How does war affect the state of mind of a person - this is the question that L. N. Andreev reflects on.
The writer talks about how war changes a person, his spiritual qualities. As an example, he takes a hero who knows by hearsay about the war and, not understanding what is happening around him in harsh wartime, asks the question: “What is it, is it crazy?” The young man honestly admits that he begins to "get used to all the suffering", becomes "less sensitive, less responsive."
such best qualities of people as sensitivity, compassion.
I do not share the writer's point of view: war can change a person, but why for the worse? I believe that it teaches people to appreciate the world, to be kinder, more merciful. I will prove this with examples from the classics.
Mikhail Sholokhov's story "The Fate of a Man" tells how Andrei Sokolov, having been at the front, in captivity, having lost his family, did not become hardened, did not become "less sensitive, less responsive" to someone else's misfortune. Having met a homeless child Vanyusha in Uryupinsk, he called himself his father and adopted a boy who had lost his parents.
In the story of Vitaly Zakrutkin
“The Mother of Man” depicts a woman who, it would seem, should become hardened, embittered: after all, the Nazis hanged her husband and son Vasyatka before her eyes. But no! In the heart of Mary, along with hatred, compassion lives. Let us recall how she found a wounded German in one of the basements of the village. Her first desire is to kill the enemy! But the word “Mom”, which has flown out of the mouth of the enemy, makes the woman throw away the pitchfork: suffering has not etched mercy from her soul!
Thus, I can conclude that war does not always dull the best qualities of people, it gives many invaluable experience, teaches kindness and sympathy.
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Soldiers who went through the war saw things that ordinary people are inaccessible to. And that is why they need the help of a psychologist in order to return to normal life.
The psyche of people who are at war is rebuilt to suit her needs. And after a person enters a peaceful environment, he becomes unadapted to it. His opinion differs from the opinions of others. A the psyche of a soldier after hostilities does not want to perceive peace.
First of all, this inability affects the standard values of society. Everything becomes meaningless for a person. In war, the important thing is that the enemy is the enemy. And when a soldier encounters him, he needs to take quick decisive action. There is only one rule:
"if you don't kill the enemy, then he will kill you"
In a peaceful society, such methods of fighting the enemy are not recognized by law. And this becomes a serious problem for those people who are accustomed to quickly respond to any danger. This habit is very difficult to get rid of, so often soldiers after the war require mental rehabilitation, which will be performed by a professional doctor.
The work is extremely difficult. Soldiers, as a rule, have such problems that are difficult to meet with ordinary people. military life requires strict obedience, thus suppressing the free will of a person. Pictures of military actions find their place in the memory of a man, and they are very difficult to forget. War forever leaves its mark on the psyche, consciousness and behavior of a soldier. And a society that treats them with apprehension only exacerbates the situation.
In addition, those people who went through the war often see nightmares, they are haunted by terrible memories and the faces of dead comrades. The psyche and war are two incompatible things. A normal person will never remain after seeing so much pain and suffering. Especially if injuries were received during the hostilities. Unfortunately, there will never be a full recovery. But taking steps towards recovery is quite possible!
The effect of war on the psyche is obvious, but it is worth remembering that it depends on many important factors, For example:
- Meeting with family and friends after returning home;
- Public gratitude for the fulfillment of duty to the Motherland;
- Availability of benefits and improvement of social status;
- New interesting work;
- Conducting public life;
- Communication.
How does war change the worldview and character of a person? It is this question that arises when reading the text of V.P. Astafiev.
Revealing the problem of the influence of war on the worldview and character of a person, the author narrates in the first person. The narrator was on guard duty near the cannons in a small, broken Polish town. German artillery raids fell on the burning ruins. Suddenly, the sounds of an organ were heard in the house opposite.
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The young soldier remembered that as a child, listening to the violin, he wanted to die from incomprehensible sadness and delight. Now this music was refracted in the hero, and he perceived the melody familiar from childhood in a different way. Music turned the soul upside down, sounded like a battle cry, called somewhere, forced to do something so that there would be no more of these horrors of war.
