Goncharov's novel "Oblomov" was highly appreciated by critics of the second half of XIX century. In particular, Belinsky noted that the work was timely and reflected the socio-political thought of the 50-60s of the nineteenth century. Two lifestyles - Oblomov and Stolz - are considered in this article in comparison.
Characteristics of Oblomov
Ilya Ilyich was distinguished by a desire for peace, inaction. Oblomov cannot be called interesting and varied: he used to spend most of the day in thought, lying on the couch. Plunging into these thoughts, he often throughout the day never got up from his bed, did not go out into the street, did not recognize latest news. He did not read newspapers as a matter of principle, so as not to bother himself with unnecessary, and most importantly, meaningless information. Oblomov can be called a philosopher, he is concerned about other issues: not everyday, not momentary, but eternal, spiritual. He looks for meaning in everything.
When looking at him, one gets the impression that he is a happy freethinker, not burdened with hardships and problems. outer life. But life "touches, gets everywhere" Ilya Ilyich, makes him suffer. Dreams remain only dreams, because he does not know how to embody them in real life. Even reading tires him: Oblomov has many books he has begun, but they all remain unread, misunderstood. The soul seems to be dormant in him: he avoids unnecessary anxieties, worries, anxieties. In addition, Oblomov often compares his calm, secluded existence with the lives of other people and finds that it’s not good to live the way others live: “When to live?”
This is what constitutes the ambiguous image of Oblomov. "Oblomov" (Goncharov I.A.) was created in order to describe the personality of this character - uncommon and extraordinary in his own way. He is not alien to impulses and deep emotional experiences. Oblomov is a true dreamer with a poetic, sensitive nature.
Stolz characteristic
Oblomov's way of life can in no way be compared with Stolz's world outlook. The reader first meets this character in the second part of the work. Andrei Stoltz loves everything in order: his day is scheduled by the hour and minute, dozens of important things are planned that need to be urgently redone. Today he is in Russia, tomorrow, you see, he has already unexpectedly gone abroad. What Oblomov finds boring and meaningless is important and significant for him: trips to cities, villages, intentions to improve the quality of life of those around him.
He opens in his soul such treasures that Oblomov cannot even guess. Stolz's way of life consists entirely in activities that feed his whole being with the energy of cheerfulness. In addition, Stolz is a good friend: more than once he helped Ilya Ilyich in business matters. The way of life of Oblomov and Stolz is different from each other.
What is "Oblomovism"?
As a social phenomenon, the concept denotes a focus on an idle, monotonous, devoid of color and any kind of change in life. Andrei Stoltz called "Oblomovism" the very way of life of Oblomov, his desire for endless peace and the absence of any activity. Despite the fact that a friend constantly pushed Oblomov to the opportunity to change the way of existence, he did not budge at all, as if he did not have enough energy to do this. At the same time, we see that Oblomov admits his mistake, uttering the following words: "I have long been ashamed to live in the world." He feels useless, unnecessary and abandoned, and therefore he does not want to dust off the table, sort out books that have been lying there for a month, and leave the apartment once again.
Love in the understanding of Oblomov
Oblomov's way of life did not contribute in any way to the acquisition of real, and not fictitious, happiness. He dreamed and planned more than he actually lived. It is amazing, but in his life there was a place for a quiet rest, philosophical reflections on the essence of being, but there was a lack of strength for decisive action and the implementation of intentions. Love for Olga Ilyinskaya for a while pulls Oblomov out of his usual existence, makes him try new things, start taking care of himself. He even forgets his old habits and sleeps only at night, and goes about his business during the day. But still, love in Oblomov's worldview is directly related to dreams, thoughts and poetry.
Oblomov considers himself unworthy of love: he doubts whether Olga can love him, whether he suits her enough, whether he is capable of making her happiness. Such thoughts lead him to sad thoughts about his useless life.
Love in the understanding of Stolz
Stoltz approaches the issue of love more rationally. He does not indulge in ephemeral dreams in vain, as he soberly looks at life, without fantasy, without the habit of analyzing. Stolz is a business man. He does not need romantic walks in the moonlight, loud declarations of love and sighs on the bench, because he is not Oblomov. Stolz's lifestyle is very dynamic and pragmatic: he proposes to Olga at the moment when he realizes that she is ready to accept him.
