Municipal educational institution"Basic comprehensive school named after academician A.F.Treshnikov, Pavlovka village, municipality "Baryshsky district" of the Ulyanovsk region.
Performed: 5th grade student
Nikitina Alena Supervisor:
biology teacher
Kuzina N.M.
2014-2015
planIntroduction.
Main part.
collection and analysis of information on the topic of the project
experiment
questioning
Conclusion.
Studying the labels on the packaging of various products (kefir, yogurt, sour cream), I found that they contain bacteria.
Then I thought about whether all bacteria are harmful to humans. So was born subject my project "Bacteria. Enemies or friends?
When I started working on the project, I put forward hypothesis that bacteria can be both harmful to humans and beneficial.
Target my project: to confirm or disprove a hypothesis.
During the course of the project, I set the following tasks:
study the literature on the topic of the project
do a mini-study
Working methods:
work with literature and Internet resources, collection of materials on the topic;
observation and experiment;
meeting and consultation with a medical professional;
questioning of junior schoolchildren;
comparison of research results;
Expected results:
I will find out if all bacteria are dangerous to humans;
I will know which bacteria are the "friends" of man;
As I began to explore, I began to reflect and remembered how we act in the classroom when something needs to be learned. I set a goal for myself and began to look for a way to find out if all bacteria are harmful to humans.
1 way- ask adults. To get an answer to my question, I decided to turn to my mother. She said that bacteria can be both harmful, which cause many human diseases, and beneficial, without which a person cannot live.
2 way- refer to literary sources and Internet resources. Turning to these sources, I found a lot of interesting and useful on the topic.
bacteria(other Greek - stick) - the kingdom of microorganisms, most often unicellular. Currently, about ten thousand species of bacteria have been described, and it is estimated that there are over a million of them.
The section of microbiology bacteriology is engaged in the study of bacteria. Bacteria along with were among the first living organisms on Earth, appearing about 3.5 billion years ago. Bacteria were first seen through an optical microscope and described in 1676 by the Dutch naturalist Anthony van Leeuwenhoek. Like all microscopic creatures, he called them "animalcules".
The name "bacteria" was introduced by Christian Ehrenberg in 1828. Louis Pasteur in the 1850s initiated the study of the physiology and metabolism of bacteria, and also discovered their pathogenic properties.
The vast majority of bacteria are unicellular. According to the shape of the cells, they can be spherical (cocci), rod-shaped (bacilli, clostridia), convoluted (vibrios, spirilla, spirochetes).
Bacteria are on average 0.5-5 microns in size. Bacteria are much smaller than the cells of multicellular plants and animals. Their thickness is usually 0.5–2.0 µm, and their length is 1.0–8.0 µm. Some forms can barely be seen with the resolution of standard light microscopes (about 0.3 microns), but there are also species longer than 10 microns and a width that also goes beyond these limits, and a number of very thin bacteria can exceed 50 microns in length. A quarter of a million medium-sized bacteria will fit on the surface corresponding to the dot drawn with a pencil.
There are many bacteria in the soil, at the bottom of lakes and oceans - everywhere where organic matter accumulates. They live in the cold, when the thermometer is slightly above zero, and in hot acidic springs with temperatures above 90 ° C. Some bacteria tolerate very high salinity of the environment; in particular, they are the only organisms found in the Dead Sea. In the atmosphere, they are present in water droplets, and their abundance there usually correlates with the dustiness of the air. Thus, in cities, rainwater contains much more bacteria than in countryside. There are few of them in the cold air of the highlands and polar regions, however, they are found even in the air at an altitude of 8 km.
There are several trillion cells and more than 100 trillion bacteria of five hundred species in the human body. The total weight of bacteria living in the human body is 2 kilograms.
There are about 40,000 bacteria in the human mouth. Luckily, 95 percent of them are harmless.
Lactobacilli and bifidobacteria live in the human body. They appear in our body from the first infancy and remain in it forever, complementing each other and solving serious problems. Lactobacilli and bifidobacteria enter into complex reactions with other microorganisms, easily suppress putrefactive and pathogenic microbes. As a result, lactic acid, hydrogen peroxide is formed - these are natural internal antibiotics. Thus, lactobacilli raise, restore the body's defenses and strengthen the immune system.
The beneficial functions of lactobacilli were first noticed by the Russian scientist Ilya Ilyich Mechnikov. The idea to use fermented milk products to normalize biochemical processes in the intestines and nourish the body as a whole belongs to him.
But there are others - pathogenic, or pathogenic, bacteria. They are able to penetrate the tissues of plants, animals and humans and release substances that depress the body's defenses. A number of other human diseases of bacterial origin are known (bacterial pneumonia, tuberculosis, whooping cough, typhoid fever, dysentery, cholera, etc.). Pathogenic bacteria lie in wait for a person everywhere. Therefore, it is imperative to observe the rules of personal hygiene, wash your hands before eating and after a walk, as well as after going to the toilet.
