I often happened to meet people who said that they did not like to think. In any difficult life situation they tried to fill their time with some business, meetings, and so on - just not to be left alone with their thoughts. And this applies both to really difficult cases, and to simply unpleasant situations. Usually such people avoid loneliness, need to be listened to and given advice - as if shifting to others in this way the need to think about the problem. Trying to figure out in the process of communication why they do not like to think, I came to the conclusion that one of the key reasons is that their thinking is unproductive. What they consider to be thinking, in fact, is not, because, unlike real thinking, it does not bring any final product. To clarify, I will give examples of productive and unproductive thinking.
- Suppose a person is faced with a problem. A person begins to think about this problem - about how big and complicated it is, about how much trouble it will bring him, about how bad everything is in his life, and so on. This is an example of unproductive thinking. There is no benefit from such thinking, but the harm is obvious: the more you think about the problem, the more difficult it seems, the more frightening, the wider the abyss of despair and hopelessness ahead. It is not surprising that people who think like this fear and avoid these thoughts. It is necessary to think correctly about the problem in such a way that in the end, in the course of these reflections, you could find its solution. That is, when thinking about a problem, you need to think about how you can solve it, what needs to be done for this, where to find the necessary information that will help in resolving it, etc.
- Another example. Let's say some unpleasant situation happened to a person, exposing him not in the best light. An example of unproductive thinking in this case would be dwelling on this situation, worrying about it, constantly mentally "discussing" the situation, exaggerating its importance and thus intensifying one's suffering. In this case, it will be productive to think about what this situation teaches, what conclusions should be drawn from it, whether a person can influence it, correct something - in himself or in the situation.
- The feeling of guilt for something is probably familiar to everyone. Here, too, two approaches to thinking about the situation can be distinguished - unproductive and productive. The first assumes that a person is engaged in self-flagellation, psychologically "punishing" himself for his misconduct. In the second, a person understands that there is no benefit to anyone from self-flagellation, and it is necessary to think about how to atone for or at least compensate for their guilt and the damage caused.
- Another example. A person has a dream. If he thinks productively, he will think about how to achieve his dream, how to realize it, what needs to be done for this, what resources he needs, he will think about drawing up a plan to realize his dream. In the case of unproductive thinking, a person will think about his dream, imagine how wonderful it will be if it comes true, he will draw in his thoughts various beautiful pictures of what his life will be like after reaching the limits of his dreams and ... everything. There will be no thoughts in the direction of what he needs to do in order to achieve his dream, no actions in the same direction - and even more so.
Do you have trouble solving complex problems? Can't think of a single creative idea? So you are using the wrong area of the brain. What contributes to the manifestation of creativity and non-standard approach to simple problems? thinking. It helps people create something or find a simple way out of a difficult situation. Read all the details about it below.
Definition
Productive thinking is about solving problems. Creative thinking - that's what designers call it. These are the ones who can turn their imagination on and off at will. But thinking is not so simply arranged as to be controlled by an effort of will. In fact, no one knows exactly how the brain functions. But scientists were able to systematize and write down the processes that, in their opinion, occur in the gray matter at the time of the birth of thought. These stages are called processes and stages of creative thinking.
Any person is faced with the fact that from time to time he needs to turn on creative thinking. For example, when a friend asks you a simple question: "What superpowers would you have if you were a superhero?" It is difficult to give a definite answer to this question if you have never thought about it before. Therefore, one has to turn on the imagination, imagine and analyze an unreal situation.
Formation
Productive thinking is the process of generating creative thought. And what is involved in its formation?
- Memory. To come up with something, you need to have a knowledge base. Look at young children who endlessly ask mothers: "What is this?" Only by gathering visual images, a person can use his imagination. The more experience and knowledge a person has, the easier it will be for him to invent or imagine something.
- Thinking. To creative thought could creep into the head, a person must think and reason. Only due to the fact that a person can draw parallels between several areas of knowledge and make logical connections, the generation of creative thought is possible. The more often a person thinks, the better his thinking will be developed.
- Imagination. In order to think creatively, you need to use your imagination. The more often you use it, the better it will work. A child fantasizes worse than an adult. Parents get to compose fairy tales on the go. Children, on the other hand, need time to make up any unreal story. How more baby will listen and read fairy tales, the faster his fantasy will work.
