This selection of poems about freedom includes works that are familiar to absolutely every schoolchild. This means that not a single eleventh-grader who takes the exam in literature will have any difficulties with quoting. So you can not only choose works of art, affecting the philosophical problem of freedom, as an example, but also to analyze them, arguing with quotations from the text.
I am sitting behind bars in a damp dungeon.
Captive-bred young eagle
The lyrical hero of Pushkin's poem is imprisoned and unable to get out. But, despite this, his soul and thoughts are free, because a person from birth is free to choose his own path, he is an independent person. The author likens the hero to an eagle, calling both "free birds".
The theme of the poem is the inner freedom of the individual, which no one can limit, even "hiding" him from the outside world. The main thing, according to the poet, is to preserve the independence of beliefs, it is she who makes a person inaccessible even to physical threats.
Marina Tsvetaeva, “Who is created from stone…”
Through every heart, through every net
My willfulness will break through
The poem by Marina Tsvetaeva is a kind of manifesto, it proclaims the rules of life by which lyrical heroine. She is self-willed and does not recognize anything that could somehow limit her freedom. She despises those who are "made of stone", that is, people who set their own boundaries. The main thing for her is the feeling of spiritual freedom, the knowledge that she can do whatever she wants, not only in the physical, material terms, but, first of all, in the spiritual. No prohibitions and prejudices can stop her, she calls herself "mortal sea foam", which symbolizes absolute independence and infinity.
Nikolai Nekrasov, "Freedom"
Since childhood, no one has been intimidated, free,
Choose a job that suits you
Nekrasov's poem is dedicated, perhaps, to one of the most important events 19th century - the abolition of serfdom (1861). The work is solemn, lyrical hero rejoices at the sight of a child born in his spare time. After all, now he can choose his life path himself, he is not obliged to follow any rules, he is free from the bonds of serfdom and now he will build his own destiny - this is what the author finds most important in the life of every person. Despite the fact that in the middle of the poem the poet mentions that “in place of the networks of serfs, people came up with many others,” he is still sure that society has finally risen to true path, and soon all people will be able to call themselves truly free, and therefore happy.
Fedor Tyutchev, Silentium
Only know how to live in yourself -
There is a whole world in your soulThe lyrical hero in Tyutchev's poem finds freedom not outside, not in the environment, but in himself. He calls us to silence, because inside each of us there is a separate world in which one can find true happiness. In order not to lose this harmony and independence, you need to hide your feelings, not allow others to destroy peace of mind and, thereby, limit freedom. In addition, people who love to talk about their experiences become shackled by public opinion and the very fact of its need for them. personal life. Tyutchev warns us against this dependence.
Mikhail Lermontov, Three Palms
When the fog rushed to the west,
The caravan made its own way;
And after the sad on barren soil
Only gray and cold ashes could be seen;
And the sun burned the dry remnants,
And then they were blown away by the wind in the steppe.Lermontov's poem "Three Palm Trees" is an oriental story about three palm trees that prayed for someone to see them, but when God heard their request and sent strangers to them, they ruthlessly cut them down. The work makes the reader think that free man can only be alone. Any society limits the individual, does not give him freedom of choice, opinion, action. Only in solitude can one remain honest with oneself and gain the desired will to choose and decide for oneself what is best, and not seek the truth in gossip and squabbles.
Interesting? Save it on your wall!
\What is freedom? This question is answered by many writers. differently. Lermontov said that freedom is peace, Beredyaev is the secret of the world. But it is impossible to say exactly what freedom is. One thing is clear, that freedom is essential condition for human self-expression. Most often, freedom in works of literature is symbolized by the image of a bird. Recall at least the ancient Greek legend of Daedalus and Icarus.
The fate of the captive, the great artist Daedalus, was cruel and unbearable, his dreams were always associated with freedom, will, peace. To escape from the greedy Minos, Delal invented wings. Yes, yes, exactly the wings, as he compared the flight of a bird with freedom.
The theme of freedom was relevant for Pushkin throughout his creative way. She becomes romantic. In the poem > the theme of freedom echoes philosophy. The freedom-loving romantic hero is not only a prisoner of the highlanders, but also a prisoner of his passions, his dreams. He escapes from captivity to freedom, but even there he does not find complete peace, he does not feel the trembling of his heart.
Pushkin believed that there is inner and creative freedom, which are the main things for the poet. And in the poem > both types of freedom are combined. After all, the Decembrists performed a feat not for themselves, but for the people, for their freedom, will. Pushkin writes to the Decembrists about the usefulness of everything that has been done and about what is indispensable > >. The poet's freedom is one of the themes present in Pushkin's work:
Depends on the king, depends on the people.>>
> N. V. Gogol - one of the best works writer. The poem contains the theme of freedom, expressing the author's position. At the end of the poem, the words about > are heard, where the comparison of the road with freedom is clearly expressed. For Gogol, the road is the whole Russian soul, all its scope and fullness of life. Russian soul- this is > where there are no restrictions and prohibitions: > All obstacles will pass Rus'-mother, no obstacles will stop her, she will remain no matter what, spiritually free, great. Rus', like the Russian soul, knows no limits, they are interconnected by close, strong chains. Thus, Gogol, drawing the road, contemplates all of Rus' in it, and Russia is nothing constrained, majestic freedom.
Through the entire play by Ostrovsky > passes the bright image of a bird. This image is Katerina herself with a spiritualized soul and spiritual perfection: >. It is necessary to pay special attention to the fact that dreams of flying are closely connected with freedom. Indeed, in the boar's kingdom, where all living things wither and dry up, Katerina is overcome by longing for the lost will. Her main desire is to raise her arms, wave them and fly. Katerina is a proud, strong-willed woman, but she was married to the weak-willed Tikhon. Spiritualized, dreamy nature, having fallen into the atmosphere of cruel laws, inequality, thinks most of all about freedom, as a means of life on earth. The desire for freedom in this case is spiritual emancipation.
It must be said that the thought>, is surprising not only for Barbara, but also for many contemporaries, but even critics of that time. There is something unusual, mystical in these words. Meanwhile, there is nothing special here. The words flew out of her mouth naturally. Katerina, living in difficult captivity, dreams of freedom, like a bird about flight. So she said this to Varya, to her, because she is the closest to Katerina in the boar's house.
Leo Tolstoy's novel > modern and read a lot at all times. It echoes not only the theme of love and historical reality, but also the theme of liberty and freedom. Recall at least an unforgettable episode when Natasha Rostova opened the window and said: > here the main character dreams of freedom, liberty. She, like a light spring breeze, charges everyone with her happiness, while striving for love and freedom. Natasha was looking for the meaning of life in freedom and found it in a noble man - Pierre Bezukhov.
Gorky has one of the most interesting works>. The images of the Uzh and the Falcon are embodied in the main images, as two forms of life. In order to more clearly show the courage and craving for freedom of the fighter, the author contrasts the Falcon with the Uzh, whose soul rots because of its own spiritual qualities. Gorky delivers a merciless verdict to Uzh, and with it to the whole society: >. In this work, Gorky sings a song>, as well as about those unworthy of freedom, asserting all this as wisdom and knowledge of life.
