What is a coordinating and subordinating connection examples. Types of communication in the proposal. Features of the subordination

subordination

Subordination, or subordination- the relation of syntactic inequality between words in a phrase and a sentence, as well as between the predicative parts of a complex sentence.

In such a connection, one of the components (words or sentences) acts as main, the other - as dependent.

The linguistic concept of "subordination" is preceded by more ancient concept- "hypotaxis".

Features of the subordination

To distinguish between coordinating and subordinating connections, A. M. Peshkovsky proposed a criterion of reversibility. Submission is characterized irreversible relations between parts of the connection: one part cannot be put in place of another without prejudice to the overall content. However, this criterion is not considered decisive.

The essential difference between the subordination relationship (according to S. O. Kartsevsky) is that it functionally close to the dialogic unity of the informative (question-answer) type, firstly, and predominantly has pronominal character of means of expression, Secondly .

Subordination in a phrase and a simple sentence

Types of subordination in a phrase and sentence:

• agreement
• contiguity

Subordination in a complex sentence

The subordinating relationship between simple sentences as part of a complex sentence is made using subordinating conjunctions or allied (relative) words. A complex sentence with such a connection is called a complex sentence. The independent part is called main part, and dependent - adnexal.

Types of subordinating connection in a complex sentence:

• allied subordination
  - subordination of sentences with the help of unions.
  I don't want the world to know my mysterious tale(Lermontov).
• relative subordination
  - subordination of sentences with the help of allied (relative) words.
  The moment has come when I realized the full value of these words(Goncharov).
• indirect interrogative submission(interrogative-relative, relatively-interrogative)
  - subordination with the help of interrogative-relative pronouns and adverbs that connect the subordinate part with the main one, in which the member of the sentence explained by the subordinate part is expressed by a verb or a noun with the meaning of utterance, perception, mental activity, feeling, internal state.
  At first I couldn't figure out what exactly emo was.(Korolenko).
• serial submission (switching on)
  - subordination, in which the first subordinate part refers to the main part, the second subordinate - to the first subordinate, the third subordinate - to, the second subordinate, etc.
  I hope this book makes it clear enough that I didn't hesitate to write the truth when I wanted to.(Bitter).
• mutual subordination
  - mutual dependence of the predicative parts of a complex sentence, in which the main and subordinate clauses are not distinguished; relations between parts are expressed by lexical-syntactic means.
  Before Chichikov had time to look around, he was already grabbed by the arm of the governor.(Gogol).
• parallel subordination (subordination)

Notes

Links

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See what "Subordinate relationship" is in other dictionaries:

The connection between two syntactically unequal words in a phrase and a sentence, one of them acts as the main one, the other as a dependent one. New textbook, the implementation of the plan, answer correctly. see coordination, control, adjoining; IN… …

Subordination, or subordinating connection, is the relation of syntactic inequality between words in a phrase and a sentence, as well as between the predicative parts of a complex sentence. In such a connection, one of the components (words or sentences) ... ... Wikipedia

A connection that serves to express the relationship between the elements of a phrase and a sentence. Subordinating connection, see submission. Coordinating communication, see essay ... Dictionary linguistic terms

A connection of words that serves to express the interdependence of the elements of a phrase and a sentence. Subordinating relationship. Writing communication… Dictionary of linguistic terms- Subordination, or subordinating connection, is the relation of syntactic inequality between words in a phrase and a sentence, as well as between the predicative parts of a complex sentence. In such a connection, one of the components (words or sentences) ... ... Wikipedia

- (SPP) is a type of complex sentence, which is characterized by division into two main parts: main and subordinate. The subordinating relationship in such a sentence is determined by the dependence of one part on the other, that is, the main part suggests ... ... Wikipedia

§ 239. CATEGORIES OF SPELLING- (grammatical, syntactic, lexical, stylistic) Conjugation is called: a class of verbs that change equally in persons, tenses, moods, numbers and in the past tense and subjunctive mood by gender. Depending on the… … Russian spelling rules

Comments of the teacher on the studied material

Difficult sentence. Types of compound sentences

Except simple sentences, complex sentences are often used in speech, with the help of which we express thoughts in more detail, linking them together.

Compound sentences are sentences that consist of two or more simple sentences. Simple sentences as part of a complex one do not have intonational completeness, do not have their own purpose of expression and are combined in meaning and in pronunciation into one whole.