Bacteria cause food spoilage. Therefore, in order to prevent spoilage of food products, a person creates conditions under which bacteria largely lose their ability to rapidly multiply, and sometimes die. widespread fighting methods with bacteria are: drying of fruits, mushrooms, meat, fish, grains; their cooling and freezing in refrigerators and glaciers; pickling products in acetic acid; salting. When pickling cucumbers, tomatoes, mushrooms, sauerkraut due to the activity of lactic acid bacteria, an acidic environment is created that inhibits the development of bacteria. This is the basis of food preservation. The method is used to kill bacteria and preserve food. pasteurization-heating up to 65°C for 10-20 min and sterilization method - boiling. High temperature causes the death of all bacterial cells. In addition, in medicine, Food Industry, agriculture for disinfection, i.e., for the destruction of pathogenic bacteria, iodine, hydrogen peroxide, boric acid, potassium permanganate, alcohol, formalin and other inorganic and organic substances are used.
The role of bacteria in the biosphere is great. Due to their vital activity, the decomposition and mineralization of organic matter of dead plants and animals occurs. The resulting simple inorganic compounds(ammonia, hydrogen sulfide, carbon dioxide, etc.) are involved in the general circulation of substances, without which life on Earth would be impossible. Bacteria, together with fungi and lichens, destroy rocks, thereby participating in the initial stages of soil-forming processes.
Bacteria play a positive role in human economic activity. Lactic acid bacteria are used in the preparation of a variety of dairy products (sour cream, curdled milk, butter, cheese, etc.). They also help preserve food. Bacteria are widely used in modern biotechnology for the industrial production of lactic, butyric, acetic and propionic acids, acetone, butyl alcohol, etc. In the process of their vital activity, biologically formed active substances- antibiotics, vitamins, amino acids. Finally, bacteria are the object of research in the field of genetics, biochemistry, biophysics, space biology, etc.
Having studied various sources, I was convinced that all the materials confirm the hypothesis of my project that bacteria can be both harmful to humans and beneficial.
Mini studyHaving received information that bacteria are harmful and beneficial, it became interesting for me to look at them. To do this, I decided to conduct an experiment.
Description of the experiment.
In order to create a breeding ground for bacteria, I took a pot, put it on the stove and brought water to a boil. I added a bouillon cube and a spoonful of sugar to the water. Boil this mixture for a few minutes. She took the saucepan off the heat and let it cool. I brought the broth to class. She poured the same amount of broth into each of the previously prepared vessels. Then she coughed into one of the vessels, put her finger into the other, and did not touch the third vessel.
Sticker "Do not drink!" on each vessel she warned everyone that an experiment was underway. I wrapped the vessels in plastic wrap and put them in a warm place so that they would not interfere with anyone.
After a while, I checked what was happening with the broth. The liquid in the vessels became cloudy and began to emit an unpleasant odor, which is confirmation that there are bacteria in it.
After that, I took a few drops of liquid and tried to examine the bacteria with a magnifying glass. But this did not lead to a positive result - I did not see bacteria. Then I decided to resort to the help of another instrument - a microscope.
At 200x magnification, I was able to see the bacteria in all the containers. I noticed that most of the bacteria were in the vessel into which I dipped my finger. This once again confirms the fact that bacteria live on our hands. And the least bacteria was in the third vessel. I would like to note that I was surprised by the small amount of bacteria in all containers, although they were in a warm place for several weeks. I think this is due to the presence of preservatives (substances that allow food not to spoil for a long time) in the bouillon cube. It became interesting to me to find out if these substances do not allow bacteria to multiply, then whether they can be useful to humans. But this is the topic of a new project.
conducting a surveyAfter I got acquainted with the information about bacteria and conducted my own mini-research, I became interested to find out how much the guys who study with me own this information. We interviewed 20 students from our school. The survey included questions about bacteria and their importance in human life.
After analyzing the results, I found out that:
know about the existence of bacteria -18 students;
know that bacteria can cause various human diseases – 20 students;
20 students know that not all bacteria are harmful to humans;
20 students, i.e. all students know that bacteria live in the human body, 16 students believe that they help digest food and restore the body's defenses;
many guys know that a person uses bacteria in economic activities.
Most of all, I was pleased that almost all the guys would be interested to get acquainted with the booklet, which would provide information about bacteria.
conclusionWhile working on the project, I learned that bacteria are everywhere. They are playing positive role in human economic activity. Lactic acid bacteria are used in the preparation of a variety of dairy products (sour cream, curdled milk, butter, cheese, etc.). They also help preserve food. Bacteria are widely used in modern biotechnology for the industrial production of lactic, butyric, and acetic acids, acetone, and butyl alcohol. In the process of their vital activity, biologically active substances are formed - antibiotics, vitamins, amino acids.
negative role belongs pathogenic or pathogenic bacteria. They are able to penetrate the tissues of plants, animals and humans and release substances that depress the body's defenses. A number of other human diseases of bacterial origin are known (bacterial pneumonia, tuberculosis, whooping cough, typhoid fever, dysentery, brucellosis, cholera)
That's why hypothesis that bacteria can be both harmful to humans and beneficial, was fully confirmed.