Gogol's heroes are freedom-loving. Without hiding the dark sides of the life of his heroes, he autopoeticized many of them. They are strong in spirit, beautiful and proud people, which have >.
Loiko Zobar is a young gypsy. For him, the highest value is freedom, frankness and kindness. >. Radda is so proud that her love for Loiko cannot break her: >. These heroes are characterized by the pathos of freedom. The insoluble contradiction between Radda and Loiko - love and pride, according to Makar Chudra, can only be resolved by death. And the heroes themselves refuse love, happiness and prefer to die in the name of will and absolute freedom.
Makar Chudra believes that pride and love are incompatible. Love makes you humble and submit to any person. Makar, speaking of a person who, from his point of view, is not free, will say: >. In his opinion, a person born a slave is not capable of performing a feat. But on the other hand, we see that Maka admires Loiko and Radda. He believes that this is how life should be perceived. real man, worthy of imitation, and that only in such a position in life can one preserve one's own freedom.
In this story, Gorky, using the example of Loiko Zobar and Radda, proves that a person is not a slave. They die refusing love, happiness. Rada and Loiko sacrifice their lives for freedom. Gorky seeks to excite and inspire the reader with his work, so that he, like his heroes, feels himself >. Pride makes the slave free, the weak strong. Heroes of the story > Loiko and Radda prefer death to unfree life, because they themselves are proud and free. In the story, Gorky performed a hymn to the beautiful and strong man. He put forward a new measure of a person's value: his will to fight, activity, ability to rebuild his life. Roman Bulgakov\u003e autobiographical: Bulgakov is the Master, his wife is Margarita. In the novel, there is a dependence of society, since it is completely subordinate to the communist system, they are chasing labor records and socialist ideas, while forgetting about spiritual values. Master like free personality finds no space here. His novel was not published due to mediocre critics.
There is no place in Moscow true talent, so the Master destroys the novel about Pontius Pilate and Yeshua Ha-Nozri and goes to Stravinsky's clinic. Bulgakov wanted to show us that spiritual independence is the main thing at all times. The relationship between the main characters is uneven. Margarita is a slave of her love, unlike the Master. She does everything to meet him again: she becomes a witch, goes to the devil's ball, follows her beloved to the other world.
In general, the novel is very interesting for its plot and the skill of the author; it is not for nothing that Bulgakov worked on it for twelve years. But despite its fantastic nature, this work touches on many philosophical topics that can be talked about for a long time, but for me the main theme here is the theme of freedom. It will exist in all ages, as Bulgakov showed us.
Freedom is the law. The law that everyone from young to old is looking for. Freedom must come from freedom, and freedom from freedom.
What is true freedom, man has been trying to understand for many millennia. Agreed even to the point that freedom is perceived need. There are other well-aimed aphorisms and quotes about freedom, which are written by different authors.
Even having their own opinion on this matter, it will be useful for everyone to read aphorisms and quotes about freedom that confirm or refute an established point of view.
“Only the one who has lost everything worth living for is free”
Erich Remarque
"He who does not love freedom and truth may be a powerful man, but he will never be a great man"
Voltaire
“Only a free citizen has a fatherland; a slave, a serf, a subject of a despot have only a homeland"
Anatole France
“A free person is not envious, but willingly recognizes the great and sublime and rejoices that it exists”
Georg Hegel
"Freedom begins with irony"
Victor Hugo
"For one who is not free himself, others are not free"
Georg Hegel
“Teaching is only light, according to a popular proverb, it is also freedom. Nothing frees a person like knowledge.”
Ivan Turgenev
"He who gives up his freedom for security receives neither"
Thomas Jefferson
“Every person has the freedom to perform any act, that is, what he considers best”
Gottfried Leibniz
“A person of any rank is free if he does, even if necessary, only what is good for him; only one who is forced to do something completely useless to him should be considered a slave.
Antoine Rivarol
“It is not good to be too free. It’s not good not to know the need for anything”
Blaise Pascal
"Man's freedom in modern world similar to the freedom of a person solving a crossword puzzle: theoretically, he can enter any word, but in fact he must enter only one for the crossword puzzle to be solved.
Albert Einstein
"O freedom, charm of my life, without you work is torture and life is a long dying"
Pierre Proudhon
“People believe that they are free only in so far as they are allowed to obey their passions, and being forced to live according to the prescription of the law, they think that they are sacrificing their right”
Benedict Spinoza
"Complete freedom is possible only as complete loneliness"
Tadeusz Kotarbinski
“Like a lonely traveler left without a compass and a map. Is this what it means to be free?
Haruki Murakami
“I would like to live and die free, that is, in such a way subject to the laws that neither I nor anyone else could throw off their honorary yoke, this saving and light yoke, under which the proudest heads bow the more obediently that they are incapable of bowing down to anything else"
Jean Jacques Rousseau
“A people that oppresses other peoples cannot be free. The power he needs to suppress another people always turns against himself in the end.
Friedrich Engels
"Only he is free who thinks independently and does not repeat other people's words, the meaning of which he does not understand"
Berthold Auerbach
"Man is educated for freedom"
Georg Hegel
"A serious weakness of free regimes is that everyone is free to claim that he is not free"
Jean Rostand
“Sheep people do not like freedom, even if they bleat about it all day long. Even if they sing or pray for her, if she becomes their main desire, their cherished dream. Deep down they know that if they get it, nothing good will come of it.”
Bernard Werber
"The price of freedom is not eternal vigilance, but eternal dirt"
George Orwell
"Free peoples must indefatigably and with zealous vigilance guard their freedom"
Benjamin Franklin
“Freedom is not easy, as its enemies think, slandering it, freedom is difficult, it is a heavy burden. And people easily give up freedom in order to relieve themselves ... All in human life must pass through freedom, through the trial of freedom, through the rejection of the temptations of freedom.
Nikolai Berdyaev
“Idleness in the classroom, the lack of mental work where it should be, is the main reason for the lack of free time”
Vasily Sukhomlinsky
“As more and more peoples get freedom, per capita it becomes less and less”
Dominik Opolsky
“Freedom is the right to do whatever is permitted by the laws. If a citizen could do what is prohibited by these laws, then he would not have freedom, since other citizens could do the same.
Charles Montesquieu
"Truth, freedom and virtue are the only things for which one must love life"
Voltaire
"A person feels his duty only if he is free"
Henri Bergson
"Remember: the higher the demand, the lower the price to pay for freedom"
Stanislav Lets
“If the only motive for our actions is the desire to show our freedom, then we can never free ourselves from the bonds of necessity”
David Hume
“This is what freedom is about. When you lose all hope
Chuck Palahniuk
“Man was created by God as a rational and speaking being. The activity of rational thought, spiritual freedom is the vocation of man. The freedom of the spirit is most and worthily expressed in the freedom of speech. Therefore, freedom of speech is an inalienable human right.”
