RUSSIA IN THE XVII CENTURY.
1. What year was the Zemsky Sobor
Did he choose Romanov Tsar?
Even though there was controversy.
But Rus' got stronger - there was a rumor
(1613)
2. Oh, and the time has come:
Impostors in Rus'!
As the tsar in Moscow was gone,
Those with the Poles came
Call it time
Announce the impostors.
(Time of Troubles, False Dmitry, Grigory Otrepiev)
3. They liberated Rus'
All her enemies were killed.
And Moscow became free.
There are no more impostors.
Militia created
And they did not give the country to the enemies.
Who do you call it
Or start guessing
(Dmitry Pozharsky, Kuzma Minin)4. Both the landowner and the boyar
On their land of peasants
Forced to work all my life
Not paying them a dime
What was it called
They kept it for a long time.
(Corvee)
5. And canvas, and wax, firewood and leather,
And meat, fish, vegetables, mushrooms -
The man was carrying everything to the boyar.
At a certain time.
And it was called...
(Obrok)
6. Common people live there,
That's part of the city.
Know you all in advance
In the city it...
(Sloboda)
7. For government in the state
The king immediately issued a decree:
To manage all business
We should create...
(Order)
8. Time is in Rus'
As they called, announce!
When there was a lot of confusion
When there were even riots.
when there was no king.
Pretenders honor came:
When Rus''s enemies wanted
to share among themselves,
But the people went out to fight.
They defended Holy Rus'.
Don't give it to the enemy.
(Time of Troubles)
9. How to govern the country,
And run things.
Be it cannons or archers.
Or Siberia, Kazan, merchants.
The king gives them all orders
The authority is……..
(Order)
10. Bogdan held advice with the elderly:
“How long will the Polish gentlemen destroy their homeland?
All the land between the Cossacks
It should have been divided a long time ago
And reunite Ukraine with Russia!”
(1654, reunification of Ukraine with Russia.)
11. There is great commotion in Moscow_
Some Cossack is self-willed!
Tsar's order seems to be bad,
When the man began to rule!
(Rise of Stepan Razin)
12. To put things in order
And save everyone from embarrassment.
To please the nobles
And enslave the peasants.
The king gathered all the estates
And he passed the laws again.
name what it was
It served everyone for a long time.
(1649, Cathedral Code)
13. Gathered all the nobility in the palace,
Solved all issues with her.
How to run a country
He pointed out to the boyars.
What kind of authority was
He was important in Russia.
(Boyar Duma)
14. Appointed them by the king of the district
Or manage the city.
And military affairs
Managing everyone here
And held power for three years
The king then changed them all the same.
(Voevoda)
15. He is the head of the Cossacks
There are rumors about him.
Although he was not rich,
In Ukraine, he was reputed to be brave.
He led the uprising.
And the people were freed.
He argued with the Commonwealth.
And yet she won.
(Bohdan Khmelnytsky.)
16. Bogdan spoke at the Rada
And he was here to advise.
To be together with Russia.
Serve the Russian Tsar.
You tell me when it was.
And it served as a plot.
(Pereyaslav Rada, 1654)
17. The people went to the king,
But here he found death
Because of the copper money it is,
What the king ordered to release
And the people became so bold
That they came to the king with a question.
On the boyars with a denunciation.
Can you tell me what it was?
What kind of riot was it?
(1662 Copper Riot.)
18. He led the uprising.
And he was known as a glorious Cossack.
He freed the peasants.
And with your courage, glory,
He even eclipsed the king.
So tell me who was it?
(Stepan Razin)
19. Peasant, becoming a Cossack.
Went to the ends of the earth.
The strait that America has
He went with his friends
And the cape forever name
Got it for everyone.
(Semyon Ivanovich Dezhnev)
20. On the Amur people are "eager"
He sailed with him to the sea.
He talks about his discoveries
Reported in Yakutsk.
(Vasily Danilovich Poyarkov)
21. In Rus', all wives wore sundresses,
Their husbands dressed in all sorts of ………
(Caftans.)
22. In that glorious campaign
He was in charge everywhere
Amur region secured
Tribes freed.
Even the city is his name.
He wore it throughout the 20th century.
That is a merchant.
Rus' remembers him forever.
(Erofey Pavlovich Khabarov)
23. Who created that palace?
They were a serf, an archer,
He is in Kolomenskoye.
The 17th century administers
Their creation - so decided.
They hurried to take it apart.
(Serf Semyon Petrov, archer Ivan Mikhailov)
24. He was the first to draw personas.
People of all nobles in Rus'.
He called this work parsuna.
You announce his name.
(Simon Ushakov)
25. When that academy
Was founded.
And the highest institution
For all she had a reputation.
For the first time education
She brought it to the people.
Was for the clergy
Officials are good.
(1687 Slavic-Greek-Latin Academy)
26. In Rus', everyone has it
Was absolutely.
And every Saturday
She was comfortable.
And now all Russian people
They even revere her.
("Soap", bath)
27. He did not have the will - wills,
Could be sold or killed.
Such is his share -
He was beaten in the soldiers.
(Fortress man)
28. There is a beautiful house.
It's well built.
Living there in luxury
The rich man and his children.
The poor man does not dare to go there
Because it is.. (Mansion.)
Author: Kryuchkina Natalya Borisovna, teacher of history and social studies, MBOU "Secondary School No. 9", Tashtagol, Kemerovo Region