- Intuition. The experience of the events experienced leaves an imprint on a person. Intuition is information that a person has transferred from his consciousness to the subconscious. It works only when the experience gained tells a person what to do in a given situation.
- Personal outlook. All people think differently for the reason that each person is a unique individual. Education, upbringing, communication environment and personal preferences leave an imprint on the structure and logic of thinking.
stages
The origin of thought is a complex process. What is the emergence of an idea? In productive thinking, this is the transformation of an abstract image into something concrete. There are several stages of creative thinking.
- The emergence of an idea. Before making another invention, the master must sit and think about who needs to make life easier this time and with what exactly. Usually ideas for inspiration are taken from the surrounding space. Observant persons can see a lot of interesting things even for a short walk from home to work.
- Awareness of the idea. Once a thought has been formulated, it must be considered. For example, an engineer decided to make life easier for builders, but did not figure out how. At this stage, he must think of mechanisms that will help people in their work. Eventually the engineer will come up with the idea of building a crane.
- Working on an idea. When a thought has taken its first shape, it needs to be concretized. In the case of a crane, the engineer will need to draw up drawings, sketches and diagrams of the future machine.
- Solution. Idea sketches are formed and reworked. At this stage, the thought took shape. and the inventor becomes clear what and how to do next.
- Execution. The last step is bringing the idea to life. It should be noted that a thinker, engineer, designer, etc. does not always embody his idea with his own hands. Most often, specialists are hired for this purpose, who will do all the dirty work.
Kinds
What is the difference between productive and reproductive thinking? In the first case, the formation of a creative idea takes place. A person invents something new that did not exist before him. In the second case, a person does not invent anything. He can solve the problem, thanks to his existing knowledge and skills. What are the types of productive thinking?
- Theoretical. Its essence lies in the fact that a person will think about solving the problem. No action will be taken. All creativity that will be used in the process of work will be a manifestation and synthesis of acquired experience and knowledge.
- Visual. Thinking, the process of which can be traced, is characteristic of visual people. Such persons cannot think in their heads; it is easier for them to depict everything on paper. Visual thinking is often used in design offices to different people could work together on the same project.
- figurative. In order for a person to be able to invent something, he will use the previously accumulated knowledge. The path of his thinking will be easy to trace through the images that will form the basis of the idea.
- Natural. It is not always possible to structure thinking. Chaos is always characteristic of creative individuals. Some people do not accept any systems, and this is reflected not only in their lifestyle, but also in the way they think.
Peculiarities
Creative productive thinking, although it is considered unsystematic and illogical, nevertheless, in order to qualify it, some features were derived.
- Knowledge of logical operations. Only a person who knows how to think and will use logic in his projects can claim to be a creative thinker. Any of your creations creative person should somehow interpret and present to the audience and people around.
- The presence of novelty. Creative thinking will not be creative unless there is something non-standard in it. It is the presence of novelty that distinguishes reproductive thinking from productive thinking.
- Understanding rational things. A person must not only use logic, but also understand what he does and why he creates. Doing something just to do something is a great stupidity.
- Knowing how to create harmony. Any creator must adhere not only to logic and common sense, but also to the elementary laws of beauty that operate in his area of competence. For example, an artist cannot paint a picture without using any rules of composition.
Quality
Productive thinking in psychology is divided into several categories:
- Width. When a person thinks about something, she can cover with her inner gaze the entire field of knowledge that is available in this issue.
- Depth. A person does not spray himself, he concretizes his task and tries to look at the root of the problem.
- Rapidity. All people think differently. Someone is used to using a creative approach to solve everyday problems, while someone turns on the imagination only when there is an urgent need for it.
- criticality. A person should always look objectively at the product of his thinking. Criticism is what helps a person develop and work on mistakes.
Processes
Have you ever wondered what happens in the brain when you try to imagine or imagine something? The processes of productive thinking that scientists have identified:
- Analysis. A person always thinks about a problem or an idea before giving it a go.
- Comparison. When an idea or a problem has acquired a more or less understandable shape, it is compared with the experience already available to the individual.
- Synthesis. Ideas are created at the intersection of what has already been seen and fantasy. Through the fusion of these two forms, new thoughts emerge.