Konstantin Aksakov
“The freedom of my conscience is an absolute dogma, I don’t allow disputes here, no agreements, only a desperate struggle and shooting is possible here”
Nikolai Berdyaev
“Here it is, true freedom - to have what is most dear to you, but not to own it”
Paulo Coelho
"A free person is the one who is least aware of his lack of freedom"
Gabriel Laub
“The clergy were always the inventors of the shackles with which they were weighed down in different times human mind, they clipped its wings, so that it does not turn its flight to greatness and freedom.
Alexander Radishchev
“Only the one who has no desires is free? Why would you want to be free?"
Elias Canetti
“Freedom of conscience usually means freedom from conscience”
Vasily Klyuchevsky
"The best evidence given in favor of freedom is that which asserts that without it man could not sin"
Pierre Bayle
"If slaves wait for freedom until they are wiser, it will be a long wait"
Thomas Macaulay
“Freedom is so inherent in man that even its opponents exercise it by fighting against its implementation”
Karl Marx
“The sheep and the wolf understand the word freedom in different ways, this is the essence of the disagreements that prevail in human society”
Abraham Lincoln
“For some reason, the world is so arranged that the overseers of the Negroes shout loudest about freedom”
Samuel Johnson
“Usually the more advisers, the less freedom and dissent”
Edmund Burke
“People cannot be liberated to the outer life more than they are liberated inside. Strange as it may seem, experience shows that it is easier for peoples to endure the forced burden of slavery than the gift of excessive freedom.
Alexander Herzen
“To be free is nothing; to be free is everything"
Carl Burne
"Those who demand freedom the loudest endure it the worst"
Philip Chesterfield
"One cannot enjoy freedom without the right to violate it"
Wystan Auden
"No one has ever been born free from suffering"
Johann Schiller
"A man was born free - and everywhere he is chained in iron"
Jean Jacques Rousseau
“What the inhabitant wants - to live and multiply ... does the animal also want? The feeling of one's human dignity, freedom, still needs to be awakened in the hearts of these people. Only this feeling, which left the world with the Greeks, and under Christianity was dissolved in the deceptive haze of the kingdom of heaven, can again make society an alliance of people united in the name of their highest goals.
Karl Marx
“Man is the master of his own destiny in the sense that he has the freedom to dispose of his freedom. But what this will lead to - a person does not know.
Gandhi
“Your suffering is over if you are tired of enduring it: you are free if you have the courage to be free”
Jean-Paul Marat
“A free man thinks of nothing so little as of death, and his wisdom consists in thinking about life, and not about death”
Benedict Spinoza
“It is impossible to talk about morality and law without touching on the question of the so-called free will, on the sanity of a person, on the relationship between necessity and freedom”
Friedrich Engels
“Good is freedom. Only for freedom, or in freedom, is the difference between good and evil.
Soren Kierkegaard
“If we dispose of our wealth, then we are rich and free; if our wealth disposes of us, then there is no one poorer than us ”
Edmund Burke
“It is impossible to live in society and be free from society”
Vladimir Lenin
"For a citizen, political freedom is a peace of mind based on the belief in one's own security"
Charles Montesquieu
“He who loves me takes away my freedom. What would fascinate me if I loved God is that God does not reciprocate me.
Henri Monterlan
“Today, many politicians tend to argue with aplomb that the people do not deserve freedom until they learn to use it. This conclusion would do credit to the fool of old fairy tale who decided not to go into the water until he learned to swim"
Thomas Macaulay
“It is not through patience, but through impatience that peoples achieve freedom”
Carl Burne
“Humanity was liberated not so much from enslavement as through enslavement. After all, rudeness, greed, injustice are evil; a person who has not freed himself from it is incapable of morality, and discipline freed him from precisely this desire.
Georg Hegel
"Freedom consists in being dependent only on laws"
Voltaire
“Disorder makes us slaves. Today's disorder reduces tomorrow's freedom."
Henri Amiel
"The freedom of one has as its logical limit the freedom of others"
Jean Carr
"People are born free and unequal"
Grant Allen
“Everyone can gain freedom if he only knows how to limit and find himself”
Johann Goethe
"When I throw away the trash, it becomes easier for me to live"
Evgeny Grishkovets
“The great church reformers stood for unfree will, and the Jesuits for free will, and yet the former founded freedom, the latter the slavery of conscience”
Henri Amiel
“In order to be morally free, a person must get used to govern himself”
Nikolai Shelgunov
“Jealousy is not connected with human freedom. In jealousy there is an instinct of property and domination, but in a state of humiliation. It is necessary to recognize the right of love and deny the right of jealousy, ceasing to idealize it ... Jealousy is the tyranny of man over man. Especially disgusting is female jealousy, turning a woman into a fury.
Nikolai Berdyaev
“Not a single person fights against freedom - a person fights, at most, against the freedom of others”
Karl Marx
“In order to live freely and happily, you must sacrifice boredom. It's not always an easy sacrifice."
Richard Bach
"Know how to obey the law, discipline, order ... The ability to obey ... laws is the highest expression of freedom"
Vasily Sukhomlinsky
“A person wants to have both freedom and weight at the same time, which is impossible, because the more he is freed, the more he “loses in weight””
Wystan Auden
"The law cannot make people free: the people themselves must make the law free"
Henry Thoreau
"The moral is obedience in freedom"
Georg Hegel
“The mighty forces that destroy cities and destroy states, nevertheless remain helpless against one person, if he has enough will and spiritual fearlessness to remain free, for those who imagined themselves victorious over millions could not subjugate one thing - a free conscience”
Stefan Zweig
"Where there is no freedom of criticism, there no praise can be pleasant"
Pierre Beaumarchais
“Man is a slave because freedom is difficult, but slavery is easy”
Nikolai Berdyaev
"Freedom is the only characteristic civilization"
Lev Mechnikov
"Freedom is the price of the victory we won over ourselves"
Carl Mati
"Society cannot liberate itself without freeing every individual"
Friedrich Engels
“Whoever depends on others and does not have his own internal means cannot become free. Alliances, treaties, people's trust - all this can bind the weak to the strong, but not the strong to the weak.
Jean Jacques Rousseau
“Of the ten political decisions that a person must make, no matter where he is, nine will always be prescribed to him by circumstances. And the higher his post, the more limited his freedom of choice.
Lion Feuchtwanger
"Some fight for freedom from prejudice, others for freedom for prejudice"
Wiesław Brudzinski
“Only in a collective are there means for each individual that enable him to develop his inclinations in all directions, and, consequently, only in a collective is personal freedom possible”
Karl Marx
“Power is duty; freedom is responsibility
Maria Ebner Eschenbach
"The history of freedom is the history of resistance"
Thomas Wilson
“Each society, first of all, requires mutual adaptation and humiliation, and therefore, the larger it is, the more vulgar. Each person can be completely himself only while he is alone. Therefore, whoever does not love loneliness also does not love freedom, for a person is free only when he is alone. Coercion is an inseparable companion of every society; every society requires sacrifices, which are the harder, the more significant one's own personality is.