The text of the work is placed without images and formulas.
Full version work is available in the "Files of work" tab in PDF format
Research work
Bacteria:
enemies or friends?
Completed:
Gradusov Maxim Alexandrovich,
student of 2"E" class
municipal autonomous
educational institution
"Schools No. 187 with in-depth study
individual items» Nizhny Novgorod
Scientific adviser:
Sapunova Olga Alexandrovna,
teacher primary school the highest category
MAOU "Schools No. 187"
Scientific consultant:
Levakova Elvira Yurievna,
Candidate of Chemical Sciences, teacher of chemistry of the highest category
MAOU "Schools No. 187"
| Introduction | ……………………………………………………………….. | ||||
| Theoretical part………………………………………... | |||||
| History of the study of bacteria…………………………... | |||||
| The structure of bacteria…………………………………………. | |||||
| Types of bacteria……………………………………………… | |||||
| Reproduction of bacteria……………………………………... | |||||
| Habitat of bacteria………………………………….. | |||||
| The benefits of bacteria…………………………………………. | |||||
| Danger to humans……………………………………. | |||||
| Practical part………………………………………… | |||||
| Student survey…………………………………. | |||||
| Analysis of the conducted questionnaire………………………………. | |||||
| Experiment………………………………………………... | |||||
| Conclusion | ……………………………………………………………….. | ||||
| List of sources and literature used………………………… | |||||
| Application…………………………………………………………………. | |||||
Introduction
From early childhood, we all know that after the street you need to wash your hands with soap and dirty objects should not be taken into your mouth. Around us lives a huge number of microscopic organisms, invisible naked eye and they can cause serious illness. But on the TV screen and on the Internet, we are told about healthy products that contain ... bacteria! It turns out that not all microorganisms are harmful to humans. In our research work, we decided to find an answer to the question: who are bacteria for humans - enemies or friends? This question can be answered by microbiology - a science that studies microorganisms, their types and structure, the importance that they have in nature and human life. The topic of my research is also of concern to adult scientists; at present, metagenomics is actively developing - a new branch of genetics that studies the gene composition of entire communities of organisms. Analysis of the bacterial communities of human organisms will reveal how microorganisms prevent or increase the risk of developing diseases.
Relevance and the significance of the work lies in the fact that all children know why bacteria are necessary for people, why they are dangerous, and apply this knowledge in practice.
Subject of study: bacteria, their structure, forms and types
Purpose of the study: find out what role bacteria play in nature and human life
Research objectives:
Examine the scientific literature on the subject;
Analyze the effect of bacteria on human and animal organisms;
Develop a questionnaire and conduct a survey among the students of the class on the subject of research;
Conduct an experiment on growing bacteria at home.
Hypothesis is that human life is inextricably linked with bacteria, they bring not only harm, but also benefit.
CHAPTER 1. Theoretical part
1.1 History of the study of bacteria
The amazing world of bacteria, invisible to the eye, envelops our planet with a “living film”.
Bacteria are considered the most ancient creatures on Earth. They formed more than 3.5 billion years ago and for a very long time (about a billion years) were the only organisms on our planet.
Bacteria are living organisms that surround us everywhere. They live everywhere: in the air, in water, on the surface of our body, in the mouth, on all objects, plants and animals.
Bacteria are so small that they can only be seen with a microscope.
For the first time, bacteria were seen through an optical microscope and described in 1676 by the Dutch naturalist Anthony van Leeuwenhoek. Like all microscopic creatures, he called them "animalcules".
Figure 1. Anthony van Leeuwenhoek, his microscope and bacteria
The name "bacteria" was introduced in 1828 by the German scientist Christian Ehrenberg, which in Greek meant "little stick".
Figure 2. German scientist Christian Ehrenberg.
In the 1850s, the French microbiologist Louis Pasteur initiated the study of the physiology and metabolism of bacteria, and also discovered their pathogenic properties.
Figure 3. French microbiologist Louis Pasteur.
Medical microbiology was further developed in the works of Robert Koch, who formulated general principles definition of the causative agent of the disease (Koch's postulates). In 1905 he was awarded Nobel Prize for tuberculosis research.
Figure 4. German microbiologist Robert Koch.
The study of the structure of the bacterial cell began with the invention of the electron microscope in the 1930s.
Figure 5. Scanning electron microscope.
1.2 The structure of bacteria
The bacterium is covered with a strong shell - the cell wall. Its main function is to protect the body from external influences and give it a certain shape. Very often, an additional protective layer is formed over the cell wall of the bacterium - a capsule, which protects the bacterium from drying out.
Inside the cell is filled with cytoplasm. Bacteria do not have a nucleus, its place is taken by DNA, which carries the genetic information of the cell.
On the surface of some bacteria are flagella or short hairs that help the body move.
The plasma membrane is permeable and metabolism takes place through it.
Figure 6. Structure of a bacterium.