- Generalization. A person gathers all the knowledge and ideas together to see what can be made from this set.
- Specification. When the material is prepared and the idea is formed, it is concretized and worked out.
Development
Some people may complain that they have a poor imagination. The development of productive thinking is not higher mathematics. Parents must engage in this process in order to raise a healthy and intelligent child. How can imagination be developed? One of the easy ways is to write fairy tales. A person can invent fables or tell stories, but arrange them in an unusual way.
The development of creative thinking contributes to the creative process. If you want to become more creative, think about where your knowledge and skills can come in handy. Start writing music or pictures, sculpt, dance or sing. All this helps to engage the right half of the hemisphere.
Examples
What is the result of productive thinking? An example of such an approach is any creative specialty. For example, take the work of a designer. These people must make daily efforts to generate ideas that did not exist before them. The result of their creativity are logos, business cards, corporate styles and all kinds of graphic design of sites.
Visual-figurative memory is the preservation and reproduction of images, previously perceived objects or phenomena of reality, smells, sounds, tastes.
a) Leading role in life orientation and professional activity most specialists play visual and auditory memory.
b) Verbal-logical memory occupies a leading place among various kinds memory. The content of verbal-logical memory is thoughts embodied in a linguistic form.
c) Emotional memory is the memory of experienced feelings. The importance of this type of memory for self-regulation of human behavior is great. Feelings experienced and stored in memory act as signals, either inciting to action, or holding back from actions that caused negative experiences in the past. Emotional memory is distinguished by a significant strength of traces.
II. Memory processes
The following memory processes are distinguished: imprinting, preservation, reproduction and forgetting.
A) imprinting(remembering) - fixing the new by linking it with the previously acquired.
b) Preservation- maintaining the captured material for a more or less long time in a form available for reproduction.
V) Playback- actualization of material previously fixed in memory by extracting it from long-term memory and transferring it to short-term memory.
G) Forgetting- complete loss or inability to recall material previously imprinted in memory.
III. The qualities of memory
individual differences in memory processes they act as qualities of memory: volume, speed, strength, readiness.
A) Memory- the number of objects recalled immediately after their perception (the amount of short-term memory; the amount of long-term memory).
b) Memory speed- is measured by the amount of time or the number of repetitions required by a given subject to memorize a certain material.
V) Strength - retention of memorized material and the rate of its forgetting.
G) Memory readiness It is expressed in the extent to which a person can easily and quickly recall what he needs at the right time.
e) motor memory- this is the memorization, preservation and reproduction of various movements and their systems. The significance of this type of memory lies in the fact that it serves as the basis for the formation of practical and labor skills.
Arbitrary and involuntary memory differ in purposes and methods of memorization and reproduction.
involuntary memory characterized by the absence of a conscious goal to remember what is happening or what is seen. Memorization is carried out as if by itself, without special volitional efforts.
For arbitrary memory purposeful memorization or reproduction of material is characteristic.
According to the duration of the preservation of impressions, memory is divided into short-term and long-term.
short term memory characterized by a short preservation of traces.
long term memory characterized by a significant duration and durability of the perceived material.
FEATURES OF THINKING
Thinking- this is the process of reflection in the human mind of complex connections and relationships between objects and phenomena of the objective world.
I. Distinguish between productive and reproductive thinking.
Productive - it's creative thinking. The need for it arises whenever a person is faced with the need to solve non-trivial problems, finds himself in new conditions.
Reproductive - thinking, which is used in solving problems of a known type and suggests the use of ready-made rules and programs for transforming the material.
Mental activity includes the operations of comparison, analysis, synthesis, abstraction, concretization and generalization.
Analysis - this is the selection in the object of one or another of its sides, elements, properties, connections, relations.
Synthesis - unification of the components of the whole selected by the analysis.
Abstraction - a mental operation based on highlighting the essential properties and relationships of an object and abstracting from other, non-essential ones.
THINKING
Visual- Depth of thinking
Figurative Generalization
There are people who amuse themselves with thinking, and for them productive thinking is only boring. For people-creators, productive thinking, where the flow of thoughts, images and sensations is purposeful, where there is an understanding of what is happening, the birth of new life meanings and the solution of life tasks - such thinking is of the highest value.