Arthur Schopenhauer
“The tree of freedom needs to be watered from time to time with the blood of patriots and tyrants, this is natural fertilizer for it”
Thomas Jefferson
"Freedom is like spinach - something sluggish, without bones"
Salvador Dali
“Truth and freedom are remarkable in that everything that is done for them and against them serves them equally”
Victor Hugo
“A free woman is one who considers sex normal before marriage, and work after”
Gloria Steinem
"He who marries for wealth is selling his freedom"
George Herbert
“Voltaire taught: “The more enlightened people are, the freer they are.” His successors said to the people: "The freer you are, the more enlightened you are." This is where death lies.”
Antoine Rivarol
"For scientific development it is necessary to recognize the complete freedom of the individual, the personal spirit, because only under this condition can one scientific worldview be replaced by another, created by the free, independent work of the individual.
Vladimir Vernadsky
"Nothing is free like a man's thought"
David Hume
"Freedom will not survive if the people are corrupt"
Edmund Burke
“Not iron gates, not blank walls, but a small peephole in the cell door - this is what reminds a person of captivity most of all”
Kobo Abe
“The bird can be caught. But is it possible to make the cage more pleasant to her than free air?
Gotthold Lessing
“This is freedom: to feel what your heart longs for, no matter what others say”
Paulo Coelho
“The easier and freer life is for a people in the world, the more they love their homeland”
Dmitry Pisarev
“In order to have freedom, you must limit it”
Edmund Burke
“Freedom never comes from government. Freedom always comes from its subjects… The history of freedom is the history of the limitation of government power, not its increase.”
Thomas Wilson
“Freedom is the only principle to which ... everything is built, and in the objective world we do not see anything existing outside of us, but only the internal limitation of our own free activity. Being in general is only an expression of inhibited freedom.
Friedrich Schelling
"Freedom is a blessing, the possession of which brings less pleasure than its loss - suffering"
Jean Paul
“People give flowers to a friend because they contain the true meaning of love. Anyone who tries to take possession of a flower will soon see how it withers and loses its beauty. And the one who just admires it in the meadow will receive it forever. Love is above all freedom
Paulo Coelho
“Freedom is the ability to say that two and two make four. If it's not forbidden, everything else will follow."
George Orwell
“Freedom is illusory if it is not universal; only oppression reigns where the free impulse of passions is limited, given only to an extreme minority.
Charles Fourier
"People never enjoy the freedom they have, but demand the freedom they don't have: they have freedom of thought, they demand freedom of expression"
Soren Kierkegaard
“Freedom is always there. It is enough to pay her price for her.”
Henri Monterlan
"The desire for free love is tantamount to the desire to become a married bachelor or a white black"
Gilbert Chesterton
“And among love marriages there are happy marriages, although rarely; but whoever marries freedom, after having loved her as a girl, is always unhappy.
Carl Burne
"What can satisfy the soul but the possibility of being free and belonging to no one?"
Walt Whitman
"Abstract freedom, like other abstractions, does not exist"
Edmund Burke
“Never deprive a person or animal of freedom, the greatest good on earth. Do not prevent anyone from basking in the sun when he is cold, and chilling in the shade when he is hot.
Charles Coster
“People who have finally become masters of their own social existence, become, as a result, masters of nature, masters of themselves - free”
Friedrich Engels
“We are the freer the more we act according to reason, and the more we are enslaved the more we succumb to passions”
Gottfried Leibniz
“Liberty is the natural ability of everyone to do what he pleases, unless prohibited by force or law”
Justinian I
“Freedom is not in not restraining yourself, but in being in control of yourself”
Fedor Dostoevsky
“True freedom consists in agreement with a certain holy necessity, perceived by us in the cognition that comprehends the essence of reality, for the spirit and heart, bound only by their own law, voluntarily affirm the necessary. If evil consists in the discord of both principles, goodness can only consist in their perfect unity, and the connection connecting them must be divine, for they are not united conditionally, but completely and unconditionally.
Friedrich Schelling
"The love of freedom is the flower of the dungeon, and only in prison do you feel the price of freedom"
Heinrich Heine
“There can be no circumstances in which a person would have the right to encroach on the freedom of his own kind”
Jules Verne
“Resistance and obedience are the two virtues of a citizen. Obedience provides order; resistance brings freedom"
Alain
"Privileges of every kind are the grave of freedom and justice"
Johann Seime
“Any love that is not caused by the freedom of the spirit, but by something else, easily turns into hatred”
Benedict Spinoza
“Freedom means responsibility. That's why most people are afraid of freedom."
George Shaw
“The feeling of the unity of the nation is impossible without self-respect, which in turn is impossible without freedom”
Harriet Stowe
“Giving freedom of life and freedom of spirit to the country, the government gives freedom public opinion. How can social thought be expressed? Word spoken and written"
Konstantin Aksakov
“Freedom is not idleness, but the ability to freely dispose of one's time and choose one's occupation; in short, to be free means not to indulge in idleness, but to decide for oneself what to do and what not to do. What a great blessing such freedom!
Jean La Bruyère
“The realm of freedom begins in reality only where work stops, dictated by need and external expediency, therefore, by the nature of things, it lies on the other side of the sphere of proper material production”
Karl Marx
"Loyalty is freedom from the need to think"
George Shaw
“Our enemy is not the devil or some evil deity. Our enemy is freedom of choice, the free choice of people."
Bernard Werber
“Real freedom does not consist in the fact that anyone can follow his vicious inclinations or receive unequal punishments for crimes. Real freedom consists in the taming of bad passions and vices, and not in the freedom to do whatever anyone wants and receive lighter punishment for their crimes.
Andrzej Modzhevsky
"Freedom is a luxury that not everyone can afford"
Otto Bismarck
“Freedom is distinguished by such irresistible charm that we find in it a beauty that it may not possess ... However, if it were not for her beauty, the world would not go crazy over her”
George Halifax
“What does a zoologist know who has seen animals only in a zoo; what do those who saw him only in freedom know about a person?
Stanislav Lets
“The conflict of pity and freedom… Pity can lead to the denial of freedom, freedom can lead to ruthlessness… A person cannot, must not, in his ascent, fly away from the world, relieve himself of responsibility for others. Everyone is responsible for everyone... Freedom should not become a removal of responsibility for others. Pity, compassion remind of this freedom"
Nikolai Berdyaev
“As far as your ability to command yourself extends, so far does your freedom extend”
Maria Ebner Eschenbach
"Only a free nation has a national character"
Anna Steel
“If you love a girl, give her freedom. Only then don't be surprised if she brings herpes with her."