In this excerpt, which concludes V.P. Astafyev’s story “A Far and Close Tale”, the author brings us to the idea that under the influence of war a person changes internally, his views and character change, and a reassessment of values occurs. War exacerbates a person's feelings, makes them aware of their involvement in what is happening around, to experience the horrors of war not from a distance, but deeply personally.
I will bring literary argument. In the story of E. I. Nosov "Doll" we get acquainted with the carrier Akimych, a participant in the Great Patriotic War, who cannot calmly walk past a doll thrown by people. The author describes one such doll in detail, emphasizing with the help of details that someone cruelly and cynically mocked her. Adults indifferently pass by, and children "get used to such sacrilege." Only a veteran cannot "tolerate the worst", his heart shrinks when he sees how the "likeness of a man" is lying torn apart by the road. Akimych takes a shovel and buries the abandoned doll.
Here is another literary argument. In V.P. Astafyev’s story “The Shepherd and the Shepherdess”, Lieutenant Boris Kostyaev, a morally pure and just person, meets his love in the war - a simple woman Lusya. The wound that he received after meeting with Lucy is not life-threatening, but he is fading away, because he cannot combine love as a symbol of life and war, which hourly kills this life, into one whole. In war, one begins to feel more strongly the value of life.
We came to the conclusion that war changes a person, his worldview and worldview, the heart becomes more sensitive to cruelty and evil.
Updated: 2018-01-17
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The Great Patriotic War was an integral, decisive part of the Second World War, during which they suffered a complete defeat Nazi Germany and militaristic Japan. During the war years, the USSR suffered huge losses - a big blow was dealt to human reserve, according to the latest data, more than 30 million people died in five years. Kumanev G.A. Sources of the Victory of the Soviet people in the Great Patriotic War of 1941-1945. Moscow, Nauka, 1985. On the territory of the country, 1710 cities and towns, more than 70 thousand villages and villages, over 6 million buildings, 32 thousand enterprises, tens of thousands of collective farms and state farms were partially or completely destroyed and burned. There. In total, about 30% of the national wealth was lost. And although the Nerchinsk region was located far from the battlefields, the region's economy also suffered losses.
First of all, the agricultural sector has sharply decreased. Despite the fact that the men who went to war were replaced by women, the level of grain harvest decreased. One of the reasons is the surrender of horses, cows, etc. on war days. The number of cattle has decreased by 2-3 times (on average). In 1945, 17133 hectares were sown in the region, which is 30% of 1941. The newspaper "Bolshevik Banner" No. 42, 43, 44 for 1945 (Appendix No. 10). Accordingly, the harvest (wheat, rye, potatoes) was harvested much less. Moreover, for five years most of the products were sent to the front (milk, grain, meat, eggs, feta cheese, honey). To some extent, this was reflected in life in the city. Food shortages were felt everywhere. Industry, all of its production was directed to the manufacture of products needed in wartime, that is, for the front. And in 1945 the question arose of how to put industry on a peaceful footing. A sewing shop worked in Nerchinsk during the war, and in 1945 it stopped sewing overcoats, mittens, etc. and for some time the work in it freezes. All enterprises in Nerchinsk are also switching to civilian production.
Gradually return home soldiers. But 2,523 Nerchinsk residents never returned, and many came from the front wounded, crippled: it is impossible to count how many of them died prematurely due to wounds and concussions.
An entire generation was lost due to the war. The population of the Nerchinsk region has decreased by about 3,100 people. The majority were women, there were about a thousand children under 5 years old, which was 65.2% compared to 1939. The newspaper "Bolshevik Banner" No. 73 of 07/17/1945.
