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The entry of the USSR into the war with Japan in 1945- Of the entire coalition of states that unleashed World War II, after May 1945, only Japan continued to fight. On July 17, August 2, 1945, the Berlin (Potsdam) conference of 1945 heads of government of the USSR, the USA and Great Britain took place, on ... ... Encyclopedia of newsmakers

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A country in East Asia that occupies Kor. n s, the adjacent part of the mainland and approx. 3.5 thousand nearby small islands. On S., according to pp. Amnokkan and Tumangan, K. borders on the PRC, in a small area with the USSR, in the east it is washed by the Japanese m., on 3. Yellow m., on ... Soviet historical encyclopedia

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Korea on the eve of the invasion of foreign colonialists

In the middle of the XIX century. Korea was dominated by feudal relations. Most of the country's cultivated land was considered the property of the state. A significant part of them were the estates of the king, members of his family, the highest aristocracy. This category also included lands assigned, together with the peasants living on them, to central and provincial institutions. Part of the land was transferred to officials instead of salaries. Along with the state-feudal ownership of land by the middle of the XIX century. privately owned feudal-landowner property has already become quite widespread.

Peasants cultivating state lands were subject to high rent-tax in favor of the state, and peasant tenants of privately owned lands paid rent to the landowner and, in addition, were subject to heavy taxes and carried various state duties. The growth of commodity-money relations was accompanied by the intensification of feudal exploitation of the peasantry.

In winter, peasant families weaved various products from straw, made household utensils, and were engaged in carpentry and blacksmithing. Women spun, made fabrics, sewed clothes. Almost all agricultural implements were made by the peasants themselves.

Quite a significant development was handicraft production in the cities, where the so-called state artisans worked for the treasury and in fact were in the position of state serfs. Only a few of them were allowed to sell goods on the market. In the middle of the XIX century. the number of free artisans united in special workshops increased significantly. There were artisans who worked for hire. Within the framework of the guild craft, the primary elements of capitalist relations were formed. Trade grew. Merchants began to play a significant role - buyers of goods produced by peasants and artisans.

The political system of Korea was designed to protect and strengthen the feudal system. The head of state - the king enjoyed unlimited power. The feudal lords belonged to the privileged class of the yangbans. The most important positions were assigned for life to members of several of the most distinguished and influential families. Bureaucratic arbitrariness reigned in the country.

There have long been close economic, political and cultural ties between Korea and neighboring China. The Chinese gods sought to enslave Korea, they considered it their vassal. But in fact Korea was independent state. From the first half of XVII V. Korean rulers, like the rulers of China and Japan, pursued a policy of isolating the country from the outside world.

In the 19th century feudal relations in Korea were already in a stage of serious crisis. The intensified exploitation of the peasants and artisans led to an intensification of the class struggle. In 1862 large-scale peasant uprisings broke out in many counties. The most significant of them covered the Chin-chzhu county and went down in history under the name of the "Chinchzhu Thunderstorm of 1862". The urban poor took an active part in the peasant uprisings.

Uprisings in Korea in the 60s of the XIX century. features characteristic of the peasant movements of the Middle Ages were inherent: spontaneity, local character, lack of a unified leadership. The feudal government managed to suppress them. However, the anti-feudal uprisings of the peasantry and the urban poor undermined the foundations of Korean feudalism. Objectively, they were supposed to create more favorable conditions for the formation of a capitalist system in Korea. But, just as it happened in other countries of Asia, the invasion of foreign colonialists disrupted the natural course of the country's development.

Forced "discovery" of Korea. The beginning of the penetration of foreign capital

In the summer of 1866, the well-armed ship "Admiral Sherman" headed for the coast of Korea, equipped with a group of Americans - lovers of easy money. The purpose of the expedition was to plunder treasures from the graves of noble Koreans. At the same time, the owner of the ship announced that he would seek the conclusion of a trade agreement with Korea. Entering the river Taedongan, the ship began shelling coastal settlements. In response, the Korean patriots loaded their boats with combustible material and gunpowder, set them on fire and launched them down the river towards the Admiral Sherman. The American Iirat caught fire and sank.

In the autumn of the same year, under the pretext of protecting French missionaries, a French military squadron arrived on the coast of Korea. The French captured Ganghwa Island and landed troops on the mainland. But the resistance of the Korean army and the population forced the French invaders to leave Korea.

