Comrades often share news. So here's the news: China's Chang'e-3 spacecraft has successfully landed on the moon. According to the central television, communication with him was interrupted for 720 seconds, after which the Beijing Mission Control Center received information about a soft landing.
Chang'e-3 landed on the Rainbow Bay crater. On board is the first Chinese moon rover, which received the name "Jade Hare".
Brothers are developing, why do you ask brothers? So in the fifties they sang: ... Russian and Chinese are brothers forever .... These brothers are catching up with us and are going to overtake us and not only overtake, but also get even for sins Russian Empire and Damansky remember.
I remember from history: once in the fifties, Mao suggested to Stalin, they say, let's settle several million Chinese in your Far East. To which Stalin replied:
- We Russians will have enough of their own two hundred million!
And now, now the five-thousand-year-old empire is planning six victorious wars in the 21st century, including in the second half of the century with brothers, that is, with us. But it’s not in vain that an Eastern proverb says, either the padishah will die there, or the donkey will marry. Read friends what the “brothers” are allegedly planning:
On July 8, the pro-government Chinese newspaper Wenweipo published an article titled "6 wars China must fight in the next 50 years"
The planned 6 wars are all unifying (irredentist) for their own purposes - at their root is the development of those territories that imperial China lost as a result of the opium war with Britain in 1840-42. The defeat, from the point of view of the Chinese nationalists, which led to the "centenary humiliation" of China.
The English translation was taken from the Hong Kong blog Midnight Express 2046, the original article is ChinaNews.com. The Hong Kong resource calls the article an excellent example of modern Chinese imperialism.
China is not a single great power. This is a humiliation of the Chinese people, a disgrace to the sons of the Yellow Emperor. For the sake of national unity and dignity, China must fight 6 wars in the next 50 years. Some regional, others perhaps total. No matter which, they are all inevitable for Chinese reunification.
WAR FIRST: UNIFICATION WITH TAIWAN (YEARS 2020 - 2025)
Although we are content with peace on both sides of the Taiwan Strait, we should not dream of a peaceful unification with the Taiwanese administration (whether the Chinese Nationalist Party or the Democratic Progressive Party is in charge of Taiwan). Peaceful unification does not correspond to their interests in the elections. Their position is to maintain the status quo (desirable for both parties, each of which gets its own trump cards). For Taiwan, "independence" is more of a chit-chat than an official statement, and "unification" is a problem for negotiations, not real action. The current situation in Taiwan is a source of concern for China, because anyone can try to bargain for something from China.
China must develop a strategy for unification with Taiwan over the next 10 years, by 2020.
Then China should send an ultimatum to Taiwan, asking them to choose between peaceful unification (China's preferred epilogue) or war (a forced measure) by 2025. Intending to unify, China must prepare everything three years in advance. When the time comes, the Chinese government will simply be able to choose one option or another to finally solve the problem.
Looking at the current situation, it is to be expected that Taiwan will take a defiant stance and a military exodus will be the only solution. This unification war will be the first in the meaning of modern war for the "New China". These fighting become a test for the People's Liberation Army in modern warfare. China may win this war easily, or it may be more difficult. Everything will depend on the level of US and Japanese intervention. The United States and Japan can provide assistance to Taiwan or even launch an offensive on the territory of the Chinese mainland, the war risks dragging on and turning into an all-out war.
On the other hand, if the US and Japan just watch, China will win easily. In this case, Beijing will control Taiwan for three months. Even if Japan and America intervene at this stage, the war will end within 6 months.
WAR TWO: THE RETURN OF THE SPRATLEY ISLANDS (YEARS 2025-2030)
After unification with Taiwan, China will take a breather for 2 years. During the recovery period, China will send an ultimatum to the countries surrounding the Spartly Islands, which expires in 2028. Countries contesting the sovereignty of the islands can negotiate with China to maintain a share of investment in these islands, but must withdraw their territorial claims. If this does not happen, China will declare war on them, their investments and economic benefits will be appropriated by China.
To date, the countries of Southeast Asia are already trembling at the prospect of unification with Taiwan.
On the one hand, they will sit at the negotiating table, on the other hand, they will not want to give up their interests on the islands. Thus, they will take a wait-and-see attitude and will postpone the final decision. They will not make this decision until China takes decisive action.
However, the US will not just sit back and watch China "reconquer" the islands. As mentioned above in the part about Taiwan, then the US may be too late to intervene in the conflict or simply not be able to stop China unifying Taiwan. This should teach the US not to clash too openly with China.
However, the US will still help Southeast Asian countries like Vietnam and the Philippines covertly. These are the 2 countries surrounding the South China Sea that dare to challenge China's dominance. And yet, they will think twice before going to war with China, unless they fail negotiations and are confident in US military support.
The best way out for China is to attack Vietnam, as Vietnam is the strongest power in the region. Victory over Vietnam will intimidate the rest. As long as the war goes on, other countries will not do anything. If Vietnam loses, they will hand over the islands back to China. Otherwise, they will declare war on him.
Of course, China will defeat Vietnam and take back all the islands. When Vietnam loses the war and loses all the islands, other countries, terrified of Chinese power but still greedy for their own gains, will negotiate the return of the islands and declare allegiance to China. Thus, China will be able to build ports and deploy troops on the islands, spreading influence in the Pacific.
Prior to this, China has achieved a complete breakthrough on the first chain of islands and penetrated the second, Chinese aircraft carriers now have free access to Pacific Ocean to protect the interests of the country.
WAR THREE: RETURN OF SOUTHERN TIBET (2035-2040)
China and India have a long border, but the only point of conflict between them is part of the territory of Southern Tibet.
China has long been India's imaginary enemy.
India's military goal is to surpass China. India strives to achieve this by developing itself and through the purchase of the most modern military equipment from the US, Russia and Europe, aims to catch up with China in economic and military development.
In India, official position and the position of the media is friendly to Russia, the US and Europe, but repulsive or even hostile towards China. This leads to the insolvability of conflicts with China.
On the other hand, India greatly values the help from the US, Russia and Europe, believing that it can defeat China in wars, which is the cause of long-term territorial disputes.
In 20 years, India will lag behind China in military power, but will remain one of the few great powers. If China tries to conquer Southern Tibet, it will lead to certain losses.
In my opinion, the best strategy for China is to incite the disintegration of India. By dividing India into parts, she will have no way to deal with China.
Of course, this plan may fail. But China must do everything possible to incite the provinces of Assam and Sikkim to gain independence in order to weaken India. This is the best strategy.
The second part of the strategy is to export the most advanced weapons to Pakistan to conquer South Kashmir and unify by 2035. While India and Pakistan will be busy with each other, China should carry out a lightning attack on southern Tibet, occupied by India. India will not be able to fight on two fronts, and, I think, will be defeated on both. If this plan is not accepted, the worst option remains, direct military action to retake Southern Tibet.
After the end of the first two wars, China gained strength for 10 years and became a world power in terms of economic development and military force. Only the United States and Europe (if it becomes a single country, if not, then Russia will take this place. But from my point of view, European integration is quite possible) will be on the list of world powers who can cope with China.
After the return of Taiwan and the Spartly Islands, China will take a big step in the development of its army, air force, navy, space military forces. China will be one of the strongest military powers, second perhaps only to the United States. So India will lose.
FOURTH WAR: RETURN OF THE DIAOYUDAO (SENKAKU) AND RYUKU ISLANDS (YEARS 2040 - 2045)
In the middle of the 21st century, China acts as a world power, against the backdrop of the decline of Japan and Russia, the stagnation of the United States and India, the rise central Europe. This will be the best time to pick up the Diaoyu and Ryukyu Islands.
Many people know that the Diaoyu are Chinese islands since ancient times, but do not know that the Japanese annexed the island of Ryukyu (now Okinawa, with an American military base). The Japanese are misleading the Chinese public and government when they raise questions about the East China Sea, such as the "middle line" established by the Japanese, or the "Okinawa issue", implying that the Ryukyu Islands are native to Japan.
How shameful is this ignorance! According to the historical records of China, the Ryukyu and other countries including Japan, the Ryukyu have been subordinate islands to China since ancient times, which means that the islands belong to China. Is it in this case? middle line» carried out by Japan justified? Does Japan even care about the East Sea?
Japan has deprived us of wealth and resources in the East China Sea and has been illegally occupying the Diaoyu Islands and the Ryukyu Islands for many years. The time will come and they will have to pay. By then, it is to be expected that the US may intervene but be weakened, Europe will remain silent, and Russia will sit back and watch. The war could end within six months with an overwhelming victory for China. Japan will have no choice but to return the Diaoyu and Ryukyu Islands to China. The East China Sea will become an inland lake of China. Who dares to touch him?
WAR FIFTH: UNIFICATION OF OUTER MONGOLIA (YEARS 2045-2050)
Although there are advocates of unification by Outer Mongolia today, is this idea realistic? These unrealistic guys are only fooling themselves, making a mistake in strategic thinking. Now is not the time for the great cause of the unification of Outer Mongolia.
China should select the pro-unification groups, help them to rise to important positions in their government, and declare the unification of Outer Mongolia to be China's vital interest after the settlement of the South Tibet issue by 2040.
If Outer Mongolia can be united peacefully, that will be the best outcome for China. But if China meets external resistance, it should be ready for military action. In this case, the Taiwan model is useful: issuing an ultimatum by 2045. Give Outer Mongolia a few years, in case of refusal to resort to force.
By this time, the four previous wars had already ended. China has the military, political and diplomatic power to unify Outer Mongolia. A weakened US and Russia dare not go beyond diplomatic protests. Europe will have a vague position, India and Central Asia will be silent. After the unification, China can dominate Outer Mongolia for three years, after the unification is fully completed, it will place serious military forces on the border there to control Russia. It will take China 10 years to build conventional and military infrastructure to contest territorial losses from Russia.
WAR SIX: THE RETURN OF THE ISLANDS FROM RUSSIA (YEARS 2055 - 2060)
The current relationship between China and Russia seems to be good, but this is the result of the US leaving them no other choice.
Both countries are closely monitored by each other. Russia fears that the rise of China threatens its power, but China has never forgotten the possessions lost to Russia. When the opportunity presents itself, China will return all the lost territories.
After five previous victories, by 2050, China will make territorial claims based on the domain (domain) of the Qin Dynasty (like the unification of Outer Mongolia based on the domain of the Republic of China) and conduct propaganda campaigns in support of such claims. Efforts must be made to ensure that Russia falls apart again.
During the time of "Old China" Russia occupied 1.6 million square kilometers of land, which is equal to one sixth of the territory of the current domain of China. Thus, Russia is China's worst enemy.
After winning the previous five wars, it's time to make Russia pay.
This must be leading to war with Russia. Although by this time China was an advanced military power in the field of aviation, navy, land and space troops, this is the first war against a nuclear power. Therefore, China should be well prepared in the field nuclear weapons, the possibility of a nuclear strike on Russia from the beginning to the end of the conflict.
When China deprives Russia of the ability to retaliate, Russia will realize that it cannot compete with China on the battlefield.
They will only have to give up their occupied lands, paying a high price for their invasions.