However, the economy of the Nerchinsk region was about the same as in other regions of the region. Kuznetsov I.I. Eastern Siberia during the Great Patriotic War of 1941-1945. Appendix (tables) Irkutsk, 1974. Therefore, we will not dwell on this in detail. And let us consider another, from our point of view, the most pressing issue at the present time - the impact of war on the lives and destinies of people. It is relevant because our modern generation perceives the simple, everyday life of a person deeper than the statistics of the war years. Examples, the fate of people influence much more than the formation of a patriotic attitude towards their small homeland. To be like a grandfather, great-grandfather, grandmother is the desire to be closer to the younger generation. At the same time, sympathy, pain for their fate or for the fate of a person who once lived in the same place as you touch subtly and unobtrusively all the fine strings of the good and bright in your soul. Many families felt the bitterness and pain of loss during the war, not waiting for their native person, and having received instead of him a funeral, or even worse - the news of a missing person.
An ordinary family lived in the village of Bishigino, Nerchinsk District. Memoirs of Podshivalova Claudia Romanovna, living in Nerchinsk; Putintseva Tatyana Romanovna (village of Znamenka, Nerchinsky district, Novaya st., 261), Usova Galina Romanovna (Nerchinsk, Trudovaya st., 32) Father - Subbotin Roman Alekseevich in 1941 goes to the front. And his wife Anastasia Ivanovna remained a soldier, and with her seven children. Klava, born in 1927, Ivan, born in 1929, Vera, born in 1931, Shura and Katya, born in 1935, Viktor, born in 1937, Tanya, born in 1941 The youngest daughter, Tanya, was only seven months old. And it is not known what would have happened to the family if the chairman of the collective farm had not put Anastasia Ivanovna to bake bread: “Go, Nastya, where is the cake, where will you take the chaff home. What to do? At the expense of the bread crumbs taken home, the family was saved. In the same year, fourteen-year-old Klava goes to work. A young girl becomes a stoker, and her brother starts working on a collective farm on a tractor. Is this possible in peacetime? Hard exhausting work and constant lack of sleep affected the health of the girl. But the war was preparing another "surprise" for Klava, which radically changed her life for forty years. In 1943, Klava's beloved man, Nikolai Podshivalov, went to war, in 1944 a funeral came to him. For a whole year, Klava did not want to hear about anyone or anything, and in 1945, unexpectedly for everyone, Klava marries Nikolai's brother Misha: - I look at him and it seems that Kolya is with me. So they looked alike. So I got attached to him...
In 1948, on a warm summer evening, a soldier was walking to the village. He was not at home for a long time, and his relatives did not even hope for his return ... So Nikolai Podshivalov returned home, the funeral turned out to be a mistake. At home, unpleasant news awaited him, his Klava was married to his brother Misha. It was hard and painful for Nikolai, but he did not destroy the young family. Nikolai got ready and left for the Irkutsk region, in the village of Cheremkhovo. Mikhail, taking his wife, moved to another village (the village of Znamenka, Nerchinsk district), but after the departure of his brother, he returned to his homeland. Life went on. Nikolay got married, children appeared in both families.
Forty-five years have passed. Mikhail died, in the distant Cheremkhovo, the wife of Nikolai died. And in 1986, Nikolai came to native village, comes not just like that, but to woo a woman, whom he always remembered. So, almost fifty years later, lovers met. It's amazing how their eyes shone when already elderly people looked at each other. Klava's light banter over her "young" fiancé, calm smiles in response - from the outside it was clear that these people did not just decide to live together, but went a long way to their happiness, although they could live their whole lives together.
In 1943, his father was demobilized into the Subbotin family with a severe abdominal wound. And the family got better. Although it was impossible for Roman Alekseevich to lift anything heavy, his hands were golden: soldering, sewing, repairing. And despite the fact that in 1944 the eighth child appeared in the family - daughter Galya, the family nevertheless became a little easier. Death from starvation was no longer at the threshold.
And there were such families a large number of. Families, where the war changed the fate of a person, influenced his character and feelings.
The family of Fomin Ivan Ivanovich (1883 - 1957) and Anastasia Yakovlevna (1900 - 1968) lived in the village of Shivki. Ivan Ivanovich - a participant in two wars: the first imperialist world war in 1914 and the civil war in 1918, was shell-shocked.
Twelve children grew up in their family, one daughter died of pneumonia after living one year. The family was very friendly, all the children were positive.
During the war years, Anastasia Yakovlevna and Ivan Ivanovich accompanied not only their sons to the front, but also one of their daughters, Maria, who never returned from the front to her home.