After a new invasion of individual American ships ended in failure in 1867, the US government began to prepare an expedition of its own. navy to Korea.

In 1871, the US Asiatic squadron invaded Korean waters. Its goal was to force the Korean rulers to sign a trade treaty with America. When the Korean authorities refused to meet the American demands, a landing force was landed on Ganghwa Island. Military operations began. Korean patriots put up a decisive rebuff. Together with the army, the population courageously resisted. To fight the uninvited aliens, a detachment of tiger hunters arrived, who were famous for their courage and were unsurpassed shooters. The leader of the expedition wrote later in the report; “The Koreans fought with exceptional courage, incomparable and unsurpassed by anyone. Almost all the soldiers in the forts died at their posts.” Fearing defeat, the landing force left Ganghwado Island. After some time, the American squadron had to leave Korean waters.

Convinced that the "discovery" of Korea was not an easy task, American expansionists began to actively encourage and support Japan's aggressive aspirations there. They hoped to use Japan, which itself had not yet completely freed itself from unequal treaties, like a battering ram, and then gain access to Korea on the basis of the "most favored nation" principle.

In 1875, Japanese warships appeared off the coast of Korea. Japanese representatives demanded to "open" the country and conclude a trade agreement. By this time, an internal struggle was going on in the ruling camp of Korea. In the early years of the reign of the Korean king Gojong (1863-1907), who ascended the throne as a twelve-year-old boy, the actual power passed into the hands of his father, Lee Ha-eun, who took the title of taewong-on (prince regent). After Gojong came of age, the actual power was in the hands of his wife, Queen Min, and her relatives. A struggle broke out between the supporters of the taewongun and the adherents of Queen Ming.

The latter, counting on the support of the Japanese, went to the conclusion of the "Korean-Japanese Treaty of Friendship", which was signed on February 26, 1876 in Ganghwa. The Korean government undertook to open the port of Pusan ​​to Japanese trade, and twenty months later, two more ports - Wonsan and Incheon (Chemulpo). A Japanese envoy appeared in the capital of Korea. Japanese subjects received the right of extraterritoriality. According to additional articles signed in August 1876, Japanese merchants were exempted from paying customs duties, and the Japanese currency was allowed to circulate freely in Korea.

In the early 1980s, following Japan, unequal treaties with Korea were signed by the United States, England, France, and Tsarist Russia. Korea began to rapidly turn into a semi-colony.

The first consequences of the "discovery" of Korea. Actions of the masses against foreigners and feudal oppression. The failure of the reformers

After the signing of the Kanhwa Treaty, the Japanese rushed to Korea. The importation of foreign goods began. The landowners and officials, who needed money, intensified the exploitation of the peasants and artisans. Japanese competition hit Korean merchants.

New disasters that befell the working people led to the intensification of anti-feudal uprisings. In 1878-1880. peasant uprisings broke out in several provinces. In open ports and in areas where the Japanese penetrated, peasants, artisans, and merchants began to protest against foreigners. In 1879 there were armed clashes between the population and the Japanese near Pusan, in 1881 - in Incheon. Discontent and unrest swept the army. Growing resentment against foreigners and feudal oppression culminated in 1882 in a major uprising in Seoul.

The soldiers of the Seoul garrison were the first to rise. The immediate occasion for the performance was the issuance of stubborn rice to them. Soon the urban poor and the peasants of the surrounding villages joined the rebels. They received weapons from military arsenals captured by the rebels. The rebels took possession of the prison and freed the prisoners. Food from state warehouses was distributed to the population. The people dealt with the hated officials. A detachment of rebels attacked the Japanese mission, the envoy fled. The uprising grew. The capital passed into the hands of the rebels. The de facto ruler of the country, Queen Min, fled from Seoul.

However, the rebels failed to consolidate their success. Naively thinking that with the removal of Queen Min and her entourage from power, all disasters would end, the rebel leaders turned to the taewongun with a request to return to governing the country. Gojong was forced to appoint a taewongun as the head of the government. Having come to power, the taewongun began to crack down on the supporters of the queen. Meanwhile, Queen Ming turned to China for help. 3,000 Chinese soldiers arrived in Korea, and the taewongun was captured and deported to China. Queen Ming returned to power.

The uprising of 1882 was the first major popular uprising after the beginning of the penetration of the colonialists into Korea. It was not only anti-feudal, but also anti-Japanese, patriotic.