You are a fool, these are not Levashov’s fantasies, I myself don’t really relate to him, but this is a fact that many people know even without Levashov, or do you think everyone has the same short memory how are you? Not all the Magi and Old Believers were destroyed at one time, in Rus' to this day there are many keepers of this knowledge, but many mow down under them, and they consider the true ones to be insane, and the most famous reteller of our ancient history is Pushkin, who raised him? That's right - Arina Rodionovna, who was she? That's right - an old man. More than half of the fairy tales that Pushkin wrote are precisely those fairy tales told by her, simply translated by him into poetic form, and there are also Russian folk tales , all this of course needs to be understood and able to decipher. In those ancient times, it was forbidden to write down history, all holders of annals and scriptures were burned at the stake as heretics, after which the people decided to pass history on orally from mouth to mouth, such “storytellers” - from the word “tale”, were considered guslars, then guslars together with the harp they began to burn at the stake. At one time, I didn’t touch on this topic about the Old Believers and didn’t think about history at all, but when I saw our coat of arms, I couldn’t understand what it meant, and after thinking logically, I immediately realized that the warrior kills not just a dragon, but something that is associated with dragon and China immediately came to mind, in Russia the dragon was called the Serpent Gorynych, which means that Gorynych is something that arrived from behind the mountains, follows: “China is the Dragon”, is located beyond the mountains, then I remembered the mythical “Mongol-Tatars” and figured where is Mongolia and where is Tatarstan? But, those who at one time were presented as “Mongol-Tatars” could not, in principle, fight with Russia, the Tatars were part of Russia, and the Mongols were too backward in development, now the situation is not better, but people do not know how to think differently when they have a brain at the level of a caterpillar, but the Mongols, like the Chinese, are Mongoloids ... Recall: With a long braid on a bald head, narrow eyes - a typical samurai ... Can you tell me in this photo the Mongol-Tatars? No, the Chinese ... I studied the battle on the Kalka River for a long time and came across a medieval image of this battle, two absolutely identical troops are fighting there, both in equipment and in appearance, only one has a regular banner, while the other has a flag with a face on it Christ, the thought immediately arises that there is a confrontation on religious grounds. Then I decided to take an interest in the Great "Chinese" wall and found an article about it, which says that it was built with loopholes in the direction of China, which means that someone built it against China, I began to find out who fought with China at that time and stumbled upon Tartaria, then found maps of the Great Tartaria, and after that the President of Russia himself officially published these maps, which are now stored in the museum. Well, it was not difficult to find out who George the Victorious was. Now I am interested in Peter and his imaginary “three hundred years” history, which was invented by Peter who destroyed everything Russian, our calendar, our chronology, and if you are not too lazy, you will find the decree of Peter I, which says that from that moment a year was introduced in Rus' 1700 from the Nativity of Christ, as in all of Europe…. Ladushki, I was not too lazy to look, otherwise it’s important for you independent “Slavs” to search () ... After which Petrusha changed our ABC, shaved off the boyars’ beards, although in Rus' it was considered a shame to be bare-bearded. But the monoliths and buildings of St. Petersburg are something grandiose and even our technologies are beyond the power of, and even Hitler did not dare to bomb such things as St. Isaac's Cathedral during the war, and when there was such a topic that the Germans would enter St. Petersburg, the Chikists delivered an ultimatum: " if the Fritz enter Leningrad, then it will be blown up until it is compared to the ground. Since Hitler was obsessed with the theme of the Slavic-Aryans, on this basis he created the organization “Ahnenerbe” - “ancestral heritage”, it was this heritage that Hitler tried to take away from us from under our noses. Do you want to know the truth? Seek, and do not slander those who seek.
German Chancellor Angela Merkel reminded the Chinese that the Russians were occupying vast territories that previously belonged to China. Beijing already knows that Russia is the worst enemy, since in past centuries it seized 1.6 million square meters from China. kilometers of land. She will only have to give up the occupied lands, paying a high price for her invasions.
On March 28, during Chinese President Xi Jinping's visit to Germany, Chancellor Angela Merkel gave him a gift. She presented historical map China, published in Germany in 1735. On it, part of the territory of the present Russian Far East is part of the "old China".
Note that the PRC has long considered Far East RF with its historical territories. Modern historical atlases directly indicate that the northern border of the Yuan dynasty (Mongolian dynasty of the 13th-14th centuries) extended to the Northern Arctic Ocean, and during the Qing Empire (since the 17th century), most of the Russian Far East and part of Siberia were also part of China.
The Chinese press regularly reminds of this and from time to time publishes scenarios of a war with the northern neighbor. For example, last year, the pro-government Chinese newspaper Wenweipo published an article titled "6 wars China must fight in the next 50 years," writes daokedao.ru.
All these six wars must be arranged for the sake of regaining those territories that imperial China lost as a result of the lost wars that led to China's "hundred-year humiliation". Wars should be with Taiwan, Vietnam, India, Japan, Mongolia and Russia.
China is in no hurry, so the first conflict with Taiwan is scheduled between 2020-2025, with Russia between 2055-2060. These terms, of course, are conditional schemes, but when the opportunity arises, China will return all the lost territories.
China will make territorial claims against the Russian Federation on the basis of the sphere of possession (domain) of the Qing dynasty and will conduct propaganda campaigns in support of such claims. Efforts must be made to ensure that Russia falls apart again.
Beijing believes that during the time of "Old China" Russia occupied 1.6 million square kilometers of land, which is equal to one sixth of the territory of the current domain of China. Thus, Russia is China's worst enemy.
This must be leading to war with Russia. This is the first war against a nuclear power. Therefore, China must be well prepared in the field of nuclear weapons, the possibility of a nuclear strike on Russia from the beginning to the end of the conflict. When Beijing deprives Moscow of the ability to retaliate, Russia will realize that it cannot compete with China on the battlefield. They will only have to give up their occupied lands, paying a high price for their invasions.
Chinese tiger beats with its tail
Russia may soon feel all the "charms" to which Ukraine has been subjected - the Chinese tiger has crouched on the grass and beats with its tail. Most likely, this possible war will be even more humiliating for Russia than the position in which Russia has put Ukraine, taking advantage of its difficult period. Intoxicated by today's delight from successful aggression, the Russians will have to experience the complete senselessness of armed resistance in the face of overwhelming military superiority, in the complete absence of allies, whom they successfully managed to turn into their enemies. That is, alone.
One can, of course, hope for friendly diplomatic ties with China. But what - were they not with Hitler on the eve of the war? Did it save? Perhaps Putin hopes not to live to see that moment and leave this problem to those who are now bravely storming Ukrainian military units in Crimea?
The question is not whether China will attack Russia, but when.
The colossal overpopulation of this country, combined with its rapid economic growth, creates a complex set of problems, a very brief description of which requires a large separate article. Moreover, the interrelation of these problems is such that the solution of some exacerbates others. China is objectively unviable within its current borders. He must become much larger if he does not want to become much smaller. It cannot do without external expansion to seize resources and territories, such is the reality.
You can close your eyes to her, but she will not get away from this. In addition, not
one must invent that the main direction of China's expansion will be
Southeast Asia . There is quite a bit of territory and resources, while
a lot of local people. The reverse is a lot
territories, gigantic resources, very little population - available in
Kazakhstan and the Asian part of Russia. And this is where the expansion will go.
China. Moreover, the trans-Ural territories of the Russian Federation in China are considered to be
their own. Brief Description relevant Chinese
historical concepts can be devoted to another large article.
To consider that the border problem between the Russian Federation and the PRC has been settled may
only a person who has absolutely no idea what China is and
Chinese.
Of course, a peaceful form of expansion (economic and demographic) is preferable for China. But the military is by no means excluded. It is extremely significant that in last years the Chinese army is conducting exercises that simply cannot be interpreted otherwise than as preparations for aggression against Russia, and the scale of the exercises (the spatial scope and the number of troops involved) is constantly growing.
At the same time, apparently, we still do not realize that we have long lost not only quantitative, but also qualitative superiority over China in military equipment. IN Soviet time we had both, that's how it showed<<микровойна>> for Damansky, compensated for the huge superiority of China in manpower.
Carl stole corals from Clara
China lived for a very long time on what the USSR gave it in the 1950s and early 1960s. However, after the warming of relations with the West, he got access to some samples of American and European technology, and from the late 1980s he began to acquire the latest equipment in the USSR, and then in Russia, thanks to this, in many classes<<перепрыгнув>> a generation later.
In addition, China has always had an exceptional ability to steal technology. In the 1980s, Chinese intelligence even managed to obtain in the United States drawings of the latest W-88 warhead from the Trident-2 ballistic missile for
submarines. And China steals conventional equipment in huge quantities.
>For example, nothing is known about the fact that Russia sold multiple launch rocket systems (MLRS) to the PRC<<Смерч>> or moreover a license for their production. Nevertheless, at first, the Chinese army got the A-100 MLRS, very similar to<<Смерч>>, and then PHL-03 - its complete copy. Self-propelled artillery installation Type 88 (PLZ-05) is very similar to ours<<Мсту>>, which we again did not sell in China.
We have never sold a license to China for the production of anti-aircraft missile system S-300, which did not prevent the Chinese from copying it under the name HQ-9. However, the French, for example, successfully stole an anti-aircraft missile system<<Кроталь>>, anti-ship missile
<<Экзосет>>, naval artillery installation M68, etc.
>Synthesizing foreign technologies and adding something of its own, the Chinese military-industrial complex begins to create quite original samples: the anti-aircraft missile and gun complex Tour 95 (PGZ-04), self-propelled guns PLL-05 and PTL-02, infantry fighting vehicles ZBD-05, etc.
On the whole, as has already been said, Russia's qualitative superiority in virtually all classes of conventional weapons is a thing of the past. In some ways, China even outperformed us - for example, in drones and in small arms. The Chinese are gradually changing<<Калашниковы>> on the latest automatic rifles, created according to the scheme<<буллпап>> based on both the same AK and Western rifles (FA MAS, L85).
Moreover, although some experts believe that China is technologically dependent on the Russian Federation as its main supplier of weapons (hence, it cannot attack us), this is a pure myth.
>China acquired in Russia only such weapons, which were intended for operations against Taiwan and the United States (while Beijing was seriously planning an operation to seize the island). It's obvious that naval war between the PRC and the Russian Federation is practically impossible, it is not necessary for either side. The war will be ground-based.
>In this regard, it should be noted that the PRC did not acquire any equipment in Russia for its ground forces, since it will be used against Russia in the event of war.
Even in the field of the Air Force, China got rid of dependence on the Russian Federation. He bought a limited number of Su-27 fighters in Russia - only 76 pieces, of which 40 are Su-27UB. From such a unique ratio of combat and combat training vehicles, it is quite obvious that Russian-made Su-27s were purchased for training flight personnel.
Then, as you know, China abandoned licensed production of the Su-27 from Russian components, building only 105 aircraft out of a planned 200. At the same time, it copied this fighter and began its unlicensed production under the name J-11В with its own engines, weapons and avionics. Moreover, if in the 1960s
China's copying of Soviet samples was their deliberate primitivization, then the J-11B, judging by the available data, is practically no worse than the Su-27.
It can be noted that recently the military-technical cooperation between China and Russia has been curtailed. This can be partly explained by the fact that the rapidly degrading Russian military-industrial complex is no longer able to offer China the weapons and equipment it needs. Another explanation is that Beijing is seriously considering the possibility of conducting hostilities against the RF Armed Forces in the foreseeable future.
Since the J-11В in terms of its performance characteristics is approximately equal to the Su-27, and created on the basis of the Israeli<<Лави>>, but with the use of Russian and our own technologies, the J-10 is quite comparable to the MiG-29, we have no qualitative air superiority. And the quantitative superiority will certainly be on the side of China, especially given the almost complete collapse Russian system Air defense (primarily in the Far East). As for the Su-30, it will be generally overwhelming: China has more than 120 of them, we have 4. The main drawback of Chinese aviation is the lack of normal attack aircraft and attack helicopters, but this will not be a big problem for them, because
on land, the situation for Russia is even worse.
The best Chinese tanks - Tour 96 and Tour 99 (aka Tour 98G) - are practically no worse than our best tanks - T-72B, T-80U, T-90. Actually, all of them<<близкие родственники>>, therefore, their performance characteristics are very close. At the same time, the leadership of the RF Ministry of Defense has already announced the actual liquidation of our tank troops. There should be 2000 tanks for the whole of Russia. China already has about the same number of modern tanks. There are also much more numerous (at least 6000) old tanks (from Type 59 to Type 80) based on the T-54.
They are quite effective in the fight against infantry fighting vehicles and armored personnel carriers, as well as for creating<<эффекта массы>>. It is likely that the PLA command uses these vehicles for the first strike. They will still inflict some losses on us, and most importantly, they will divert our anti-tank weapons, after which a blow will follow on the depleted and weakened defenses using modern technology.
By the way, in the air the same<<эффект массы>>may create old
fighter types J-7 and J-8.
That is, according to modern weapons, the Russian Armed Forces and the Chinese army now have approximate equality (qualitative and quantitative), which is confidently (and not very slowly) turning into an advantage for the Chinese army. At the same time, the latter has a huge<<навес>> from the old ones, but quite still<<добрых>> samples that are perfect for both<<расходный>> defense wear material Russian troops. Because of China's unique problem of<<дефицит невест>>, the loss of several hundred thousand young males for the Chinese leadership is not something that is not a problem, but a boon. And definitely not a problem.<<утилизация>> in battle several thousand units of obsolete armored vehicles.