What did Oblomov come to?
As a result of protective and cautious behavior, Oblomov misses the opportunity to build a close relationship with Olga Ilyinskaya. His marriage was upset shortly before the wedding - he gathered for too long, explained himself, asked himself, compared, estimated, analyzed Oblomov. The characterization of the image of Oblomov Ilya Ilyich teaches not to repeat the mistakes of an idle, aimless existence, raises the question of what love really is? Is she the object of lofty, poetic aspirations, or is it the calm joy, peace that Oblomov finds in the house of the widow Agafya Pshenitsyna?
Why did Oblomov's physical death occur?
The result of Ilya Ilyich's philosophical reflections is this: he preferred to bury his former aspirations and even lofty dreams in himself. with Olga, his life focused on everyday existence. He knew no greater joy than to eat well and sleep after dinner. Gradually, the engine of his life began to stop, subside: ailments and cases became more frequent. Even his former thoughts left him: there was no longer any place for them in a quiet room that looked like a coffin, in all this sluggish life that lulled Oblomov, more and more away from reality. Mentally, this man was long dead. Physical death was only a confirmation of the falsity of his ideals.
Achievements of Stolz
Stolz, unlike Oblomov, did not miss his chance to become happy: he built family well-being with Olga Ilyinskaya. This marriage was made out of love, in which Stolz did not fly into the clouds, did not stay in destructive illusions, but acted more than reasonably and responsibly.
The way of life of Oblomov and Stolz are diametrically opposed and opposed to each other. Both characters are unique, inimitable and significant in their own way. This may explain the strength of their friendship over the years.
Each of us is close to either the type of Stolz or Oblomov. There is nothing wrong with that, and the coincidences are likely to be only partial. Deep, loving to reflect on the essence of life, most likely, Oblomov's experiences, his restless mental throwing and searching will be understandable. Business pragmatists, who have left romance and poetry far behind, will embody themselves with Stolz.
Loresh Julia
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MBOU "Privalenskaya secondary school"
Azov German national region
Omsk region
Essay
"Musa Jalil: Life and Destiny".
Performed:
7th grade student
Loresh Julia
Teacher: Avdonkina Irina Anatolyevna
With. Privalnoe - 2016
Introduction _____________________________________________3
Chapter I pre-war period
- Pre-revolutionary and 20 years _____________________5
- 1930s_______________________________________________9
Chapter II. War and poet - hero
- Before captivity _________________________________________ 11
- In captivity __________________________________________13
Chapter III. The fate of the poet after death _____________________ 17
Conclusion ___________________________________________19
Literature ___________________________________________20
Introduction
Musa Jalil is one of the great poets of the Tatar people. In addition to his poetic creativity, he left an example of courage and heroism. Not only his poetry, but his life and tragic fate are examples of resilience.
In this work, I want to focus on the tragic fate of the poet-hero. This topic, although it seems studied, but requires constant reflection. Therefore, as is" eternal themes"in human history, this is how "eternal themes" appear in the fate of every nation, to which it is simply necessary to return constantly so as not to lose the thread of history.
Musa Jalil and his fate do not remain a narrow topic for Tatar literature and the Tatar people. His works have been translated into many languages of the world, and works far beyond the borders of Tatarstan and Russia are devoted to his fate. It is no coincidence that the famous French writer Louis Aragon devoted a separate chapter to Musa Jalil in his book "Soviet Writers" (Paris, 1955). In the struggle of the Tatar poet against fascism, Louis Aragon sees the importance of this fight as the liberation of other peoples from enslavement. "He died for all of us - both the French and the Czechs. Musa Jalil ... You who have forgotten the red canvases on the columns and walls of France, repeat his name ...".
When writing this work, I used the richest material from the memoirs of Gazi Kashshaf, a friend and colleague of Musa Jalil, as well as the work of a well-known researcher of creativity and fate of the poet Rafael Mustafin.
When studying the fate of the poet, it is difficult to pass by the memoirs of his daughter and the statements of individual writers. In addition, I also used the autobiography of Musa Jalil "My life path".
