How many served in the tsarist army. Military pensioners for Russia and its armed forces. The composition of the land army

As a result of the military reform, the regular army formed on the basis of regular recruiting sets. The reorganization of the army began in 1698, when archers began to disband and regular regiments were created. A recruiting system was formalized, in accordance with which the soldiers of the field army and garrison troops began to be recruited from taxable estates, and the officer corps from the nobility. The decree of 1705 completed the folding of the "recruitment". As a result, from 1699 to 1725, 53 recruits were made for the army and navy (23 main and 30 additional). They gave more than 284 thousand people called up for lifelong military service. By 1708 the army was brought up to 52 regiments. The new report card of 1720 identified 51 infantry and 33 cavalry regiments as part of the army, which by the end of Peter's reign had supplied a 130,000-strong army from 3 military branches - infantry, cavalry and artillery. Also, ok. 70 thousand were in the garrison troops, 6 thousand in the landmilitia (militia) and over 105 thousand in the Cossack and other irregular units. From the 30s. heavy cavalry (cuirassiers) appeared, which inflicted a decisive blow on the enemy in battle. Cuirassiers were armed with long broadswords and carbines, had protective equipment - metal cuirasses (armor) and helmets. A prominent role was played by light cavalry - hussars and lancers.

Manning the army in the 18th century

Since 1703, a single principle of recruiting soldiers for the army has been introduced, which will exist in the Russian Army until 1874. Recruitment sets were announced irregularly by decrees of the king, depending on the needs of the army.

The initial training of recruits was carried out directly in the regiments, but since 1706 training has been introduced at recruiting stations. The term of soldier's service was not determined (for life). Subject to conscription in the army could put up a replacement. Dismissed only completely unfit for service. Quite a significant number of soldiers were recruited into the army from among the soldiers' children, all of whom were sent from childhood to "cantonist" schools. From their number, barbers, healers, musicians, clerks, shoemakers, saddlers, tailors, blacksmiths, forged and other specialists entered the units.

Non-commissioned officers completed the army through the production of non-commissioned officer ranks of the most capable and efficient soldiers. Later, many non-commissioned officers were given cantonist schools.

The army was initially completed with officers for money (a voluntary principle) from among foreign mercenaries, but after the defeat at Narva on November 19, 1700, Peter I introduced the forced recruitment of all young nobles into the guard by soldiers, who, after completing training, were released into the army as officers. Guards regiments, thus, played the role of officer training centers. The service life of officers was also not determined. Refusal of officer service entailed the deprivation of the nobility. 90% of the officers were literate.

From 1736, the service life of officers was limited to 25 years. In 1731, the first educational institution for the training of officers was opened - the Cadet Corps (however, the "School of the Pushkar Order" was opened back in 1701 for the training of officers of artillery and engineering troops). Since 1737, it was forbidden to produce illiterate officers.

In 1761, Peter III issued a Decree "On the Liberty of the Nobility". Nobles are exempt from compulsory military service. They can choose military or civilian service at their discretion. From this moment on, the staffing of the army with officers becomes purely voluntary.

In 1766, a document was issued that streamlined the army recruitment system. It was "The General Institution on the collection of recruits in the state and on the procedures that must be followed during recruitment." Recruitment duty, in addition to serfs and state peasants, was extended to merchants, courtyards, yasak, black-mallowed, spiritual, foreigners, persons assigned to state-owned factories. Only artisans and merchants were allowed to make a cash contribution instead of a recruit. The age of recruits was set from 17 to 35 years, height not less than 159cm.

The nobles entered the regiments as privates and after 1-3 years received the rank of non-commissioned officer, and then, upon the opening of vacancies (free officer positions), received the rank of officer. Under Catherine II, abuses in this area flourished widely. The nobles, immediately after birth, enrolled their sons in the regiments as privates, received leave for them "for education" and by the age of 14-16, underage children received officer ranks. Quality officers dropped sharply. For example, for 3.5 thousand privates in the Preobrazhensky regiment, there were 6 thousand non-commissioned officers, of which no more than 100 were actually in service. Since 1770, cadet classes were created at the guards regiments to train officers from among the young nobles who actually served.