The history of Tomsk keeps many mysteries. And one of them to this day remains the legend of the Tomsk elder.

This story began in the autumn of 1825. Emperor Alexander I on the advice of doctors, he took his seriously ill wife to Taganrog for treatment. But he suddenly contracted rotten fever (typhoid fever - V.B.) there and died himself. The sudden death of the autocrat somewhere on the outskirts of the state seemed very suspicious. It was then that the people whispered: the king was replaced!

In the autumn of 1836, in the vicinity of the Ural city of Krasnoufimsk, Perm province, an old man without a passport was detained - tall. Grey-bearded, blue-eyed. During interrogation in the zemstvo court, an unknown person testified that he “does not remember his ancestry from infancy, named Fyodor Kozmich, 70 years old, illiterate, Greek-Russian confession, single. Finally, I decided to go to Siberia. The Perm governor ordered Fyodor Kozmich, as a "tramp" who does not remember his relationship, to be punished with twenty lashes and exiled to Siberia for a settlement. Fyodor Kozmich "was satisfied" with the announced verdict, entrusting the tradesman Grigory Shpynev to sign for himself. The elder arrived in Tyumen on December 7 in the 44th batch of exiles, where he was listed under No. 117. Then, due to his age, he was assigned to the category of "incapable" and sent to a settlement in the Tomsk province.

Decades later, popular rumor will call Fyodor Kozmich Emperor Alexander I . Why did the Siberians decide that the exiled peasant was a tsar? There are several versions...

The king was identified

Once the shoemaker Oleniev, a former soldier who served in St. Petersburg, saw Fyodor Kozmich passing by through the window. As eyewitnesses recalled, Oleniev jumped out into the street towards the old man with a cry: “This is our Tsar, father Alexander Pavlovich!” Then he saluted him in a military manner. The elder replied: “I should not give military honors: I am a vagabond. You will be taken to prison for this, but I will not be here. Never say that I am a king."

On another occasion, the emperor was recognized by a former royal stoker, also an exile. A friend of the stoker fell ill, and he came to ask the elder to pray for him. Fyodor Kozmich, among other things, was known as a skilled healer. Raising the petitioner from his knees, the elder said: "Calm down." Hearing a familiar voice, the stoker raised his head and, recognizing Alexander, lost consciousness from shock.

Exile's Tales

Calling himself illiterate during his arrest, Fyodor Kozmich subsequently assisted the sick, taught peasant children to read and write, introduced them to history, geography, Holy Scripture. Savostin, an adviser to the Tomsk provincial court, visited the elder more than once. In conversations between them, which were often conducted on foreign languages, state and public issues were discussed: universal military service, the liberation of the peasants.

He explained to the peasants the importance of the agricultural class in the state system, introduced them to their rights and obligations, and taught them to respect authority. But at the same time, he inspired the idea of ​​equality: “And the kings, and the generals, and the bishops are the same people as you, only God was pleased to endow some with great power, and destined others to live under their constant patronage.

The elder especially liked to talk about military campaigns. He spoke about the war with Napoleon in such detail that only a participant in the events could know, and not an ordinary eyewitness. For example, talking about the capture of Moscow by the French, he remembered that Emperor Alexander came to the relics of Sergius of Radonezh. During the prayer, suddenly the voice of the saint was heard: “Go, Alexander, give Kutuzov full will, may God help expel the French from Moscow.” Or another story: “When Alexander I entered Paris in 1814, silk scarves and fabrics were laid under his horse’s feet, and ladies threw flowers and bouquets on the road.”

Connections with St. Petersburg

The elder knew all the major statesmen end XVIII-beginning XIX century. About Suvorov and Kutuzov he said: "These people were not ordinary warriors, but blessed." He talked about Prime Minister Arakcheev, an associate of Alexander, and his reforms. He spoke of Metropolitan Philaret and Archimandrite Photius with deep respect. The elder rarely spoke about Emperor Alexander I, never about Paul I.