Chuck Palahniuk
“Today, the main political task is not to give a person freedom, but to satisfy his needs”
Wystan Auden
"Not all are free who laugh at their chains"
Gotthold Lessing
“Every person loves freedom, with the only difference being that the just one wants it for everyone, and the unjust one only for himself”
Carl Burne
"The Truth Will Set You Free"
Sigmund Freud
“A moral person is aware of the content of his activity as something necessary ... and this does so little damage to his freedom that the latter, on the contrary, only thanks to this consciousness becomes real and meaningful freedom, in contrast to arbitrariness, which is still empty and only possible freedom”
Georg Hegel
"Only the one who controls himself is free"
Johann Schiller
"Freedom is the right to inequality"
Nikolai Berdyaev
“The tree of freedom must from time to time be watered with the blood of patriots and tyrants. It is his natural fertilizer."
Thomas Jefferson
“Freedom can only be given up by falling into error”
Edmund Burke
“Wherever money reigns, the money that the people give in order to maintain their freedom always serves only as an instrument of their own enslavement; and what he pays today of his own free will is used to force him to pay tomorrow under compulsion.”
Jean Jacques Rousseau
"A person with free choice can refuse ... free choice"
Bernard Werber
"Am I not destroying the freedom of character when I demand that he be free in someone else's way?"
Karl Marx
“Only that freedom should be possessed, which gives scope to the energy, reason and good qualities of the people”
William Channing
"True liberty and its true exercise are best characterized by abuses of liberty"
Georg Lichtenberg
"I do not share your beliefs, but I will give my life so that you can express them"
Voltaire
“An honest person is exalted in soul, therefore his happiness is deep and inescapable. On all his deeds lies the stamp of freedom. Sneaky man low in soul, therefore his joy is small and fleeting. Everything he has done betrays infringement”
Hong Zicheng
“This is a free country. People have the right to write me letters, and I have the right not to answer them.”
William Faulkner
“You can fight for freedom legally only if you already have it”
Tadeusz Kotarbinski
"Man is doomed to freedom"
Jean-Paul Sartre
“Freedom can only be saved through brotherhood”
Victor Hugo
"Free will means ... nothing more than the ability to make decisions with knowledge of the matter"
Friedrich Engels
“To renounce one's freedom is to renounce one's human dignity, the rights of human nature, even its duties. No compensation is possible for one who renounces everything. Such a refusal is incompatible with human nature; to deprive a person of free will is to deprive him of any morality in his action.
Jean Jacques Rousseau
“Only by losing everything to the end, we gain freedom”
Chuck Palahniuk
"The more habits, the less freedom"
Immanuel Kant
“As long as there is a state, there is no freedom. When there is freedom, there will be no state"
Vladimir Lenin
"Freedom means for us the right to do whatever is forbidden by law"
Adrian Decourcelle
"Man ... is free not because of the negative power to avoid this or that, but because of the positive power to manifest his true individuality"
Karl Marx
“The very desire to get out of the trap only strengthens this trap”
Chuck Palahniuk
“Only one thought is comforting, namely: no matter what system we adhere to and with what fatality we would connect all our actions, we will always act as if we were free”
Voltaire
"He who believes in free will has never loved and never hated"
Maria Ebner Eschenbach
“A person who is in captivity of his passions cannot be free”
Pythagoras
"Freedom is worth fighting for"
Agatha Christie
"The greatest slavery is not having freedom, to consider yourself free"
Johann Goethe
“The love of freedom is the love of people; love of power is self-love"
William Gaslitt
“When worries and suffering disturb us, then inspiration is impossible. Only with the cessation of worries and desires comes liberation; then genius throws off material fetters and turns into a subject of pure contemplation. Therefore, he who is visited by inspiration, let him avoid suffering, worries and desires, and let those desires that cannot be suppressed be fully satisfied. Only under such a condition can a genius use his rare existence for his own pleasure and for the common good.
Arthur Schopenhauer
"Freedom of thought is the inalienable right of everyone"
Joseph Renan
“People won their freedom every time insofar as it was dictated to them and allowed not by their ideal of man, but by the existing productive forces”
Karl Marx
"Free peoples, remember the rule: "You can win freedom, but you can not regain it""
Jean Jacques Rousseau
“Freedom ... consists in domination over ourselves and over external nature, based on the knowledge of the needs of nature”
Friedrich Engels
"What is freedom, only those who are ready to die for it know"
Anna Steel
“For money we have to pay with freedom”
Robert Stevenson
"The free development of each is a condition for the free development of all"
Karl Marx
"A free man never acts deceitfully, but always honestly"
Benedict Spinoza
“For some reason I have to tell about that ...”: Selected Gershelman Karl Karlovich
The theme of "secret freedom" in Pushkin
The theme of "secret freedom" in Pushkin
Love and secret freedom
They inspired a simple hymn to the heart -
There was an echo of the Russian people.
A. Pushkin
Pushkin, secret freedom
We sang after you
Give us a hand in bad weather
Help in the silent fight!
A. Blok
Pushkin was the first to use, Blok picked up the expression “secret freedom”, “Answer to the challenge to write poetry in honor of the Empress Elizabeth Alekseevna”, from which the above Pushkin quote is borrowed, written in 1819, during the glorification of “liberty” (message to Chaadaev, “Village” etc.): the reference to "secret freedom" was supposed to explain the appearance of poems in honor of the empress. This expression emphasized the main property of any creativity - its autonomy, independence from any non-creative goals. Poetry is not bound by anything, it has the right to glorify everything that it finds worthy of it.
In the article “On the Appointment of the Poet,” Blok pointed out “three things assigned to the poet”:
“Firstly, to release the sounds from the native, beginningless element in which they reside; secondly, to bring these sounds into harmony, to give them a form; thirdly, to bring this harmony into the external world.
If the third task depends on many circumstances that lie outside the poet: material conditions, censorship, approval and disapproval of the reader, etc., then the first and second tasks depend only on the poet himself: no one can forbid him to see what he is in the world sees, nor make him see what he does not see. The core of the creative process, regardless of external pressure, depends only on its shell, its manifestation in the outside world. You can forbid printing, even writing poetry, but you can't forbid them from composing. And that's just one thing that matters. It is more important that “Venus was found in marble than the fact that her statue exists” (Blok). It is important that at least in one point of the world a new value has been realized, a new reality has been “discovered”, whether anyone knows about it is less important. Once created, a work of art is essentially immortal, even if its material carrier was destroyed or even never existed.
This independence of "secret freedom" from any external influence makes it invulnerable. Only the poet himself can betray his “secret freedom”, be afraid of persecution or indifference, be tempted by money or fame, but no one can force him to do this. The invulnerability of "secret freedom" gives the poet the opportunity to be truthful whenever he wants to. But it is from this opportunity to be truthful that the obligation to be truthful also arises.
"Secret freedom" is absolute truthfulness, fearlessness, incorruptibility. The poet must possess two virtues: he must be sensitive and sincere.
He touched my ears.
And they were filled with noise and ringing:
And I heard the shudder of the sky.
And the heavenly angels flight,
And the reptile of the marine underwater passage.
And the valley of the vine vegetation.