After ascending the throne, Paul I decisively and cruelly broke the vicious practice of the fake service of noble children.

Since 1797, only graduates of cadet classes and schools, and non-commissioned officers from the nobility who had served for at least three years, could be promoted to officers. Non-commissioned officers from non-nobles could receive an officer rank after 12 years of service.

Numerous instructions were prepared for the training of soldiers and officers: “Preemption in battle”, “Rules for a military battle”, the “Military Charter” (1698) was published, summarizing 15 years of experience in continuous armed struggle. For the training of officers in 1698-1699. the bombardier school was founded at the Preobrazhensky Regiment, and at the beginning of the new century, mathematical, navigational (marine), artillery, engineering, foreign languages and surgical schools. In the 20s. 50 garrison schools operated for the training of non-commissioned officers. For training in military affairs, internships of nobles abroad were practiced. At the same time, the government refused to hire foreign military specialists.

There was an active construction of the navy. The fleet was built both in the south and in the north of the country. In 1708, the first 28-gun frigate was launched in the Baltic, and 20 years later the Russian fleet in the Baltic Sea was the most powerful: 32 battleships(from 50 to 96 guns), 16 frigates, 8 shnyafs, 85 galleys and other small vessels. Recruitment to the fleet was carried out from recruits (since 1705). For training in maritime affairs, instructions were drawn up: “Ship article”, “Instruction and article, military Russian Navy”, “Marine Charter” and, finally, “Admiralty Regulations” (1722). In 1715, the Naval Academy was opened in St. Petersburg, which trained naval officers. In 1716, the training of officers began through the midshipman company.

In 1762 the General Staff was organized. Permanent formations are created in the army: divisions and corps, which included all types of troops in their composition, and could independently solve various tactical tasks. The main arm of the army was the infantry. She was divided into a linear one, which operated in columns and inflicted a bayonet strike on the enemy, and a light one - a Jaeger one. Jaegers were used to cover and bypass the enemy and cover their flanks, armed with rifled guns, daggers and knives. They fought in loose formation, conducted aimed fire. In the 2nd floor. 18th century The armament of the troops received more advanced smooth-bore flintlock and rifled ("screw") guns, which were armed with rangers. New artillery systems are being created, howitzers are unicorns.

The number and proportion of cavalry troops increased. The ratio of infantry and cavalry was approximately as follows: one cavalry regiment for two infantry. The bulk of the cavalry were dragoons.

In con. century Baltic Fleet had 320 sailing and rowboats various classes, and the Black Sea consisted of 114 warships.

Manning the army in the 19th century

In the first half of the 19th century, the army recruitment system did not undergo significant changes. In 1802, the 73rd recruiting set was made at the rate of two recruits from 500 people. Depending on the needs of the army, recruitment may not be carried out at all per year, or maybe two recruitments per year. For example, in 1804, the recruitment was one person from 500., And in 1806, five people from 500.

In the face of the danger of a large-scale war with Napoleon, the government resorted to a previously unused method of forced recruitment (now called mobilization). On November 30, 1806, a manifesto "On the formation of the militia" was published. With this manifesto, the landlords exhibited the maximum possible number of their serfs capable of bearing arms. But these people remained in the possession of the landowners, and after the dissolution of the militia in 1807, the warriors returned to the landowners. More than 612 thousand people were gathered into the militia. This was the first successful experience of mobilization in Russia.

Since 1806, reserve recruiting depots have been created, in which recruits were trained. They were sent to the regiments as the regiments needed to be replenished. Thus, it was possible to ensure the constant combat capability of the regiments. Previously, after fighting and suffering losses, the regiment for a long time (until it receives and trains new recruits) dropped out of the active army.

Planned recruitment sets were held in November of each year.