The eldest of the sons Dmitry, born in 1914, served in Ukurei, after the end of the war he lived in the city of Chernyshevsk.
Grigory, born in 1916, served in Belarus as a border guard. Almost before the very end of the war, he was wounded by the remaining Bandera. Both of his legs were crushed and he spent a long time in the hospital for treatment. He was looked after by a nurse who fell in love with him, and after treatment she took him to her home, and they got married. After the war, he twice came to his homeland in Shivki, he really wanted to move to live in his native village, but the family did not agree to the move. So he lived all his life in Belarus, in the city of Grodno.
Alexander, born in 1918, served in the border troops, with the rank of senior lieutenant, served in the army for seven years. He survived the entire blockade in Leningrad, told what happened there. People walked through the streets and fell from hunger. The hunger was very terrible, they had to eat garbage, ate and rats. The dead were taken to the cemetery on sleds.
Alexander returned home all gray-haired. He was afraid for his mother - what would happen to her when she saw him.
I came home and sat down on the suitcase at the gate. At this time, the mother was milking the cow, he quietly slipped into the house. There he met his father, they hugged. Alexander decided to impersonate his friend. Lie down to rest from the road. Meanwhile, mother came and started baking pancakes. Her father told her that a friend of his son had arrived. So she bakes a pancake and runs to look at him. Then he says:
Get up, comrade.
They sat down at the table, she did not recognize her son.
Well, how is our Sasha? Coming soon?
Soon, he replied.
So whose are you? Where? she asked again.
Mom, it's me, your son Sasha. The mother fainted.
Maria, born in 1922, after graduation high school She took nursing courses and volunteered for the front. Near Moscow, she was wounded in the arm. Served in landing troops, helped to load shells. Been to many cities. In 1944 she sent her last photograph from Bessarabia. She also received a head wound. She was in the hospital for three months in Krasnodar. She died of her wounds in March 1945. She had the rank of junior lieutenant.
Roman, born in 1926, served in the Coast Guard on Far East five years.
Vasily, born in 1931 served in the army after the war, in Mongolia for three years.
All the sons and daughters of the Fomin family honestly fulfilled their military duty. All had awards, medals, insignia.
Anastasia Yakovlevna in 1946 was awarded the Mother Heroine medal.
Now only one youngest daughter remains from the Fomin family - Albina Ivanovna Yaroslavtseva, who told the story of her family.
Another one of negative influences on the fate of a person is the example of Podoinitsyna Vassa Innokentievna. Memoirs of Podoinitsyna Vassa Innokentievna (Nerchinsky district, Znamenka village, Shkolnaya st., 1) Since 1941, a seventeen-year-old girl got on a tractor and drove along with others into the field. They worked from morning to night, sometimes not only to rest, there was no time to eat:
Let's jump out of the tractor, pick a mangir, chew it and work again.
In 1943, they gave Vasya twelve-year-old Nikolai Morozov as an assistant. It was a pity for the boy Vasya and, unable to stand it, she collected grain in a bag, gave it to Kolya so that he could eat at least a little. Because a young tractor driver violated a strict order, In 1942 an order was issued prohibiting taking at least one spikelet from the field. newspaper "Bolshevik banner" No. 16, 1942. she was sentenced to 2 years in prison. Returning home, Vassa Innokentievna began to work again in the fields of the post-war period. But 2 years from her youth, 2 years of her health, she lost, because of the military policy of the USSR, working in the cold at the logging sites.
The war dramatically changed the lives of families whose men did not return from the front. It became difficult for their mothers, wives, and children to live. It was difficult not only in the financial situation, it was much harder to endure the loss of a loved one. The life of wives without husbands, children without fathers was not complete and happy. And therefore they were glad for the arrival of a loved one, even if the war made him a cripple.