The storm has died down, the wind has eased.

As it comes around, so it will respond.

The frost was terrible, but the apple trees survived.

Simple sentences are combined into complex ones in two main ways. In allied complex sentences, parts are combined with the help of intonation and conjunctions (or allied words - relative pronouns and adverbs). In non-union complex sentences, parts are combined only with the help of intonation (without unions and allied words).

The sun is shining over the lake, and the eyes are blinding from the glare(union).

Sentences with unions and allied words are divided into two groups: compound sentences, compound sentences.

Compound sentences are sentences in which simple sentences can be equal in meaning and are connected by coordinating conjunctions.

June turned out to be hot, and the windows in the houses at night were opened wide.

The moth broke the fur coat, but the mittens were like new.

Complex sentences are sentences in which one of the sentences is subordinate to the other in meaning and is connected with it by a subordinating union or allied word. An independent sentence as part of a complex subordinate is called the main one, and a dependent one, subordinate to the main one in meaning and grammatically, is called a subordinate clause.

If you are in Myshkino(adjective), go to Efimkin(The main thing).

I want to find a stone(The main thing), which you don't have(adjective).

complex sentences with various types allied and non-union ties

If a complex sentence consists of three or more parts, then some of them can be connected with the help of coordinating unions, others - with the help of subordinating unions, and others - without unions. Such a sentence is called a complex sentence with different types allied and non-union ties.

I did not have any one too strong vice that would stick out more clearly than all my other vices, there was no picture virtue in me that could give me some kind of picture appearance, but instead of that, a collection of all possible nasty things, a little bit of each, and, moreover, in such a multitude, in which I have not yet met in a single person. (N.V. Gogol).

(This is a complex sentence, consisting of six simple ones, the parts of which are connected by a subordinating, coordinating and non-associative connection.)

Allied and allied coordinating communication is one of the ways to build. Without them, speech is poor, because they provide more information and are able to contain two or more sentences that tell about different events.

Complex sentences and their types

Depending on the number of parts, complex structures are divided into two- and polynomial. In any of the options, the elements are connected either by an allied connection (which, in turn, is provided by the corresponding part of speech), or by an allied one.

Depending on what types of relationships are present, complex formations create the following groups:

• Compound sentence with non-union and allied coordinating connection: The sky darkened sharply, a distant rumble was heard, and a wall of rain covered the ground, nailing the dust and washing away the city's smog.
• Constructions that combine elements with a subordinate relationship, for example: The house we entered was depressing, but in this situation we had no choice..
• Compound sentences with subordinating and non-union types of connections: No matter how he hurried, but his help was too late: the wounded were taken away by another car.
• In polynomial constructions, subordinating, unionless and allied coordinating communication can be used simultaneously. The next time the phone rang, Mom answered it, but only heard the voice of a robot saying that her loan was overdue.

It is important to be able to distinguish between complex sentences and constructions complicated, for example, by homogeneous predicates. As a rule, in the first case, there are several grammatical bases in the syntactic lexical unit, while in the second there will be one subject and several predicates.

Unionless constructions

In this type of lexical constructions, 2 or more simple sentences can be combined, which are interconnected by intonation and meaning. They can be related to each other in the following ways:

• The sentences are linked by an enumeration. The evening gradually faded away, the night fell to the earth, the moon began to rule the world.
• Constructions in which elements are divided into several parts, two of which are opposing fragments. The weather was as ordered: the sky cleared of clouds, the sun shone brightly, a light breeze blew over the face, creating a slight coolness. In this non-union construction, the second fragment, consisting of 3 simple sentences connected by enumerative intonation, explains its first part.
• Binary combination of simple elements into a polynomial complex structure, in which parts are combined into semantic groups: The moon rose over the ridge, we did not immediately notice it: the haze hid its radiance.

An allied, like an allied coordinating connection, in an integral connection separates individual sentences from each other with punctuation marks.

Commas in non-union polynomial constructions

In complex compounds, their parts are separated by commas, semicolons, dashes and colons. The comma and semicolon are used in enumeration relations:

1. The parts are small in size and related to one another in meaning. Silence fell after the thunderstorm, followed by a light whisper of rain.
2. When parts are too common and not connected by a single meaning, a semicolon is put. Daisies and poppies covered the entire clearing; Grasshoppers chirped somewhere below.