Of course, another, and, in my opinion, the main source for the disclosure of the topic were the poems of Musa Jalil.
The presented work consists of three parts. The first describes the pre-war life of the poet, the second - his tragic fate during the Great Patriotic War. In the third - the fate of the poet after death.
Chapter I PRE-WAR PERIOD
1. Pre-revolutionary and 20s
As Musa Jalil himself wrote in his autobiography "My Life Path", "I was born in 1906 in the village of Mustafino, the former Orenburg region in the family of Mustafa Gabdeljamil".
Mustafino is a small village that currently belongs to the Sharlyksky district of the Orenburg region. As one of the largest researchers of the life and work of the poet Rafael Mustafin poetically notes, home village, its fields, rivers, pictures familiar from childhood, sunrises and sunsets, colors of spring and autumn - all of them will remain the poet's companions. Native places, nature, the very air of this side will inspire him all his life.
Mustafa-abzy - the poet's father - from the age of 7 he served in the Usmanovs' store in Sharlyk. There he graduated from the madrasah, learned Arabic learned to speak Russian. After his marriage, having collected all his savings, having borrowed money from the bai, Mustafa-abzy opened a small grocery store in his village. He did not really like rural work, and from time to time drank away his wealth. And then, already in Orenburg, for non-payment of debts, he will end up in a debtor's prison and completely go bankrupt.
The poet's mother - Rakhima-tuti - was small in stature, with black hair. Musa was very much like her. Her character was distinguished by pliability and gentleness. She constantly instilled in the children respect for work and bread.
In the summer of 1913, the large family of Mustafa-Abzy, having sold the farm, moved to Orenburg. Here they settled in the basement of the Khusainia madrasah next to the Belek (Knowledge) library. Soon, it is there that little Musa will constantly disappear, and a little later he begins his education in the Khusainia madrasah.
The years in Orenburg, of course, were not easy, but they were distinguished by their simplicity and for Musa they became years of accumulation of the first knowledge. Already here, the future poet manifests himself with diligent behavior and leadership inclinations. So, a few years later, he opens a newspaper in the madrasah among his classmates, where it was indicated "editor and publisher Musa Jalil."
The year 1917 has come. In November 1917, General Dutov seized power in Orenburg, and until January 1918 a military dictatorship was established in the city. In June 1918, with the support of the White Czechs, Dutov again seized power, and only in January 1919 Orenburg became completely and finally liberated from the Whites.
From the second half of 1919, Musa Jalil makes his first experiments in poetry. His first poems were especially romantic.
Soon the poet's father dies, and Jalil is forced to return to Mustafino. Here he creates an organization called "Red Flower", which was the forerunner of the organization of revolutionary youth.
In February 1922, a Komsomol organization was created in the village of Mustafino, with Musa Jalil becoming its leader. As he himself noted: "... In 1920-21, there were many kulak riots and bandits in our area. Detachments of volunteer Communards were organized by their village Komsomol members against the bandits. I, having joined one of these detachments, participated in the fight against these gangs.
After a year of active life in Mustafino, Musa Jalil ends up in Kazan. In the autumn of 1923 he entered the Tatar workers' faculty.
In 1925, the first collection of Musa Jalil entitled "Barabyz" (I'm going) was published in the library series of the MOPR of Tatarstan. The book was dedicated to international events.
And on June 3, 1925, Musa Jalil graduated from the Kazan Tatar Rabfak and received a certificate of completion full course in the department of technology. The diploma of the workers' faculty allowed the writer to enter almost any university, but Jalil decides to relax in his village.
In fact, Musa is worried about the situation of the family: brother Ibragim was drafted into the army to fight the Basmachi in Central Asia, and later took his family there; older sister Zainab went to study in Kazan. Mother and younger sister remained in Mustafino; they experienced great need in those difficult years.
According to one of the biographers and friends of Musa Jalil G.S. Kashshaf, "the native village lives a lively, noisy life. You can hear songs, cheerful games of the young. There are almost no childhood friends left: some, fleeing hunger, went to Tashkent, and some could not stand the difficult years ...".