Already, only two of the seven military districts of the Chinese army - Beijing and Shenyang, adjacent to the border with Russia - are stronger than all the Russian Armed Forces (from Kaliningrad to Kamchatka). And in the potential theater of operations (Transbaikalia and the Far East), the forces of the parties are simply incomparable, China surpasses us not even at times, but dozens of times. At the same time, the transfer of troops from the west in the event of a real war will be practically impossible, since Chinese saboteurs are guaranteed to cut the Trans-Siberian at once in many places along its entire length, and we have other communications with the east
no (by air, people can be transported, but not heavy equipment).
At the same time, in terms of combat training, especially in units and formations equipped with the most modern technology, the Chinese army has long bypassed us. Thus, in the 38th Army of the Beijing Military District, artillery is fully automated, it is still inferior in accuracy to the American one, but has already surpassed the Russian one. The rate of advance of the 38th Army reaches 1000 km per week (150 km per day).
Accordingly, in a conventional war, we have no chance. Unfortunately, nuclear weapons do not guarantee salvation either, because China also has them. Yes, while we have superiority in strategic nuclear forces, but they are rapidly declining.
At the same time, we do not have medium-range ballistic missiles, while China has them, which almost eliminates their backlog in intercontinental ballistic missiles (which is also declining). The ratio of tactical nuclear weapons is unknown, but we must understand that we will have to use them on our own territory. As for the exchange of strikes of strategic nuclear forces, the Chinese potential is more than
enough to destroy the main cities of European Russia,
which they do not need (there are many people and few resources).
There are very strong suspicions that, realizing this, the Kremlin will not go for the use of nuclear weapons. Therefore, China's nuclear deterrence is as much a myth as its technological dependence on us. It is possible that the Chinese will not need to use their military might and will act like Putin, launching several hundred thousand green men with bamboo sticks. Even this Russia will have nothing to oppose.
In the picture, our future is the same bamboo men with sticks
>Only one thing could save Russia from all this - close integration with Europe and NATO, but we have chosen our own path and will soon find out what slavery is, but at the same time we will be surprised that there is no difference. We were slaves. Learn Chinese, as the Russian language will not have the status of a state language in the territories seized by China.
And the colorists have something to rejoice about, since China already has everything they dreamed of - the death penalty, Chinese firewall and hatred for liberals.
>But there is a plus - all these "nashistov", "patriotov", edrosov, drunks, and the rest of the mass, the Chinese will finally be taught to work, otherwise the population of Russia has managed to forget all this.
Historical China begins around 1600 BC, from the Yellow River valley. Before 900 BC. it is difficult to distinguish history from legends. However, most of the legends are confirmed by archeological data.
1523 BC Battle of Minzhao (near modern Shanqiu, Henan Province). The semi-legendary Xia Dynasty was defeated and destroyed by the Shang Dynasty.
1523-1027 BC. Shang Dynasty (Yin). The first representatives of the modern Chinese were their highly civilized ancestors, known to history by the name of their ruling dynasty. The Shang ruled over a relatively limited area around the capital Anyang (the northernmost section of Henan). The warriors were armed with bronze weapons. A favorite weapon was a halberd, then a spear and a bow. Bronze-tipped arrows and bows were very long-range weapons. Daggers and hatchets were used in close combat. Approximately in 1300-1200. BC. The art of making chariots comes to China from Central Asia.
During the XII century BC. the semi-barbarian Zhou tribe began to move east from the confluence of the Wei and Huang He rivers. Around 1057 (possibly 1027) B.C. The Battle of Mue took place, where Wu-wang from the Zhou dynasty defeated the Shang state. Immediately after the battle of Mue, Wu-wang assigned Tai-gun to guard the nearby territories. Then, returning to the capital, the Chou people conquered several recalcitrant kingdoms along the way. After the death of Wu-wang for seven years, Chou-gun, who ruled with a firm hand, was the regent for his young son.
1000-900 AD BC Zhou expansion. The Zhou moved to the east, to the sea, advanced in the north to the borders of Manchuria. Later, they captured the lower reaches of the Yangtze River valley in the south, as well as the coastal regions between it and the sea. For the improvement of the dressing and processing of the skin, armor appeared among the infantry. The smelting of metal became better, the shape of the weapon gradually changed. The result is a sword. However, the main weapon for fighting both on the chariot and on foot remains the halberd.
A series of mediocre and lazy rulers weakened the ruling house. In 771 BC the ruler of Zhou is forced to move the capital to the east in order to hide from the pressure of the barbarians.
Period from 722 to 481. BC. known as the period of "Spring and Autumn" (after the name of the chronicle of the same name created at that time, attributed to Confucius). Nominal Zhou vassals began to struggle for supremacy in the area that included the Yellow River and Yangtze valleys. At this time, the struggle for hegemony between three kingdoms intensifies: (1) Qin, located in the northwest, in the Wei River basin, (2) Chu, which dominated the Yangtze River basin and further north almost to the Yellow River, and (3) Wu, which possessed the mouth of the Yangtze and the sea coast to Shandong.
519-506 BC. War between Wu and Chu. It was the culmination of a conflict that lasted almost 50 years. The successful completion of the war is associated with a large campaign led by the commander Sun Wu (Sun Tzu), who in five battles completely defeated the Chu army and captured Ying, the capital of the kingdom of Chu (506 BC). Around this period, the famous "Treatise on the Art of War" was written, which has not lost its theoretical value to this day.
During the "Spring and Autumn" period, hundreds of kingdoms were conquered or destroyed. As a result of the greed of powerful kingdoms, the scale of hostilities increased dramatically. The ancient custom of an individual duel has finally gone out of fashion. At the beginning of the period, the army on the campaign consisted of 700 to 1000 chariots, accompanied by 10,000 soldiers. However, by 481 BC. such strong kingdoms as Qin and Qi fielded up to 4,000 chariots supported by 40,000 infantry. The infantry used spears and short swords, the charioteers used halberds. Weapons became larger, more reliable and deadlier. Bronze is gradually being replaced by iron and steel.
Period from 403 to 221 BC. known as the "Warring States" period. As a result of the wars of the "Spring and Autumn" era, China was divided into seven hegemonic kingdoms, each of which controlled a significant territory, and fifteen weaker kingdoms that became victims of struggle and robbery. The scale of hostilities has increased fantastically. Weak kingdoms easily put up 100,000 warriors, and the strongest in the 3rd century. BC. had a standing army of one million, and, according to sources, raised another 600,000 for one campaign. The management of such considerable resources required great skill, and generals and commanders were at a great price. Throughout the country, peasants were assigned to the troops, trained in military affairs on a seasonal basis. Many works on military art appeared. The art of fortification, the technique of siege and assault on fortifications, developed strongly. The massive increase in the number of infantry was accompanied by the widespread use of the crossbow, the reluctant introduction of the practice of barbarians to create cavalry.
One of the main kingdoms of this period was the kingdom of Wei. Wen-wang, who ruled Wei from its formation until 387 BC, needed good advisers, and invited people to the court without asking what kingdom they were from. Wu Qi, appointed commander-in-chief, led many successful campaigns against Qin. Wu Qi was a complex man, and even the biography in Shi Ji does not portray him favorably. According to subsequent historical writings, Wu Qi not only never lost a single battle, but also extremely rarely found himself in a difficult position, making up a record of amazing and decisive victories over superior forces. The treatise "Wu Tzu" written by him is valued as one of the main achievements of Chinese military thought. The ideas and methods presented there are not only theoretical, but also proven in practice. However, Hui-wang, who came to power in 370 BC, succeeded more in fighting people than using them in the service. As a result, he lost Gongsun Yang, who subsequently strengthened the kingdom of Qin with his reforms, which at the beginning of the period was the weakest of the seven kingdoms.
354-353 AD BC. War between Wei and Han. The Wei army invaded the kingdom of Han, the latter turned to the kingdom of Qi for help. In response, Qi sends an army that invaded Wei territory and approached the capital. The military adviser to the cis commander was Sun Bin (they say that he was a descendant of Sun Tzu). The Wei army, under the command of Pang Huan, a former colleague of Sun Bin, quickly returns to defend the capital of their state.
353 BC Battle of Malin. Sun Bin ambushed with 10,000 crossbowmen. The Wei army fell into a trap and was almost completely destroyed.
342-341 BC. War between Wei and Zhao. Having regained strength after the defeat at Malin, Wei invades the neighboring state of Zhao and besieges its capital. Zhao asks Qi for help, just like Han did 12 years ago. Qi continues to invade Wei and again threatens the capital. Once again, the Wei army is forced to quickly march back home to defend the capital. On the way, she was ambushed by Sun Bin.
334-286 BC. The expansion of the kingdom of Chu. Chu seized the lands of the Yue kingdom along the coast, then the Song (modern Anhui province).
330-316 BC. expansion of the Qin kingdom. At the same time, Qin establishes its control in the north and east. After capturing an area in present-day Sichuan, Qin established itself in the west of the Yangtze Valley, directly threatening Chu.
315-223 BC. Chu and Qin fight. Gradually, Qin strengthened, and during the reign of Ying Zheng, Chu was defeated and captured.
ca.280 BC. Qin defeats Wei.
260 BC Battle of Changping. In the hardest battle, Qin defeated Zhao. 400,000 Zhao warriors who surrendered were buried alive.
249 BC Death of the Zhao Dynasty.
228-210 AD BC. At the final stage of the fight against Chu, Ying Zheng conquered other independent states. The struggle of the seven strongest kingdoms ended with the formation of a single Qin empire under the rule of Ying Zheng, who took the title of emperor (huangdi), and became known as Shi-huangdi. He created an administrative system that existed in China for more than two millennia. After the defeat of the Xiongnu (Huns), the Great Wall was erected along the northern border of the empire. The emperor disbanded the armies of the conquered kingdoms, weapons were confiscated from the entire population. As a result of large-scale expeditions to the lands south of the Yangtze, the "kingdoms of Yue" were conquered. North Korea was also invaded.
210-207 BC. The reign of Hu Hai, the son of Shi Huangdi, who was overthrown as a result of palace intrigues.
207-202 BC Trouble. Xiang Yu, a talented commander from a noble family of commanders of the Chu kingdom, and Liu Bang, a peasant, overthrew the Qin dynasty. Then they entered into a fierce struggle for the throne among themselves. Liu Bang won. Seizing the opportunity, North Korea got out of China's control.
202 BC. Establishment of the Han Dynasty. Liu Bang assumed the title of emperor. At this time, the Xiongnu achieved supremacy in Mongolia by defeating the Yuezhi tribe.
201 BC Xiongnu invasion. Maodun invaded the northwestern region of China with an army of about 300,000 archers.
200 BC The Xiongnu defeat the Han. Liu Bang opposed the invaders. Having fallen into an ambush with his detachment, he was surrounded for 7 days, from which he got out with great difficulty. Liu Bang was forced to conclude a peace treaty with Maodun, under the terms of which the latter retained control in the occupied border region and received the daughter of the Chinese emperor as his wife.
202-195 BC. Rise of the Han Dynasty.
196-181 BC. Rise of the Yue Kingdom. Zhao Tuo, a former commander of Shi Huangdi, was recognized by Liu Bang as an independent ruler of the Yue kingdom. The subsequent imperial invasion of Yue was repulsed by Zhao Tuo (181 BC).
154 BC "The Mutiny of the Seven Vanirs". Seven large appanage rulers opposed Emperor Jing-di, intending to destroy the Han dynasty. The rebellion was suppressed with great difficulty.
140-87 years BC. Expansion of China during the reign of Wu. Wu Di ascended the throne at the age of 16. He paid great attention to strengthening the cavalry units. 133-119 AD - war with the Xiongnu. Wei Qing eventually won a major victory over the barbarians and recaptured most of the territory north of the Yellow River that had been lost at the end of the previous century. His nephew Huo Qubing defeated the Xiongnu in the west. As a result, Wei Qing and Huo Qubing drove the Xiongnu north beyond the Gobi Desert. Pursuing the enemy, they reached modern Ulaanbaatar, where in the battle of Mo Bei they inflicted a decisive defeat on the Xiongnu. 119-111 AD BC. Wudi defeated the kingdom of Yue and annexed it to his empire. 105-102 AD BC. Chinese penetration into Central Asia. As a result of two campaigns, Li Guangli conquered Fergana.