In 1943, on the Kursk Bulge, Sergei Khokhlov was on fire in his tank. Miraculously, he was rescued and taken to the hospital. But neither doctors nor God could return his legs. Both legs of the young fighter were amputated. And in the distant Transbaikalia, in the Nerchinsk region, he had a family: his wife and children. He thought for a long time and decided that he would not return to them again, would not become a burden for them in such a terrible time. At home they were waiting for letters. But they weren't. And soon the wife began to search, write letters, make inquiries until she received a letter from the hospital from the soldiers who reported the tragedy that had happened to her husband. Quickly getting ready for the road, she went to the other end of the USSR to her husband. I picked him up from the hospital and brought him home. And for a long time, for years, she looked after him, helped him learn to walk on prostheses. From a strong, healthy man, the war made a cripple, forever destined for him to suffer from pain. About how Sergey fought, his awards and books written in the post-war period by two authors speak.
In the 70s, a guest came to the Khokhlov family. It was the writer S. Ivanov. He came for a reason, but to learn more about the brave tankman, whom he learned about quite by accident. And shortly after his departure, the family received a package - new book Ivanov "The fate of a tanker". The second book, which mentions the episode of the death of a tank on the Kursk Bulge, was published earlier and Stepan is mentioned there as a brave, determined person, capable of showing courage, stamina, initiative and courage in difficult times. Newspaper "Nerchinskaya Star" dated 18.09.1998. Art. "In a duel with death" Viktorov V. In the life of a family in post-war years Another interesting episode happened. Shortly after the Victory, a letter came to the village from an unknown woman. Unfortunately, the letter itself has not been preserved, but according to the words of his wife Tatyana, it was something like this:
He is writing to you... I learned that your name is Stepan Khokhlov. My husband, who went to the front as a tanker, was also called. He fought on the Kursk Bulge. After this battle, he was lost. I heard about you from various sources. Styopa, if it is you who are afraid to come home because of the loss of your legs, because you are afraid of being a burden to us, I ask you to come. I'm waiting for you, I need you any ... "
The Khokhlov family sent a photo of Sergei and answered the letter, destroying all the hopes of the soldier. This letter proves that the wives were waiting, looking for their husbands, who were lost without a trace and were ready to accept them in any way, as long as they were alive.
There were a lot of such destinies that the war changed. It is about them that our children should learn, to learn how cruel war is. People who have gone through it understand the full depth happy life in peacetime, they know how to appreciate all the joys and benefits that she gives them. Watching the lives of veterans, you are surprised at what resilience they possess, what love of life and desire to achieve prosperity in everything. This year we visited many veterans. In each house they received warmth, talked about life with pleasure, gave tea and enjoyed the conversation.
Dmitry Timofeevich Beshentsev, having outlived his wife, married a second time a year ago. Together with his wife, Anna Mikhailovna, they maintain a large house, have a garden, and breed bees. And this despite the age - both are already over eighty. A large estate is also owned by Nikolai Petrovich Bykov. From early morning he rises: to feed the cattle, to bring milk, in the summer to go to the garden, where not only vegetables, but also berries: raspberries, strawberries. These people, despite their age and illness, live in such a way that the younger ones need to learn and learn from them. Nothing broke them: neither pain, nor the loss of friends, nor terrible minutes of fighting. Looking death in the eyes, they learned to appreciate life. They understand how valuable peace and tranquility are in society.
From the moment when a person picked up an ordinary stick, he understood one simple truth: aggression towards one's neighbor is the easiest way to achieve the desired political result. At all times, war has been one of the main industries of man. Entire peoples and nations were destroyed so that others could get the desired benefits. Thus, war is the natural desire of man to dominate his own kind.
Why is military aggression necessary?
Through war, you can get absolute supremacy - this is the key fact for a reasonable person. War can also be seen as a necessary element of human life itself. For example, a resource war will be necessary for a people who have virtually no mineral deposits. From an economic point of view, war can be characterized as a profitable investment that allows in the future to bring not only profit, but also certain intangible benefits: power, primacy, influence, etc.