During these years, Musa constantly turns into a singer native nature but the realities of life could not leave him alone. In those days, the NEP flourished, the influence of the bais-kulaks increased, the hostile clergy intimidated the poor. Musa starts working as a correspondent and becomes a Komsomol activist. There were still few Komsomol cells then, and Komsomol members from many villages often gathered to listen to the instructor. And in 1926, Musa Jalil became one of these instructors.
Another winter has passed. In the spring of 1927, Musa was elected a delegate to the All-Union Komsomol Conference. So two years passed unnoticed. And so Jalil, on the way to the meeting, finally decides to enter Moscow University and on June 17 submits an application to the Faculty of Literature. At the All-Union Komsomol Conference, he was elected a member of the Tatar-Bashkir section of the Central Committee of the Komsomol. And later, on August 5, 1927, the Central Committee of the All-Union Leninist Young Communist League recalled Musa Jalil to work in the magazine Kechkene Ipteshler (Junior Comrades). Musa moves to Moscow.
After moving to Moscow, Musa immediately gets involved in hard work. He had to do a lot of organizational and creative work. He works in the editorial office of the magazine "Kechkene Ipteshler", and a little later the Tatbashburo approved him as a representative of the Central Committee of the Komsomol in the department of Common National Minorities of the People's Commissariat of Education of the RSFSR. In January 1928, Jalil, in addition to his main job, was appointed a member of the editorial board of the Yash Eshche (Young Worker) magazine, as well as the editorial board of the Udarniklar magazine.
In 1927-28, Musa Jalil led an international circle in the Tatar Club named after. H. Yamasheva. And Musa also led the literary circle at the Central Children's Library for many years. All this work, which required a lot of time and attention, did not release Musa from the duties of a university student.
2. Thirties.
On June 19, 1931, Musa Jalil was issued certificate No. 1961 stating that “M. Jalil graduated from the editorial and journalistic department in the cycle of criticism of the Faculty of Literature and Art of the Moscow state university».
In 1932, the magazine "October Balalari", in which he worked, was closed. Under the name "Pioneer Kalame" he is translated to Kazan. Musa goes to work in the editorial office of the central Tatar newspaper "Communist" as the head of the department of literature and art.
“In 1932,” Jalil later recalled, “I worked as the 3rd secretary of the MAPP (Moscow Association of Proletarian Writers) and led the Tatar section.”
During these years, Jalil dreams of becoming a professional writer. He is drawn to the big creative work, big plans and a mass of images have ripened in my soul, ready to pour out in songs and poems. He does not want to break away from Moscow, although he is strongly invited to Kazan.
And so he decides to go to Kazan to take creative orders. But, having arrived in Kazan, Musa Jalil was carried away by something completely different.
At this time, the government of the Tatar Republic adopted a resolution on the opening of the Tatar Opera and Ballet Theater in Kazan. The question arose about the repertoire of the theatre. Writers and composers offer Musa to head this business.
A meeting of Tatar writers was held in Moscow. The meeting was attended by Fathi Burnash, Ahmed Faizi, Ahmed Yerikeev. Everyone unanimously found it necessary to entrust this matter to Jalil. Soon Musa caught fire with the work of the studio. He selects opera parts for the studio members and works on the theatre's repertoire.
After graduating from university, Musa lived with friends or in private apartments. He always dreamed of his own room, where he could work at night without disturbing anyone. And this dream came true. He was given a ten-meter room in Stoleshnikov Lane.
Only at the beginning of 1939, Musa Jalil, together with the studio of the Tatar Opera, came to Kazan. Day and night there are rehearsals, now and then long meetings are held.
In 1939, the workers of Kazan elected Musa Jalil to the City Council of Deputies. An excerpt from a poem written in 1934 was printed on the invitation card for the meeting of the deputy with the voters:
How people work with inspiration,
Raising a building of socialism!
I know stone my life will go in
And firmly lay down in the base.
The work was in full swing, but the years of the Patriotic War were approaching, which would become another and already the last test for the poet.
Chapter II. WAR AND POET HERO
1. Before captivity
On the day the war began, Gazi Kashshaf, Ahmet Ishak and Musa Jalil sat all night in a close family circle. And then Musa uttered a phrase that was later recalled more than once: "After the war, some of us will not be counted ...".
