and, but, or, either, how, what, when, barely, as if
etc., and conjunctions consisting of several words,composite:
due to the fact that, while, due to the fact that, despite the fact that
and etc.
Coordinating conjunctions
Coordinating conjunctions are divided into three groups:
Connecting : And; yes (meaning and); not only but; like so;
opposing : A; But; yes, however; but;
Dividing : or; or or; or.
Parts of some unions (not only but, etc.) are found with different homogeneous members or in different parts of a complex sentence.
Subordinating conjunctions
Subordinating conjunctions are divided into the following groups:
Causal : because; because of; because; due to the fact that; thanks to; due to the fact that; due to the fact that and others;
Target : to (to); in order to; so that etc.;
Temporary : When; only; just; Bye; barely, etc.;
Conditional : If; if; once; whether; how soon, etc.;
Comparative : How; as if; like; as if; exactly, etc.;
Explanatory : What; to; like others;
concessions : although; Although; no matter how, etc.
Morphological analysis of the union
I.
Part of speech. General value.
II.
Morphological features:
1)
Composing or subordinating;
2)
The unchangeable word.
III.
syntactic role.
Particle
Particle - a service part of speech that introduces various shades of meaning into a sentence or serves to form word forms.Particles do not change and are not members of the sentence.According to the meaning and role in the sentence, the particles are divided into three categories: formative, negative and modal.
Shaping particles
Form-building particles include particles that serve to form the conditional and imperative mood of the verb.
Particle would (b)
can stand before the verb to which it refers, after the verb, can be separated from the verb by other words.
negative particles
The negative particles are Not
Andneither
.
ParticleNot
can give sentences or individual words not only a negative, but also a positive meaning with a double negation.
The value of the particle is not
of the whole offer:Not hurry up with the answer.Not to be this.
a single word: Before us wasNot small, but a large meadow.
ComradeNot couldNot help me.
Negative meaning.
Positive value.
negative particleneither can have other meanings than negative.
The meaning of the particle is neither
Negative meaning in a sentence without a subject.
Neither
from place! Aroundneither
souls.
Strengthening the negation in sentences with a particleneither
and with the wordNo
.
around noneither
souls. Can not seeneither
bush.
Generalizing meaning in sentences with negative pronouns and adverbs.
Whatneither
(
= everything
) would do, everything worked out for him. Whereneither
(
= everywhere
) look, fields and fields are everywhere.
modal particles
Modal particles include particles that bring various semantic shades to the sentence, and also express the feelings and attitudes of the speaker.
Particles that add semantic shades to the sentence are divided into groups according to their meaning:
Question : whether, really, really
indication : here (and here), out (and out)
Clarification : exactly, exactly
Highlight, limit : only, exclusively, exclusively, almost
Particles expressing the feelings and attitude of the speaker are also divided into groups according to their meaning:
Exclamation : what, how
Doubt : hardly, hardly
Gain : even, even and, neither, and, yet, after all, really, everything, after all
Mitigation, requirement : -ka
Morphological parsing of a particle
I.
Part of speech. General value.
II.
Morphological features:
1)
Discharge;
2)
The unchangeable word.
III.
syntactic role.
Interjection
Interjection
- a special part of speech that expresses, but does not name, various feelings and impulses.
Interjections are not included in either independent or auxiliary parts of speech.
Interjections do not change and are not part of the sentence. But sometimes interjections are used in the meaning of other parts of speech. In this case, the interjection takes on a specific lexical meaning and becomes a member of the sentence.