Unionless constructions are most often used to transfer a large number information that does not always make sense.

Dividing characters in non-union compounds

These signs are used for the following types of relations between the elements of a syntactic construction:

• Dash - when the second part is sharply opposed to the first, for example: We knew about his fears - no one knew about the readiness to die.(In a similar construction with an allied, as well as an allied coordinating connection between the parts, I would like to put the union "but").
• When the first part tells about a condition or time, then a dash is also placed between it and the second fragment. The rooster crowed - it's time to get up. In such sentences, the conjunctions “if” or “when” are suitable in meaning.
• The same sign is put if the second part contains a conclusion about what was said in the first. I had no strength to object - he silently agreed. In such allied constructions, "therefore" is usually inserted.
• When the second part of the sentence is compared and determined by what is told in the first. He gives a speech - breathes hope into people. In these constructions, you can add "as if" or "as if".
• In sentences with an explanatory connection and justification of the reason, a colon is used. I will tell you in essence: you can not let your friends down.

Sentences with an allied, as well as an allied, coordinating connection between parts are separated by signs depending on their semantic relationship.

Compound constructions

In sentences of this type, a coordinative connection is used, carried out with the help of coordinating conjunctions. In this case, between their parts can be:

• Connecting relationships connected by unions and, yes or, particles also, too, and neither ... nor. Birds don't chirp, mosquitoes don't chirp, cicadas don't chirp.
• Unions are used in separating relations what and, or, particles whether ... whether, not that ... not that and others. Whether the wind brings an incomprehensible sound, then he himself is approaching us.
• Sentences with both unionless and allied coordinating relations with comparative relations indicate the identity of events, but in the second case with the use of unions namely And that is. Everyone was happy for him, that is, that is what he read on their faces.
• Explanatory relations tend to use conjunctions yes, but, ah, particles but, therefore and others. A blizzard was rampant outside the window, but it was warm near the fireplace in the living room.

Often, it is conjunctions and particles that explain what connects simple sentences into a single compound structure.

Complex sentences with mixed types of communication

Constructions, where there is an allied and allied coordinating connection at the same time, are quite common. Separate blocks can be distinguished in them, each of which contains a few simple sentences. Inside the blocks, some elements are connected with others in meaning and separated by punctuation marks with or without unions. In a complex sentence with a non-union and allied coordinative connection, the line between them is separating signs, although individual blocks may not be connected in meaning.

For the correct formulation and presentation of their own thoughts, schoolchildren and adults need to learn how to correctly place semantic accents in writing. If in life we ​​often use simple constructions, then in writing we use complex sentences with different types of connection. Therefore, it is important to know the features of their construction.

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Classification

What types of communication proposals used in Russian :

• coordinative with and without unions, when the components of the syntactic construction are independent, equal in relation to each other;
• subordination, unionless and allied, when one part of the structure is the main one, and the second is dependent;
• allied, coordinating and subordinating, expressed with the help of coordinating or subordinating unions and allied words;

Complex sentences consist of several simple ones, therefore they have more than two grammatical bases. When meeting them, do not be surprised and remember that there can be not only 2 or 3 parts, but on average up to 10-15. They constantly combine different types connections.

The main types of complex sentences with examples:

1. Unionless.
2. Compound.
3. Complex sentences.
4. Structures with different types of connection.

An example of a unionless relationship: The wind drives the clouds to the edge of heaven, the broken spruce groans, the winter forest whispers something.

It should be noted main feature constructions with a coordinative connection. The function of a coordinative connection is to show the equality of parts within a complex sentence, it is done with the help of intonation and the use of coordinating unions. Unionless communication can also be used.

How are compound sentences constructed? examples with diagrams :

The firmament cleared of hanging clouds - and the bright sun came out.

The fields were empty, the autumn forest became dark and transparent.

Sentences of the fourth type usually consist of three or more parts that are connected to each other in different ways. To better understand the meaning of such constructions, how to learn how complex sentences with different types of connection are built and grouped. Often, sentences are divided into several blocks, connected without union or with the help of a coordinating connection, while each of the parts represents a simple or complex sentence.

Dependent parts may have different meaning, on this basis complex sentences are divided into several groups.