1.3 Types of bacteria
By way of nutrition, bacteria are divided into:
Figure 6. Types of bacteria by way of feeding.
Bacteria, depending on the shape of the cells, are divided into several groups:
spherical - cocci,
rod-shaped - bacilli or rods,
spiral - spirochetes
Figure 7. Types of bacteria by shape
Blue-green algae are also bacteria. They are capable of photosynthesis, like plants, and do not need organic matter for nutrition.
Figure 8. Blue-green algae.
There are motile and non-motile bacteria. Among the mobile ones, some swim freely with the help of special tails - flagella, while others simply glide due to the wave-like contractions of their own body.
Figure 9. Non-motile and non-motile bacteria.
Bacteria are useful and harmful:
Figure 10. Beneficial and harmful bacteria.
Reproduction of bacteria
Under favorable conditions, bacterial cells multiply very quickly, dividing in two. If a cell doubles every half an hour, then in a day it is capable of producing 281,474,976,710,656 descendants. And some bacteria can multiply even faster.
Figure 11. Reproduction of bacteria.
Habitat for bacteria
Bacteria live everywhere: in the air, in water, on the surface of our body, in the mouth, on all objects, plants and animals.
Figure 12. Habitat for bacteria.
Benefits of bacteria
The circulation of matter occurs with the participation of bacteria: if these little workers once disappeared, the planet would very quickly be littered with the remains of dead plants and dead animals.
Figure 13. The role of bacteria in nature.
Souring milk into a variety of fermented milk products.
Figure 14. Dairy products
Bacteria made bread from yeast dough fluffy, better baked.
Figure 15. Bread from yeast dough.
Without bacteria, there would be no pickled vegetables.
Figure 16. Pickled vegetables.
Pharmacists produce a variety of antibiotics, vaccines, enzymes, vitamins.
Figure 17. Fabrication medicines.
Bacteria live on man and in man. Most bacteria live in the intestines, where they work for the benefit of man. Some help digest food, others produce vitamins, and others kill harmful microbes.
Figure 18. Bacteria in the human gut.
Human danger
Bacteria cause various infectious diseases.
Figure 19. Dangerous bacteria.
They lead to food spoilage: lactic acid bacteria ferment fresh milk.
Figure 20. Sour milk.
To protect yourself from harmful bacteria and make friends with useful ones, you need to:
Wash hands before eating and after returning home, from wherever;
wash vegetables and fruits;
monitor the expiration dates of products;
during epidemics, limit contact with possible carriers of the infection.
Figure 21. Protection from harmful bacteria.
CHAPTER 2. Practical part
2.1 Questionnaire
The whole class attends the “Biologist of the Future” circle, which is led by a Ph.D. teacher Faculty of Biology UNN them. N.I. Lobachevsky Makeev Igor Serafimovich. In these classes, we study microorganisms, we examine them under a microscope.
To find out the idea of bacteria in students, we conducted a survey of 26 students in the class.
2.2 Analysis of the conducted questionnaire
For the first question, the following data was obtained:
Data for the second question:
The data for the third question is as follows:
Data for the fourth question:
The data for the fifth question is as follows:
And finally, these are the data for the sixth question:
After analyzing the questionnaire, we can conclude that 80% of students have information, and 20% find it difficult to answer. For a more complete acquaintance with the new information, students will be given information booklets.
In the next circle sessions, we will study other microorganisms, such as fungi. Let's try to grow bread mold on our own and examine it under a microscope.
2.3 Experiment
I also decided to try growing bacteria at home.
Figure 22. Petri dishes
I washed three Petri dishes, gas sterilized them.
Figure 23. Sterilization of Petri dishes
Then he prepared a nutrient medium from the substance Agar-agar.
Figure 24. Culture medium preparation
I poured the nutrient medium into the lower half of the Petri dishes with a thin layer, only covering the bottom.
Agar-agar is solid, the Petri dish is at room temperature - everything is ready to continue the experiment! Next, we plant the bacteria in a nutrient medium! Lightly touch the surface of the culture medium with your fingers (before and after washing your hands).
Figure 25. Planting bacteria from dirty hands in the 1st Petri dish
Figure 26. Planting bacteria after washing hands in the 2nd Petri dish
After placing the bacteria on a nutrient medium, I closed the Petri dishes with a lid, sealed them with masking tape, signed and placed the Petri dishes in a warm and dark place (under the battery).
Figure 27. Three Petri dishes with culture medium and bacteria in two dishes.
Figure 28. Three Petri dishes placed in a warm and dark place
On the fifth day of the experiment, colonies of bacteria, barely visible to the eye, began to appear.
Figure 29. Bacteria from dirty hands
In this petri dish where I touched with clean hands to the nutrient medium, on the fifth day the bacteria are almost invisible.
Figure 30. Bacteria from clean hands
In this Petri dish, where I did not plant bacteria, everything is perfectly clean!