Contemporaries claimed that Fyodor Kozmich, through wandering pilgrims, carried on extensive correspondence with various people in St. Petersburg. On occasion, he never refused Tomsk residents to help. It was necessary for them to arrange this or that business in Petersburg - the “little people” came to the elder, asking for intercession, and he did not refuse: he gave the letter, always in a sealed envelope, under the indispensable condition not to show the letter to anyone except the addressee: “Otherwise Look, you'll be lost." Then he instructed in detail where and to whom in St. Petersburg to appear. And the intervention of Fyodor Kozmich always allegedly had the desired effect. It is difficult to say how true these legends are, but we have one reliable evidence.

Memories left by a peasant girl, the elder's favorite, have been preserved. Her name was Alexandra Nikiforovna. Going on the advice of Fyodor Kozmich on a pilgrimage to Russian monasteries, she asked the elder: “How would I see the king?” Fyodor Kozmich thoughtfully replied: “Wait, maybe you will have to see more than one king in your lifetime. God willing, and you will talk to him and then you will see what kind of kings there are.” On the recommendation of the elder, the pilgrim was received by the family of Count Osten-Saken. By an incredible coincidence, at that very time, Emperor Nikolai Pavlovich stopped in their house. The pious Siberian woman was presented to the tsar. Talking about everything, Alexandra Nikiforovna also spoke about the old man. After the conversation, Nikolai ordered that a peasant woman be given a note-pass, allowing at any time to appear in the palace to the emperor.

A few years later, Sashenka - that was the name of the elder Alexandra Nikiforovna - again went on a pilgrimage. In St. Petersburg, a general helped her get on a steamer going to Valaam. And wow - the wife of the new emperor, Alexander II, rode on this steamer. Moreover, for some reason, the Empress invited the Siberian woman to her place and asked about Siberia for a long time.

Sometimes secular persons themselves visited the elder. The daughter of the Tomsk merchant Khromov, with whom the old man lived out his life, recalled many strange cases. “Having approached the zaimka, we saw an old man walking around the field in a military way, hands back, and marching. When we greeted him, he said: “It was such a beautiful sunny day when I fell behind society. Where was and who was - but he found himself in your clearing.

The day before the death of the elder (he died in 1864, that is, he survived Alexander I by 39 years - V. B.), the merchant Khromov asked him: “There is a rumor that you, father, are none other than Tsar Alexander the Blessed … Is it true?" The elder only crossed himself and whispered: “Wonderful are your deeds, Lord ... There is no secret that would not be revealed!”

Alexey KORZYUK

Note: there are many inconsistencies in the history of the death of the king ...

1. 1. All eyewitnesses recalled that during an illness - a fever, from which Alexander allegedly died, the king categorically refused to take medicine.
2. 2. For some reason, the emperor's adjutant, Prince Volkonsky, insisted on being buried in Taganrog, and not in the Peter and Paul Fortress.
3. 3. Dr. Tarasov, who was in Taganrog, directly stated that he did not sign the autopsy protocol. But his signature is on the document.
4. 4. Why was the coffin carried for four whole months? Having set off for Taganrog, Alexander got there in two weeks. Was the royal entourage afraid that Alexander would change his mind and return to the throne? After all, until the body is buried, no one will proclaim: "The king is dead - long live the king!"
5. 5. Why was the coffin not opened to the public? When the coffin was opened in Tsarskoye Selo to say goodbye to the imperial family, the doctor Tarasov stated that "the body appeared to be completely intact, there was not the slightest sign of damage." After all, according to the traditions of the deceased emperors, they were always put up to say goodbye to the people. Even the emperors Peter III and Paul I, who were killed by the conspirators, were shown in open coffins, crudely making up their wounds.

What is the reason?

If Alexander I really left the throne, then why did he need it? Why was it necessary to change the life of a European monarch for the ascetic life of a Siberian hermit?

Version 1. The king is tired. In one of his private conversations with his brother Nicholas, the future emperor, Alexander stated: “As for me, I decided to resign from my duties and retire from the world. Europe needs young monarchs… I am no longer the same as I was, and I consider it my duty to retire in time.”

Version 2. Sins brought. As you know, the conspirators decided to eliminate Paul I, only with the consent of Alexander. Willingly or unwittingly, he took upon himself the sin, becoming an accomplice in parricide. Later, Alexander said more than once: "I must suffer, because nothing can heal my mental anguish."