The year 1812 required three recruitings, with the total number of recruits being 20 out of 500.

In July 1812, the government held the second mobilization in this century - the manifesto "On the collection of Zemstvo militia." The number of militia warriors was about 300 thousand people. The warriors were commanded either by the landowners themselves, or by retired officers. A number of large aristocrats from their serfs at their own expense formed and handed over to the army several regiments. Some of these regiments were later assigned to the army. The most famous are the cavalry squadron of V.P. Skarzhinsky, the Cossack regiment of Count M.A. Dmitriev-Mamonov, the hussar regiment of Count P.I. Saltykov (later the Irkutsk hussar regiment), Grand Duchess Ekaterina Pavlovna.

In addition, there were special units that in the first half of the 19th century were not included in the army, but participated in all the wars waged by Russia. These were Cossacks - Cossack units. The Cossacks were a special way of the compulsory principle of manning the armed forces. The Cossacks were not serfs or state peasants. They were free people, but in exchange for their freedom they supplied the country with a certain number of ready-made, armed cavalry units. The order and methods of recruiting soldiers and officers were determined by the Cossack lands themselves. They armed and trained these units at their own expense. The Cossack units were highly trained and combat-ready. In peacetime, the Cossacks carried out border service in their places of residence. They closed the border very well. The Cossack system will continue until 1917.

Staffing with officers. By 1801, there were three cadet corps for training officers, the Corps of Pages, the Imperial Military Orphan's House, and the Gapanem Topographic Corps. (The fleet, artillery, engineering troops had their own educational institutions since the beginning of the 18th century).

Since 1807, nobles aged 16 and over were allowed to enter the regiments as non-commissioned officers for training as officers (they were called junkers), or to complete the senior classes of the cadet corps. In 1810, a training Noble Regiment was created to train young nobles as officers.

After the end of the war and the foreign campaign, recruitment was carried out only in 1818. There was no set in 1821-23. During this period, up to several thousand people were put into the army by catching vagrants, runaway serfs, and criminals.

In 1817, the network of military educational institutions for the training of officers expanded. The Tula Alexander Noble School began to train officers, and the Smolensk Cadet Corps was opened. In 1823, the Guards Ensign School was opened at the Guards Corps. Then similar schools were opened at the headquarters of the armies.

Since 1827, Jews began to be taken as soldiers in the army. At the same time, a new charter of recruitment service was issued.

Since 1831, recruitment duty was also extended to the children of priests who did not go along the spiritual line (that is, who did not begin to study in theological seminaries).

The new Recruitment Regulations significantly streamlined the recruitment system. According to this charter, all taxable estates (categories of the population obliged to pay taxes) were rewritten and divided into thousandth plots (a territory inhabited by a thousand people of the taxable estate). Recruits were now taken in order from the sites. Some wealthy estates were exempted from nominating a recruit, but paid a thousand rubles instead of a recruit. A number of regions of the country were exempted from recruitment duty. For example, the areas of the Cossack troops, the Arkhangelsk province, a strip of a hundred miles along the borders with Austria and Prussia. The terms of recruitment were determined from November 1 to December 31. The requirements for height (2 arshins 3 inches), age (from 20 to 35 years), and health status were especially stipulated.

In 1833, instead of general recruitment sets, private ones began to be practiced, i.e. a set of recruits not from the whole territory evenly, but from individual provinces. In 1834, a system of indefinite leave for soldiers was introduced. After 20 years of service, a soldier could be dismissed on indefinite leave, but if necessary (usually in case of war) he could be taken into the army again. In 1851, the period of compulsory service for soldiers was set at 15 years. Officers were also allowed indefinite leave after 8 years of service in the chief officer ranks or 3 years in the headquarters officer rank. In 1854, recruitment was divided into three types: ordinary (age 22-35, height not less than 2 arshins 4 inches), reinforced (age not determined, height not less than 2 arshins 3.5 inches), extraordinary (growth not less than 2 arshins 3 apex) . A rather significant influx of quality soldiers into the army was provided by the so-called "cantonists", i.e. children of soldiers who were sent from childhood to study at cantonist schools. In 1827, the schools of cantonists were transformed into semi-companies, companies and battalions of cantonists. In them, cantonists studied literacy, military affairs, and upon reaching military age, they went to the army as musicians, shoemakers, paramedics, tailors, clerks, gunsmiths, barbers, and treasurers. A significant part of the cantonists went to training carabinieri regiments and after graduation they became excellent non-commissioned officers. The authority of the schools of military cantonists became so high that the children of poor nobles and chief officers often entered them.