After the suppression of the uprising, the international and domestic situation of Korea was extremely difficult. The Chinese government took advantage of the introduction of troops to increase its influence.

Although China itself was already on the path to becoming a semi-colony, its rulers did not abandon their expansionist policies towards their neighbors. Queen Ming was now openly oriented towards China. In turn, Japan sought to establish economic and political control over Korea. The Japanese government discussed the possibility of open hostilities.

The Japanese envoy, who fled during the uprising, returned with a squadron and troops. Under the threat of guns, a new Japanese-Korean treaty was concluded, according to which Japan received the right to station its troops in Seoul "to protect the mission." Now both Chinese and Japanese troops were already in Korea. There was a struggle between China and Japan for influence in Korea. Beijing secured the signing of the China-Korea Sea and Land Trade Agreement, which granted Chinese merchants the same rights and benefits as those featured in the unequal treaties imposed on Korea by the capitalist powers. This caused dissatisfaction among a significant part of the yangbans.

The internal situation of the country was determined by the growing discontent of the masses. There was no unity in the camp of the ruling class either. The struggle between the supporters of Queen Ming and the taewongun broke out again.

Under the influence of the uprising of 1882, the activity of a group of reformers - people from the noble families of the yang-bans - led by Kim Ok Kyun, became more active. It included representatives of the liberal noble intelligentsia, many of whom had traveled to Japan. The reforms carried out there produced on them great impression. They advocated the expansion of cultural and economic ties with Japan and the capitalist countries of the West, they offered to import cars, develop their industry, and carry out other reforms. Objectively, the activity of the reformers was aimed at bringing the fairy onto the path of capitalist development. It contributed to the awakening of the political consciousness of the Korean people, the dissemination of advanced ideas in the country.

But this noble group was cut off from the people. She did not have any significant social support within the country. The leaders of the reformers naively believed that Japan, having already carried out reforms, would render them disinterested help. The adoption of a pro-Japanese orientation was also facilitated by the desire of the reformers to prevent the subjugation of Korea by Qing China. Meanwhile, the ruling classes of Japan were trying to use the reform movement to implement their colonial plans.

In 1884, the reformers began to prepare palace coup. The speech began on December 4, 1884. The conspirators managed to capture the king, queen and heir to the throne, who were placed under house arrest under the protection of the Japanese detachment. On December 5, a new government was formed from the leaders of the reformers. His program provided for the termination of vassal relations with China. At the same time, some measures were planned to centralize the administration of the country, changing the procedure for collecting land tax, etc. Equality of estates was proclaimed.

But the progressive aspirations of the reformers were weakened by their alliance with Japan, which sought to enslave Korea. An anti-Japanese uprising began in the country, which created favorable conditions for the actions of Chinese troops against the Japanese. The Japanese fled to Inchon. The leaders of the reformers had to leave the country.

After the events of 1884, Chinese influence increased in Korea. Its foreign relations were placed under the control of the Chinese dignitary Yuan Shikai, who received the title of "resident general, manager of the diplomatic and commercial affairs of Korea." But weak feudal China, which by this time was itself dependent on foreign colonialists, could not offer effective resistance to capitalist Japan and was forced to make concessions. In 1885, a Japanese-Chinese treaty was signed, according to which both sides pledged to withdraw their troops from Korea and not to send them there without prior notification to each other.

Exploitation of Korea by foreign capital

Failing to deprive Korea political independence, Japanese capitalists began intensive economic exploitation of the country. Japan managed to concentrate in their hands in 1885-1890. 80% of all maritime foreign trade turnover of Korea. The export of agricultural products, mainly to Japan, increased from 1886 to 1890 by 7 times. Japanese capitalists received a number of profitable concessions. Imports of foreign manufactured goods to Korea increased rapidly.

Simultaneously with the Japanese there was an American penetration. In 1884, American companies won lucrative contracts for the organization of coastal steamship lines, pearl mining, logging, the construction of a palace power plant, a gunpowder factory, etc. In 1895, an American company received a concession for gold mining.

England and tsarist Russia also fought to increase their influence in Korea.

The penetration of foreign capital had a severe impact on the situation of the population of Korea. Foreign colonialists plundered the country, took out gold and other valuables from it.

The export of agricultural products was accompanied by a sharp increase in feudal exploitation and the ruin of the peasantry, depriving the Korean peasants of the necessary minimum of food. Cheap foreign goods undermined peasant industries and handicrafts.