Version 3. The king was saved from death. Alexander from Taganrog had to flee. And not because he did not want to lose his life. In a secret report, he was informed that from day to day a revolution was to break out in the country. Memories of the horrors of the French Revolution were still fresh. Alexander remembered how rebels dealt with monarchs.

Goal of the work : finding out the meaning of obsolete words used by the author in the story "The Captain's Daughter" and determining their role in the work.

Tasks you see on the slide:

Find obsolete words; explain their meaning;

Find out the functions of obsolete words in the work.

Everyone who has studied vocabulary from the point of view of active and passive vocabulary knows that each word has its own “life”. In connection with the development of society, with changes in the field of economy, politics, science, culture, the vocabulary of the language is changing. Some words go out of use, others appear to name new concepts. This process happens slowly, gradually.

The active vocabulary includes words that are necessary for communication, are used every day and do not have a shade of obsolete or new. This is the broadest, understandable to all category of words used by all speakers of Russian. Therefore, these words are called common words and are included in the active vocabulary. They are used in all styles of speech, forming their basis. These words do not have an underline stylistic coloring, they are interstyle, stylistically neutral. But along with this vocabulary there is a vocabulary of passive stock.

The passive composition includes, on the one hand, obsolete words, on the other hand, new, or so-called.

Neologisms are a relative concept. Wordsfreedom, citizen, humanity VXIXV. perceived as new, now they are firmly established in the active dictionary. Neologisms can replenish the category of obsolete words. For some time they are still understandable to speakers of this language, known by fiction, although everyday speech practice no longer needs them. Such words make up the vocabulary of the passive stock and are given in explanatory dictionaries marked "obsolete".

Understand the concept of "obsolete words"necessary in order not to make mistakes in the style of the text. Obsolete words - words that have gone out of active use, are divided into two groups: archaisms and historicisms.

Distinctive feature of these concepts is that historicisms are the names of objects that eventually disappeared from life forever, and archaisms are obsolete names of objects and concepts that are still present in modern life, but for one reason or another received a different name. They have synonyms in the active dictionary.

It is important to emphasize that when analyzing the stylistic functions of obsolete words in one or another work of art one should take into account the time of its writing, know the general language norms that were in force in that era. After all, for a writer who lived a hundred or two hundred years ago, many words could be quite modern, commonly used units that have not yet passed into the passive vocabulary. In fiction, archaisms are widely used as a stylistic means to give solemnity to speech, to create the color of an era, and also for satirical purposes.

"The Captain's Daughter" - the pinnacle of Pushkin's work - was written one hundred and eighty years ago, in the thirties of the century before last, in the era of the gloomy reign of Nicholas, a quarter of a century before the abolition of serfdom.

In my work, I analyzed the vocabulary of Alexander Sergeevich Pushkin's story "The Captain's Daughter". I have found words related to the passive reserve. When comparing the types of obsolete vocabulary, it was found that the text used:

Historicism-6%;

Archaisms-94%.

Thus, we see that archaisms are used more widely in the story than historicisms. (Annex 1)

During the work on the project, a survey was conducted among students of the 8th grade on the following questions:

What are archaisms

What do you think the authors of the works use them for? ?

a) for beauty

b) to get attention

c) to create the color of the era

What do the following words mean:

Barber-

Armyak - Tavern - Tselovalnik - Fortecia -

When processing the questionnaires, it turned out that 67% of the respondents know the answer to the first question: "What is archaism?"

To the question: “For what purpose are archaisms used?” were suggested various options answers, the choice of children was distributed as follows:

For beauty - 4%;

To attract attention - 18%;

To reproduce the era - 78%.

In the last question, it was necessary to give the lexical meaning of some obsolete words. I am glad that among the 50 respondents there are those who gave the correct answers, but, unfortunately, there were very few such guys.

In this work, I have studied and described the features of the obsolete vocabulary used in the story "The Captain's Daughter". Knowing the features of speech styles, the author seeks to reproduce the language actors of his works as an expression of typical and individual characteristics characters.

Indeed, archaisms give the effect of antiquity. Without them, it would be impossible to reliably transmit the speech of people who lived several hundred years ago. In addition, archaisms often have a sublime, solemn connotation, which will be useful in poetic language.

So far, I have created only a few pages of the dictionary. I think it will be not only interesting, but also useful for the guys studying the work of A.S. Pushkin.

In conclusion, I would like to note that the study of the vocabulary of a classical work not only enriches lexicon but also enhances the language culture. The appropriate use of obsolete words brings "zest" to the oral and written speech makes it more expressive.