After 1827, the bulk of non-commissioned officers were recruited from training carabinieri regiments, i.e. the quality of non-commissioned officers has steadily increased. Things got to the point that the best of the non-commissioned officers were sent to officer schools, the Noble Regiment, the cadet corps as teachers of combat and physical training, shooting business. In 1830, 6 more cadet corps were opened for the training of officers. In 1832, the Military Academy was opened for higher education for officers (officers of artillery and engineering troops received higher military education in their two academies, opened much earlier). In 1854, it was allowed to accept young noblemen into regiments as volunteers (as junkers), who, after training directly in the regiment, received officer ranks. This order was established only for wartime.

In 1859, it was allowed to release soldiers on indefinite leave (what is now called "discharge to the reserve") after 12 years of service.

In 1856, the system of military cantonists was abolished. The children of soldiers were freed from their previously obligatory military future. Since 1863, the age of recruits was limited to 30 years. Since 1871, a system of long-term servicemen has been introduced. Those. non-commissioned officer after the end of the mandatory service life of 15 years could remain to serve beyond this period, for which he received a number of benefits, increased pay.

In 1874, the recruiting duty, which had existed for almost two centuries, was abolished. A new way to recruit an army is introduced - universal military duty.

All young men who turned 20 by January 1 were subject to conscription. The call began in November each year. Priests and physicians were exempted from military service, and a deferment of up to 28 years was given to persons undergoing training in educational institutions. The number of conscripts in those years far exceeded the needs of the army, and therefore everyone who did not fall under the exemption from service drew lots. Those who were drawn by lot (about one in five) went to serve. The rest were enrolled in the militia and were subject to conscription in wartime or when necessary. They were in the militia until the age of 40.

The term of military service was set at 6 years plus 9 years in reserve (they could be called up as needed or in wartime). In Turkestan, Transbaikalia and the Far East, the service life was 7 years, plus three years in reserve. By 1881, the term of active soldier service was reduced to 5 years. Volunteers could enter the regiment from the age of 17.

Since 1868, a network of cadet schools has been developed. Cadet corps are being transformed into military gymnasiums and progymnasiums. They lose the right to produce their graduates as officers and become preparatory educational institutions, preparing young people to enter the cadet schools. Later they were again renamed into cadet corps, but the status was not changed. By 1881, all newly recruited officers had a military education.

The military reform of 1874 was designed to reduce the size of the army and at the same time increase its combat effectiveness. January 1, 1874 was established universal military service. All men over the age of 21 were involved in the service, no matter what class they belong to. By lot, the required number of conscripts was selected (about 20%), the rest were enrolled in the militia (in case of war). The service life was determined - 6 years and after that 9 years in stock (fleet 7 years and 3 years). Exempted from military service religious ministers, doctors, teachers, representatives of the peoples of Central Asia and Kazakhstan, the Far North and Far East. Benefits were provided to conscripts with education: higher education - 6 months, gymnasiums - 1.5 years, city schools - 3 years, elementary schools - 4 years. This made it possible to reduce the size of the regular army in peacetime.