A direct result of the invasion of foreign colonialists in Korea was the aggravation of the crisis feudal relations. Prerequisites were created for new major anti-feudal actions of the masses.

Peasant uprising 1893-1894

In the late 80s - early 90s, spontaneous anti-feudal uprisings took place in some provinces, which resulted in 1893-1894. into a great peasant uprising.

It began under the leadership of the Tonghak religious sect. The tongkhak (“oriental teaching”) movement arose in the 50s of the 19th century. in contrast to Christianity (“Western teaching”), which was spread by Catholic missionaries, representatives of the opposition-minded yangbans played a leading role in the sect. Tonhaks denied afterlife, called for a better life on earth, preached the idea of ​​equality. These aspects of their teachings found a wide response among the masses, contributed to the popularity of the ideas of the sect among peasants and artisans.

At the beginning of 1893, in the south of the country, the peasantry and the urban poor spontaneously opposed the landowners and royal officials. Armed groups of rebels began to form. In the spring, the uprising spread to the central and northern provinces. The leaders of the Tonkhaks brought to the fore the requirements of a religious nature, but they also had to take into account the anti-feudal aspirations of the peasantry.

As the movement unfolded, its anti-colonial orientation also began to emerge. In one of their appeals to the king, the rebels wrote: “If the rebels are those who unite in societies to beat the Japanese against foreigners, then are those who preach an agreement with dogs and sheep right?” The rebel flags read: "Anti-Japanese and Western Barbarian Detachment".

The government mobilized all forces to suppress the uprising. Units of the regular army were sent against the Tonkhaks. In order to calm the population, the officials most hated by the people were removed in some places. The position of the rebels, exhausted by hunger, campaigns and disease, was difficult, and the Leaders of the sect managed to persuade them to go home.

But in January 1894 a new upsurge in the uprising began. A rebel army was formed, led by Chon Bong Joo-yom. The command of the peasant army appealed to the people

with a call to expel foreigners from the country, overthrow the oppression of landlords and officials, transfer land to the peasants, free the slaves. The peasants of various regions of the country rose up again. Rebel troops successfully operated in the southern part of Korea. The people created their organs local government. Many government soldiers sympathized with the rebels.

The Korean government found that it was unable to on your own deal with the uprising. Therefore, hypocritically declaring that it accepted some of the rebels' demands and signed a truce with them, it immediately turned to the Chinese Bogdykhan for military assistance. In early June, Chinese troops began to land in Korea. Japan considered this a sufficient pretext for bringing its troops into Korea.

In August 1894, the Sino-Japanese war began. Shortly before this, the Japanese colonialists, relying on the presence of their troops, inspired a palace coup in Seoul and achieved the creation of a government dependent on them.

Now the struggle against the Japanese invaders came to the fore in the popular movement. Autumn 1894 peasant army, led by Chong Bong-jun, again went on the offensive in the south of the country. It was joined by soldiers of government troops who fled from their units. The main slogans of the rebels were: "Save the world and bring peace to the people!", "Drive out the Japanese and Europeans, fulfill a sacred duty!".

At the beginning of October there was major battle between the rebels and the combined forces of Japanese and government troops. The rebels were successful, but the Korean reaction and the colonialists sent new troops against them. By the end of November, the main forces rebel army were defeated. Jung Bong-jun was captured and executed. The Japanese colonizers and Korean feudal lords dealt cruelly with the rebellious people.

But in some areas separate partisan detachments still continued to operate. In the north of the country, they began to call themselves the Army of Justice *.

* For the first time in the history of Korea, such a name shines on the guerrilla units of Korean patriots that arose during the Japanese invasion at the end of the 16th century.

A spontaneous peasant uprising could not overcome the combined forces of foreign colonizers and Korean landlords. The defeat of the uprising was facilitated by the narrow-mindedness of its leaders, inconsistency, and often outright betrayal of the leaders of the Tonghak sect, especially when the uprising went beyond the religious movement.

Despite the defeat, the uprising of 1893-1894. occupies a prominent place in the history of the Korean people. He had a lot common features with the peasant war of the Taipings and popular movements in other countries of the East that broke out in response to the invasion of the colonialists. Since the invasion of foreign capital into Korea occurred later than into India, China and some other Asian countries, popular movement of a similar type unfolded here in late XIX century, when the transition of the capitalist world to imperialism was already being completed. It played an extremely important role in awakening the national identity of the Korean people. The heroic struggle of the masses had a great influence on the formation of the worldview of the Korean intelligentsia, which had previously joined the reformers, and contributed to the spread of patriotic ideas.