It is necessary to skillfully use the wealth that our fathers and grandfathers saved for us. We must not forget that archaisms are a linguistic treasury - a rich heritage that we have no right to lose. Working with text was very interesting, exciting and informative, so I will continue to study vocabulary, which opens up new possibilities for our rich, bright and expressive Russian language.

Alexander Sergeevich Pushkin said:

The Russian language is revealed to the end in its truly magical properties and wealth only to those who deeply love and know their people “to the bone” and feel the hidden charm of our land. True love for one's country is unthinkable without love for one's language. .

Annex 1.

Chapter 8 (Arrest)

Intercessor - 1 . A person who intercedes for someone.2 .Verified, taking someone's case in court

Grinev, sending Masha to his village, asks Savelich to intercede with his parents.

Synonym - Protector, defender.

In Chapter 9 (Rebellious Settlement)

Adversary - Opponent, foe, rival, enemy, hostile person.

an old man in a blue ribbon uses the word adversary in relation to Grinev and those who had him in Orenburg.

Synonym - Enemy

In Chapter 5 (City Siege)

Kolodnik - a prisoner in stocks, wooden devices worn in the old days on the feet of prisoners to prevent their escape. A prisoner, a prisoner in the decks.

Grinev watches the crowd of convicts .

Synonyms - Prisoner.

In chapter 7 (Attack)

juror - actually Russian word. Taking an oath. Attorney at Law until October 1917. Advocate.

The commandant of the fortress walks around the army and inspires the small garrison before the battle with Pugachev, calling the soldiers brave people and a jury.

Synonyms - Soldier, faithful defender of the motherland.

In Chapter 11 (Rebellious Settlement)

Confidant - a favorite, enjoying special trust.

Grinev calls the fugitive corporal Beloborodov and the exiled criminal Afanasy Sokolov (Khlopusha )

Synonym - Beloved

Winston Churchill said: "Russia is a puzzle wrapped in a mystery, wrapped in a riddle." We can't help but agree. Russian history is full of mysteries. We have selected 24 key ones.

1. What does the word "Rus" mean?

Yes, we still do not know for sure where the word "Rus" came from. According to one version, from the toponym "Ros" (the name of the river), according to another - from the words Ruotsi, Roots, Rotsi (as the Finnish tribes called the Swedes). Lomonosov believed that the Rus were the descendants of the Sarmatians, who called themselves Roxolans or Rosomans (these words allegedly changed to the word "Rus"). The Byzantines also called the tribes that raided Constantinople "Rosses" (red, red). Ibn Fadlan, who met the Varangians in 922, spoke of them: "They are like palm trees, ruddy, red."
There are many opinions, but there is no order in them.

2. Who was Rurik?

As for who Rurik was, historians also do not have a single opinion. Some correlate him with Rorik of Jutland, a Danish king from the Skjoldung dynasty. Other historians believe that Rurik is the Swedish king Eirik Emundarson. There is also a version that Rurik was the leader of the Obodrite Slavs (Polabian Slavs), and a version that Rurik came from the Baltic island of Ruyan, which today is called Rugen. There is an opinion that there was no Rurik at all.
Until the 15th century, none of the Russian princes called themselves "Rurik", and the dispute about the identity of Rurik began in the 18th century. So it didn't end.

3. Was there a Mongol-Tatar yoke?

Here you can start with the fact that there have never been any Monglo-Tatars. This is an artificial term coined in the 18th century. The definition of "yoke" appeared in the XV century. For the first time it is found in the Kiev synopsis, so the Polish historian Jan Dlugosh translated the Latin term jugum. Only after that they began to talk about standing on the Ugra as about liberation from the yoke. Later this term was "mastered" by Karamzin.
Historians still have not come to a consensus about the yoke. Lev Gumilyov considered the relationship between Rus' and the Horde to be a mutually beneficial alliance. The role of the Horde in the rise of Moscow is undoubted, which even Karamzin noted. Nosovsky and Fomenko, in their research, even reach the point that Rus' and the Horde are one and the same. They correlate Batu with Yaroslav the Wise, Tokhtamysh with Dmitry Donskoy ... let's leave it to their conscience.

4. How did the double-headed eagle appear in Russia?

How did a double-headed eagle "fly" into Russia? It first appeared on the state seal during the reign of Ivan III, so it is believed that Sophia Paleolog "brought" it to Russia. However, it is not clear why he became a state symbol only 20 years after the wedding of Ivan III to a Byzantine woman. In addition, the double-headed eagle was not used by the Byzantines on state seals.
But it was used by the Habsburgs, half a century before the appearance of the Russian press, and was also on some coins of the Golden Horde, and was also one of the alchemical symbols. At the court of Ivan III there was no shortage of visiting alchemist expatriates.