The orangutan cannot reach the fish in the river, but there is a rather long stick next to it. When an orangutan understands the connection between a stick and a fish that needs to be reached, this is productive thinking.
Productive thinking - finding a connection between objects and phenomena, solving a vital task. It is the ability to include, to look for a solution to one or another, to do. This is a look at the situation that solves a particular problem. Synonym - think. Productive thinking means thinking about what you need, when you need it and how you need it. And this means:
Train yourself to think concretely.
“Working on yourself”, “Improving yourself”, “Eradicating your shortcomings” are beautiful words, but usually there is nothing behind them. And the one who uses such words, most often marks time in one place.
"Get up, Count! Great things are waiting for you!”, “The morning starts with exercises”, “I got up - I made the bed”, “I left the house - I straightened my shoulders” - these are simple and concrete things. And the benefits of such thoughts, practical orders to oneself, are great.
Avoid thoughts and emptiness. Stop burdening yourself with thoughts that will get you nowhere.
Do not start a conversation about this, do not go to those people where these conversations will arise, do not read what will push you to these thoughts. Keep yourself occupied with something simple and useful. For example, for you in the near future it is: ... What?
Have a plan of your affairs and think about what you need to think about now.
If you have a sheet in front of your eyes where you write down the affairs of the upcoming day, everything becomes easier - this business sheet will organize you. If you have good friends, your friends will organize your thinking. Next to them, you always start to think about the good. About necessary.
Think in such a way that you will achieve results that will please you and will be useful to you and those around you.
Like this? (For example)
Suppose you are thinking about your job.
Are you planning to change something there? Are you really planning to change something there? If yes, then think further, and be sure. If not, then stop thinking and get down to business.
Unfortunately. And upset, of course.
Curious: and why then you thought about it like that? Has it raised your self-confidence, will it help you do the things that lie ahead of you? Think about how you can think differently about yourself so that you believe in yourself and teach yourself at least a small thing that will be useful to you in your work.
Learn to type with ten fingers? Stop making excuses? Something else?
Record this helpful finding in your diary. And you can think even more and make already serious decisions. Life is yours, one, why not? So, "I'm contemplating such a big decision..."
Unproductive thinking
If we single out productive thinking, it means that there is another type of thinking: unproductive. And what is it, what is it? It seems that this is a whole world of the most diverse options for thinking: for example, this is internal chatter - relatively coherent, sometimes even logical, but inappropriate thinking that fills the emptiness of the soul, entertaining and creating the illusion that life is filled with something. These are empty dreams and options for defensive-aggressive thinking, ready to destroy any logic in order to preserve inner comfort.
Reproductive thinking, being less productive, nevertheless plays an important role in both cognitive and practical human activity. On the basis of this type of thinking, the solution of problems of a structure familiar to the subject is carried out.
Reproductive thinking has great importance V learning activities schoolchildren. It provides an understanding of new material in its presentation, the application of knowledge in practice. The possibilities of reproductive thinking are primarily determined by the presence of an initial minimum of knowledge in a person; as studies have shown, it is easier to develop than productive thinking, and at the same time plays a significant role in solving new problems for the subject. In this case, it appears at the initial stage, when a person tries to solve a new problem using methods known to him and is convinced that familiar methods do not ensure his success. Awareness of this leads to the emergence of a "problem situation", i.e. activates productive thinking, which ensures the discovery of new knowledge, the formation of new systems of connections, which later will provide him with the solution of similar problems.
Awareness of the solution path found by the subject, its verification and rationale are again carried out on the basis of reproductive thinking. Thus, real productive (and its highest level is creative) activity, the process of independent cognition of the surrounding reality, is the result of a complex interaction between reproductive and productive types of mental activity. The basis for the division into reproductive and productive thinking, as already noted, is the degree of novelty for the subject of the knowledge obtained in the process of thinking. Creative thinking, on the other hand, should be regarded as an "extreme point", the highest degree of manifestation of productive thinking, distinguished by objective novelty, originality of its product.
The results of many years of research, analysis of pedagogical experience and literature data served as the basis for identifying a number of psychological and pedagogical principles, which, we believe, are an important component of the system of developmental education, education that has a significant impact on the intellectual development of students.
1. The principle of problematicity.
2. The principle of harmonious development of various components of thinking.
3. The principle of the formation of algorithmic and heuristic methods of mental activity,
Let us describe these principles in more detail.