The struggle of the capitalist powers for Korea. Korea is a colony of Japanese imperialism

The defeat of the popular uprising of 1893-1894. predetermined the transformation of Korea into a semi-colony, and the defeat of China in the war with Japan meant that China abandoned its positions in Korea and dropped out of the number of applicants for the exploitation of this country. After the suppression of the uprising in Korea, the Japanese occupation regime was actually established. In October 1895, the Japanese killed Queen Ming, who led anti-Japanese feudal groups. Britain and the United States supported the Japanese colonialists.

The position was different. tsarist Russia, which has shown growing activity in Korea. Russian capitalists received concessions for the development of iron ore, organization, logging, telegraph lines. The imperialist interests of Japan and tsarist Russia clashed, which at that time was interested in preserving an independent Korea. Some time after the assassination of Queen Ming, King Gojong, with the help of Russophile-minded dignitaries, fled from the palace and took refuge in the Russian mission. From there, he addressed an appeal to the troops and the population, in which he indicated that he was removing the puppet pro-Japanese government from power and creating a new one. The population rose up against the Japanese. Ministers - Japanese henchmen were killed by the insurgent people. Russian influence increased in Korea.

This time, the Japanese colonialists preferred to negotiate with tsarist Russia. In May and June 1896, two Russian-Japanese agreements were signed, which proclaimed the "equal rights" of both powers in Korea. But in 1898, Japan managed, with the support of England and the United States, to sign a new agreement with. Russia, which formally recognized Japanese economic predominance in Korea. Japanese-Russian contradictions continued to escalate.

The defeat of tsarist Russia in the war with Japan finally untied the hands of Japanese imperialism in Korea. In November 1905, Japan, with the support of American diplomacy, forced the Korean government to sign a protectorate treaty. In 1910, the Korean monarch was completely removed from power, Korea was officially transformed into a Japanese governor-general. The colonial regime was established in the country.

All these years, Korean patriots have waged a courageous struggle against the Japanese colonizers. After the uprising of 1893-1894. one of the main forms of the struggle for national independence was the partisan movement, which greatly intensified under the influence of the Russian revolution of 1905. In 1907-1908. the armed struggle of the Korean patriots acquired a large scale. fighting led more than 200 partisan detachments. One of the Russian diplomats reported to St. Petersburg in 1909: “They ... endure hunger and cold for years, with antediluvian weapons, they are waging a hopeless and unequal struggle. And under such conditions, they did a lot - they alone, without any support, did not allow the Japanese into the interior of the country. In parallel with the armed struggle, the patriotic activities of various political, cultural and educational societies developed in the country.

Although during the annexation of the country the Japanese managed to inflict heavy blows on the Korean patriots, on the eve and during the First World War the national liberation movement of the Korean people continued.

Who knows political science and history well? Need help...and got the best answer