Figure 31. Pure culture medium
Conclusion:
Figure 32. Washing hands with soap
Conclusion
I collected and analyzed scientific information about bacteria, conducted a sociological survey to find out the idea of bacteria among class students, and prepared leaflets on the role of bacteria in nature and human life. In the course of my research work, I discovered for myself that bacteria are an integral part of life on our planet, and without them, life on Earth would be impossible. There are dangerous bacteria, but they also perform a certain function. I learned that bacteria are our helpers, first of all, they are symbionts, without which many processes of our body would be impossible. Beneficial bacteria restore the body's defenses and strengthen the human immune system. Bacteria play a positive role in human economic activity, they are widely used in medicine and biotechnology, they are an object for scientific research.
The negative role belongs to pathogenic or pathogenic bacteria. They are able to penetrate the tissues of plants, animals and humans and release substances that depress the body's defenses. A number of human diseases of bacterial origin are known. In the course of my work, I really learned a lot about bacteria, how to cultivate and study them. I made sure that all the materials support the hypothesis that bacteria can be both harmful to humans and beneficial. Summing up my work, I came to the conclusion that bacteria are our friends, and they become enemies only through the fault of the person himself.
In conclusion, I will quote the words of our contemporary, research scientist Wilhelm Boland: “This result once again confirms the assumption that all higher organisms, such as plants, insects and animals (including humans), coexist with microbiological symbionts. Without these beneficial microorganisms, we would not be able to live and survive. They should be considered an integral part of our body.”
List of used sources and literature
https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bacteria
http://jbio.ru/istoriya-issledovaniya-bakterij
Vaitkene L.D. Biology, M.: AST Publishing House, 2017. - 256 p.: ill.
Vakhrushev A.A., The world. (Inhabitants of the Earth). Grade 3: textbook, M.: Balass, 2013. - 144 p.: ill.
Pleshakov A.A., Biology. Introduction to biology. 5th grade: textbook, M.: Bustard, 2016. - 158 p.: ill.
Sergeev B.F., I cognize the world: Biology, M.: AST Publishing House, 2004. - 398 p.: ill.
Annex 1.
Do you know about the existence of bacteria on our planet?
□ difficult to answer
Do you think bacteria can cause various diseases?
□ difficult to answer
Do you think all bacteria are harmful to humans?
□ difficult to answer
Do you think bacteria live in the human body?
□ difficult to answer
What are the benefits of bacteria living in the human body?
□ Helps digest food
□ Restore the body's defenses and strengthen the immune system
□ Not useful
How does a person use bacteria in economic activities?
□ Certain types of bacteria are used in cooking
□ Bacteria are used in the production of medicines and vitamins
□ Bacteria are used in the production of plant fertilizers
□ Bacteria are used to produce chemicals
25.04.2011 10:34Microbes are invisible and live on Earth long before us. Microbes are found everywhere and always, they can be both friends and enemies.
Microbes are a group of microorganisms that are not visible to the naked eye. They are less than 0.1 mm in size. They are able to live anywhere - deep in the bowels of the earth, at the bottom of the world's oceans, and even in hot springs of water.
There are theories that claim that microbes are the most ancient inhabitants of the Earth and were the first living organisms.
Basically microorganisms are useful. They help decompose the remains of plants and animals, while returning carbon dioxide to the atmosphere and nitrogen to the soil. Without all this, the life of other living beings would be impossible.
There are bacteria that penetrate the roots of plants and cooperate with them. Nodule bacteria are one of these bacteria; they enrich leguminous plants with nitrogen by absorbing it from the air. Various microbes also live in human skin. Their number increases or decreases depending on human hygiene. The more often it is washed, the less on it.
For example, on the mucous membrane of the nasopharynx there are always pneumo-, staphylo- and streptococci. An excellent environment for the life and reproduction of microorganisms is plaque on the teeth. Abundantly developing microbes in the mouth contribute to the decomposition of food residues and the accumulation of chemical products of this decay, leading to caries and destruction of tooth enamel. That is why it is important to brush your teeth after every meal.
Microbes in the human body live everywhere. The human intestine is no exception. They can have both harmful and beneficial effects. Microorganisms of lactic acid fermentation synthesize proteins and vitamins that are absorbed by the body; they also decompose carbohydrates, thereby creating unfavorable conditions for the development of putrefactive microbes. Thanks to the activity of microbes, kefir, wine, butter, cheese, beer, bread dough are prepared, cabbage is fermented. Molds are used to make antibiotics.
Under the influence of external factors, microorganisms are able to change - change their shape, structure of the nucleus, the ability to color, increase activity. Thus, microbes are able to mutate and retain persistent hereditary properties.
Here are photos of microbes, as well as some scary insects that are just as “beautiful” in appearance.
Matvienko Eduard
The relevance of this problem is due to the fact that microorganisms are an integral part of our life. What micro-organisms need to be feared, which ones help us? How and what microorganisms influence our life? This study provides answers to these questions.
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State budget educational institution
"Naberezhnye Chelny School No. 75 for students, pupils with handicapped health"
RESEARCH
on this topic
"Microorganisms - friends or foes?"