Determinants

They serve to characterize and reveal the attribute of the noun being defined from the main clause. Join with and : where, from where, where, which, what. They are found only inside the main or after it. Questions can be posed to them: what?, whose?

Examples:

How painfully hot in those hours when noon hung in silence and heat.

For a long time he admired, smiling, his capricious beloved daughter, who thought, not noticing anything around.

Explanatory

They refer to words that have the meaning of thoughts (to reflect), feelings (to be sad), speech (answered, said), in order to reveal in detail the meaning of the main word, to clarify, to supplement. They also include demonstrative words - that, that, that, to which the dependent clause is attached. Connected by unions what, to, as if, as if.

Examples:

The guy quickly realized that the girlfriend's parents are not particularly smart, and thought out a further strategy.

This could be seen from the fact that he drove several times with his cart around the yard until he found the hut.

circumstantial

They are related to or to words that have adverbial meaning. Let's name their varieties and ways of attaching to the main word:

• time, specify the period of time when the action is performed, subordinating temporary unions are used for communication: when, until what time (When it was about the war, the stranger lowered his head and thought);
• places, talking about the place, are connected with the main word by allied words-adverbs: where, where, from where (Leaves, wherever you look, were yellow or golden);
• conditions that reveal under what circumstances this or that action is possible, are joined by subordinate conjunctions: if, if ..., then. They can start with particles - so, then (If it rains, then the tent will need to be moved higher);
• degree, specifies the measure or degree of action I in question, you can put questions to them: to what extent? to what extent? (The rain stopped so quickly that the ground did not have time to get wet.);
• goals, they tell what goal the action pursues and is connected by target unions: so that (In order not to be late, he decided to leave early);
• reasons, union is used for joining - because(He did not complete the task because he fell ill);
• the manner of action, indicate exactly how the action was performed, are joined by subordinating unions: as if, as if, exactly (the Forest was covered in snow, as if someone had bewitched it);
• consequences serve to clarify the result of an action, you can ask them a question - as a result of what? Join the union - So(The snow shone brighter in the sun, so that my eyes hurt);
• concessions, unions are used to join them: let it, although, despite. Allied words can be used (how, how much) with a particle neither (No matter how hard you try, nothing will work without knowledge and skills).

Building offer schemes

Let's take a look at what an offer scheme is. This is a graphic showing the structure proposals in a compact form.

Let's try to draw up schemes of sentences, which include two or more subordinate clauses. To do this, let's turn to examples with different inflected parts of speech.

Complicated sentences may consist of several subordinate clauses, which have a different relationship with each other.

There are the following types of offer links:

• homogeneous or associative;
• parallel (centralized);
• sequential (chain, linear).

Homogeneous

Characterized the following signs:

• all subordinate clauses can be attributed to the whole main thing or to one of the words;
• subordinate clauses are the same in meaning, answer one question;
• coordinating unions are connected or unionless communication is used;
• intonation during pronunciation is enumerative.

Examples and offer linear schemes:

I noticed how the stars began to blur (1), how a coolness swept by with a light breath (2).

, (how how…).

Sometimes subordinate clauses are represented by a cascade of explanatory sentences, depending on one word in the main part:

It is not known where she lived (1), who she was (2), why a Roman artist painted her portrait (3) and what she was thinking about in the picture (4).

, (where ...), (who ...), (why ...) and (about what ...).

Parallel

Such complex sentences have subordinate clauses with different values belonging to several types

Here are examples of sentences with diagrams:

When our boat sailed from the ship to the shore, we noticed that women and children began to run away from the settlement.

(When that…).

Here two subordinate clauses depend on the main clause: tense and explanatory.

Constructions can create a chain, which can be depicted in the diagram as follows:

In some places, houses were crowded, which in their color were similar to the surrounding rocks, that one had to be closer to distinguish them.

, (which ...), (what ...), (to ...).

Possible and another variant when one sentence is inside another. Sometimes constructions are combined, linking with one subordinate clause within another.

At first, the blacksmith was terribly frightened when the devil raised his devil so high that nothing could be seen below, and rushed under the very moon so that he could catch it with his hat.

, (when…, (what…), and…), (what…).