Musa Jalil immediately asked to go to the front. But he was asked to wait. On July 13, after the premiere of the opera "Altynch", Musa received a summons. He was sent to an artillery regiment that was being formed in Tatarstan as a "mounted reconnaissance man", or, simply put, as a rider.
But at one of the productions of operas, the command learned that Jalil was the author of the libretto for the opera "Altynch", a well-known Tatar poet, former chairman of the Writers' Union, and a city council deputy. They wanted to demobilize him, but he again categorically refused.
In the last days of July, Musa was appointed to the courses of political workers. But even after the courses he was left in reserve. Jalil turned to Alexander Fadeev to be allowed to go to the front. He was offered to work in Russian front-line newspapers, but the poet wanted to work in the national front-line press.
In the end, Jalil would undoubtedly have achieved an appointment in the national units, but he apparently did not have the patience. In the last days of February 1942, with the very first team of reservist officers, he left for the Volkhov Front.
On the night of June 23-24, the 59th Rifle Brigade received an order to break through with battles in the direction of the village of Teroyemets-Kurlyandsky. The breakthrough was to be led by the third battalion, followed by the rest of the units. In view of the importance of the task, the battalion was reinforced by a group of political workers and officers from the army headquarters, Musa was among them.
At eleven o'clock the attack began. The Germans responded with heavy fire. In the forefront were commanders and political workers. When the battalion launched another attack, Pankov was wounded in the leg (Pankov often wrote to the newspaper "Courage" and was from Chuvashia. Jalil and Pankov considered themselves fellow countrymen). Having put Pankov on his shoulders, Musa crawled to the right, where the bushes were thicker, and the fire was not so destructive. At that moment, a machine gun fired from the bushes. Leaving Pankov in place, Musa crawled to the machine gun. Through the roar, Pankov heard someone scream, and it seemed to him that it was Musa screaming. In the next moment, something collapsed near Penkov, he was deafened, and he lost consciousness. According to Pankov, it was on this morning, June 24, that the wounded Musa was taken prisoner.
Salih Ganeyev said that in the fall of 1942 he met with Jalil in one of the prisoner-of-war camps, and Musa himself told him about how he was captured. This happened, according to the poet, on June 26. All previous attempts to break out of the encirclement failed. We decided to make our way with a column of cars along a flat road. Musa was driving in an editorial car, but the Germans discovered the convoy and opened fire. A mine exploded under the wheels of the car; most of Jalil's fellow travelers were killed, and he himself was wounded by a shrapnel in his left shoulder and thrown back by the blast wave. When he came to, the Germans were already around.
Ganeev bandaged the poet and says that the fragment crushed Musa's collarbone and his left arm hung in a sling. On Jalil's chest was a badly healed scar from a bullet wound. The bullet hit close to the heart, but only scratched the ricochets on the ribs.
- In captivity .
In September 1942, along with other prisoners of war, Jalil was transferred to a camp near Dvinsk.
In the last days of October or at the very beginning of November 1942, Musa Jalil was brought to the Polish fortress of Demblin. In 1941-1942, from 120 to 150 thousand prisoners of war were kept here at the same time, mainly from Soviet Union.
The arrivals were herded into unheated fortress casemates - without bunks, without beds, even without straw bedding. Many had to spend the night under the open sky, and frosts in November reached 10-15 degrees ... Every morning the funeral "kaput-team" picked up 300-500 stiffened corpses.
By the end of November 1942, changes began in the Demblin camp. better side: prisoners of war began to be treated better. These changes had their own pattern: prisoners of war began to be sorted by nationality. In Demblin, they began to gather mainly Tatars, Bashkirs, Chuvashs, Maris, Mordvins, Udmurts. The Germans are using the ideas of Gayaz Iskhaki and are increasingly talking about the creation in the occupied territory independent state"Idel-Ural".
Further, there is no clear evidence about the fate of Jalil. It is only known that Musa suggested to Ganeev not to ask for it, but, if the Nazis offered, to agree to work in the Tatar committee in Berlin or in the editorial office of the Idel-Ural newspaper in order to "blow up the legions from the inside."