Completed by: Matvienko Eduard
Student 4 "A" class
Supervisor:
Faskhutdinova Guzeliya Iskhakovna
Naberezhnye Chelny
2016
1.Introduction………………………………………………………….……..p.2
2. Main part……………………………………………………….…p.3
2.1. Who are micro-organisms? .................p.3
2.2. When did microorganisms appear? .....p.3
2.3. Where do microorganisms live? ................ p.3
2.4. Types of microorganisms .... ………………………………………….p.4
2.5. Microorganisms are enemies…………………………….……………….p.4
2.6. Microorganisms are friends…………………………………………..p.4
2.7. Research part………………………….…………………p.4
2.7.1. Experience No. 1. Useful application of microorganisms, on the example of yeast ……………………………………………………………………...…….p.4
2.7.2. Experience number 2. Obtaining curdled milk from milk………………..…p.5
2.7.3. Experience number 3. Food spoilage………………………………….……p.5
2.7.4 Poll. “The Dirtiest Places in the House”…………………………....p.5
3. Conclusion……………………………………………………………p.6
4. References……………………………………………….……p.6
5. Application…………………………………………………………….p.7
1. Introduction
Parents and teachers often tell us that hands should be washed with soap and water after the street, dirty objects should not be put into the mouth, and vegetables and fruits should be washed before eating. And the fault of all these fears are some invisible microorganisms. What are these microorganisms? How can they harm me? Where do they come from?
When at the lesson of the world around us we started talking about microorganisms, I became interested, and I decided to get acquainted with this mysterious world.
Purpose of the study: find out if microorganisms are friends or foes?
Research objectives:
1. Get some ideas about microorganisms, about their properties;
2. Find out about the dangers and benefits of microorganisms?
3. Bring to an understanding of the importance of caring for your health.
Research methods: survey, questioning, collection of information from books, encyclopedias, experiment
Object of study: microorganisms
Subject of study: the rules of personal hygiene are the basis of health
Research hypothesis:
We hypothesized that if we get rid of bad habits, (such as,), observe the rules of personal hygiene, have knowledge of microorganisms, then we will get sick less.
2. Main body
2.1. Who are microorganisms?
The name micro-organisms (microbes) comes from the Greek words micros - small and bios - life.
The number of microorganisms is huge and they have many classifications. Most often people use the words "germs" and "bacteria". Some people think that these words are synonymous with each other. Let's try to distinguish between microbes and bacteria. Microbes are harmful microorganisms, while bacteria are a broad classification of microorganisms. Microbes are bad microorganisms, and bacteria can be classified as good bacteria and bad bacteria.
Microorganisms can only be seen under a microscope. Microbiology is the study of microorganisms.
2.2. When did microbes and bacteria appear?
Microbes and bacteria are the oldest inhabitants of the planet.
They appeared on earth many billions of years before the appearance of man!
First came the Earth. Then came hydrogen and oxygen. Then came the microbes. After jellyfish and worms. And only 70 million years ago animals, plants and people appeared.
2.3. Where do microorganisms live?
Microorganisms are living organisms, there are a lot of them on Earth. They live everywhere: in fresh and salt water, milk and most foods. The human body is teeming with microorganisms. As people evolve, these microbes evolve with them.
Important to remember!
2.4. Types of microorganisms.
Microorganisms can take a variety of forms. Some are motionless, others have cilia or tails with which they move. This is what some microorganisms look like under a microscope:
2.5. Microorganisms are the enemy...
In the environment around us: air, soil, water - there are many microorganisms, and they enter our body. Some cause food poisoning. Even a small amount of microbes that enter our body can cause serious illness. Pathogenic bacteria cause such dangerous diseases as tonsillitis, tuberculosis and others. A healthy person can become infected by contact with sick people or by eating contaminated food and water.
2.6. Microorganisms are friends...
Most of all bacteria in the soil. In nature they eat organic matter dead plants and animals, turning them into humus. Soil bacteria convert humus into minerals that absorb plant roots. Man propagates certain types of bacteria because he needs and uses them. For thousands of years, humans have used lactic bacteria to create many dairy products. If you add different bacteria to milk, you get cheese, yogurt, kefir, yogurt, cottage cheese.
2.7. Research part
2.7.1.Experiment No. 1: Beneficial application of microorganisms on the example of yeast
Mom and I kneaded two portions of dough from flour, water, salt, sugar.
We made one batch without yeast.
Formed small buns.
We marked the dough buns without yeast with a toothpick.
We baked these buns.
The first bun turned out lush, fragrant, very tasty.
But a bun without yeast tastes - not tasty and tough.
Conclusion: Experience has revealed to us beneficial features yeast. Yeast does the right job. What important work are they doing?
But what: they produce carbon dioxide and the dough rises, becomes lush.
Microorganisms are our helpers.
2.7.2. Experience number 2: Obtaining curdled milk from milk
They took the milk
Put in a warm place
The next day we got yogurt. Lactic acid bacteria feed on the sugar in milk, and yogurt is obtained.