And he clung to my lips,
And tore out my sinful tongue,
And idle-talking, and crafty,
And the sting of the wise snake
In my frozen mouth
He invested it with a bloody right hand.
Pushkin. "Prophet"
At one time, Vyacheslav Ivanov objected to the generally accepted rapprochement between the poet and the prophet and pointed out that Pushkin himself demarcated these concepts, emphasizing in the poem "The Poet" the episodic nature of poetic creativity, as opposed to the long ministry of the prophet:
Until it requires a poet
To the sacred sacrifice of Apollo,
In the cares of vain light
He is cowardly immersed;
His holy lyre is silent,
The soul tastes a cold dream,
And among the children of the insignificant world,
Perhaps he is the most insignificant of them all.
Vyacheslav Ivanov's remark is correct, and Pushkin was hardly inclined to equate these two concepts. But this does not contradict the correctness of the similarity, the parallelism of the poetic vocation to the prophetic one: the poet and the prophet have the same task - to serve as the voice of the people and even the universal conscience.
And he spoke the truth to kings with a smile.
Derzhavin
Already a particular question is whether this task is carried out with a constant, continuous burning of the prophet or short-term ones. Scattered flashes of poetic inspiration.
The concepts of "poet" and "prophet" are concepts of different planes. Being a poet, you can be a prophet, you can not be - and vice versa. A poet is a vocation, a prophet (in the sense in which he is taken here) is an attitude towards a vocation. A prophet, like a saint, can be a person of any profession - a poet, a doctor, an inventor, statesman… Equating a poet to a prophet is only widespread because among people of artistic professions, a disinterestedly devoted, “heroic” attitude towards their vocation is more common than among people of other professions. In principle, Pushkin's "prophet" can be placed as a task for every person. It is important for the prophetic thought - "be fulfilled by my will"; whether the "verb that burns people's hearts" will rhyme or not rhyme is already a technical detail.
In Pushkin, the rapprochement of poetic and religious service is undeniable. Very often he uses images and adjectives that equate the first with the second.
"By the command of God, O muse, be obedient."
"As long as Apollo does not require the poet to the sacred sacrifice."
"His holy lyre is silent."
"But only a divine word."
"Heaven's Chosen Singer"
"Heaven's Chosen One".
"Divine Messenger"
“But, forgetting your service.
Altar and sacrifice.
Do the priests take your broom?"
"And spits on the altar where your fire burns,
And in childish agility your tripod shakes.
Often they see a contradiction between Pushkin's "Monument" and "Chernya": in the "Monument" the poet allegedly sets the task of moral improvement of his neighbors:
And for a long time I will be kind to the people,
That I aroused good feelings with my lyre.
That in my cruel age I glorified freedom
And mercy to the fallen called;
in "Cherni", the demand of the crowd - "correct the hearts of the brethren" - is sharply rejected by the poet:
Go away, what's up
The peaceful poet is up to you!
In debauchery boldly stone:
The voice of the lyre will not revive you.
Not for worldly excitement,
Not for self-interest, not for battles -
We are born to inspire
For sweet sounds and prayers.
This seeming contradiction arises due to the fact that because of the penultimate stanza of the "Monument" quoted, the last dominating stanza is forgotten:
By the command of God, O muse, be obedient.
Not afraid of resentment, not demanding a crown,
Praise and slander were accepted indifferently
And don't argue with the fool.
In "Monument" as in "Cherni" (as in "The Poet"), the supreme task of poetry turns out to be obedience to "the command of God." “The awakening of good feelings” is not denied, but is reduced to a subordinate position. It is not set as the goal of poetic creativity, but is noted as its consequence.
Poetry is not subject to ethics, but generates ethics. She revises ethics anew, explores and supplements it. The task of art is the development of new moral norms, and not propaganda or adaptation to the old ones.
Art, like nature, does not teach anyone anything, it only creates. Everything that is created is created for its own sake. The poet wants one thing for his creation to be. Art stands above the division into moral and immoral, stands "beyond good and evil." Is the existence of the world moral or immoral? Ridiculous question; just as absurd is the question of the morality or immorality of the existence of Natasha Rostova, Khlestakov, Tatyana, Onegin. All of them are something incomparably greater than only good or bad beings - they are all living beings. In the life of each of us, Eugene Onegin or Tatiana play no less a role than any of our "real" acquaintances. Thinking about the fate of both of them, you can learn something, but this is not the most important thing. The most important thing is that we know them, love them, that they are some part of our life, of ourselves, that they exist. If someday the world is finished, paradise becomes a reality, then Tatyana and Onegin should be among the inhabitants of this paradise - real and alive, no less real and alive than each of us.
Pushkin's approach to the theme of "secret freedom" can be better understood by resorting to a somewhat hackneyed comparison of his "Prophet" with Lermontov's "Prophet". Strictly speaking, they could not be compared at all, because we are dealing here with two completely different topics: Lermontov gives the attitude of the prophet to the crowd, Pushkin - the attitude of the prophet to God. Pushkin describes the moment of the election of the prophet, Lermontov - the clash of the prophet who has already gone out to preach with the crowd and the persecution he endures. But in a number of other Pushkin's poems ("Mobile", "Monument" and especially in the sonnet "To the Poet") Lermontov's theme of the non-recognition of the poet (= prophet) by the crowd is provided:
Poet, do not value the love of the people:
Enthusiastic praise will pass minute noise,
Hear the judgment of a fool and the laughter of a cold crowd...
Pushkin, however, does not deduce from this the need for the prophet to go into the desert, to abandon his mission, as Lermontov does, on the contrary, he prescribes the poet to completely ignore the voice of the mob:
Pushkin sees the same thing and in the same way as Lermontov, without overestimating reality in the least: but seeing the same thing, he reacts differently. Where the theme ends for Lermontov, for Pushkin it only begins. Where Lermontov agrees to lay down his arms, Pushkin demands a fearless continuation of the struggle. The justification of creativity lies for Lermontov in the social plane, for Pushkin in the religious plane. According to Lermontov, poetry is written for the "neighbor", according to Pushkin - for "God".
For whom are poems written? A candle is placed, "let it shine for everyone in the house." The poet is not to blame if there are only blind people around the candle. A candle is placed for the sake of the few who can see. Art exists for the sake of "the lucky few" (Stendhal's expression).
Not everyone loves happiness
Not everyone was born for crowns.
Blessed is he who knows voluptuousness
lofty thoughts and verses,
Who delight in the beautiful
In a beautiful lot
And your delight enlightened
Delight fiery and clear.
Pushkin. Zhukovsky. For the publication of his book “For the Few”
Poems are written for those who will understand and pick them up, just for the sake of those who like them. Very often the poet has to pass them far over the heads of his closest neighbors.
So, the dialogue between Pushkin and Lermontov develops in the following sequence:
Pushkin ("Prophet"):
Arise, prophet, and see and listen.
Do my will
And bypassing the seas and lands.
Burn the hearts of people with the verb!
Lermontov ("Prophet"):
I began to proclaim love
And true pure teachings:
All my neighbors are in me
Rocks were thrown furiously.