The proposals use various punctuation marks:

• comma, example: The final remark of the sister-in-law ended already on the street, where she went on her urgent business;
• semicolon: Some time later, everyone in the village was fast asleep; only a month hung high in the luxurious Ukrainian sky;
• colon: It happened like this: at night the tank got stuck in a swamp and drowned;
• dash: Thick hazel bushes will block your path, if you hurt yourself on a prickly thorn bush - stubbornly go forward.

consistent

Simple structures are connected to one another in a chain:

There is a known knot on a tree trunk, on which you put your foot when you want to climb an apple tree.

, (on which ...), (when ...).

Determination procedure

What plan determines the types of communication of sentences in a letter. We offer a step-by-step guide that is suitable for any occasion:

• read the offer carefully;
• highlight all grammatical bases;
• divide the structure into parts and number them;
• find allied words and conjunctions, in their absence, take into account intonation;
• determine the nature of the relationship.

​If available two independent parts, then this is a sentence with a coordinating connection. When one sentence names the reason for what is being discussed in another, then this is a complex sentence with subordination.

Attention! Adventitious constructions can be replaced either by adverbial turnover. Example: In the black sky dotted with myriads of small stars, soundless lightning appeared here and there.

Learning Russian - complex sentences with different types of connection

Types of communication in complex sentences

Conclusion

The types of connection of sentences depend on their classification. They use . The schemes are very diverse, there are many interesting options. Graphic drawing of a proposal allows you to quickly determine construction and sequence of all constituent parts, highlight the basics, find the main thing and correctly punctuate.

Compound sentences always include two or more simple ones (they are also called predicative parts) that are connected by various types of connection: allied coordinating, non-union and allied subordinating connection. It is the presence or absence of unions and their meaning that make it possible to establish the type of connection in the sentence.

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Classmates

Definition of a subordinate relationship in a sentence

Subordination, or subordination- a type of connection in which one of the predicative parts is the main, subordinate, and the other is dependent, subordinate. Such a connection is transmitted through subordinating conjunctions or allied words; from the main part to the subordinate it is always possible to ask a question. Thus, the subordinating connection (unlike the coordinating one) implies a syntactic inequality between the predicative parts of the sentence.

For example: In geography lessons, we learned (about what?) why there are ebb and flow, Where In geography lessons we learned- main part, there are ebb and flow- subordinate clause, why - subordinating conjunction.

Subordinating conjunctions and allied words

The predicative parts of a complex sentence connected by a subordinating relationship are connected using subordinating conjunctions, allied words. In turn, subordinating conjunctions are divided into simple and complex.

Simple unions include: what, to, how, when, barely, while, if, as if, as if, exactly, for, although and others. We want all nations to live happily.

Compound conjunctions include at least two words: because, because, since, in order to, as soon as, while, until, despite the fact that, as if and others. As soon as The sun rose, all the songbirds woke up.

Relative pronouns and adverbs can act as allied words: who, what, which, whose, which, how much(in all cases); where, where, from where, when, how, why, why and others. Allied words always answer a question and are one of the members of a subordinate clause. I brought you there, where even the gray wolf did not run!(G. Rosen)

You need to know: what is it, its examples in the literature.

Types of subordination in a complex sentence

Depending on the means linking predicative parts, the following types of subordinations are distinguished:

• allied subordination - parts of a complex sentence are connected by simple or complex unions. He opened the doors wider to let the procession pass freely.
• relative subordination - between the predicative parts is allied word. After death, people return to the same place from where they came.
• interrogative-relative subordination - parts of a complex sentence are connected by means of interrogative-relative pronouns and adverbs. In the subordinate part, a member of the main sentence expressed by a verb or a noun is explained, which has the meaning of an utterance, mental activity, feeling, perception, internal state. Berlioz looked around sadly, not understanding what had frightened him.(M. Bulgakov).

Often, one complex sentence contains more than two predicative parts that are dependent on the main one. Due to this There are several types of submission:

This is interesting: in the rules of the Russian language.

Based on which member of the main sentence is explained or extended by the dependent, subordinate clauses some sources categorize subject, predicate, attributive, complementary and adverbial.

• Every, whom he met here, offered him help. The subordinate clause extends the subject of the main clause every.
• Never think that you already know everything.(I. Pavlov) The subordinate part explains the predicate of the main think.
• You should never regret what can no longer be changed. In this case, the subordinate part answers the question of the prepositional case.

A more common classification is that, depending on the questions they answer, adjuncts are divided as follows: