E and in the endings of nouns. Reference book on the Russian language. Special group of nouns

Nouns have three "erroneous" cases: genitive, dative, prepositional. This lesson will help you deal with difficulties in declension of nouns.

For first declension nouns in genitive case at the end, the letter I is written, and in other "erroneous" cases - dative and prepositional - the letter E.

For nouns of the second declension, only the prepositional case, in which the letter E is written, causes difficulties. For nouns of the third declension, the letter I is written in all “erroneously dangerous” cases.

To find out which vowel should be written in the unstressed ending of a noun, you must first determine which declension this noun belongs to, then find out in which case it is used, and remember which vowel is written in this “erroneously dangerous” case.

2. Consolidate what we have learned

We reason like this:

Smile when you meet... Meeting- a noun of the first declension, used in the prepositional case, we write the letter E at the end.

Strive for the goal ... Goal- this is a noun of the third declension, in which the letter I is written in all "erroneously dangerous" cases.

When writing unstressed case endings for nouns, you can use another method of verification. You can use "substitution" words with stressed endings in all "erroneous" cases. For nouns of the first declension, such a "substitution" word will be the word fox.

We reason like this:

Write in notebook... Notebook- noun of the first declension. Without defining the case, we use the "substitution" word fox. He wrote in a notebook - he wrote in a fox.

You and I remember that nouns ending in -IYA, -IE,

II ( army, essay, planetarium), in all “erroneously dangerous” cases, the rule of two letters I applies.

For nouns ending in -IYA, -IE, -IY, in the genitive, dative and prepositional cases, we write two letters And at the end (one letter And belongs to the stem, the second letter And refers to the ending).

We reason like this:

Approach Marie… Maria- a noun ending in -Я. In all "erroneous" cases it has two letters And at the end. Therefore we write approach Mary.

Visit the planetarium… Planetarium- a noun ending in -II. In "erroneous" cases, the rule of two letters I works in it. Therefore, we write visit the planetarium(two letters I at the end).

Bibliography

1. Russian language. Grade 6 / Baranov M.T. and others - M .: Education, 2008.
2. Babaitseva V.V., Chesnokova L.D. Russian language. Theory. 5-9 cells - M.: Bustard, 2008.
3. Russian language. 6 cells / Ed. MM. Razumovskaya, P.A. Lekanta. - M.: Bustard, 2010.

Homework

Task number 1

Rewrite by opening parentheses. Determine the type of declension of nouns and their case. Graphically indicate the endings.

Languish in (bondage), play (piano), hearing about (defeat), stand on (square), think about (implementation) (idea), travel around (Central Asia), in quiet (solitude), arrival (parliamentarian) , walk along (path), play a role in (development) of the plot, calm down at (thought), shoot at (duel), come to (mother), visit (construction), prepare for (revision), participate in (excursion) .

Task number 2

Rewrite by putting the nouns (in brackets) in the appropriate case form. Indicate the case of nouns and indicate their endings.

1.Gavrila was seized by a wave (memories) of her (village), running down a steep mountain down to (river), hidden in (grove) (M. G.). 2. So he lived with (feeling) that he could call and come to (Lyubov Petrovna) (Sol.). 3. I am sitting in (half-forgetfulness): neither sleeping nor awake (Sweet). 4. The snow at the (foot) of the trees resembled lean sugar (Nag.). 5. I lived in (enchantment) (incomprehensibility) surrounding (Nag.). 6. In the fierce (singing) of the winds, the heart does not hear the right (consonance) (Sick). 7. And how many (deeds), (events), (fates), human (sadness) and (victories) fit into these ten (days) that turned into ten years! (Tward.). 8. Trunks (apple trees), (pears), (cherries) and plums are painted from worms in white paint (Ch.). 9. Heavy huge clouds (T.) were still crowding in (distance).

What are the case endings for nouns? You will find the answer to this question in the materials of the presented article. We will also tell you about how the case endings of different declensions differ, and give some examples.

General information

Knowing how words change by case is extremely important. After all, the spelling of case endings brings a lot of problems during the creation of a competent text. It should be noted that the choice of a particular letter in nouns depends entirely on which particular declension they belong to. By the way, spelling errors -And or -e appear only in some case forms: dative, genitive and prepositional cases. That is why it is recommended to remember them.

What is declination? Declension types

Nominal inflected according to the adjectival type, as well as substantive and pronominal. In this article, we are only interested in the substantive declension. It is divided into three subtypes. Let's consider them in more detail:

1. According to the 1st declension, nouns (in the singular) of the common (cry-baby), masculine (father) and feminine (mother) gender change, which have the endings -я or -а in the nominative case.
2. According to the 2nd declension, nouns (in the singular) of the masculine gender, having (nail, house) or the ending -е, -о (house, house), as well as the middle gender with endings -ё, -е and -о ( field, spear, window) in the nominative case.
3. According to the 3rd declension, feminine nouns (in the singular) change, which end in a hissing or soft consonant (for example, pride, thought, branch). If such a word has a hissing consonant at the end, then its belonging to the 3rd declension should be indicated soft sign(for example, mouse, rye, oven, etc.).

Case endings of singular nouns

In order to correctly write, for example, a letter, it is desirable to know all the possible endings of nouns of different declensions. To do this, decline the corresponding words in cases.

Nouns of the 1st declension

1. Nominative case (who? What?) - dad (a), willow (a), Kol (ya), Yul (ya).
2. Genitive case (what? whom?) - dad (s), willow (s), Kol (s), Yul (s).
3. Dative case (what? to whom?) - dad (e), willow (e), Col (e), Yul (e).
4. Accusative case (what? whom?) - dad (y), willow (y), Kol (y), Yul (y).
5. Instrumental case (what? by whom?) - dad (oh), willow (oh), Kol (s), Yul (s).
6. Prepositional case (about what? about whom?) - about dad (e), about iv (e), about Kol (e), about Yul (e).

The case endings of nouns of the 1st declension are the same for all similar words. That is why, if you have difficulties while writing them, then you can safely look into this table and determine the correct ending.

Nouns of the 2nd declension

1. Nominative case (who? What?) - deer (_), watermelon (_), floor (e), sky (o).
2. Genitive case (what? whom?) - deer (I), watermelon (a), gender (I), sky (a).
3. Dative case (what? to whom?) - deer (y), watermelon (y), floor (y), sky (y).
4. Accusative case (what? whom?) - deer (I), watermelon (_), floor (e), sky (o).
5. Instrumental case (what? by whom?) - deer (eat), watermelon (oi), floor (eat), sky (om).
6. Prepositional case (about whom? about what?) - about deer (e), about watermelon (e), about gender (e), about sky (e).

Nouns of the 3rd declension

Unstressed case endings for nouns

In order not to make mistakes while writing the text, teachers recommend that their students remember the endings of all three declensions. However, it is not as simple as it seems at first glance. It is especially difficult to remember those words that have unstressed case endings. But even in this case, there is a separate rule in Russian. Let's imagine it right now.

If the case endings of nouns are in an unstressed position, then their correct spelling is determined by checking words of the same type of declension that end in a similar letter under stress. Here's an example:

• knee, field, lake (face, window, chisel);
• about the book, (about the hand);
• horses, bowls (stumps, tables);
• watchman, house, field, glue (knife, table, point, window);
• lake, chair, stone (window, table, stump);
• about the watchman, about the teacher, in the field, about the dress, (about the knife, about the horse, in the window, about the linen);
• songs, servants, windows (teachers, cities, seas).

Plural nouns

About what case endings nouns have singular, we discussed above. But sometimes it is required to correctly decline the words in the plural. It should be especially noted that their case endings do not depend on what declension it has. However, they can differ markedly for inanimate and animate objects (not always).

Inanimate nouns in the plural

1. Nominative case (what?) - chair(s), watermelon(s).
2. Genitive case (of what?) - chair(s), watermelon(s).
3. Dative case (what?) - chair(s), watermelon(s).
4. Accusative case (what?) - chair(s), watermelon(s).
5. Instrumental case (what?) - chair(s), watermelon(s).
6. Prepositional case (about what?) - about chair(s), watermelon(s).

Animated plural nouns

1. Nominative case (who?) - lan (s), lionesses (s).
2. Genitive case (of whom?) - lan (s), lionesses (_).
3. Dative case (to whom?) - lan (yam), lioness (am).
4. Accusative case (who?) - lan (s), lionesses (_).
5. Instrumental case (by whom?) - lan (s), lionesses (s).
6. Prepositional case (about whom?) - about lan (s), lionesses (s).

Disparate words (nouns)

As mentioned above, nouns have one or another case endings, depending on which of the three declensions they belong to. However, in Russian there are often dissimilar words. These include nouns that, after changing in cases, have endings of different declensions.

So to variegated names nouns include ten that end in -mya. Let's call them in order:

• burden;
• banner;
• tribe;
• time;
• stirrup;
• udder;
• crown;
• flame;
• seed.

Among other things, the masculine word "way" belongs to the heterogeneous. In order to correctly decline such nouns, you should know that when they change, they have a suffix -en- or -yon (for example: banner - banners, crown - crown, name - names, etc.).

Note

Nouns that end in -iya (series, army, Maria, line, etc.) are a special variant of declension. Thus, in the forms of the prepositional, genitive and dative cases, they have the ending -i. Here's an example:

• Genitive case (what? whom?) - seri(s), armies(s), Mari(s), line(s).
• Dative case (what? to whom?) - seri(s), armies(s), Mari(s), line(s).
• Prepositional case (about what? about whom?) - about the series (and), about the army (and), about Mari (and), about the line (and).

It should be noted that these words are not recommended to be confused with nouns ending in -ya (for example, Natalya, Marya, Sophia). After all, they are inclined according to general rules, and also have the ending -e in the forms of the prepositional and dative cases (Natalya, Marya, Sofya).

By the way, proper names, which are called settlements (Kashin, Borodino Kalinin), have a special form in the instrumental case (singular). Thus, the presented words are declined according to the pattern of nouns of the 2nd declension and have a case ending -om (Kalinin, Kashin, Borodin). It is impossible not to say that such words should not be confused with Russian surnames (Kashin, Borodin, Kalinin), which in the instrumental case have the ending -y (Kalinin, Kashin, Borodin).

To the question When is -e, -i written in the endings of nouns? given by the author Aidoka Agibekova the best answer is
Nouns of the first declension (country, drop, uncle, alley) in the genitive case have the ending -ы (-и), and in the dative and prepositional forms - e:

These words should not be confused with nouns in -ya, (Maria, Natalia, Sophia) which are declined according to general rule and have the ending -e in the forms of the dative and prepositional cases: Mary, Natalia, Sophia, but: Mary, Natalia, Sofia; (o) Marya, (o) Natalia, (o) Sophia, but: (o) Mary, (o) Natalia, (o) Sofia.

4. Nouns in -i, -i (genius, scenario, meeting, meeting) form a special variant of the declension and have the ending -i in the prepositional case: (o) geniuses, (c) scripts, (at) the meeting, (at) assembly. These words should not be confused with nouns in -ye (confusion, doubt, oblivion, grumbling), which are declined according to the general rule: (o) confusion, (o) doubt, (o) oblivion, (o) grumbling. Exception: in oblivion.


There are tables for this

Answer from Eurovision[newbie]
b

Answer from barefoot[newbie]
After w, h, w, u are not written u, i, s, but written y, a, and, for example: miracle, pike, hour, grove, fat, sew.
The letters u and i are allowed after these consonants only in foreign words (mainly French), for example: jury, parachute (including in proper names, for example: Saint-Just), as well as in compound abbreviated words and alphabetic abbreviations in which, as a general rule, any combination of letters is allowed (see § 110).
§ 2. After q, the letter s is written in endings and in the suffix -yn, for example: birds, sheep and sheep? and in other words of the same root.
In other cases, after c is always written and, for example: station, cybik, mat, cymbals, zinc, medicine.
§ 3. After q, the letters u and i are allowed only in foreign proper names, for example, Zurich, Sventsiany.
§ 4. A. If after w, h, w, u is pronounced under the stress o, then the letter o is written:
About the rules of §§ 4-6:
“The presence of these rules is a forced necessity, caused by the special position of hissing and q in the phoneme system of the Russian language (their unpaired softness-hardness). The syllabic principle of Russian graphics is not able to dictate the spelling of e or o here.
V. F. Ivanova. Difficult spelling questions: A guide for teachers. - M.: Enlightenment, 1982.
In the endings of nouns and adjectives, for example: shoulder, knife, hut, shoulder, Fomich, cloak, boundary, rein, soul, candle, sling, alien, big.
In suffixes:
a) nouns:
-ok, for example: horn, cockerel, hook, borscht;
-onok, for example: a bear cub, a mouse, a jackdaw, a barrel;
-onk-a, for example: little book, shirt, little hand; also money;
b) adjectives:
-ov-, for example: hedgehog, penny, brocade, canvas;
-on (with a fluent o), for example: funny;
c) adverbs, for example: fresh, hot, general.
In genitive case nouns plural on -ok, -on, for example: guts, princess.
In words (and in derivatives from them): glutton, gooseberry, pulp, rattle, slum, thicket, clink glasses, prim, Pechora, seam, rustle, blinders, in nouns: heartburn, burn, arson (cf. writing with -ёr in the past tense of verbs: burned, burned, set on fire); also in some regional and colloquial words, for example: zholknut, zazhora (and zazhor), zhokh, uzho (meaning "later", "after"), evening (meaning "last night"), chokh (for example, in the expression " does not believe in dreams or chokh"), adverb chohom.
Note. foreign words are written according to the pronunciation, for example: bell, major, ramrod - ramrod, Chaucer (surname), but: gesture, tablet.
For the letter ё, see also § 10.
B. In all other cases, after w, h, w, u, the letter e is written under stress, although it is pronounced o, namely:
In verb endings -ё, -ёт, -ём, -ётe, for example: lie, lie, etc., bake, bake, etc.
In the verbal suffix -yovyva-, for example: obscure, migrate, also shade, migrate.
In the suffix of verbal nouns -yovk-,
for example: migration, demarcation.
In the suffix of nouns -ёr-, for example: conductor, retoucher, trainee, boyfriend.
In the passive participle suffix -yonn- (-yon-) and in words formed from such participles, for example: tense, tense, tension, tense; detached, detachment; softened, softened; simplified, simplicity; scientist, learning; crushed; burnt, burnt.
In words in the root of which o is pronounced under stress, alternating with e in other forms or in other words of the same root, for example: yellow (to turn yellow), hard (harsh), millstones (millstones), acorns (acorns), perch (poles ); cheap, cheap (cheaper), silk (silky), wool (woolen), lattice, lattice (sieve), purse (purse), whisper (whisper); shuttle (shuttle), bangs (brow), devil (devils), black (black), even (odd), tap dance

Answer from outgrowth[newbie]
r p 1 skl -i 2 and 3i
d p ​​1st 2nd 3 ..
n n 1st 2nd 3-...

Answer from Natalia Laletina[active]
What

Answer from Bayram's love[active]
Speaking of nouns:
1 declension - masculine and feminine, endings in -а, -я. examples: mom, uncle, rainbow, dad
2 declension - masculine with zero ending and neuter gender with endings -o, -e. examples: sun, wheel, house, garden
3rd declension: feminine with zero ending. examples: night, mouse, soot.

Answer from Danya Kapitonov[active]

Answer from Styopa Sadiokov[active]
Nouns ending in -iya (army, series, line, Maria) form a special variant of the declension, in the genitive, dative and prepositional forms they end in -i: !

Answer from Nastya Sivaeva[newbie]
written in the prepositional case 1 and 2 declension e a in 3 cleavage and

Answer from My name is Anna???[guru]
You know, Aida, there are two ways to determine the letter in the end of a noun. The first is to load up on theory. Here everything was correctly thrown at you: figure it out, but you can go the easier way: substitute keywords and determine the ending from them.
To noun. 1st declension - the words "EARTH, WALL"
To the noun of the 2nd declension - "WINDOW, LINEN"
To the essence of the 3rd declension - "FURNACE". For example, walking along the alley ... (on the ground) - along the alley
Well, you need to remember about the noun. , ending in Im. n. on -ia, ij, ie and noun. on me. In all of them difficult cases spelled I! For example, I rested in a sanatorium (sanatorium)

Answer from Yeaina Kolesnikova[newbie]
there it depends on the declension ... if the noun is 1 elephant, then in the genitive case it is written I, in the dative E and in the prepositional E;
if there are 2 declensions, then E is written in the prepositional case;
well, all nouns of the 3rd declension are always and everywhere written I.

Answer from Sonia Abakumova[newbie]
Spelling endings
Noun endings
The spelling of the endings of nouns depends on what type of declension these nouns belong to. Mistakes in the choice of endings -e or -i do not occur in all case forms, but only in forms of three cases: genitive, dative and prepositional.
Nouns of the first declension (country, drop, uncle, alley) in the genitive case have the ending -s (-i), and in the dative and prepositional forms - e:
R.
Countries
Drops
Uncle-i
Alle-i
d.
Country
Drop-e
Uncle-e
Alle-e
P.
(About country
(Oh) drop-e
(Oh) uncle
(About) alley
2. Nouns ending in -iya (army, series, line, Maria) form a special variant of the declension, in the forms of the genitive, dative and prepositional cases they end in -i:
R.
Army
series
Line-and
Mari-i
d.
Army
series
Line-and
Mari-i
P.
(About) army
(O) series
(Oh) line-and
» (0) Mari-i
These words should not be confused with nouns in -ya, (Marya, Natalya, Sophia) which are declined according to the general rule and have the ending -e in the dative and prepositional forms: Mary, Natalia, Sophia, but: Mary, Natalia, Sophia; (o) Marya, (o) Natalia, (o) Sophia, but: (o) Mary, (o) Natalia, (o) Sofia.
3. Nouns of the II declension in the form of the prepositional case have the ending -e: (in) the house, (on) the horse, (on) the table, (o) heat, (c) frost-e.
4. Nouns in -i, -i (genius, scenario, meeting, meeting) form a special variant of the declension and have the ending -i in the prepositional case: (o) geniuses, (c) scripts, (at) the meeting, (at) assembly. These words should not be confused with nouns in -ye (confusion, doubt, oblivion, grumbling), which are declined according to the general rule: (o) confusion, (o) doubt, (o) oblivion, (o) grumbling. Exception: in oblivion.
5. Nouns of the III declension (sadness, night, rye, silence) in the forms of the genitive, dative and prepositional cases have the ending -i:
R.
Sad and
nights
Rzh-i
Tish-i
d.
Sad and
nights
rye
Tish-i
P.
(Oh) sad
(By the night
(In) rzh-i
(B) hush-e
6. The word way, as well as ten nouns with -mya (banner, flame, tribe, stirrup, etc.) are divergent and in the forms of the genitive, dative and prepositional cases have the ending -i:
R.
Put-and
Banners
flames
Tribes
d.
Put-and
Banners
flames
Tribes
P.
(On my way
(On) banners
(B) flames
(B) plsmsn-i
7. Proper names, calling settlements, such as Kashin, Kalinin, Borodino form a special form of the instrumental case of the singular following the model of nouns of the second declension and have an ending -om: Kashin, Kalinin, Borodino. These words should not be confused with proper names that call Russian surnames (Kashin, Kalinin, Borodin), which in the instrumental form have the ending -y: Kashin, Kalinin, Borodin.
8. Nouns like watch, dining room, ice cream, worker, formed from adjectives and participles, change according to the pattern quality adjectives. Nouns such as forester, draw, third - modeled on possessive adjectives with the suffix -ij- (such as foxes, wolves). Surnames like Smirnov, Orlov, Golubev are modeled on possessive adjectives with the suffix -oe- (such as sisters, fathers).
9. Many borrowed nouns (such as cinema, coat, miss), as well as abbreviations (such as department head, RF, USA) are not declined.
Endings of adjectives and participles
1. Checking the unstressed ending of an adjective can be done in two ways: 1) by selecting a similar adjective in the same form, but with a stressed ending (new, new, new, but: holy, holy, holy); 2) by asking the question “what?” in the right form (what? - new, what? - new, what? - new).
Note. It is recommended to remember the spelling of the endings of some adjectives: suburban (th, th), between

Which unstressed endings need to be checked, and which ones just need to be remembered. It is necessary to check the unstressed endings -e, -i in genitive, dative, and prepositional nouns. Remember unstressed endings in nouns in the instrumental case.