5. Where did the Cossacks come from?

It’s unlikely that anyone will figure it out with what question, it’s with who the Cossacks are. The homeland of the Cossacks is found in the North Caucasus, and in the Sea of ​​\u200b\u200bAzov, and in Western Turkestan. The genealogy of the Cossacks is traced back to the Scythians, to the Alans, to the Circassians, to the Khazars, to the Goths, to the wanderers. Supporters of all versions have their own arguments. Today, the Cossacks are a multi-ethnic community, which includes representatives of several dozen nationalities, among which there are quite unexpected ones - Moldavians, Turks, Estonians, Tajiks. The question of who the first Cossacks were still remains unresolved.

6. Did Grozny kill his son?

Did Grozny kill his son? The question is open. In 1963, when the tombs of Ivan the Terrible and his son were opened, the content of poison in the remains of the prince was incompatible with life. Long before this examination, Konstantin Pobedonostsev called what was depicted in Repin's painting a fantasy. The version of the murder was based on the stories of the papal legate Antonio Possevino, who can hardly be called a disinterested person.

7. Why did Ivan the Terrible abdicate?

In 1575, Ivan the Terrible abdicated the throne and placed a serviceman on the throne. Tatar Khan Simeon Bekbulatovich. Contemporaries did not understand the meaning of the monarch's undertaking. It was said that the tsar was afraid of the predictions of the Magi that this year the Muscovite tsar would die. Do not understand the meaning of this act and modern historians. There is a version that Grozny was afraid of an uprising in the former Kazan Khanate, where, by the way, he still remained the king. For almost a year, Ivan the Terrible conducted his experiment.

8. Was False Dmitry I an impostor?

We have already come to terms with the fact that False Dmitry I is a fugitive monk Grishka Otrepyev. But the whole story looks very surreal. At first, Dmitry (with the prefix "false") recognized in front of all honest people own mother, princes, boyars, and after a while - all suddenly received their sight.

The pathological situation is added by the fact that the prince himself was completely convinced of his naturalness, as contemporaries wrote about.
By the way, the idea that "it was easier to save than to fake Dimitri" was expressed by Nikolai Kostomarov. But it is unlikely that we will ever know the truth.

9. Why did the Zemsky Sobor elect an “impossible candidate” for the role of tsar?

When Zemsky Cathedral In 1613, he elected Mikhail Romanov to the kingdom, he was 16 years old. At the same time, he was not even in Moscow during the heated disputes that flared up there. The main argument was that the allegedly late Tsar Fyodor Ivanovich, before his death, wanted to transfer the throne to his relative Fyodor Romanov (Patriarch Filaret). And since he was in Polish captivity, the crown passed to his only son, Michael. As the historian Klyuchevsky later wrote, "they wanted to choose not the most capable, but the most convenient."

10. Why did Alexei Mikhailovich decide to reform the church?

The schism of the Russian Church was one of the most difficult turning points in Russian history. Alexei Mikhailovich, a Greekophile, wished to change the church rites "to be like the Greeks," and not whoever is into it. This "upgrade" led to the largest spiritual confrontation in the history of Russia. Scholars are still arguing about the reasons for the split. Not the last place here, apparently, was played by the ambitions of the Russian tsar for the Byzantine throne. In 1649, Patriarch Paisios, at a reception with the tsar, directly expressed his wish that Alexei Mikhailovich become tsar in Constantinople: “may you be the New Moses, may you free us from captivity.”

11. Why did Peter I Europeanize Russia?

During the years of his reign, Peter the Great changed Russia beyond recognition. After returning from the Great Embassy, ​​the tsar changed so much that the people began to talk about the fact that he had been replaced. According to one version, Peter was "put into the wall", and instead of him they sent an impostor with a similar face to Rus'. According to another - "the king in the Germans was laid in a barrel and put into the sea." Fuel to the fire was added by the fact that Peter, who returned from Europe, began a large-scale destruction of "old Russian antiquities." Why? There is no single answer.

12. Was Paul the son of Peter III?

One of the main mysteries of Russian history - was Paul the son of Peter III? Was the Romanov dynasty interrupted? Catherine and Peter III had no children for a long time, the empress herself wrote that her husband suffered from phimosis. The empress also mentioned in her diaries that she was fascinated by Sergei Saltykov, the alleged father of Paul the First: "I did not give in all spring and part of the summer ...".
There are also folk legend the birth of Paul I: according to her, Catherine gave birth to a dead child from Peter, and he was replaced by a certain "Chukhonian" boy.