Conclusion: at home, from cow's milk you can get a lot of tasty and healthy products enriched with calcium, phosphorus,
vitamins and other useful elements. Bacteria are our friends I.
2.7.3. Experience number 3: Food spoilage
They took a piece of bread.
They placed it in a plastic bag.
They checked it after 3-4 days and found out that the bread and jam were infected with mold.
Conclusion: bacteria cause food spoilage. Mold is very scary. Even if we don't see it, it has contaminated all the bread and jam. This product is not to be eaten!
2.7.4. Poll: "The dirtiest place or object in our house."
After conducting a survey, we found out that, according to children, the dirtiest places and objects in the house are:
Place under the bed - 40% of respondents,
At the computer - 20% of respondents.
Of the items-toilet - 50% of respondents.
But we learned that scientists have identified the seven dirtiest places in the house:
cutting board,
handset,
sponge for washing dishes,
shower curtain,
trash can or bucket
Dishwasher,
washing machine.
Personal hygiene rules.
Clothing hygiene.
Food hygiene.
Water hygiene.
How to clean the house.
How to take care of your handset.
How to take care of your bathroom.
How to care for your shower curtain.
How to care for a wastebasket or trash can.
3. Conclusion
The world of microorganisms is interesting and diverse. Among them are our friends and enemies. Being in our body, beneficial microorganisms help it to be healthy and prevent harmful bacteria from harming a person.
Now I know for sure that you need to take care of your health, follow the rules of hygiene and not eat spoiled food.
During the work, all tasks were completed. The proposed hypothesis was confirmed in the course of experiments and observations.
4. References
1 . Bakulina N.A., Kraeva E.L. Microbiology. - M., 2014
2. Big Children's Illustrated Encyclopedia.
3. And Likum "Everything about everything." 2013
4. L.Ya. Galperstein "My first encyclopedia". 2014.
5. Staroverov Yu.I. Children's diseases: Encyclopedia for parents, 2007.
6. I know the world. Medicine. 2013
5. Application.
Encyclopedia of Moidodyr.
Personal hygiene rules
Every morning you need to wash your hands, face, neck, ears, brush your teeth.
Be sure to wash your feet before going to bed.
The entire body must be washed at least once a week.
The head should be washed at least once a week, combed with your clean comb.
Gently trim nails (on fingers - 1 time per week, on toes - 1 time in 2 weeks).
Wash hands before eating, after going to the toilet, outside.
clothing hygiene
Clothing must be:
clean, washed;
without holes;
convenient for different types classes;
suitable in size;
ironed.
Every person should look neat. Clothing should also be appropriate for the seasons.
food hygiene
To protect yourself from dangerous diseases caused by bacteria, follow the rules of hygiene:
do not eat with your hands;
wash your hands before eating;
do not drink tap water;
cover food and water from insects;
wash any fruits and vegetables;
do not leave food waste in the kitchen;
store perishable foods in the refrigerator;
do not eat spoiled food.
Water hygiene
Water plays an essential role in the life of all living things. The water should be clear, colorless and odorless. Water cannot be used for drinking open sources: rivers, lakes, springs. It may contain pathogenic bacteria, helminth eggs. Water should be boiled or filtered.
How to clean your house
There are three types of cleaning: daily, weekly, general. Daily cleaning should be done like this: ventilate the room and bed, wipe the dust, do not leave food open, immediately wash the dishes: both for yourself and for your beloved puppy or kitten. Weekly cleaning: they clean carpets, wipe radiators, window sills, their table, refresh plants, wash the floor with detergent. Annual cleaning should be done like this: they wipe the walls and ceilings, take things out of the cabinets, wipe the shelves and cabinets with a rag, wash the dishes with soap, rub the books with a rag.
How to care for your cutting board
Wash the board with soapy water, rinse with running water after each use and wipe dry. To disinfect, rinse with boiling water and then dry. Store the board hanging or upright. Have several cutting boards: for raw food, greens and a separate one for bread. Wooden boards are more hygienic than others: they themselves can fight harmful bacteria.
How to take care of your dishwashing sponge.
The sponge is constantly wet, is in a warm place. It becomes a convenient place for the development of bacteria. Therefore, you need to: take a sponge only with clean hands; wash and squeeze the sponge after use; store the sponge in a clean, ventilated place; do not leave the sponge in the sink; change the sponge more often (every week).
How to take care of your handset
According to statistics, the phone handset is the second dirtiest item in the house. To get rid of germs, wipe the device and wire with a disinfectant wipe. With a cotton swab dipped in alcohol, clean the gaps between the buttons and the display from dirt. Now wipe the phone with a dry soft cloth. To clean the case of mobile phones, you need special alcohol wipes. If they are not available, you can take napkins to wipe screens and optics.
How to take care of your bathroom
Microbes thrive where it's humid and warm, so a bathtub is heavenly for them. Most dangerous places- the bottom of the bathroom with a drain and a faucet. How to deal with microbes?
Wash the tub before and after bathing.