73 BC Xiongnu invasion of Turkestan. Reflected by the Chinese and Usun tribes. In 54 BC repelled the second invasion.
36 BC Battle of Sogdiana. Han expeditionary forces in Central Asia defeated a contingent of Roman legionnaires, part of Mark Antony's army that invaded Parthia.
1-23 years Wang Mang's reign. The first and last emperor of the Xin Dynasty, he, being a female relative of the emperor, seized the throne. He invaded the possessions of the Xiongnu and proclaimed their annexation (Mongolia and Turkestan). In the meantime, an uprising of the "red-browed" broke out in their homeland, and holding the territory of the Xiongnu became impossible. While he was busy suppressing the uprising, China lost almost all of Turkestan. Soon the rebels captured the capital, Wang Mang was killed.
24-220 years Restoration of the Han Dynasty. After a short period of anarchy, Liu Xiu, leader of one of the rebel groups, declared himself emperor. His name is associated with the emergence of the Late, or Eastern, Han Dynasty. The new emperor, who assumed the title of Guang Wudi, seized control, restored internal order and China's authority over the border regions.
40-43 years Expansion to the south. Guang Wu-di sent his commander Ma Yuan to suppress the uprising in Tonkin, who also conquered Annam and Henan.
50-60s Operations against the Xiongnu. The nomads are expelled from Gansu.
73-102 years Ban Chao Campaign in Central Asia. Having successfully repulsed the Xiongnu, he conquered the Tarim Basin (eastern Turkestan) with a small army, then crossed the Tien Shan to western Turkestan, defeated various tribes wandering between the Hindu Kush and the Aral Sea, and forced them to pay tribute to China. Apparently, Ban Chao reached the Caspian Sea with conquests.
89-91 years Dou Sen drove the Xiongnu to the west. After that, a great migration of the Huns began.
100-200 years Decline of the Han Dynasty. All territories to the north and west of Gansu gradually got out of Chinese control.
190-200 years China under the rule of military dictators.
196-220. The real ruler of China was the supreme commander Cao Cao. However, most areas south of the Yangtze refused to recognize him.
220-280 AD The Age of the Three Kingdoms. After Cao Cao's death, his son Pi deposed last emperor Han dynasty, proclaimed himself emperor and began to rule as emperor of the Wei dynasty. Since the southern regions did not recognize him, the kingdom of Shu was formed in the southwest (founded by Liu Bei, a representative of the side line of the Han dynasty, achieved the greatest power and prosperity under the leadership of the great commander and first adviser of Liu Bei - Zhuge Liang), and in the southeast - Wu (this kingdom, founded by Sun Quan, was the first of the so-called "Six Dynasties" with its capital in Nanjing). After the death of Zhuge Liang, the Shu kingdom was conquered by the Wei commander Sima Yen, the remnants of the Shu army fled to Persia under the leadership of a prince known in Persian history as Mamgo. Mamgo and his people were hired to serve Shapur I. Having seized the throne in Wei, Sima Yen founded the Jin dynasty, and proclaimed himself emperor. Then, having conquered the kingdom of Wu, he temporarily unified China. A short-term period of "Great prosperity" began, which ended the era of the Three Kingdoms (280-290).
The death of Sima Yen was the signal for the outbreak of civil war. In China, a period of anarchy began, which lasted almost 4 centuries. Northern China was completely conquered by the barbarians. Wave after wave of barbarian tribes formed new kingdoms and dynasties. At first, the Xiongnu tribes dominated, later the Qian tribes of Tibet began to dominate.
386-534 Rise of the Toba tribe. A branch of the Mongolian or Turkic Xianbi people, the Toba tribe came to dominate Northern China. The Toba leader Toba Gui assumed the imperial title, starting the Northern Wei Dynasty, and controlled most of the region north of the Nzi, including Mongolia and Turkestan. In 507, the Xianbei tried to invade the southern regions of China and suffered a terrible defeat. A civil war broke out, as a result of which the kingdom broke up into two warring parts: Western Wei and Eastern Wei.
534-557 While Western Wei and Eastern Wei fought each other fiercely, their holdings were constantly attacked by barbarians from the north.
581-600 Rise of the Sui Dynasty. Northern China was unified by Yang Jian, who founded a new and energetic dynasty. Seeing the invasion of the south in terms of Chinese unification, Yang resumed work on the Great Wall, seeking to protect his land from the barbarians. At the same time, he was preparing plans for the expedition. The Sui invasion of the south ended in complete success (589). China was unified for the first time in 4 centuries.
602-605 The Chinese retake Tonkin and Annam. General Liu Fang subdued the rebellious provinces. The Khmer states of Cambodia paid tribute to China.
605-618 Emperor Yang Guang's reign. He pursued an aggressive expansion in all directions. 607-609 Chinese offensive against the Western Turks. 607-610 Conquest of Yunnan. The Chinese subjugated the barbarian tribes of the Thais. 610 Conquest of Taiwan. 611-614 Operations in Manchuria and Korea. Yang Guang launched a series of campaigns against Goguryeo. 613-618 Revolts against Yang Guang. Yang Guang is killed during internal riots.
618-626 Li Yuan's reign. Li Yuan, a relative of Yang Guang, with the help of his son, the talented commander Li Shimin, seized the throne and restored order. Tang dynasty founded.
626-649 The reign of Li Shimin, who inherited the throne from his father and ruled under the name Taizong.
629-641 Wars with the Eastern Turks. Punitive expeditions of Li Shimin.
641 War with Tibet. Taizong defeated the troops of Song Chiang-gam-po. To avoid war with the barbarians, he concluded an unstable peace with them and was forced to give his niece as a wife to the Tibetan king.
641-648 Wars with Western Turks. Taizong, with the help of the Uighurs, conquered the Western Turks.
654-647 Chinese expeditions to Korea and their huge success.
660-668 Completed the conquest of Korea with the help of the vassal state of Silla.
663-683 military failures. The Tibetans have rebelled. Nanchao (western Yunnan), Korea and the Turks threw off the yoke of China.
684-704 Reign of Empress Wu-hou. Resurgence of Chinese power.
712-756 Xuan Zong's reign. With the help of force and diplomacy, Chinese control in the Oxus and Jaxartes river valleys was restored, the Arab invaders were defeated in a series of difficult battles. The Tibetans were expelled from the Tien Shan and Pamir passes. The Koreans resumed paying tribute.
745 Uyghur expansion in northern Mongolia. The Uighurs conquered the remnants of the Eastern Turks, creating an empire, nominally subordinate to China, on the territory from Lake Balkhash to Lake Baikal.
747-751 War with Arabs and Tibetans. After the conclusion of the Arab-Tibetan alliance, Gao Xianzhi (a descendant of the Koreans) suddenly attacked and defeated both allies, then led an amazing march through the Pamirs and the Hindu Kush. The Prince of Tashkent called the Arabs for help, who defeated Gao near the Talas River. Thus ended Chinese control in the western regions of the Pamir Mountains and the Tien Shan.
755-763 An Lushan's uprising. Having proclaimed himself emperor, he quickly marched through the Huang He valley, capturing both capitals. Xuan Zong fled to Sichuan. The rebellion was put down by Emperor Su Zong, who succeeded Xuan Zong.
763 The Tibetans, taking advantage of the civil war in China, captured and plundered the Chinese capital of Chang'an.
760-800 Weakening of the Tang Dynasty.
829-874 Periodic wars between Tang and Nanzhao. The Tans repelled three major campaigns against Chengdu and Hanoi.
848 Reconquest of Gansu. The Tibetans, who gradually infiltrated into Gansu, were expelled by the Tang forces.
875-884 Rebellion of Huang Chao. Having conquered the main cities, he proclaimed himself emperor (880). The emperor fled to the southwest and raised a new army, entrusting the command to Li Keiyong (of Turkic origin). Li defeated Huang, who fled and later committed suicide.
907 Warlord Zhu Wen seizes power in China by assassinating the last emperor of the Tang Dynasty.
907-959 Era of the Five Dynasties. A period of anarchy during which 5 families took turns trying to seize imperial power.
960-976 Founding of the Song Dynasty. Zhao Kuangyin (the military leader of the Later Zhou Dynasty) founded the Song Dynasty after the warriors proclaimed him emperor under the name Taizu.
976-997 The reign of Taizu. He completed the unification of China (mostly modern China, with the exception of Gansu, Inner Mongolia and northeastern China).
979-1004 War with the Khitans. Taizu was rebuffed when he tried to take Beijing (986), then the Khitan began a slow advance into northern China. The Suns sued for peace, agreeing to pay a large annual tribute.
1001-1003 Inconclusive war with the Tangut kingdom of Xi-Xia in Gansu.
1070 military reorganization. A recruiting militia system is being created, as a result, the standing army is reduced from 1 million 100 thousand people to 500,000 people. The militia grew to 7 million in 6 years.
1115-1122 Union of the Suns with the Jurchens. The allies destroyed the Khitan Liao kingdom.
1123-1127 Invasion of the Jurchens (Jins). As a result, they stormed the capital of the Suns and captured the emperor with his eldest son. The younger son fled south and founded the Southern Song Dynasty with its capital at Nanjing. The Zhurvzhen followed him, captured Nanjing, and drove the emperor back to Hangzhou.
1128-1140 Wars on the Yangtze. The warlord Yue Fei, with the assistance of the fleet, defeated the Jurchen army and drove it north of the Yangtze. Palace intrigue led to the execution of Yue Fei.
1141 Troubled world.
1161 Jin invasion of southern China. The army was led by Emperor Wanyan Liang. He was stopped by the Song army and fleet. The warlord Yu Chongwen, using explosives, defeated the Jin at the Battle of Caishiji (Anhui Province). When Wanyan Liang ordered his defeated troops to resume their attack, they mutinied and hanged him, then retreated behind the Yangtze.
1190-1206 The unification of Mongolia under the rule of Genghis Khan.
1206-1209 Genghis Khan conquers Xi-Xia.
1211-1215 The first war of Genghis Khan against the Jin Empire. Encountering well-fortified northern Chinese fortified cities on his way and discovering his inability to conduct a siege, Genghis Khan was initially discouraged, but he gradually managed to expand his military experience, create a siege train and conquer the territory of the Jin kingdom to the Chinese wall (1213). He then moved with three armies into the heart of the Jin kingdom, between the wall and the Yellow River. Having completely defeated the Jin land forces, he marched with fire and sword through northern China, captured many cities, and finally besieged, took and sacked Beijing (1215). Emperor Jin was forced to recognize the dominion of the Mongol conqueror.
1224-1226 Restoration of the Xia and Jin empires. The Tangut vassal emperor Xi-Xia refused to take part in the Mongol war against Muhammad Shah. The Xia and Jin empires (formerly sworn enemies) now formed an alliance against the Mongols.
1226 Battle of the Huang He.
1227 The Mongols, pursuing Emperor Xia, overtook him in a mountain fortress and killed him. His son fled to the great city of Ningxia, which the Mongols had unsuccessfully besieged in previous wars. Leaving a third of his army to besiege the Xia capital, Genghis sent Ogedei east to drive the Jin from the last bridgeheads north of the river. With the rest, he went to the southeast, taking up a position in the mountains where the Xia, Jin and Song empires bordered, in order to prevent the Sung reinforcements from approaching Ningxia. Here he accepted the surrender of the new Xia Emperor, but rejected the Jin's peaceful advances.
1227-1241 The reign of Ogedei Khan. After the death of Genghis Khan, the new ruler completed the conquest of the remote territories of Xi-Xia.
1231-1234 Conquest of the Jin Empire. Having entered into an alliance with the South Sung emperor, the Mongols undertook the final destruction of the Jin. Tului led a huge army south through Xia territory into the Sung province of Sichuan, then turned east through Hanzhong into Jin territory. In the middle of the campaign Tului died and Subutai took command (1232). He continued on his way and besieged Big City Bian (Kaifeng) is the capital of Jin. After a year-long siege, the city fell under the Mongol attack (1233). Subutai then completed the conquest of the Jin Empire. Ogedei refused to share the conquered lands with the Southern Songs, who then tried to capture the former Jin province of Henan. This was the signal for war.