I sprinkled ashes on my head.
I fled the cities as a beggar.
And now, in the desert I live,
Like birds, the gift of God's food.
Pushkin ("To the Poet"):
Poet! do not value the love of the people!
Enthusiastic praise will pass minute noise:
Hear the judgment of a fool and the laughter of the cold crowd,
But you remain firm, calm and gloomy.
You are the king: live alone. By the road of the free
Go where your free mind takes you,
Improving the fruits of your favorite thoughts,
Not demanding rewards for a noble feat.
They are in you. You are your own highest court
You know how to appreciate your work more strictly.
Are you satisfied with it, demanding artist?
Satisfied? So let the crowd scold him
And spits on the altar where your fire burns
And in childish playfulness your tripod shakes.
Lermontov's prophet ends up a beggar, Pushkin's - a king.
Very significant is the convergence of creativity “for God” with creativity “for oneself”, which is revealed when comparing the cited sonnet with the “Monument”. The subordination of creativity to the "command of God" is replaced here by the supreme subordination of the poet to himself: "You are the king: live alone", "You yourself are your highest court." The only measure of the authenticity of the "divine verb" is the creative conscience of the poet. To write "for oneself" - for the sake of pure creativity, not diluted by any extraneous considerations - this is what it means to write "for God." To write "for God" means to write for one's highest, strictest judgment. Ultimately, both tasks merge.
The artistic conscience of the poet is the supreme legislator and judge of his work - this is his "secret freedom". Each poet approaches his creation as an unrestricted, unaccountable, capricious, autocratic genius. He can listen to advice and instructions, weigh them, take into account, follow them. But advice and instructions are different - what is the objective scale of the correctness of one or the other of them? What can make an artist blindly trust any authority whatsoever? The last decision, the last creative "to be or not to be" is imposed by him. This is his highest privilege and at the same time his most sacred duty.
A poetic vocation is a mission, not a profession. “Inspiration”, “sweet sounds” and “prayers” are in the same row: poetry is not entertainment, not teaching, but a religious act. “The words of a poet are already his deeds” (Pushkin). To write good poetry (that means: the best one is capable of) is a moral and religious obligation for a poet. Blok speaks of “liberating sounds from the native beginningless element” and “bringing these sounds into harmony”: neither one nor the other in the least depends on the requirements of the market, on considerations of earnings, success, the topic of the day, on any preconceived attitudes - deliberately - optimistic or pessimistic. The whole interest of poetry is concentrated on the reality that it first sees, on those "sounds" that it tries to catch and shape,
Only in relation to the third task of the poet - to the task of publishing his work - "demand determines supply" and influences it; creativity as such does not depend on any demand. Pushkin expressed this position in the formula: "I write for myself, I print for money." But at the same time: “I can’t write for money, God knows.”
Pushkin not only could not write for money, but also could not alter what was written for any material reasons. “I regret that I am unable to redo what I once wrote” (from a letter to Benckendorff, 1826). In this regard, he was very persistent. In response to some critical remarks made by Emperor Nicholas I about "Boris Godunov", he, at the risk of incurring the sovereign's disfavor, wrote to the same Benckendorff:
“... One should pay attention only to the spirit that permeates the entire composition, and to the general impression it makes. My tragedy is a work of truth, and I cannot honestly exclude from it what seems to me essential.
I beg his majesty to forgive me the boldness with which I dare to contradict him. I know that this poet's protest may seem ridiculous; but up to now I have rejected all the offers of booksellers, silently making this sacrifice to the will of his majesty. But at the present time I am in straitened circumstances and I beg His Majesty to untie my hands with permission to publish my tragedy in the exact form I wish” (April 16, 1830).
When censorship found the lines of The Prisoner of the Caucasus not moral enough:
A few joyful nights Fate sent her to share!
And replaced them:
Fate sent her a few joyful days to her share. -
Pushkin wrote to Vyazemsky:
“Censorship killed me! I have no power to say, I must not say, I dare not tell her the days at the end of the verse. Nights, nights - for the sake of Christ, nights fate sent to her share. Whether business. Nights, because during the day she did not see him - see the poem. And why is the night more unseemly than the day? Which of the 24 hours is precisely contrary to the spirit of our censorship? Birukov (censor) - a good fellow, persuade him or I will go to bed.
Pushkin not only created new poetry, but also indicated very precisely the moral requirements that determine the attitude of the poet to poetry. At the same time, he did not at all deny the material dependence of the poet on his profession. On the contrary, he was proud of the fact that he depended on his literary earnings, he emphasized and even, rather, exaggerated this dependence. The poets of the pre-Pushkin era were either rich themselves, or entirely dependent on the generosity of the patron (in most cases, the court). This reduced the position of the poet to that of a highly skilled jester. Pushkin was one of the first Russian professional writers.
Material dependence on the sovereign and the government, in which Pushkin became entangled towards the end of his life, was one of the reasons for his death. He allowed himself to be drawn into financial obligations, was tempted, betrayed his "secret freedom." He was forced to some extent to prevaricate, to take on topics pleasing to his patrons, and not to himself, he had to force his creative freedom. This put him in a false position in relation to the government and society and led to a tragic denouement.
"Secret freedom" fundamentally denies the possibility of any kind of "order" (social or any other). The order makes creativity redundant, it predetermines what exactly should be said; when ordering, the poet does not say his own, unexpected for the listener, but someone else's, essentially already known, that is, unnecessary. When ordering, there is no creativity, but only confirmation, repetition. Art, on the other hand, has the power not only to confirm and popularize the old, but also to discover new values. Therefore, to limit art to an order means deliberately narrowing its field of action, setting boundaries for it. Art (in any case, of first quality) is a leading force, not a serving one. Rather, his ministry lies in the fact that he leads.
Genius is not a leaf on the tree of life, but its flower; not a means but an end historical process. Genius is what a people justifies its existence in front of other peoples, it is a gift from the people to the rest of humanity. In genius, the people manifest, expend themselves, and do not nourish. The people serve the genius, and not the genius, the people, just as a mother serves a child, and not a child, a mother.
"Secret freedom" not only excludes any order, but excludes any tendency: "to write cheerfully", "to describe positive types and phenomena", "to be an optimist", etc. If Schopenhauer were asked to create a system of optimistic philosophy, then there would be no Schopenhauer. The "positive types" that criticism and society demanded from Gogol brought him to his grave. If the poet sees death and decay in the world, and not growth and prosperity, but it seems to me wrong, then I must oppose my poetry to his poetry, my philosophy to his philosophy, but not close the pages of my journal for him on this basis. That's just what's interesting about him. What he says is not what I am.
Pushkin embraced the entire poetic culture of the century, fully preserving his originality. He learned from everyone, imitating no one. He always remains the master of the situation, retains the ability to make a sober choice. This is also a "secret freedom": not to be afraid of influences and never to surrender to them blindly; take the necessary, reject the unnecessary; how you want to process what you have taken. "Secret freedom" is to write whatever I want, whatever I like, whatever I love, without fear of either banality or loneliness.