Answer from Voldemaras Merenok-Rubinchik[guru]
In what period? The occupation of Korea by Japan is a period in Korean history in the early 20th century when Japan occupied the Korean peninsula. Japanese influence began to spread after the signing of the Ganghwa Peace Treaty with the Joseon Dynasty in 1876, greatly increased after the assassination of Empress Myeongseong in 1895 and the protectorate agreement in 1905. In 1910, Japan annexed Korea (see Treaty on the Annexation of Korea by Japan). The occupation period ended with Japan's surrender in World War II in 1945. In Korea, this period is called the Japanese Imperial Period (Ilje Side) or Japanese Armed Occupation Period (Ilje Kanjomgi). The period of occupation was characterized by the suppression of the national identity of the Koreans and numerous crimes against humanity. [edit] Early history
Archaeological finds say that people appeared on the territory of the Korean peninsula about 700 thousand years ago. In the provinces of Hamgyongbuk-do, Pyongannam-do, Gyeonggi-do and Chungcheong-buk-do, many stone tools dating back to the Paleolithic are found. People of those years lived in caves and built primitive houses.
The oldest Korean pottery item dates back to 8000 BC. e. Pottery items from 3500-2000 BC (Chilmun Pottery Period) are found throughout the peninsula, as well as in the Primorsky Territory, Mongolia and Manchuria.
[edit] Gojoseon
Main article: Gojoseon
According to legend, the first Korean state was founded by the son of a bear woman and a celestial, Tangun, in 2333 BC. e. Historians refer to the earliest stage of Korean history as the Gojoseon (ancient Joseon) period. The territory of Gojoseon was in the region of the north of the Korean peninsula and Manchuria.
In 300 BC. e. Koreans participated in the conquest of Japan, and the creation of the Yayoi culture
In 108 B.C. e. Gojoseon was captured by the Chinese.
It is believed that at the dawn of its development, Gojoseon was a tribal union, consisting of separately administered city-states, and it became a centralized state around the 4th century BC. e. Around the same time, the state of Chin was formed in the south of the peninsula, which became the ancestor of the Samhan confederations.
[edit] Early states (108 BC - 3rd century)
Main article: Early Korean states
After the fall of Gojoseon, three tribal unions were formed on the territory of the peninsula: Mahan, Jinhan and Byeonghan (collectively called Samhan).
In the north, the state of Goguryeo emerged, proclaiming itself the heir to Buyeo. Also, several small states arose on the territory of the former Gojoseon, including Okjo and Dongye (eastern Ye).
[edit] Three kingdoms
Main article: Three Korean states
Tomb in GoguryeoAt the beginning of our era, three early feudal states emerged from the tribal alliances left after the collapse of Gojoseon - Silla, Baekje and Goguryeo.
[edit] Balhae and United Silla
Main articles: Balhae, Unified Silla
BulguksaAfter the conquest of Goguryeo and Baekje in 676, the United Silla state arose, which was replaced by the state of Goryeo in 935.
At the same time, the state of Parhae (Chinese: Bohai) was developing in the north.
This period in the history of Korea was marked by the flourishing of Buddhism.
[edit] Later Three Kingdoms
Main article: Later Three Korean States
During the Late Three Kingdoms period (892-936), there were three states on the Korean peninsula: Silla, Hupaekje, ("Later Baekje"), and Taebong (or Hukoguryeo, "Later Goguryeo").
[edit] Koryo
Main article: Goryeo
Goryeo was founded in 918 and united the peninsula by 936. The word "Korye" became the prototype of the modern "Korea". The reign of the dynasty lasted until 1392. During this period, a detailed set of laws was developed. Buddhism spread throughout the peninsula.
In 1231, the Mongols began raiding Goryeo, and after 25 years of fighting, the Goryeo king was forced to become a Mongol tributary. Korea spent the next 80 years under Mongol yoke. P

Answer from Anhedonic[guru]
Write something like:
Fifty years after the end of the occupation, it can be stated that, thanks to the efforts of the world community, the countries are living relatively well. There are some small graters left, like the name of the Japanese (Korean) sea, but the peace between the countries is more and more obvious.

Answer from ulcer[expert]
made conclusions by chapters? You can really write about how they repented to each other, and they are trying to close the gaps in the past by hard work on themselves, and now they warmly coexist on the border territories, and sometimes, in memory of the past, "bite" each other out of boredom.

100 Great Wars Sokolov Boris Vadimovich

JAPAN-KOREA WAR (1592-1598)

JAPANESE-KOREA WAR

(1592–1598)

In 1582, the commander Toyotomi Hideyoshi managed to unite Japan into a single state. After that, he began to seriously think about expansion to the Asian mainland. The closest territory to the Japanese islands was Korea, which at that time was torn apart by feudal strife and seemed easy prey. But Japan did not have a strong navy.

Back in 1586, Hideyoshi told the Portuguese missionary Bishop Gaspar Coelho that he would like to receive from Portugal big ships to head a huge army to conquer Korea and China. But the Portuguese did not take these plans seriously, believing that the Japanese ruler was suffering from megalomania. The refusal of the Portuguese to provide ships led to the mass expulsion of Portuguese missionaries from the Land of the Rising Sun.

It was only in 1590 that Hideyoshi was able to start preparing for an invasion of Korea. He expected to occupy the masses of samurai on foreign war so that they do not think about resuming internal strife. Preparations for the war took a year and a half. On March 1, 1592, Hideyoshi, accompanied by military leaders and a large retinue, went to the north of Kyushu to directly deal with the Korean expedition in Nagoya Castle. By his order, nine divisions were formed, allegedly numbering 158,800 soldiers (this and subsequent figures are most likely greatly exaggerated by Japanese chroniclers). In addition, about 100 thousand more soldiers were not united in divisions, but remained subordinate to their feudal lords. In addition, there was also the personal guard of Hideyoshi himself, numbering 30 thousand people.