1234-1279 War between the Mongols and the Song Empire. This long conflict was ended by Ogedei's nephews and successors, Möngke and Khubilai. Acting under the command of Möngke, Kublai conquered Yunnan from Nanzhao, vassals of the South Song Empire (1252-1253). One of the subordinates then devastated Tonkin, capturing Hanoi (1257). The resistance of the Southern Suns was based on the determined defense of well-fortified, well-supplied cities.
However, the Chinese empire fell under the blows of Möngke after the brilliant campaigns he personally conducted (1257-1259). His sudden death from dysentery caused a lull in the war during a dynastic dispute in Mongolia; The Song Dynasty was revived and the war continued. Eventually Khubilai was able to devote his full attention to the war in China (1268). A series of campaigns ended with the capture of the capital city of Hangzhou (1276). It took another three years to conquer the outlying provinces. The last operation of the war was the naval battle in Canton Bay (1279). Song ships were completely destroyed by the Mongol fleet. A Chinese admiral jumped into the water with a boy Emperor of the Song Dynasty in his arms. Those who fled to the coastal islands were surrounded and destroyed.
1279 Kublai Khan establishes the Yuan dynasty.
1307-1388 Decline of the Yuan Dynasty.
1356-1368 Rise of the Ming Dynasty. Zhu Yuanzhang led a popular uprising. Taking Nanjing (1356), he established a government of native Chinese. After expelling the Mongols from all over China, Zhu subsequently proclaimed himself the first emperor of the Ming Dynasty (1368).
1368-1388 Continuation of the Ming war against the Mongols. Yunnan was the last Chinese province to be conquered (1382). The Chinese then invaded Mongolia, driving the Mongols out of their capital, Karakoram, and winning a major victory at the Battle of the Kerulen River (1388).
1398-1402 Civil War. The struggle after the death of Zhu Yuanzhang for the inheritance. In the end, Zhu Di won, proclaiming himself emperor under the motto Yongle. As a result of the civil war, many lands between the Huang He and the Yangtze were devastated.
1405-1407 The first sea expeditions of Zheng He. The famous Chinese naval commander made seven sea expeditions along the coasts of Indochina, the Malay Archipelago, Ceylon, the coasts of India, Iran, the Arabian Peninsula and even the coasts of northeast Africa and forced most of the countries of Malaysia and Indonesia to pay tribute to the emperor.
1408-1411 Conquest of Ceylon. After insulting the Chinese ambassador, Zheng He led the combined land and sea forces, which conquered Ceylon. The king and the royal family crossed over to Beijing.
1410-1424 Punitive expeditions to Outer Mongolia.
1412-1415 Expeditions to the Indian Ocean. Zheng He led the sea expedition to Ormuzd itself.
1424-1426 Zheng He's further expeditions. Zheng received tribute from most of the important states on the shores of the Indian Ocean.
1427 Rebellion in Annam ended with the loss of that province.
1431-1433 Zheng He's last expedition included a voyage to the Red Sea, where he received tribute from Mecca.
1436-1449 The reign of Ying Zong was the beginning of the decline of the Ming Dynasty. The emperor was defeated and taken prisoner in the battle on the northern border with the army of the Mongols-Oirats (1449).
1449-1457 The reign of Jing Zong (Ying Zong's brother). He seized the throne while his brother was in captivity. When the Mongols liberated Ying Zong (1450), civil war ensued.
1457-1464 Second reign of Ying Zong.
1520-1522 First Portuguese mission in Beijing. The Portuguese are expelled from Beijing due to the fact that their ships were engaged in robbery on the coast of China.
1522-1566 The reign of Shih Tsung. The Chinese coast is being plundered by sea pirates. Dadan Khagan Altan Khan violates the borders of the Minsk Empire.
1525 Russians travel along the Amur. The Manchus drive them out.
1555 Siege of Nanking by Japanese pirates.
1560-1626 Rise and consolidation of the Manchus. By the end of the century, the leader of the Manchus, Nurkhatsi, began armed operations against China.
1618 Manchu-Ming war begins. Nurhaci captured Fushun. The Ming Dynasty recruits 20,000 Koreans to put down the Manchu uprising.
1621 Capture of Shenyang. The Manchus drove the Mines out of the Liao Basin and attacked Shenyang.
1623 Manchu offensive stopped. Nurkhatsi was defeated at the Great Wall by the Minsk governor of the province Yuan Chun-huang.
1626 Death of Nurhatsi. His son Abahai became his successor.
1627 The Manchus invade Korea by crossing the frozen Yalu River and subdue the Ming allies.
1629-1634 The Manchus launched raids on the province of Shanxi. During this period, Abakhai began to improve his own artillery.
1633 Manchus conquer Inner Mongolia.
1636 Founding of the Qing Dynasty. Abahai declared Manchuria an empire and assumed the title of Qing Ti.
1636-1637 Abahai captured Korea with 100,000 troops and overthrew the dynasty.
1636-1644 Establishment of Manchu dominance in the Amur basin.
1643 Death of Abahai. His five-year-old son Shunzhi inherits the imperial title, while real power passes to Abahai's brother, Prince Dorgon, regent.
1632-1644 As a result of the peasant uprising, the Ming dynasty fell. In 1644, the leader of the rebels, Li Zicheng, took Beijing. Wu Sangui, a Mongol general, turned to the Manchus for help. In a great battle south of the Great Wall, the Manchus defeated Li Zicheng and took Beijing.
1644-1645 Advance towards the Yangtze. Prince Fu of the Ming Dynasty formed a new government in Nanjing and challenged the Manchus. The army of Prince Dorgon in a seven-day battle near Yangzhou defeated the mines. Followed massacre with the population. Nanking soon fell, Fu fled.
1645-1647 Conquest of Fujian Province. Guangzhou was also captured. Strong resistance to the Manchus was provided in Shaanxi, Shanxi, Sichuan.
1648-1651 Prince Jiu Wang, the last of the Ming Dynasty, became the head of the resistance to the Manchus. He soon took control of almost all of southern China. Dorgon quickly tightened control in the Yangtze Valley, then set about methodically conquering southern China. Jiu Wang took refuge in the southwestern mountainous region and soon established control over Guizhou and Yunnan.
1651-1659 Although the Manchus established control over most of southwestern China, they were never able to capture Jiu Wang until his death (1662).
1652-1662 War with pirates. Pirate clans waged war on both the Manchus and the Europeans. The Qing Dynasty evacuated the inhabitants of 6 coastal provinces to a distance of 10 miles from the sea (1661).
1660 The Manchus forced the Russians to evacuate posts on the Amur and in the area below the Sungari River.
1663-1664 With the help of the Manchus, the Dutch fleet forced the pirates to leave for Taiwan.
1674-1681 "The Rise of the Three Viceroys". Kangxi announces the removal of three of his governors in the provinces of Yunnan, Fujian and Jiangxi (1673), fearing the strengthening of their power. Wu Sangui (former Ming general) - the ruler of Yunnan - opposed the resignation and captured Sichuan, Guizhou, Hunan and Jiangxi. Other governors joined him. But the uprising was soon crushed.
1683 Zheng Chenggong surrendered Taiwan to the Manchus.
1689 Treaty of Nerchinsk. The Russians withdraw from Albasin and leave the areas north of the Amur.
1700 The Chinese occupied the area between China and Tibet.
1705 Chinese invasion of Tibet. The Chinese have appointed a new Dalai Lama, despite the protest of the indigenous people of Tibet.
1716-1718 Dzungars intervention in Tibet. Their forces (6,000 men) invaded Tibet to intervene in a dispute over the Dalai Lama's successor. They captured Lhasa and imprisoned the Dalai Lama. The Manchu troops who came to his aid were defeated.
1720 Manchu conquest of Tibet. Kangxi sends two armies to Tibet: from Gansu and from Sichuan. They defeat the Dzungars and force their remnants to leave Tibet. Meanwhile, another Chinese army is advancing on Dzungaria to capture Urumqi and Turfan.
1721 Rebellion in Taiwan, quickly put down.
1727 Treaty in Kyakhta. The border between China and Russia passed to the west of the Argun River.
1727-1728 Civil war in Tibet. The Chinese army of 15 thousand people restored order there. The Dalai Lama was expelled and was absent from Tibet for 7 years.
1729-1735 China undertook a number of punitive expeditions against the Dzungars.
1747-1749 Frontier Campaigns in Tibet. A new uprising in Tibet was brutally suppressed.
1751 Invasion of Tibet. Tibet rebelled in 1750. Qianlong sends troops against the rebels, who quickly take Lhasa and force the Dalai Lama to submit to tighter controls.
1755-1757 The uprising of the Mongols in the valley of the Ili river. It was brutally suppressed by Chinese troops, which allowed China to consolidate its control over the western part of Mongolia.
1758-1759 Conquest of Kashgaria. Xinjiang becomes a Chinese province.
1774-1797 small uprisings. All of them were quickly suppressed, but in general they caused damage and weakened the Qing dynasty.
1796-1804 Rebellion in Western China, raised by the "White Lotus Society". Suppressed with difficulty.
1825-1831 Muslim invasion of Kashgaria. Raids from Western Turkestan.
1839-1842 First Opium War. In 1841, the British take Canton, Amoy and Ningbo. In 1842 the British captured Shanghai and Zhenjiang. The threat to Nanjing made China sue for peace. China ceded Hong Kong to England, opened Canton, Amoy and Fuzhou to British trade, returned Ningbo and Shanghai to Britain and paid an indemnity of 20 million dollars.
1847 The invasion of Muslims from Western Turkestan into Kashgaria coincided in time with an uprising among the local Muslim population. The retaliatory punitive measures of the Chinese were reduced to the mass expulsion of Muslims.
1850-1860 Taiping uprising. The rebels occupied the Yangtze valley, capturing Wuchang and Nanjing. The state of Taiping-tianguo was founded with the capital in Nanjing and the ruler Hong Xiuquan. In 1853, Shanghai was captured and China split in two.
1856-1860 Second Opium War. Initially, peace was signed in 1858, but soon China annulled the treaties with France and Britain. In 1860, an Anglo-French expedition reached the walls of Beijing. Under the Beijing Treaty, China surrendered the Kowloon Peninsula. Russia, under the agreement in Aigun in 1858, received the left bank of the Amur, and in 1861 forced China to transfer the Primorsky provinces to Russia, where the port of Vladivostok was founded.
1860-1864 Defeat of the Taipings. Chinese merchants hired an American Marine, Ward, to command the army. Ward's troops cleared a 30-mile zone around Shanghai when Ward was mortally wounded. Further, the Englishman Gordon led the army, taking Suzhou and locking the Taipings in Nanjing. Chinese troops completed the defeat of the Taipings. Hong Xiuquan committed suicide.
1883-1885 Undeclared war with France over Vietnam. The peace treaty restored the status quo.
1894-1895 Sino-Japanese war over influence in Korea. Under the Treaty of Shimonoseki, China recognized Korea's independence and ceded Taiwan, the Pescadores, and the Liaodong Peninsula to Japan.
1895-1900 Russia, France, Germany and England began to fight for benefits in China, trying to limit the appetites of Japan. Russia received the rights to Port Arthur, as well as to the CER.
1899-1900 Ihetuan uprising. The troops of the eight powers take Beijing. Manchuria is occupied by Russia. According to the "Final Protocol", China was obliged to pay to the powers within 39 years an indemnity in the amount of 450 million liang of silver (with interest, the amount of the indemnity reached 1 billion lian). China was forbidden to keep its troops in the metropolitan area and for two years to buy weapons abroad, all existing fortifications on the outskirts of Beijing were to be demolished. Foreign powers received the right to have a fortified "embassy quarter" in the central part of the capital, not far from the imperial palace, for which more than 1,400 private and government buildings were destroyed. Local residents were deprived of the right to live in this quarter. It was guarded by a garrison of 2,000 foreign troops armed with machine guns. The powers also received the right to place their garrisons in 12 other strategically important points in China.