Here is how R. Mustafin describes this act: “It was not easy for Jalil and his comrades to agree to “cooperate” with the Germans. This can be judged at least from Jalil’s poem“ Do not believe! ”:
If they bring you news about me,
They will say: "He is a traitor! He betrayed his homeland," -
Don't believe me dear! The word is
Friends will not tell if they love me.
I took a machine gun and went to fight,
To fight for you and for your motherland.
Would you like to change? And your fatherland?
What will remain in my life?"
In February, all of Jalil's friends - Alish, Sattar, Bulatov and Shabaev - moved to an open camp in Wustrau. Then they were transferred to Berlin.
At the end of February 1943, the news spread in the Wustrau camp: the first battalion of the Volga-Tatar Legion, sent to Eastern front, interrupted the German officers and went over to the Belarusian partisans.
Somewhere in the beginning or middle of March 1943, Jalil arrives in Berlin and begins to work in an institution that was called rather vaguely - "Tatarish Mittelshtelle", i.e. Tatar Mediation. Working in such an institution, Jalil had to travel to different camps. He used his travels to launch underground work. He went to Deblin and several times to the camp near Yedlino.
At the end of 1943, he again comes to Yedlino. He brought a new installation of the underground center: since after the uprising in the first battalion the Nazis did not dare to send units of the Tatar Legion to the front anymore, it was decided to raise an uprising in the legion itself, unite with the nearby Armenian Legion and Polish partisans and fight their way towards the advancing units of the Red Army .
Officially, Jalil came to stage his new musical comedy "Shurale" by the musical chapel. He received permission in Berlin. Under the guise of a rehearsal, they held a meeting.
The uprising was scheduled for 14 August. However, on August 11, all the "artists" were summoned to the soldiers' canteen and arrested. Later, the name of the traitor will be revealed - Yamalutdinov. It became known only in 1946, when Jalil's first notebook returned to his homeland. There was a list of underground workers, and at the bottom there was a thick line and it was written: "The traitor is Yalalutdinov, from Uzbekistan." After the arrest, the underground workers were thrown into the death row (stone bag) in the Dresden prison.
According to the Dutchman Timmermans, who was in the same cell with Jalil, they broke up with the poet in late January - early February 1944. From the last letter issued by Abdullah Alish, it is known that the trial was to take place on February 7.
According to the recollections of eyewitnesses, it is known that the cases of the underground and all the jailers of Spandau were considered by General Fromm. But after the assassination attempt on Hitler, in which Colonel-General Fromm was a participant, Himmler took his place. It happened on July 20, 1944. It was Himmler who sentenced the Tatars to death and denied them pardon.
Timmermans says that in August 1944 he happened to meet with Jalil once again in the Spandau prison. Here, the search for Sheikh Mannur and other researchers of Musa Jalil's work led to the Italian cellmate Lanfredini. It was through him that they were able to find out the exact date of the execution of the poet. This is August 25, 1944.
"Documents make it possible to clarify the time of execution. Judging by the records, all the patriots were beheaded on the guillotine within half an hour - from 12:06 to 12:36 on August 25. Executions followed one after another with an interval of three minutes."
CHAPTER III. THE FATE OF THE POET AFTER DEATH
April 25, 1953 is considered to be the second birthday of Musa Jalil. On this day, for the first time, a selection of Jalil's poems from the Moabit notebook was printed on the pages of the Literary Gazette. So, the whole world spoke about the feat of the "Tatar Fuchik".
Decree of the Presidium of the Supreme Soviet of the USSR of February 2, 1956 for exceptional stamina and courage shown in battles with fascist german invaders during the Great Patriotic War, Musa Jalil was posthumously awarded the title of Hero of the Soviet Union.
And a year later, the Committee on Lenin Prizes in the field of literature and art under the Council of Ministers of the USSR awarded Musa Jalil - the first among poets - the Lenin Prize for the cycle of poems "Moabit Notebook".
Then the writers faced the task of creating a book about the poet. Gazi Kashshaf was the first to undertake this business. It was to him that Musa, in his literary testament, entrusted the collection, editing and publication of his entire creative heritage. The result of a long search for Gazi Kashshaf was the first work about the poet "Musa Jalil. Essay on life and work."