At least once a week, the bath should be washed with an antibacterial agent.
Treat shower faucets and hoses with an antibacterial agent.
How to care for your shower curtain
It is better to choose a curtain made of fabric, as it is easier to care for. After each shower, the curtain should be moved wide so that it can dry out and does not become a habitat for various microorganisms. Well ventilate the bathroom. Do not forget to wash the curtain once a week with detergent. The curtain must be replaced every 3-4 months.
How to take care of your washing machine
Before washing, check the pockets, observe the loading mode of the machine.
The water temperature should be 80 degrees or more - this will kill germs. Bacteria build up in underwear - add bleach during washing. After washing, leave the machine door open, and the powder and conditioner tray clean. Choose the right washing powder.
How to care for a trash can
Rubbish must be thrown out every day. If you do not throw out the garbage for a long time, then a bad smell will appear and bacteria will multiply. Once a week, be sure to rinse out the trash can or basket. We wash the garbage container with a brush with the addition of a cleaning solution. Dry the bucket after washing. Be sure to put a garbage bag in a dry bucket.
Irina Churilova
Research"Microorganisms - friend or foe?"
I already knew that microbes live in water and that they are very small, living creatures. But I want to know more about their lives, and what benefit and harm they bring to us.
What did I learn from magazines and books?
I have a lot at home interesting books- encyclopedias. Irina Yuryevna said that they might contain something about microbes. I brought books to kindergarten. From them we learned that the name Microorganisms(microbes) derived from the Greek words MICROS- small and BIOS - life. I learned that these include bacteria, yeast, algae and microscopic fungi. It turns out the majority microbes are made up of one cell. We also learned that there is such a science that studies the world microbes - the science of microbiology and people are called microbiologists.
Conclusion: In books I didn't learn about how people live microbes, so I told my mother about my interest.
What did I learn from my mother?
My mom works as a sanitary doctor. Spring. She took me to work where I saw how work in the laboratory with the help of an amazing device - microscope. Mom told me that microbes these are small creatures that are not visible to their eyes, therefore this device exists. Through a special magnifying glass microscope allows small to increase to large sizes. I found out that microbes when they do not live in a person or an animal, they do no harm, but as soon as they get inside a person or animal, they begin "harm", infect us and we get sick.
How do you think they get inside us? If we draw air through the handkerchief strongly through the nose, and then through the mouth, we can see that the handkerchief has entered our mouth. And I can safely say that microbes also get to us through the mouth and dirty hands.
When microbes get inside us, they multiply rapidly, and there are many of them. For example, if influenza germs, tickle the nose, then we sneeze, tickle the mouth, and we cough, and when they start to tickle the tummies, it hurts us very much.
And so that these microbes did not get to us, in the body, how do you think you need to behave?
Conclusion: Correctly wash your hands often with soap, especially after the street, and playing with pets, cut your nails, wash clothes.
What did I learn from the Internet?
At home, my dad and I looked on the Internet, what shape they can have microbes. Some are motionless, others have cilia or tails with which they move.
Experimental Job.
Conduct experience (for availability microbes on different objects)
Experience 1. Irina Yurievna and I took sterile sticks and held them surfaces under study(hands after a walk, from cleanly washed hands with soap and from a doorknob). They numbered all the sticks, put them in bags and sent them to the laboratory.
In the laboratory, they were placed in special test tubes with a solution to detect microbes. The next day we got the results. Changed color in test tubes №1,3. It speaks of the presence harmful bacteria, and in test tube No. 2, the color did not change.
Conclusion: So we can say that in test tube No. 2 there is no microbes, since washing hands with soap after the street allows you to kill microbes.
Experience 2. Food spoilage
Take a piece of bread and put it in a plastic bag (pouch).
Let's try to take a piece of bread in 5 days, and we will see a huge amount of mold. Mold is very scary, even if we can't see it, we can smell it. There is no such product.
Conclusion: Experiment No. 2 showed that microorganisms cause food spoilage.
Experience 3. Beneficial bacteria
In the group, together with Irina Yurievna, they kneaded two portions of dough from flour, water, salt, sugar. One serving was kneaded without yeast. We added yeast to the second batch. Formed small buns. We marked the dough bun without yeast with a toothpick.
These buns were baked for us in the kitchen. It turned out a bun without yeast is very small, it tastes tough, not tasty. And the second with yeast turned out to be lush, fragrant, very tasty.
Conclusion: experience revealed to us the beneficial properties of yeast. Yeast - perform the necessary work. They produce carbon dioxide and the dough rises and becomes fluffy. These Microorganisms are our helpers.
Outcome: World microbes interesting and varied! Among microbes are our friends and enemies. I know for sure that you need to take care of your health, follow the rules of hygiene and eat unspoiled food.
We shared our knowledge with the children of our group, and Irina Yuryevna decided to arrange a drawing competition for topic: "Cleanliness is the key to health!"
The children took an active part.
And I have a dream - to have a big microscope and become a doctor microbiologist.
Thank you for your attention.