1904-1905 Russo-Japanese War.
In the autumn of 1911, an armed uprising began in Sichuan Province. The soldiers of the punitive troops often went over to the side of the rebels. On October 10, under the leadership of a member of the revolutionary organization, Sergeant Xiong Bingkun, the soldiers of the sapper battalion in Wuchang rebelled. They were joined by soldiers of an artillery regiment, a mixed brigade and other parts of the local garrison - about 4 thousand people in total. After a night battle, the revolutionary troops captured the governor's headquarters. The next day, it was decided to appoint Li Yuanhong, commander of the mixed brigade of the new army in Wuchang, head of the Hubei military revolutionary government. It was decided to officially name the country the Republic of China.
October-November 1911 Following the province of Hubei, 14 other provinces of the country declare the power of the Qing dynasty deposed and declare their independence from Beijing. By the end of the year, only the provinces of Zhili, Henan and Gansu formally recognize the authority of the Manchu government.
1911 Tibet rose up to fight and forced the Chinese garrison to leave the country. All subsequent attempts by the Chinese to restore their power there were thwarted by Britain.
1911 Outer Mongolia declares independence.
On December 29, 1911, representatives of the provinces that had seceded from the Qing government, gathered in Nanjing, elected Sun Yat-sen, who had returned from exile, as provisional president of the Republic of China.
On February 12, 1912, the commander-in-chief of the armed forces of the empire, Prime Minister Yuan Shikai, sought the abdication of the Manchu dynasty from power. Sun Yat-sen cedes the presidency to Yuan Shikai. On February 15, 1912, the Nanjing Assembly of delegates from the revolutionary provinces elected Yuan Shikai as provisional president, and the parliament convened in Peking at the end of April elected him president of the republic.
July-September 1913 "Second Revolution". Yuan Shikai drowned the disparate uprisings in the central and southern provinces in blood. The military dictatorship of Yuan Shikai, the founder of the Beiyang (Northern) militarists, is established in the country. Sun Yat-sen is forced to emigrate abroad.
1912-1914 The uprising in the provinces of Henan, Hubei, Anhui, Shaanxi under the leadership of the peasant Bai Lang (White Wolf). Yuan Shikai sent an army of 200,000 to suppress the uprising.
1914 Yuan Shikai is preparing to establish a one-man dictatorship in a monarchical form. A new constitution is being introduced, a new law on the press. Corporal punishment is introduced for the population.
1914 After the outbreak of the First World War, the Chinese government declares its neutrality and asks the belligerent powers not to transfer military operations to Chinese territory, including Chinese lands "leased" by the powers. However, on August 22, 1914, Japan declared its state of war with Germany and landed an army of 30,000 north of Qingdao, the center of the German colony in Shandong province. After a two-month military campaign, Japan seized Germanic possessions in Shandong, and also extended its control to the entire territory of the province.
On January 18, 1915, Japan makes "21 demands" on China. Britain and the USA are advising the Chinese government to accept their partial satisfaction. May 9, 1915 Yuan Shikai accepts Japanese demands. A wide protest movement begins in the country. The frightened Japanese government recommends that Yuan Shikai postpone the proclamation of the monarchy.
1915-1916 Rebellion against Yuan's plans to restore the empire and take the throne himself. First, a group of Republican-minded army officers in Yunnan Province declared that province's independence from Beijing and announced the formation of a "Republic Defense Army." Then the provinces of Guizhou and Guangxi declare independence from Beijing. Then Guangdong, Zhejiang, Sichuan and Hunan are separated. On June 6, 1916, Yuan Shikai dies and Li Yuanhan becomes president.
After the death of Yuan Shikai, numerous military-feudal fiefdoms of various militaristic groups began to take shape in China. The largest was the Beiyang (Northern), divided into Fengtian (Manchu) led by the former leader of the Honghuz gang Zhang Zuolin, Zhili led by General Feng Guozhang, and Anhui led by General Duan Qirui. In Shanxi Province, the militarist Yan Xishan, who flirted with the Beiyang group, reigned supreme, and in Shaanxi Province, General Chen Shufan. The camp of the southwestern militarists consisted of two large groups: the Yunnanese led by General Tang Jiyao, and the Guangxi led by General Lu Rongting.
Under the control of the Fengtian group were the provinces of Heilongjiang, Jilin and Fengtian, under the control of the Zhili - Shandong, Jiangsu, Zhejiang, Fujian, Jiangxi, Hunan, Hubei and part of Zhili. The Fengtian and Anhui cliiks were funded by Japan, the Zhili cliik by England and the United States. Li Yuanhong was a protege of the southwestern militarists. Vice President General Feng Guozhang was oriented towards England and the United States, while Prime Minister General Duan Qirui was pro-Japanese. In 1917, Japan began to provide Duan Qizhui with large loans, receiving more and more concessions for them, including concessions in Manchuria.
By the end of 1916, a truce between north and south was formally established. In 1917, a sharp struggle took place in the Peking government between various militarist groups over the question of China's participation in the world war. On March 14, 1917, Japan, having secured the promise of England and other Entente states to guarantee the transfer of former German possessions in the Far East to her, obtained from the government of Duan Qirui a break in relations between China and Germany on March 14, 1917. However, Parliament did not pass a law declaring war on Germany. The general himself was removed from the post of prime minister. He was replaced by the pro-American figure Wu Tingfan.
1917 German protege Zhang Xun sends troops to Beijing and announces the restoration of the power of the Qing dynasty headed by the Manchu emperor Pu Yi. With the support of Japan, Duan Qiryu managed to rally the forces of the Beiyang militarists, liquidate Zhang Xun's monarchist putsch and force the president to resign. Parliament was dissolved. The duties of the president began to be performed by Feng Guozhang. On August 14, 1917, Duan Qirui's government officially declared war on Germany. Having received large loans from Japanese banks, the Beiyang militarists began to prepare for the resumption of the struggle against the southwestern grouping.
In July 1917, Sun Yat-sen arrived in Guangzhou with ships of the Chinese navy that remained loyal to the republic. On August 25, 1917, deputies of the Beijing parliament, dispersed by Duan Qirui, gathered in Guangzhou and decided to create a military government of South China headed by Sun Yat-sen, who was awarded the title of "generalissimo of the troops intended for the march to the North." The military government of South China consisted mainly of representatives of the Yunnan, Guangxi and Sichuan militarists. After the session of the parliament in Guangzhou decided instead of the military government to form a directory of seven people, in which the militarists of the Guangxi group predominated, Sun Yat-sen was actually removed from business; he resigned and went to Shanghai.
1919 The Chinese army captures Urga. Mongolia returns to Chinese rule until 1921, when the Chinese are defeated by R. von Ungern-Sternberg.
The news of the decision of the Paris Peace Conference, which was humiliating for China, and that on September 24, 1918, the government of Duan Qirui signed a secret agreement with Japan on the transfer of German colonial possessions in Shandong to her, caused a storm of indignation in China. On May 4, 1919, a demonstration of students and secondary school students took place in Beijing. In protest against the brutal suppression of this demonstration, all the educational institutions of the city went on strike the next day. Soon the unrest spread to other cities in China. A boycott of Japanese goods began, and volunteers were registered to be sent to Shandong to expel Japanese troops from there. Before the threat of a general strike, Beijing was forced to announce the resignations of pro-Japanese members of the government; even before that, Duan Qirui officially refused to sign the Treaty of Versailles.
In July 1920 in the north, a coalition of Fengtian and Zhili militarists came to power and overthrew Duan Qirui's government. Duan Qirui and members of his "government" took refuge in the territory of the Japanese legation in Beijing. Southern China refused to recognize both the authority of the new Peking government, oriented towards the United States and England through the militarist Wu Peifu, and the new president of the republic, Xu Shichang.
October 1920 General Chen Jiongming expelled the Guangzhou general Lu Rongting from Guangzhou and restored the power of the republican government. In December 1920 Sun Yat-sen returned to Guangzhou and joined the Republican Government of South China as Minister of the Interior.
On April 7, 1921, an emergency session of the Chinese parliament elected in 1912, which had been dispersed twice before, opened in Guangzhou. The Parliament elected Sun Yat-sen President of the Republic of China by an absolute majority. The Beijing government and foreign powers, represented by the Beijing diplomatic corps, declared their non-recognition of the results of the presidential elections in Guangzhou.
June 6, 1922 Xu Shichang is deposed as president of the northern government. A new government was formed by Wu Peifu - Cao Kun.
1921-1922 The Conference on Arms Limitation, Pacific and Far East Issues is taking place in Washington. China is represented by the Beijing government. The Guangzhou government declared its refusal to recognize the decisions of the conference, whatever they might be. The Nine Power Treaty of Washington refused to recognize Japan's "special interests" in China. The Japanese were forced to withdraw their troops from Shandong and renounce agreements and treaties with China concluded on the basis of the "21 Demands".
On June 16, 1922, Chen Junming launches a counter-revolutionary coup in Guangzhou. Sun Yat-sen headed for warships loyal to him in the hope of crushing the rebellion with the help of the fleet and troops that were supposed to arrive in time from the front. However, foreign powers organized a military demonstration involving eight foreign naval vessels. Sun Yat-sen was forced to sail to Shanghai, stopping the fight with Chen Jiongming for a while.
In January 1923, troops loyal to Sun Yat-sen expelled Chen Jiongming from Guangzhou. Sun Yat-sen returned to the south on February 21, 1923 and headed the government of South China.
October 5, 1923 Cao Kun seizes the presidential power in Beijing by force. By accepting the demands of the foreign powers contained in the note on the "Lincheng Incident", he bought their recognition of his government. Chen Jiongming's troops broke through the weak defenses of the South Chinese government troops and launched a successful offensive against Guangzhou. Only the timely mobilization of the workers' detachments and the population of the city, carried out by the district committees of the Kuomintang, helped to defend the capital of South China.
January 20, 1924 - First National Congress of the Kuomintang in Guangzhou On June 16, the Whampu Military Academy was established under the leadership of Jiang Jieshi (Chiang Kai-shek). The first set enrolled 400, the second 500, the third 800 and the fourth about 2600 listeners; Two training regiments were created at the school.
On October 23, 1924, General Feng Yuxiang from the Zhili group occupied Beijing, overthrew the pro-British government of Cao Kun - Wu Peifu, declared his solidarity with the revolutionary Guangchdoan government of Sun Yat-sen and his intention to help end the civil war in the country. He renamed his troops into national (people's) armies, requested military and other assistance from Soviet Russia. Duan Qirui's government, which came to power as a result of the coup, although it relied on the leader of the Fengtian clique Zhang Zuolin, was forced to maneuver, fearing Feng Yuxiang's troops in Beijing.
1925 Death of Sun Zhongshan (Sun Yat-sen). On July 1, the establishment of the National Government of the Republic of China under the chairmanship of Wang Jingwei was proclaimed in Guangzhou. The leadership of the armed forces of the National Government was concentrated in the hands of Jiang Zeshi (Chiang Kai-shek).
February-March 1925 1st Eastern campaign of the Kuomintang army against Chen Jiongming; the operational plan was developed by V.K. Blucher. The Guangzhou-Kowloon railway line was liberated, and the army of the South Chinese government forced Chen Jiongming out of eastern Guangdong. 12 thousand rifles, 110 machine guns, 36 guns were captured from the enemy. In mid-May 1925, the generals of the Yunnan and Guangxi troops, taking advantage of the fact that troops loyal to the government had not yet returned after the successful completion of the 1st Eastern Campaign, raised an anti-government rebellion in Guangdong, having previously enlisted the support of the British in Hong Kong. On June 12, the rebellion was completely crushed.
September 1925 - 2nd Eastern campaign. 25 counties in eastern Guangxi were liberated.
In November 1925, the armies of Feng Yuxiang, Hu Jingyi and Sun Yu, with a total number of about 150 thousand people, coordinating their actions with the general of the Fengtian grouping Guo Songling, who rebelled against Zhang Zuolin, launched an offensive against the positions of the Fengtian troops in Northern China. In the autumn of 1925, General Sun Chuanfang occupied Shanghai and expelled the Fengtian troops from there. However, the intervention of the Japanese in the course of military operations and the treacherous assassination on the orders of the Japanese command of Guo Songling thwarted the implementation of the plans.