Writers Alexander Fadeev, Konstantin Simonov, Ilya Frenkel, Tatar writers Sheikhi Mannur, Riza Ishmurat, Akhmet Iskhak, Naki Isanbet and others also took part in the search. Critics Robert Bikmukhametov and Nil Yuzeev published voluminous monographs on Jalil's work.
In Tatar literature, there are many works dedicated to Musa Jalil. Sheikha Mannur's voluminous novel "Musa", two well-known dramatic works - the drama of N. Isanbet "Musa Jalil" and R. Ishmorat "(Immortal Song)".
Conclusion.
Despite the fact that researchers have been and are engaged in the study of the life and fate of Musa Jalil, white spots still remain in this dramatic story. Many witnesses confused dates (according to the same R. Mustafin), names. Some simply could make up stories and be false witnesses of history.
Nevertheless, the fate of Musa Jalil as a whole has been unraveled. The fact that he could not cooperate with the Germans is proved indisputably. But in other places, even in documentary narratives, there are elements artistic creativity.
For example, in a practically documentary book by R. Mustafin about the military period of the life of Musa Jalil, the fate of the same Yamalutdinov, who was a traitor to the underground, is described: “There he was met by a smiling Gayaz Iskhaki. He talked about something with an SS man. legionary book and Yamalutdinov's belt and returned them to him.
Then Yamalutdinov went with Iskhaki to Berlin. He lived first in a city apartment, then at Iskhaki's country dacha, rested, went to the cinema and restaurants.
This also proves that after Jalil was awarded all the awards and after receiving incredible recognition, the poet's name became a symbol and an ideological weapon. In the above passage, which is a complete fiction, if only because Iskhaki did not cooperate with the Hitler regime, propaganda against the Idel-Ural state is carried out interlinearly. Gayaz Iskhaki was the author of this project long before Hitler came to power. The book was published in France in 1934.
tragic fate Musa Jalil from this kind of his use does not become less heroic. And just as his work was forever registered in the history of Tatar poetry, so his name is inscribed in the heroic history of the struggle of mankind against the Nazi regime.
Literature.
1. Kashshaf G.S. According to the will of Musa Jalil. Translation from Tatar by R. Khakimov. - Kazan: Tatar book publishing house, 1984. - 224 p.
2. Mustafin R. Musa Jalil. Life and work (pre-war period). - Kazan: Tatar book publishing house, 1986. - 383 p.
3. Mustafin R. In the footsteps of the hero-poet: Book-search. - Kazan: Tatar book publishing house, 1973. - 368 p.
Biography and episodes of life Musa Jalil. When born and died Musa Jalil, memorable places and dates important events his life. Quotes of a poet, journalist, publicist, Photo and video.
Musa Jalil's years of life:
born February 2, 1906, died August 25, 1944
Epitaph
“Eternal memory to the poet-fighter!
We remember him to this day.
By his death he proved to the Creator:
The word is not a ghost in the desert."
From a poem by Igor Sulga in memory of Musa Jalil
Biography
The biography of Musa Jalil is the story of an amazing person. His wonderful poems became a real testament to the struggle and courage, the truth of which was revealed only years later. Coming from a poor peasant family, a graduate of the philological faculty of Moscow State University, a talented poet and journalist, during the Great Patriotic War he undertook a bold feat, risking his own life- and losing it.
When the war began, Musa Jalil already had a successful career - he edited children's and youth literature, worked as an executive secretary of the Union of Writers of Tatarstan, published collections of poems, wrote librettos for operas. He was 35 years old when he went to war, and a year later the seriously wounded Musa Jalil was captured. Then he took an incredible step - he joined the German legion "Idel-Ural", but not at all in order to fight on the side of Germany, but to create an underground group. Under the guise of cultural and educational activities, Jalil traveled to prison camps, recruited new members of the organization and organized escapes. Musa Jalil's underground activities lasted a little over a year, until he was arrested - just a few days before the uprising he had prepared. A year after his arrest, Jalil was executed by guillotine.