The concept of "secret freedom" can be extended from the aesthetic to the ethical realm. "Secret Freedom" is not only fidelity to one's artistic, but also fidelity to one's human face. “You are your own highest court” is applicable both in art and in life. Both here and there, “secret freedom” means the ultimate independence of the individual from everything external: the result of an action may not correspond to the desire of a person, but the action itself always corresponds to his desire, if only it is fully truthful. "Secret freedom" is the domination of the internal over the external, "conscience" over the "law". She willingly obeys the law as long as she feels it is right, but is not afraid to act in addition to the law when it is insufficient. Pushkinskaya Tatyana in one case violates the “law” - the first opens up to Onegin in love, and in another case she obeys the “law” - she refuses to cheat on her husband. In both cases, she is guided only by a sensitive moral taste: in the first case, her act does not affect anything, except for a number of empty conventions, only her own good name is at stake: in the second, the happiness and honor of another person - her husband - depends on her decision.
Freedom and duty are not in contradiction: duty is disciplined freedom, freedom that has ceased to be a fleeting caprice, has become a firm lasting will.
The highest moral duty of the poet is the fulfillment of his vocation: but nevertheless, the “secret freedom” is autonomous, and in this respect the essence of a person is wider than the vocation. A vocation is for a person, and not a person for a vocation - it is better to "bury talent" than to bury yourself under talent.
What is higher - poetry, family, honor? There can be no rule here, everything is decided by "secret freedom", the correctness or unfaithfulness of the path depends on its sensitivity. It is an unthinkable case that Pushkin refused to duel, referring to unfinished verses; and just as unthinkable - that out of love for his wife he would change at least one line of poetry. Pushkin could forget his wife for poetry and poetry for his wife, and in both cases remain right.
But all the same, the meaning and justification of Pushkin's life are his poems, and not his wife, not his children, not his duel. Pushkin, in contrast to Tolstoy, is alien to the desire for moral self-improvement (in the theosophical-moralistic sense).
And among the children of the insignificant world,
Perhaps he is the most insignificant, -
This is said without the slightest "repentance" or desire to "correct." The poet is justified by another - by a selfless readiness to immediately obey " divine verb", as soon as the last one sounds:
But only the divine word
It touches the sensitive ear,
The soul of the poet will tremble,
Like an awakened eagle.
Justification of the poet in creative tension. God wants to know what a simple, average, sinful person is and how he sees the world created by God. The poet peers into himself, peers into the world and, without further ado, directly and honestly tells God about it.
The approach to art, especially to literature, as a prophetic and even religious ministry was so widespread in Russia before the revolution that it seemed to many for granted. In fact, this was not the case: for the West, for example, such a view was alien. In the West, they looked and look at the profession of a writer like any other: before choosing it, they weigh material possibilities and material prospects, take into account their strengths and inclinations, acquire an appropriate education, etc. The approach to art as a sacred service is purely Russian tradition: this is how all our classics approached it; drama by Gogol and Tolstoy, their very refusal to artistic creativity due to the excessively high demands made by society to the writer and writers to themselves. After the revolution, the point of view on this issue changed. “We look at a writer like a priest,” wrote one Russian critic after the revolution, “or like a parasite, depending on his mood. The revolution doesn't need priests or parasites." However, the restoration of this tradition would be very desirable. Among corrupt, short-sighted, greedy, stupidly greedy modernity, a tradition of creative honesty (even simple professional decency) would be extremely valuable.
From the book World Artistic Culture. XX century. Literature the author Olesina E"The Twilight of Freedom" Sensitive to the movement of time, O. E. Mandelstam did not remain indifferent to the revolutionary events. The theme of dramatic complex relationships appears in his poetry. creative personality and power. What was happening was associated with the French Revolution (“When
From the book Invisible Bird author Chervinskaya Lidia DavydovnaA breath of freedom In December 1953, in the magazine " New world”an article by V. M. Pomerantsev “On sincerity in literature” was published, in which the idealization of life, the artificiality of plots, and the poster character of the characters in modern works of art were criticized.
From the book History of Russian literature XIX century. Part 1. 1800-1830s author Lebedev Yury Vladimirovich“From the sun, from strength - freedom ...” From the sun, from strength - freedom ... Freedom, leading where? High, dusty years, As in the summer days of the city. As in the hour of unsad separation, In vain, an alarming station ... But from inspiration, from boredom, Who has not yet got tired of the heart? By the sea - the most tender in
From the book by Giuseppe Bossi about "The Last Supper" by Leonardo da Vinci author Goethe Johann Wolfganghistorical theme in the work of Pushkin in the 1830s. On February 18, 1831, Pushkin married N. N. Goncharova in Moscow, in the Church of the Great Ascension on Nikitskaya. The young couple spent the spring and summer in Tsarskoye Selo, and in the autumn the Pushkins moved to St. Petersburg. Has come
From the book Collected Works in ten volumes. Volume ten. About art and literature author Goethe Johann Wolfgang From the book Innocent Reading author Kostyrko Sergey PavlovichGIUSEPPE BOSSI ON THE LAST SUPPER BY LEONARDO DA VINCI The author of this significant work, a Milanese born in 1777, was naturally endowed with excellent, early developed abilities, especially a penchant for and talents for fine arts; with his development
From the book Psychodiachronology: The Psychohistory of Russian Literature from Romanticism to the Present Day author Smirnov Igor PavlovichCOPIES OF THE LAST SUPPER Now we can conclude with varying degrees of probability what we should expect from copies of The Last Supper, although the earliest of them were made at the same time, because the picture aroused great interest, and other monasteries also wanted to have something
From the book Rope Ladder author Berg Mikhail Yurievich4. The weight of freedom
From the book Philosophy and Religion F.M. Dostoevsky author (Popovich) Justin From the book Both time and place [Historical and philological collection for the sixtieth birthday of Alexander Lvovich Ospovat] author Team of authorsThe Pledge of Freedom (about the "feeling of guilt" in Russia and Germany) This article (in which I will allow myself a few autobiographical digressions), as in the once "most true and great teaching", has three sources, three components. Events after the referendum, power instability,
From the book Selected: Prose. Dramaturgy. Literary criticism and journalism [compilation] author Gritsenko Alexander Nikolaevich From the book Works of Alexander Pushkin. Article Five author Belinsky Vissarion Grigorievich From the book Freedom Training author Nadash Peter From the author's bookEscape from freedom In our time, a rollback to the old days is possible, no matter what the optimists say. Let the rollback be not complete, but partial, because our people do not need freedom. Not because they are not ready, but because they are not needed and will never be needed: such chemical
From the author's bookA look at Russian criticism. - The concept of modern criticism. - The study of the pathos of the poet, as the first task of criticism. - The pathos of Pushkin's poetry in general. – Parsing lyrical works Pushkin In harmony, my rival Was the noise of the forests, or a violent whirlwind, Or the orioles chant