February 1926. Temporary reconciliation between Zhang Zuolin and Wu Peifu, who launched joint operations against the national armies. Under the pressure of foreign powers, demanding the withdrawal of troops from the Dagu-Tianjin-Beijing triangle, and the troops of Zhang Zuolin, the national armies were forced to retreat to the northwest behind the Great Wall. Feng Yuxiang himself announced his voluntary resignation in January 1926.
March 20, 1926. Military coup by Chiang Kai-shek. The frightened Chairman of the Political Council of the CEC of the Kuomintang Wang Jingwei left for Europe "for treatment". Chiang Kai-shek concentrated in his hands the fullness of civil and military power. For the post of chairman of the Kuomintang, he nominated his longtime patron, the elderly Shanghai millionaire Zhang Jingjiang.
1926 Northern campaign of the Kuomintang. On initial stage Six army corps of the NRA with a total number of 90 thousand people participated, and only the 1st Corps, commanded by Chiang Kai-shek himself, was considered the most combat-ready. The remaining five corps consisted of troops from various militarists who had joined the revolutionary government of South China. As the NRA advanced to the North, more and more military units of local militarists poured into it, from which additional army corps of the NRA were formed. By the time the NRA units reached the Yangtze, its composition had thus increased by almost 7 times. The units of the NRA were opposed by the troops of three large militaristic cliques: Zhang Zuolin's Fengtian, Wu Peifu's Zhili, and Sun Chuanfang's grouping that broke away from Wu Peifu. Wu Peifu's main base was Hubei province, the group also had its supporters in Hunan, Zhili and a number of other provinces. Under the control of Wu Peifu, there were a total of up to 210 thousand soldiers. Sun Chuanfang had 150,000 soldiers and controlled the provinces of Jiangxi, Zhejiang, Anhui, Jiangsu and Fujian. The largest was the Fengtian grouping of Zhang Zuolin - it had a 190,000-strong army, was well-armed by the Japanese, and, in addition to Manchuria, controlled the Zhili capital province and Shandong province. The only ally of the NRA in the North was the national armies under the command of Marshal Feng Yuxiang and Generals Hu Jingyi and Sun Yu.
August 1926. Under the influence of Zhu De's agitation, the Sichuan militarist Yang Sen decided to go over to the side of the NRA. His army, numbering 70 thousand people, received the name of the 26th army corps of the NRA. On September 5, the city of Wangxian was subjected to artillery fire from British warships stationed on the Yangtze River, more than 1,000 civilians were killed. Yang Sen set up artillery on both banks of the Yangtze, threatening to open fire on the British warships, which hastily retreated downstream.
On October 10, 1926, the NRA troops stormed Wuchang, after which, by order of Chiang Kai-shek, they were directed eastward to Jiangxi province. On November 4, units of the NRA captured Jiujiang, and on November 8, Nanchang.
October 24, 1926. Unsuccessful uprising in Shanghai. Foreign powers show support for Sun Chuanfang. At a meeting in Tianjin in mid-November, the northern militarists decided to send troops of Zhang Zongchang and Li Jinglin, as well as a naval squadron led by Pi Shucheng, to Shanghai to support Sun Chuanfang. The troops of Zhang Zongchang had a "Russian division" under the command of the White Guard Colonel Nechaev, numbering 3-5 thousand people. These were shock units that fought for ideological reasons against the NRA, seeing in it a "red infection" that forced them to flee from Russia to China. Five armored trains of Zhang Zongchang's army were staffed by experienced artillery officers from former Kolchak and Semenovites.
January 1, 1927. new capital revolutionary China became the tricity of Wuhan. The Wuhan government relied on units of the NRA under the command of the Hunanese militarist General Tang Shengzhi, commander of the 8th NRA Army Corps. Unlike Chiang Kai-shek, who tried to quickly occupy the areas of the lower reaches of the Yangtze with such large centers as Nanjing and Shanghai, Tang Shengzhi sought to overthrow the Peking government by joining forces with the national armies. To do this, it was necessary first to defeat the Zhili and Fengtian troops, and only then - the troops of Sun Chuanfang, and only then, without great sacrifices, take Nanjing and Shanghai.
March 21, 1927 - uprising in Shanghai. By 6 pm on March 22, the rebels occupied the entire Chinese part of the city. The remnants of the militaristic troops found refuge in the territory of the international settlement. On March 26, NRA Commander-in-Chief Chiang Kai-shek arrived in Shanghai.
March 27, 1927. Parts of the 4th NRA Army Corps occupied Nanjing. Five foreigners were killed. In response, British and American ships stationed in the roadstead of Nanjing opened heavy fire on the city, as a result of which many civilians of the city, soldiers and officers of the NRA were killed.
April 12, 1927 Chiang Kai-shek organizes a massacre of communists in Shanghai. On April 17, the Wuhan government and the Central Executive Committee of the Kuomintang expelled Chiang Kai-shek from the Kuomintang and removed him from all military and civilian posts. On April 18, the National Government is proclaimed in Nanjing, headed by the rightist Kuomintang Hu Hanmin.
Yang Sen, taking advantage of the departure of the main armed forces to the north to join the armies of Feng Yuxiang, in the second half of April 1927 moved his troops against Wuhan under the slogan "Down with the Communists!". The defense of the city was organized by the communists under the command of Ye Ting (by that time - the division commander of the Wuhan security forces) and students of the central military-political school. By May 20, they managed to suppress the rebellion of the commander of the separate 14th division of the NRA, Xia Douyin, who had gone over to the side of Yang Sen.
On May 21, 1927, the commander of the 33rd regiment of the 35th army corps of the NRA, Xu Kexiang, carried out a military coup in the capital of Hunan - Changsha. In 20 days, more than 10,000 communists, Kuomintang leftists, revolutionary workers and peasants were executed in the province.
Feng Yuxiang, having won a number of significant victories over Zhang Zuolin and the Zhili militarists with the decisive support of the NRA, a month after the counter-revolutionary coup in Shanghai ordered to stop any agitation against Chiang Kai-shek in his troops, and on May 30, 1927 publicly declared that he did not consider the Nanjing government to be counter-revolutionary , and therefore established official contact with him.
On June 1, 1927, the commander of the 3rd Army Corps of the NRA, General Zhu Peide, carried out a bloodless coup in Nanchang - the capital of Jiangxi - and expelled about 300 communists and army political workers from the province, closed the provincial committee of the Kuomintang.
On July 15, 1927, Wang Jingwei's government officially announced the breaking of the united front of the Kuomintang with the CPC and began a brutal persecution of the communists.
On August 1, 1927, units of the NRA under the command of He Long, Ye Ting, Zhu De, Liu Bocheng launched a communist uprising in Nanchang. Under pressure from superior enemy forces, the insurgent troops were forced to leave Nanchang and fight their way south (to Guangzhou) and southeast (to Shantou) in three separate columns. As a result, they settled in partisan areas.
After the Wuhan government of Wang Jingwei broke with the CPC, the NRA's offensive operations, which were envisaged by the earlier developed plans for the Northern Expedition, were temporarily stopped. Zhang Zuolin, proclaiming himself the generalissimo of all the land and sea forces of China, with the help of the troops of Sun Chuanfang and Zhang Zongchang, threw back parts of the NRA to the south beyond the Yangtze. The Kuomintang generals He Yingqin, Bai Chongxi and Li Zongren insisted before Chiang Kai-shek on complete reconciliation with the Wuhan government of Wang Jingwei and on a joint rebuff to the northerners. Chiang Kai-shek defiantly resigned and left for Japan to arrange his personal affairs. There he began to prepare for marriage to the sister of Sun Yat-sen's widow, Song Meiling.
Meanwhile, the military offensive of the northern militarists against the NRA suffered a complete failure. The northern militarists were forced to withdraw to Xuzhou. In September 1927, a united government of right and left Kuomintang was established in Nanjing, but without Chiang Kai-shek. It did not last long: in October, right-wing Kuomintang troops launched an offensive against Wuhan, forcing Tang Shengzhi to flee to Japan, and Wang Jingwei, Hu Hanming and Song Ziwen created a separatist Kuomintang government in Guangzhou. In the conditions of a split in the Kuomintang camp, Chiang Kai-shek, who returned from Japan, began to prepare to seize power, entering into negotiations with Wang Jingwei and Feng Yuxiang.
In January 1928, Chiang Kai-shek again assumed the post of commander-in-chief of the NRA, chairman of the Central Executive Committee of the Kuomintang and chairman of the Military Committee, "reorganizing" the Nanjing government and making peace with Li Zongren, Bai Chongxi and He Yingqin. The troops of the latter, together with the national army of Feng Yuxiang, in April 1928 resumed military operations against the northern militarists and occupied the capital of Shandong Province - Jinan. However, here they met the armed resistance of the Japanese troops, who, under the pretext of protecting their subjects, landed large troops in Qingdao and forced the NRA units to leave Jinan in early May 1928. The Japanese cabinet decided to recommend to Zhang Zuolin to renounce his claims to power in all of China and withdraw his troops back to Manchuria to protect the northeastern provinces from the "revolutionary contagion." However, Zhang Zuolin continued to fight defensive battles in Northern China against units of the NRA, the armies of Feng Yuxiang and Yan Xishan, who joined them. When he nevertheless decided to leave Beijing and return to Manchuria, on June 4, 1928, the Japanese blew up the car in which the disobedient general was returning to Shenyang.
The Japanese government, seeing the inevitability of the fall of Beijing, let Chiang Kai-shek know through unofficial channels that it was ready to facilitate the withdrawal of Zhang Zuolin's troops back to Manchuria. Chiang Kai-shek thus received Northern China without a fight, but in return he was obliged to recognize Japan's special rights in Manchuria.
After the death of Zhang Zuolin, power in Manchuria was inherited by his son Zhang Xueliang, who participated in 1926-28. V civil war against the southerners at the head of the Fengtian troops. He refused to submit to Japanese pressure and on July 1, 1928, sent a telegram to Chiang Kai-shek recognizing the Nanjing government. To consolidate his independence from the Japanese, Zhang Xueliang on January 11, 1929 eliminated his father's influential pro-Japanese associates.
Following Zhang Xueliang, the majority of Chinese militarists in various provinces of China also formally recognized the Nanjing government. On June 28, 1928, Beijing was renamed Beiping ("Pacified North"). Nanjing became the capital of China.
Despite the recognition of the Central Government, local warlords from the former militarists who joined the Kuomintang tried to retain administrative and party power and local tax collection. On this basis, open military clashes arose between them and Chiang Kai-shek, ending, as a rule, with victories for the Kuomintang armies or compromise agreements.
February-March 1929 War of the Kuomintang armies with the Guangxi grouping of Li Zongren and Bai Chongxi. In September 1929 General Zhang Fakui opposed Chiang Kai-shek in Central China, in October-November in the Northwest - the national army of Feng Yuxiang, in early December 1929 in Henan province - General Tang Shengzhi.
On July 10, 1929, in agreement with Chiang Kai-shek, Zhang Xueliang captured the Chinese Eastern Railway. The troops of Zhang Xueliang and detachments of the White Guards were concentrated along the Soviet frontier. On November 17, having repelled another offensive by Chinese troops, units of the Special Far Eastern Army under the command of V.K. Blucher continued their pursuit beyond the borders of the USSR. In the 20th of November, Zhang Xueliang began to offer Soviet Union peaceful settlement of the conflict. On December 3 in Nikosk-Ussuriysk, and then on December 22 in Khabarovsk, the relevant protocols were signed. According to the Khabarovsk Protocol, the situation on the CER that existed before the conflict was restored.
On March 18, 1930, the troops of the Shanxi militarist Yan Xishan occupied Beiping, disarmed the Kuomintang units located there, and again renamed the city Beijing. In September 1930, a separatist government headed by Yan Xishan was formed in Beijing, which included Wang Jingwei, Feng Yuxiang, Li Zongren and others. The war between the separatists and Chiang Kai-shek ended in the defeat of the northerners, since Zhang Xueliang unexpectedly went over to the side of Chiang Kai-shek, occupied Beiping (Beijing) and Tianjin. Not intending to leave these major centers of Northern China, he closed the representations of the Kuomintang in them.