To cross the Korea Strait, the Japanese had several dozen large ships and hundreds of small boats, on board of which there were about 9 thousand sailors. In mid-April, Hideyoshi demanded that the ruler (van) of Korea let the Japanese army through Korean territory to attack China. Wang did not take this demand seriously and realized that the ruler of Japan was not joking only when three Japanese divisions had already landed in the south of the Korean Peninsula, captured the Pusan ​​fortress almost without resistance, and rapidly moved towards the capital of the country, Seoul.

On May 3, 1592, 20 days after the landing, the first division under the command of Konishi Yukinaga reached Seoul. She took possession of the city without resistance. Wang Korea Seonjo with his army hastily retreated to the north, not accepting a fight. Soon two other Japanese divisions also came here. A few days later, seven out of nine divisions were concentrated in the Seoul area. The two remaining divisions, the 7th and 9th, were moved to Gyeongsang Province.

From Seoul, the Japanese army moved into the northern Korean provinces, having previously thoroughly plundered the Korean capital. Hideyoshi believed that Korea had actually been conquered, that there would be no more problems with the occupation of China, and he thought about the coming conquest of India.

However, the Korean army and navy were not defeated. The commander-in-chief of the Japanese troops in Korea, Ukita Hideie, hoped to soon begin a campaign in China. But the Korean army, concentrated near Pyongyang, where Wang and his government were stationed, was preparing for a counteroffensive. In the south, Korean detachments held the provinces of Jeolla and Gyeongsang, which the Japanese never managed to capture.

The first major battle took place in mid-June on the Imjingan River, which the Japanese troops were never able to cross. Then they defiantly retreated from the river. The Koreans crossed to pursue the left gentle bank, but were ambushed, defeated and forced to retreat to Pyongyang. A few days later, the city fell, and Uiju became the seat of the Korean government instead of Pyongyang. On the east coast, Japanese troops managed to capture the city of Yongheung in late June. The way to China seemed clear. But the still strong Korean fleet, led by Admiral Lee Sunsin, threatened Japanese sea lanes. Without destroying the enemy ships, it was too risky to undertake an invasion of China. Although two of its flotillas suffered heavy losses in Gyeongsang province in the early days of the war, the Korean navy had more powerful ships and more trained crews than the Japanese. Back in early May 1592, shortly after the fall of Seoul, a flotilla under the command of Yi Sun-sin suddenly attacked the base of the Japanese fleet on the island of Geoje-do and inflicted serious losses on the enemy, sinking several large ships and more than a dozen small ones. In the next two months, the Koreans sank almost all Japanese ships operating in the Korea Strait and threatened to block Ukita Hideie's army. This was followed by a raid on Busan, where the surviving Japanese ships were concentrated. All of them in the amount of about 100 were sunk.

The Japanese command, not hoping for success in a sea battle, landed crews of ships ashore and opened fire on Korean ships from coastal guns, which, however, did almost no harm to the enemy. The lack of regular supplies affected the combat capability of the Japanese ground forces. In the autumn they failed to capture the city of Chinju in the province of Jeolla and retreated from its walls with losses. At the same time, the first contingent of Chinese troops arrived in Korea, which was in vassal dependence on the Ming dynasty that ruled China. One of the Chinese detachments was ambushed by the Japanese and was almost completely destroyed. But soon a large army led by the commander Li Zhusu-nem appeared on the Korean peninsula. By the end of 1592, she, together with the Korean troops, liberated Pyongyang. Konishi Yukinaga's army retreated to Seoul.

The Japanese were increasingly experiencing food shortages, epidemics spread among them. Discipline in the Japanese troops fell. Peace talks began between Japan and China. Hideyoshi demanded that he recognize the title of wang (ruler) and transfer four provinces in southern Korea to him, as well as recognize China's vassal dependence on Japan. Meanwhile, the Japanese army left Seoul and concentrated at Busan. After receiving small reinforcements from Japan, Yukinaga decided, while negotiations with the Chinese continued, to try again to occupy Jinju. In June 1593, the assault on the city was successful, and almost all of its defenders were killed. Since that time, a de facto truce has been established in Korea and peace negotiations have continued, albeit rather sluggishly. Japanese delegations visited the Ming court, but the arrival of Chinese ambassadors to Japan was still delayed.