1st declension: th (s) memo, village.

2nd declension: -th (th) year, field.

For check correct definition unstressed noun ending should determine the case. Then determine the slope. Next, we recall the ending of the noun of a certain declension in the required case.

Example:

In the summer the children swam in the lake.

The guys were swimming(where? in what?) In the lake, which means it is a prepositional case.

Lake(it, mine) - a neuter noun, has the ending -o, which means it belongs to the second declension. The noun of the second declension in the prepositional case has the ending -e. So, we write:

The guys were swimming(where? in what?) PP 2nd fold, -e) In the lake.

Another way to check the ending of a noun is to insert instead of a noun with an unstressed ending, substitute a noun of the same declension and in the same case, but with a stressed ending: the guys swam in the river, in the lake.

Now let's analyze the spelling of unstressed noun endings in all cases.

The declension of a noun is determined by nominative case .

Genitive

A noun in the genitive case answers questions whom? what? (from where? where?). Suggestions used: from, to, from, without, at, for, about, with.

Endings:

1st declension: -i, -s.

2nd declension: -a, -z.

3rd declension: -i.

Example: Sheep have soft long wool. → Wool(who?) at the sheep- 1st declension.

Dative

Noun in the dative case answers questions to whom? what? (where? where?). Suggestions used: to, by.

Endings:

1st declension: -e.

2nd declension: -u, -u.

3rd declension: -i.

It plays the role of a minor member in the sentence.

Example: The boy ran to the lake. → fled(where? to what?) to the lake- 2nd declension.

In the genitive case, nouns of the first declension have the ending -i, in the dative - the ending -е.

Nouns of the third meaning in both cases have the ending -и.

Accusative

A noun in the accusative case answers questions whom? What? (where? where?). Suggestions used: in, on, for, through, about.

Endings:

1st declension: -u, -u.

2nd declension: -a, -z.

Example: Herons can often be found in swamps. → Meet(whom?) heron- 1st declension.

Nouns in the genitive and accusative cases can be distinguished by prepositions. In the first declension, nouns in these cases differ in endings.

Instrumental case.

A noun in the instrumental case answers questions by whom? how? (where? where?). Suggestions used: with, behind, under, over, between.

1st declension: -oy(s).

2nd declension: -om(-em).

3rd declension: -u.

It plays the role of a minor member in the sentence.

Example: Fish are caught with a rod. → Catch(how?) fishing rod- 1st declension.

Prepositional

Noun in the prepositional case answers questions about whom? about what? (Where?). Suggestions used: about (about), in, on, at.

1st declension: -e.

2nd declension: -e.

3rd declension: -i.

It plays the role of a minor member in the sentence.

Example: We talked about autumn. → We talked(about what?) about autumn- 3rd declension.

This article will help to understand the spelling of case endings of nouns. Below are tables showing examples for each case and declension; tables are distributed according to the category of the number of the named object. In addition to everything, we will tell you how to write unstressed case endings correctly.

Spelling of case endings of nouns

The case endings of nouns are represented by a system of endings (inflections), indicating the grammatical relationship of nouns to other words in sentences and phrases. Case endings depend on the number, gender, declension and animation (inanimateness) of the noun. Features of spelling of case endings of nouns are studied in the 4th grade.

Case endings of nouns in the singular

Case endings of nouns are presented in the table with examples:

Case endings of plural nouns

Spelling of unstressed case endings

The spelling of unstressed case endings of nouns depends on their declension. To decide on an unstressed noun ending, follow these steps:

• Put the noun in the singular I. p.
• Determine the type of declension.
• Determine the necessary noun endings by case by substituting the appropriate test word instead, as shown in the examples in the table.