In October 1930, Kuomintang troops defeated Feng Yuxiang's national army; before that, they had managed to defeat the Guangxi militarists in the South.
September 18, 1931 "The Manchurian Incident". The Japanese Kwantung Army captures Shenyang and occupies all of South Manchuria in 12 hours. Manchuria becomes a colony of Japan. Assuming that Japan was preparing for war against the USSR, Chiang Kai-shek ordered Zhang Xueliang's 300,000-strong army to "avoid expanding the incident, resolutely avoid resistance." By order of Nanking, a significant part of this army was withdrawn from Northeast China to Northwest. A new wave of patriotic upsurge forced Chiang Kai-shek to resign on December 15, 1931 from all government posts, retaining, however, command of the army. He concentrated entirely on conducting military punitive expeditions against the Red Army and the Soviet regions.
On December 14, the 26th field army of the Kuomintang, numbering more than 17 thousand people, raised an uprising in Ningdu (Jiangxi province) and joined the units of the Red Army, forming the 5th army corps.
January 26, 1932 Japanese Marines landed in Shanghai. However, units of the 19th Army put up unexpected resistance. On the morning of January 27, Japanese aircraft bombarded residential areas, killing and injuring many civilians. The construction of fortifications began in Shanghai. In mid-February, Japan landed two additional infantry divisions in Shanghai. During two weeks of fighting, they captured the northern part of the city, suffering significant losses. On June 5, through the mediation of the Western powers, an agreement was officially signed on the cessation of hostilities and the withdrawal of Japanese troops from Shanghai.
The Provisional Politburo of the CPC Central Committee decided on the need to achieve the victory of the Red Army on the scale of one or several provinces. However, the siege of Ganzhou, which was held under the command of Peng Dehuai from February 4 to March 7, ended in failure.
On April 20, 1932, the Red Army captured Zhangzhou, the main stronghold of the Kuomintang in the southern part of Fujian Province, destroying 4 enemy regiments and capturing 1600 prisoners, 2 aircraft.
In May 1932, the Kuomintang command reorganized the "headquarters for the implementation of the fourth punitive operation against the bandits at the junction of Jiangxi, Guangdong and Fujian provinces" and sent the 19th Army to Fujian to fight the communists; At the same time, three divisions of the Guangdong troops launched an offensive against the Soviet areas in the southern part of Jiangxi Province. To participate in the fourth military campaign against the Chinese Red Army, Chiang Kai-shek concentrated 38 infantry and one cavalry division, as well as 9 separate infantry brigades - a total of 454 thousand soldiers and officers, 1148 guns, 26 aircraft and 4 armored trains. The Red Army numbered 152 thousand fighters and commanders, armed with only 115 thousand rifles, carbines and Mausers, 550 light and 250 heavy machine guns, 380 mortars and 48 guns of various systems. The offensive of the Kuomintang troops against the Central Soviet region lasted from June 12, 1932 to February 1933. Until November 11, 1932, the 1st and 3rd Army Groups defending the area fought defensive battles, and then went on the offensive and forced Chiang Kai-shek to stop the military campaign. Kuomintang troops lost 7 divisions, more than 200 guns, 3 aircraft. More than 60 thousand soldiers and officers were taken prisoner. However, the Kuomintang managed to defeat units of the 4th and 2nd Army Groups, which were forced to leave their bases.
The plan for the fifth punitive campaign of Chiang Kai-shek was fundamentally different from the previous ones. Chiang Kai-shek used the practice of moving slowly forward, surrounding the Central Soviet region with concrete blockhouses; accelerated construction of strategic roads. Starting the fifth punitive campaign, Chiang Kai-shek deployed 60 divisions, of which 40 were his own and 20 were provincial: Hunan, Guangdong, and Fujian. The Kuomintang troops numbered about half a million people, more than 10 times superior to the Red Army in terms of numbers and weapons. The fifth punitive campaign began on September 25, 1933, on September 28, the city of Lichuan was captured.
On September 8, 1932, the Japanese Foreign Ministry sent a note to the Nanjing government demanding that Zhang Xueliang's troops be withdrawn from the Rehe and Chahar provinces outside the Great Wall of China. Without waiting for an answer, the Japanese Kwantung Army occupied Jinzhou, a large border city with North China in South Manchuria, and on December 8, 1932, raided a strategically important passage in the Great Wall of China - Shanhaiguan, which soon came under Japanese control. Two months later, the Japanese divisions launched an offensive on Zhehe, and then on Chakhar, from where they moved south and southeast and entered the northern Chinese province of Hebei. On March 31, 1933, General He Yingqin, with the active support of Wang Jingwen, signed an agreement with General Umezu in Tanggu, under which the Chinese government undertook to withdraw its troops from the demarcation line indicated by the Japanese in northern China.
On November 20, 1933, Chen Mingshu, Jiang Guannai and Cai Tingkai, as well as Li Jishen and other generals associated with the 19th Army, announced their break with Chiang Kai-shek and the establishment of the People's Revolutionary Government of the Republic of China.
In early April 1934, Chiang Kai-shek concentrated 11 selected divisions for an offensive against Guanchang. He hoped to break through the defenses of the Central Soviet region from the north and move on Ruijin. On April 28, after stubborn long battles, Guanchang was taken.
In the first decade of July 1934, 30 Kuomintang divisions launched an attack on the Central Soviet region from six directions. On July 15, the Manifesto of the Workers' and Peasants' Red Army of China was published on the march to the North to repulse Japan.
October 1934 Under pressure from the Kuomintang troops, the communist army was forced to leave its main base in Jiangxi province and undertake the famous Long March, covering 12,500 km with the enemy pursuing on the heels (the size of the army was reduced from 300 to 30 thousand people). Since October 1935, the city of Yan'an in Shaanxi Province has become a stronghold of the Communists.
August 1936. The "Manchurian-Mongolian" troops, which began military operations under the leadership of Japanese officers in the province of Suiyuan, ran into vigorous resistance from the detachments of General Fu Zuoyi, who, having launched a counteroffensive, liberated the city of Bailinmiao, previously captured by the enemy.
1936 "Xi'an Incident". The armies of Zhang Xueliang and Yang Hucheng accept the CCP's proposal for a united anti-Japanese front and demand an alliance with the Communists from Chiang Kai-shek. After Chan's refusal, he is arrested on December 12 in Xi'an. Chiang Kai-shek is forced to accept the terms of the CCP. However, immediately after his release, Chiang Kai-shek arrests Zhang Xueliang.
July 7, 1937 "Incident at the Lugoujiao Bridge (Marco Polo Bridge)". Japanese troops attack the bridge near Beijing, the Sino-Japanese war begins.
By the end of July 1937, the Japanese captured Beiping and Tianjin. On August 13, the battles for the Usun-Shanghai region begin. September 13 Japanese troops occupy Datong. In Nanjing, Japanese troops staged a gigantic massacre of civilians.
October 21, 1938 - Japanese troops take Guangzhou. October 27 - the end of the battle for Wuhan. Japanese troops take possession of one of the strategically important regions of China.
1939 Japanese troops occupy Hainan Island.
On April 17, 1944, the Japanese army in China launched the largest offensive of the entire war, codenamed "Ichigo", which lasted almost nine months. 620,000 Japanese soldiers participated in the offensive, destroying the American air bases in Guilin and Liuzhou and threatening a direct invasion of Sichuan province.
1945 After the end of World War II, the question of power in China arises again.
1946 Large-scale offensive by the Kuomintang army.
March 1947. The Communists are forced to leave the Special District.
September 12 - November 12, 1948. Liaoxi-Shenyang operation. The CCP armies were led by Lin Biao. During the fighting, 470,000 Kuomintang soldiers and officers were destroyed or captured, and the entire territory of the Northeast was liberated. In Changchun, the commander of the 1st Army, General Zheng Dongguo, defected to the PLA.
In the first decade of December 1948, after the successful completion of the Liaoshen operation in Manchuria, Lin Biao's Northeast Field Army was transferred to Northern China, where the combined PLA forces under the command of Lin Biao, Luo Ronghuan and Nie Rongzhen during the Beiping-Tianjin-Kalgan operation the 520,000-strong Kuomintang army was destroyed, Tianjin was taken, and after a 40-day siege and negotiations with General Fu Zuoyi, an agreement was reached on the peaceful surrender of the Beiping garrison.
November 6, 1948 – January 10, 1949 During the Huaihe-Haizhou operation in the provinces of Jiangsu, Shandong, Anhui and Henan, more than 555,000 soldiers and officers of the Kuomintang were destroyed and captured, and the richest trophies were captured. The PLA troops were commanded by Liu Bocheng, Chen Yi, Chen Geng and Deng Xiaoping.
At the beginning of 1949, the PLA troops reached the northern bank of the Yangtze on a wide front, creating a direct threat to Nanjing and Shanghai.
1949 Peace negotiations between the CCP and the Kuomintang. April 21 - The PLA crosses the Yangtze and begins an offensive south. Kuomintang forces evacuate to Taiwan. The People's Republic of China is proclaimed in Beijing.
1950 PLA occupies Tibet.
1950-1953 Chinese troops are fighting against the US in Korea.
1962-1971 Border conflicts between China and India.
1979 Armed conflict with Vietnam. China invades Vietnam to "punish" it for invading Cambodia. After unsuccessful fighting on the border, China withdraws its troops.
Do not be afraid, you need to pay not right now, but in the future, although not so far away. Many of us will catch it.
Today's news that Russia has finally decided to supply China with S-400 systems reminded me of an interesting article in a pro-government Chinese newspaper, the translation of which I came across a couple of weeks ago.
Six wars in which China will participate in the next 50 years.
Illustration for the article "Six wars to be waged by China"
Below is a Russian translation of the text about the "sixth war". It is quite faithful, but mechanical, so those who wish can familiarize themselves with the English translation or the Chinese original.
China is not a single great power. This is a humiliation of the Chinese people, a disgrace to the sons of the Yellow Emperor. For the sake of national unity and dignity, China must fight 6 wars in the next 50 years. Some regional, others perhaps total. No matter which, they are all inevitable for Chinese reunification.
...
WAR FIRST: UNIFICATION WITH TAIWAN (YEARS 2020 - 2025)...WAR TWO: THE RETURN OF THE SPRATLEY ISLANDS (YEARS 2025-2030)...WAR THREE: RETURN OF SOUTHERN TIBET (2035-2040)...FOURTH WAR: THE RETURN OF THE DIAOYUDAO (SENKAKU) AND RYUKU ISLANDS (YEARS 2040 - 2045)...WAR FIFTH: UNIFICATION OF OUTER MONGOLIA (YEARS 2045-2050)...WAR SIX: RETURN OF LAND FROM RUSSIA (YEARS 2055 - 2060)The current relationship between China and Russia seems to be good, but this is the result of the US leaving them no other choice.
Both countries are closely monitored by each other. Russia fears that the rise of China threatens its power, but China has never forgotten the possessions lost to Russia. When the opportunity presents itself, China will return all the lost territories..
After five previous victories by 2050, China will make territorial claims based on the domain of the Qin Dynasty (like the unification of Outer Mongolia based on the domain of the Republic of China) and conduct propaganda campaigns in support of such claims. Efforts must be made to ensure that Russia falls apart again.
During the time of "Old China" Russia occupied 1.6 million square kilometers of land, which is equal to one sixth of the territory of the current domain of China. Thus, Russia is China's worst enemy.
After winning the previous five wars, it's time to make Russia pay.
This must be leading to war with Russia. Although by this time China is the foremost military power in the field of aviation, navy, land and space forces, this is the first war against a nuclear power. Therefore, China must be well prepared in the field of nuclear weapons, the possibility of a nuclear strike on Russia from the beginning to the end of the conflict.
When China deprives Russia of the ability to retaliate, Russia will realize that it cannot compete with China on the battlefield.
They will only have to give up their occupied lands, paying a high price for their invasions..
http://www.daokedao.ru/2013/12...
And, in conclusion, a map known to many, very popular with Chinese nationalists (of which there are five times more than citizens of the Russian Federation in general)
You need to understand that in which case, the cry “Our Far East!” will be very loud, and the reasons justifying the historical correctness will be found very quickly.