13. Was Fyodor Kuzmich Alexander I?

The son of Paul I, Alexander, also left historians with a difficult riddle. There is a legend that he left the royal throne, having faked his own death, and went to wander around Rus' under the name of Fyodor Kuzmich.
There are several indirect confirmations of this legend. So, the witnesses concluded that on his deathbed, Alexander was categorically not like himself. In addition, for unclear reasons, Empress Elizaveta Alekseevna, the wife of the Tsar, did not participate in the mourning ceremony. The famous Russian lawyer Anatoly Koni conducted a thorough comparative study of the handwriting of the emperor and Fyodor Kuzmich and came to the conclusion that "the letters of the emperor and the notes of the wanderer were written by the same person."

14. Where did the money from the sale of Alaska go?

Where the money from the sale of Alaska went is still unknown. Gold bars were brought from London on the barge Orkney, but it sank. Whether there was actually gold there is unknown. But a document is known that says that most of the money was spent abroad on equipment for railways: Kursk-Kyiv, Ryazan-Kozlovskaya, Moscow-Ryazanskaya, etc. Whether this is so, we are unlikely to ever know.

15. Why was the royal family shot?

Historians still do not have a common opinion about who exactly authorized the execution. royal family and the Romanovs near Alapaevsk. The names of Sverdlov and Lenin are mentioned, but the investigator Vladimir Solovyov, who has been involved in the execution of the Romanovs since 1993, has repeatedly stated that neither Lenin gave permission for the execution. nor Sverdlov. According to the memoirs of another investigator, Nikolai Sokolov, to whom Admiral Kolchak entrusted the investigation, the Yekaterinburg and Alapaevsk murders are “the product of the will of some individuals.” The question remains only in whose will it was.

16. Where did Kolchak's gold go?

The fate of "Kolchak's gold", most of the gold reserves of Tsarist Russia, is still unknown. This was approximately 490 tons of pure gold in bars and coins worth 650 million. According to one version, the Czechoslovak corps stole it, according to another, it was hidden on the orders of Kolchak himself. Supposed places of burial: the Maryina Griva lock in the Ob-Yenisei Canal, the Sikhote-Alin, Baikal, Irtysh mountains. No gold has been found anywhere. There is also a version that gold "settled" in European banks.

17. What was the Tunguska meteorite?

Whether the Tunguska meteorite was a meteorite is still unclear. Search expeditions did not find the supposed place where the meteorite fragments fell, and there was no crater there either. There are many versions of what happened: an explosion nuclear reactor interplanetary spaceship, ice comet, collision of the Earth with antimatter, Nikola Tesla's wave experiment. There are more than a dozen versions, but none is yet scientifically recognized.

18. Why did the Bolsheviks take power so easily?

Back in February 1917, there were 5,000 people in the Bolshevik Party, in October of that year there were already 350,000. How did it happen that the Bolsheviks, who until the last moment were not considered a serious force, came to power? It can be explained by the sum of logical factors, from German money to propaganda, but it cannot be denied that the revolution of 1917 was an unprecedented phenomenon in world history. And the irrational factor was no less important than the calculation.

19. Why did Stalin decide on repression?

There is a consensus among historians about the reasons Stalinist repressions No. According to one version, Stalin waged a struggle with regional party bodies that prevented elections to the Supreme Soviet of the USSR. According to another, the repressions were a means of "social engineering", a continuation of collectivization and dispossession. Finally, there is a version that Stalin was preparing the USSR for war and eliminated the "fifth column" in the country.

20. Why did Stalin return services in the church?

The sharp change in Stalin's attitude towards the church after the start of the war, historians cannot unequivocally explain. Some say that it was a pragmatic move by the leader, who needed "clamps" for mobilization. According to another version, Stalin was secretly religious, his bodyguard Yuri Solovyov recalled that Stalin prayed and even confessed, and Artem Sergeev recalled in an interview that Stalin never said anything bad about the church at home, and even scolded his son Vasily for his disrespectful attitude towards praying.

21. Why did Khrushchev condemn Stalin's personality cult?

Nikita Khrushchev's speech at the 20th Party Congress, where he condemned Stalin's personality cult, became a sensation. Why did he decide to do this? According to some, Khrushchev thereby “whitewashed” himself for participating in repressions, according to others, he was preparing a reorganization of the state apparatus. There is even a version that in this way he “avenged” Stalin for the death of his son. Given the long-term consequences of this move, some historians even see the “hand of the West” here. The fall in the prestige of the USSR after the 20th Congress was enormous. Also interesting is the lively participation in the preparation of the report by Otto Kuusinen, who, according to some reports, collaborated with the British and American intelligence services.