Only at the beginning of 1597 did the Chinese delegation arrive in Nagoya. She announced that she had brought a letter and a letter from the emperor, who was ready to recognize Hideyoshi van of Japan, but that was all. When the letter was read out in the presence of the largest Japanese feudal lords, Hideyoshi, who expected an expression of humility from China, was very angry. The indignant commander drove the ambassadors away in disgrace. Negotiations with the Chinese were interrupted.

Hideyoshi decided to resume the war in Korea. He appointed the commander of a new 140,000-strong army, transported across the strait to the aid of Konishi Yukinaga, his adopted son Hideaki. The former commander-in-chief Ukita Hideie, who failed to cope with the task, was recalled. The Japanese tried to strengthen their fleet. Following the example of the Koreans, they began to build turtle ships (Korean "kisen"), armored with iron sheets and armed with powerful artillery (in Japanese they were called "kobukson"). But in terms of the training of sailors and the art of command, the Japanese fleet was still inferior to the Korean and Chinese. In addition, the Japanese admirals acted in isolation and were reluctant to submit to a single leadership.

In January 1597, reinforcements were transferred from Japan to Korea under the command of Kato Kiyomasa. In March, the Korean naval commander Yi Sun-sin was accused of cowardice because he was unable to prevent the landing of Kiyomasa. Admiral sentenced to death penalty, but was replaced by a demotion to ordinary sailors. The Korean fleet was led by Admiral Won Gyun, who represented a court faction that rivaled the one that supported Yi Sun-sin.

On July 7, 1597, the Korean fleet attempted to attack Busan to intercept and destroy the new Japanese reinforcements. But Won Gyun's ships were caught in a violent storm. Many of them drowned. Several ships were thrown onto the island of Kadokto and fell into the hands of the Japanese. The Korean Navy ceased to exist as a combat-ready force. The Japanese army went on the offensive, occupied the province of Jeolla and invaded the province of Chungcheong. In such a situation, Li Sunsin was again appointed commander-in-chief of the Korean fleet on August 22. He had only 12 warships at his disposal. With these forces, the Korean admiral on September 16 at the island of Jindo entered into battle with 200 Japanese ships and sank 50 of them, without losing a single "turtle" himself. Soon Li Sunsin was able to build new ships and firmly seize dominance at sea.

Japanese troops advancing towards Seoul were stopped at the city of Chuncheon. During the peaceful respite, the Korean army was reorganized and significantly increased its combat capability. Now it was formed not according to the territorial principle, but consisted of units of one type of weapon: archers, spearmen, swordsmen and musketeers. In addition, artillery was allocated to a separate branch of the military. The army became professional and had permanent commanders. She was supported by the Yi-ben (Army of Justice) militia.

A 140,000-strong Chinese army was deployed to help the Korean troops. In February 1598, she took up positions south of Seoul. The combined Korean-Chinese forces went on the offensive. The most stubborn battles unfolded near the city of Ulsan, which was defended by the army of Kato Kiyomasa. She suffered severely from hunger and cold. After a ten-day siege, Ulsan was taken. The remnants of the Japanese troops fled to Pusan.

The combined Sino-Korean fleet blockaded Konishi's army in Suncheon. To his rescue moved from Ulsan Kiyomasa and the Shimazu division from Sacheon. At the same time, approximately 500 Japanese ships tried to break into Noryangjin Bay in order to evacuate the Suncheon garrison. Most of them were destroyed, taking with them 10 thousand sailors to the bottom. In this last naval battle of the Sino-Japanese War, Li Songxing was mortally wounded.

By the autumn of 1598, the position of the Japanese troops in Korea had become hopeless. Separate detachments were blocked at various points along the coast and did not have a stable connection with their homeland. At this moment, at the end of September, news of the death of Toyotomi Hideyoshi reached the Japanese army. He died on August 18, but this information was hidden from the people for another month, fearing unrest. There was a convenient pretext for ending the war. A truce was signed between Japan and China. The Council of Elders of Japan ordered the army to leave the Korean Peninsula.

The defeat of Japan was caused primarily by the weakness of the Japanese fleet. This prevented Hideyoshi's planned lightning-fast capture of the Korean Peninsula and an immediate, without operational pause, invasion of China. Yes and land army was unable to withstand a long struggle with the combined forces of Korea and China. It turned out that the military power of the Land of the Rising Sun still does not allow it to expand in Asia. Almost without a struggle, Japan managed to capture Korea only at the end of the 19th century.