The principle of problematicity, responding to the specifics of productive thinking - its focus on the discovery of new knowledge, is the main, leading principle of developmental learning. Problem learning is such learning, in which the assimilation of knowledge and First stage the formation of intellectual skills occur in the process of relatively independent decision a system of tasks-problems that proceeds under the general guidance of a teacher. In the process of searching for a solution to a problem, students often find contradictions between existing knowledge and the requirements of a task, identify new elements of knowledge, ways of operating it, master methods of cognition, which expands their capabilities in solving even more complex problems. This active independent activity leads to the formation of new connections, personality traits, positive qualities mind and thus to a micro-shift in their mental development. (24, p.38)
CAMBODIA, (Kingdom of Cambodia), a state in the South-East. Asia, in the south of the Indochina peninsula. 181 thousand km2. Population 9.3 million (1993); St. 80% Khmer. Urban population 12% (1989). Official language- Khmer. Most believers are Buddhists. Constitutional monarchy, the head of state is the king. The constitution provides for a unicameral National Assembly as the legislative body. Administrative-territorial division: 19 provinces (khets) and 2 cities of central subordination. The capital is Phnom Penh. It is washed by the waters of the Siamese Hall. Most of the surface is lowland in the lower reaches of the river. Mekong; in the west - the Kravan mountains (height up to 1813 m). The climate is tropical monsoon. Temperatures 26-30 °C. Precipitation 750-2000 mm per year. The main river is the Mekong; lake Tonle Sap. Tropical forests, savannas. national park Angkor, several reserves. In 1-6 centuries. on the territory of Cambodia - the state of Funan, in the 9-13 centuries. Khmer empire Kambuja-desha - a large state of the South-East. Asia. In the 14-19 centuries. repeatedly invaded by Siamese troops. In 1863, France imposed on the kingdom of Cambodia ( official name country in 1863-1976) treaty of protectorate, replaced in 1884 by an agreement that actually turned it into a colony of France. In 1940-45 under Japanese occupation. In 1951, the People's Revolutionary Party of Cambodia (CRP) was formed. Climb liberation struggle 9/11/1953 forced France to withdraw its administration and troops from the country. In 1957, a law on neutrality was passed. In March 1970, right-wing forces carried out a coup d'état and created the so-called. Phnom Penh regime. The popular masses launched a struggle against the regime: in April 1975, Phnom Penh and the territory of the entire country were liberated, but the leftist Khmer Rouge group seized power. In January 1979, patriotic forces overthrew the anti-people regime. In 1991, an agreement was signed in Paris on a comprehensive political settlement in Cambodia. In 1993, a new constitution was adopted, the monarchy was restored, and the Kingdom of Cambodia was proclaimed, headed by King Norodom Sihanouk. Cambodia is an agricultural country. IN agriculture employs 85% of the working population. 16% of the territory is cultivated, of which approx. 1/2 under rice; cultivate corn, cassava, legumes; from industrial crops - tobacco, sugar cane, jute, rubber plants, olives, spices. Livestock. Fishing. Wood harvesting. Industry for the processing of agricultural raw materials, wood, fish. Auto and tractor assembly, metalworking, ship repair, cement, chemical, pharmaceutical, textile, timber and paper enterprises. Electricity generation 70 million kWh (1990). Handicrafts. Length (1988) railways 649 km, roads 14.8 thousand km. Main ports: Phnom Penh, Sihanoukville. Exports: rubber, timber, fruit, black pepper, fish. Main foreign trade partners: Vietnam, Russia and countries of Eastern Europe, Japan, etc. Monetary unit - riel.
TERESA (Teresa) (mother Teresa) (in the world Agnes Gonja Boyadzhiu, Bojaxhiu) (b. 1910), founder (1950, India) and abbess of the Catholic Order of Mercy. In various countries, she founded schools, medical centers, shelters for the poor. Nobel Prize peace (1979).
OPHIOLITES, a complex of ultrabasic and basic intrusive (dunites, peridotites, pyroxenites, gabbro), effusive (hyperbasite) and sedimentary (mainly deep-water deposits) rocks; presumably considered as relics of the oceanic crust of the geological past, moved to the margins of the continents.