War influence structure
In the theory of state and law, there is a peculiar theory of the origin of the state system. It says that the state as such appeared as a result of violence, that is, through numerous conquests, humanity moved away from the primitive system. All the above facts make it possible to see the actual content of the war as a factor. However, delving into theoretical reflections on the war, many forget to consider it as a process that has a certain impact and consequences. Based on this, the impact and consequences can be considered at three main levels, namely: how the war affects a person, society, and the state. Each factor should be considered in strict sequence, since each structural element is associated with the next, more important one.
The effect of war on man
The life of any person is full of a huge number of factors that negatively affect his well-being, but there is no such negative factor as war. This factor affects a person with force atomic bomb. First of all, the impact is on mental health. In this case, we do not consider trained soldiers, since from the first days of their training they gain all sorts of practical skills that later help them survive.
First of all, war is a huge stress for ordinary person regardless of his social or financial status. Military aggression implies the invasion of troops of another power into the territory of a person's native country. Stress will be present under any circumstances, even if fighting are not conducted in the city of his residence. In this case, the state of a person is comparable to the emotional state of a cat, which was simply thrown into the water. It is this method that most colorfully describes how war affects a person.
But stress is the primary effect. It is usually followed by irresistible or the loss of something or someone close. In this state, all thought processes and vital activity of a person are dulled. After some time, and it is different for each person, almost everyone gets used to the idea of the inevitability of their situation. Fear and stress fade into the background, and a feeling of oppression comes. This effect is especially evident in places of occupation.
The impact of war on children
In the process of considering the topic, the question involuntarily arises of how the war affects children. Today psychological research conducted with children who grew up or were born during the war, showed the following facts. Depending on the remoteness of the theater of operations, on the place where the child lives, the memories are quite different. The smaller the child, the less noticeable the impact of the war will become for him. Also, a fairly strong factor is the remoteness of the residential area from the combat zone. When a child lives in a place where horror, fear and devastation reign, then his nervous system will suffer greatly in the future. It is impossible to say unequivocally how the war affects children. Everything will depend on the concrete fact of life. In the case of children, it is impossible to find a pattern, because a child is not a socially and financially formed person.
The impact of war on society
So, we have learned how war affects a person. The arguments are given above. But a person cannot be considered from the point of view of one individual, because he lives surrounded by other people. How does the war affect the country and the population of this country?
As a geopolitical phenomenon, it has an extremely negative effect. Being in constant panic and fear, society individual country starts to degrade. This is especially evident in the first years of the war. It should be remembered that society is a certain number of people who live in the same territory and are connected with each other by social, economic and cultural relations. In the first years of the war, all these relations completely break down. Society as such ceases to exist altogether. There is a nation, but each individual person loses his social connection. In subsequent years, all of the above ties can be restored, for example, in the form However, in this case, the task of such social ties is formed based on the task, and it is quite simple - to exclude enemy forces on its territory. Also in the first years of the war there will be a rise in antisocial elements. Cases of looting, banditry and other crimes among the population will become more frequent.
How war affects the state
From the point of view of international law, a declaration of war entails a severance of diplomatic and consular relations. During hostilities, states do not use the norms of international law, but the norms of international Do not forget about the reaction of the international community to the belligerent countries stand out, while they can only be assisted by world intergovernmental organizations such as the UN, the OSCE and others. Of course, ordinary countries can also provide assistance, but in this case it will be regarded as the acceptance of one of the belligerents. In addition to purely legal consequences, hostilities cause enormous damage to the country's population, which is declining due to increased mortality.
It is also necessary to take into account how the war affects the economy of the country. When the state conducts full-front military operations, taking into account the mobilization of the entire array armed forces the country's economy involuntarily begins to work for the war process as a whole. Very often, enterprises that were previously engaged in the manufacture of any civilian items or equipment change their qualifications and begin to manufacture the necessary military items. Also, a huge amount of money is spent on the war. Even taking into account the final positive result - victory - it cannot be said that the war is a positive factor for the economy.
Thus, the situation with the answer to the question of how the war affects the country is rather ambiguous. The state and its economy are inextricably linked, but the consequences of the influence of military operations are completely different.
Conclusion
The article examined how war affects a person, society and the state. Considering all the above arguments, it is safe to say that any impact of the war will be extremely negative.