Perhaps the feat of Jalil would have remained unknown. Long years after the war, the poet was considered an enemy of the people, a traitor who went over to the side of the enemy. But the truth soon began to come to light. Former prisoners of war, cellmates of the poet, were able to convey Soviet authorities poems by Musa Jalil, which he wrote in prison, which clearly showed that he was organizing an underground movement. But even this did not immediately help to rehabilitate the poet, until the notebook with Jalil's poems fell into the hands of Konstantin Simonov. He not only translated the poems into Russian, but also removed the accusations of betrayal from him, proving the feat of Jalil. After that, Musa Jalil was posthumously rehabilitated and the fame of a great man and patriot spread throughout the country. 12 years after the death of Musa Jalil, he was awarded the title of Hero of the Soviet Union. And although there was no funeral of Musa Jalil and there is no grave of Jalil, today there are monuments to the poet all over the country, and in his native village Mustafino there is a museum of Musa Jalil.
life line
February 2, 1906 Date of birth of Musa Jalil ( full name Musa Mustafovich Zalilov (Jalilov).
1919 Studying at the Tatar Institute public education in Orenburg.
1925 The release of the collection of poems and poems "We are going."
1927 Admission to the literary department of Moscow State University.
1931-1932 Editor of Tatar children's magazines.
1933 Head of the Literature and Art Department of the Tatar newspaper Kommunist in Moscow.
1934 The release of the collections of poems by Musa Jalil "Order-bearing millions" and "Poems and poems".
1939-1941 Executive Secretary of the Union of Writers of the Tatar ASSR.
1941 Leaving for the front.
1942 Captivity, joining the German legion "Idel-Ural" in order to continue the fight against the enemy.
February 21, 1943 The uprising of the 825th battalion of the legion "Idel-Ural", joining the Belarusian partisans.
August 1943 Arrest of Musa Jalil.
August 25, 1944 Date of death of Musa Jalil (execution).
Memorable places
1. The village of Mustafino in the Orenburg region, where Musa Jalil was born.
2. Museum-apartment of Musa Jalil in Kazan in the house of Jalil, where he lived in 1940-1941.
3. Monument to Musa Jalil in St. Petersburg.
4. Monument to Musa Jalil in Nizhnevartovsk.
5. Monument to Musa Jalil in Tosno.
7. Moabite prison in Berlin, where Musa Jalil was held captive.
8. Plötzensee prison in Berlin, where Musa Jalil was executed.
Episodes of life
The poet's wife, Amina Jalil, said that her husband was a real workaholic. Often he came home from work at 4-5 in the morning, and as soon as he woke up, he immediately went to his desk. For any work he undertook with a desire and gave it completely. The poet began to publish at the age of 13-15 - everyone was convinced that a great literary future awaited him.
The first evidence of Jalil's feat appeared back in 1945, when Soviet troops ended up on the territory of the fascist prison Moabit, in which there was no one else. One of the fighters found a piece of paper with a Russian text - its author was Musa Jalil. He wrote that he was taken prisoner by the Germans, that his activities were exposed and that he would soon be shot. In the letter, he said goodbye to family and friends, but it, like the following manuscripts of Jalil, disappeared in the depths of the KGB, without reaching the public for a long time. Some collections of poems, which were later handed over to the Soviet authorities, were never found.
In 1947, a notebook with Jalil's poems came to the Union - they were taken out of prison by his cellmate, the Belgian Andre Timmermans. According to Timmermans, Musa Jalil created an underground group after the mufti turned to him with a request to convince Tatar prisoners of war to join the army of General Vlasov, Soviet commander who went over to the side of Germany. Jalil agreed to do this, but in underground leaflets he called for the opposite. At first there were 12 people in Jalil's group, and then they attracted the thirteenth, who betrayed them. Timmermans also said that he was surprised and admired by Jalil's calmness, which he maintained even when his activities were revealed and he realized that he would be executed.
Covenant
“To live in such a way that even after death you do not die.”
Fragments from the film "Moabite Notebook" about Musa Jalil
condolences
“It combined everyday life, efficiency with the ability to think big, with thoughts of death and immortality. This gave birth to a calm, instilling faith in people, simplicity and masculinity of Jalil's character.
Amina Jalil, wife of Musa Jalil
"He was a very calm and very courageous person, I always respected him."
Andre Timmermans, cellmate of Musa Jalil