23. Was there a "party gold"?

There is a version that the hypothetical gold and foreign exchange funds of the Communist Party of the USSR in the early years of the 1990s “left” to European and American banks. Many public and political figures were looking for the “gold of the party”. According to the journalist Yevgeny Dodolev, the writer Yullian Semenov was eliminated because he was able to "reveal the conclusion schemes of party millions." However, there is also an assumption that the notorious “gold of the party” is nothing more than a myth.

24. Did Gorbachev know about the conspiracy?

On August 20, 1991, Gorbachev scheduled the signing of the Union Treaty, which was to outline the new position of the Soviet republics. But the event was disrupted by the coup. Did Gorbachev know about the conspiracy? There is still no unequivocal answer to this question, but the fact that the State Emergency Committee and the putsch are a project of Gorbachev himself is a fairly common version. Back in March 1991, he gave the task to the future participants of the State Emergency Committee to develop a draft law "On the introduction of a state of emergency." Former member of the Government of the Russian Federation Mikhail Poltoranin also claims that "the putsch of 1991 was staged by Boris Yeltsin together with Mikhail Gorbachev." The official version is this: Gorbachev knew nothing.

Publications in the Traditions section

Mysterious world

A riddle is a special genre of folk art. For a long time, it has been a reflection of folk wisdom, which was shared with people of all ages. The riddle taught to think logically, developed the imagination and helped to better understand the world. "Culture.RF" remembered the most famous collectors of Russian riddles, who painstakingly created this fascinating folklore world.

The first printed selection of folk riddles by Mikhail Chulkov

Initially, riddles were passed from mouth to mouth. Interest in Russian folklore appeared along with the spread of enlightenment ideas in the middle of the 18th century. Enlighteners turned to Russian history, the study of national characteristics and folk customs. There was even a genre of literary riddle, widespread in Europe already in the previous century. It was developed by Alexey Dubrovsky, Alexander Sumarokov, Mikhail Kheraskov, Ippolit Bogdanovich. The result of this enthusiasm for folklore was the printed publication of the first folk riddles. Its inspirer and creator was Mikhail Chulkov.

A raznochinets by origin, he managed to rise from a "soldier's son" to a nobleman in the Senate, serving as a footman and even a court actor. Mikhail Chulkov was a talented writer, who is often credited with bringing Russian literature closer to folk art: Chulkov published several editions of Slavic Tales, published a four-volume collection of Russian folk songs, and recreated the pantheon of Slavic mythology. Finally, it was he who was the author of the first novel in Russian literature - "A Pretty Cook, or the Adventures of a Depraved Woman."

"Ancient Russian common folk riddles" appeared in the first issue of one of the magazines he published, "Parnassus Scribbler", in 1770. The magazine contained 15 riddles without answers, and this was the first selection of this entertaining part of Russian folklore. Later, these riddles were practically not reprinted, so they are unique in their own way.

Born from water, grows from fire, and dies from water. (Salt)
The mother is fat, the daughter is red, the son is horober, but he is not visible. (furnace, fire, smoke)
In the morning on four, at noon on two, and in the evening on three. (Human)
The boyar, the princess, gave the whole world, and she herself walks naked. (Needle)

And the Swiss, and the reaper, and the dudu player. Vasily Levshin

“One summer spent in the countryside made me think of collecting folk riddles that were so neglected and almost unknown to the public”, Sadovnikov wrote in the preface to the publication. The book "Mysteries of the Russian people. A collection of riddles, questions, parables and tasks” came out fourteen years after Dahl’s work. Unlike his predecessor, Sadovnikov distinguished between riddles and proverbs, giving a specific definition: “The first [riddles] reflected the views of the people on nature and the environment; in the latter - all worldly wisdom and moral personality of a commoner. In a riddle, more ancient in form and origin, full scope was opened for the creative imagination of the people; in a proverb - for his common sense and criticism ". In addition, he broke the riddles into semantic groups. Sadovnikov's collection, in addition to his own materials, also included riddles of Sakharov, and Ivan Snegirev, and Khudyakov, and Dahl. So he generalized and multiplied the work of preserving the folk riddle.

Lots of neighbors
They live next to each other,
And never see each other? (Window)
Above the horse, below the dog. (Saddle)
Winter and summer in one color. (Pine)
Food, food - no trace;
I cut, I cut - there is no blood;
Rub, rub - no chips. (Water)
Who sits forty weeks in prison, will they be released forever? (Baby)
In the evening - water,
At night, water
And in the afternoon - to heaven. (Dew)
Not a bush, but leaves,
Not a shirt, but sewn
Not a person, but tells. (Book)