The system of higher military education has not undergone major changes. Partially changed educational plans and programs towards making military training more practical. Two new academies were opened - Military Law and Naval (by the end of the century there were only 6 academies. The number of students in them was 850). The middle school was reorganized military school. Instead of children's buildings, military gymnasiums were created, which provided general secondary education and prepared for admission to military schools and pro-gymnasiums with a 4-year term of study to prepare for admission to cadet schools. The term of study in military schools was defined as 3 years. Schools prepared officers for the infantry and cavalry, gave the knowledge necessary to command the regiment. Junker schools were intended to train officers from persons who did not have a general secondary education, from the lower ranks of the army, who came from noble and chief officer families. Special schools were created to train technical specialists. Representatives of other classes were granted access to military educational institutions, but the nobles in them accounted for 75% of the students. In 1882, the military gymnasiums were liquidated and the Cadet Corps were restored as closed noble educational institutions.

The armed forces of the country were divided into permanent troops (cadre army, reserve, Cossack regiments, "foreign" units) and the militia, where they were enrolled, released from military service and served their due time.

A Central Directorate is being created - the Ministry of War, which included the Military Council, the Chancellery, and the General Staff. Main Directorate: quartermaster, artillery, engineering, medical, judicial, educational institutions and Cossack troops. The territory of Russia was divided into 15 military districts, which included: Commander, Military Council, headquarters, administration. This ensured the operational command and control of the troops and the rapid deployment of the army.

In 1891, the 5-shot magazine (7.62 mm) rifle of S.I. Mosin, which had high combat qualities, was adopted for service in the army. Artillery is armed with steel rifled guns loaded from the breech. Inventor V.S. Baranevsky creates a 76 mm rapid-fire field gun.

The transition to the armored fleet is underway.

Military reforms of the 60-70s. were of progressive importance, they increased the combat capability of the Russian army, which was confirmed Russian-Turkish war in which Russia won.

IN Russian state since the 30s of the 17th century. attempts were made to create a more advanced military system. Streltsy and the local cavalry were no longer reliable means of strengthening the borders.

The regular Russian army arose under Emperor Peter I (1682-1725).

His Decree "On the admission to the service of soldiers from all free people" (1699) laid the foundation for recruiting into a new army. In the Decree of February 20, 1705, the term "recruit" was first mentioned, the service life of which was established by Peter I - "as long as strength and health allow." The recruiting system firmly fixed the class principle of organizing the army: the soldiers were recruited from peasants and other tax-paying strata of the population, and the officers were recruited from the nobility.

Each rural or petty-bourgeois community was obliged to provide a man between the ages of 20 and 35 from a certain number (usually 20) of households to the army.

In 1732, the favorite of Empress Anna Ioannovna (1730-1740) - B.Kh. Minich (President of the Military Collegium) approved the recruitment of recruits aged 15 to 30 by lot.

The life term of service was replaced by 10 years; moreover, peasant soldiers could be promoted to officers, i.e. get out in the nobles. In addition, in 1736, an order was issued allowing the only sons in the family not to serve in the army, and one of the brothers to avoid recruitment.

In 1762, Emperor Peter III (1761-1762) set the term of service in the army at 25 years.

In 1808-1815.

under Emperor Alexander I (1801-1825), military settlements were organized - special volosts inhabited by state peasants, who were transferred to the category of military settlers. Soldiers' regiments settled here, their families were assigned to the soldiers, soldiers were married (often not by their choice). Military settlers served life sentences military service and did agricultural work to support themselves.

shaved into the tsarist army for 25 years

All boys from the age of 7 became cantonists, dressed in uniform and carried both soldier and peasant service for life. The State Archive of the Chuvash Republic stores books on the registration of cantonists. In the 50s of the 19th century. settlers, cantonists, dismissed from the military department, were included in the rural societies of state and appanage peasants, as evidenced by the revision tales and other documents.

Since 1834, under Emperor Nicholas I (1825-1855), a soldier was dismissed on indefinite leave (“reserve”) after 20 years of service.

From 1839 to 1859, the term of service was reduced from 19 to 12 years, age limit recruit - from 35 to 30.

From the official (draft) list of the Cheboksary district presence for 1854:

Mikhailo Vasilyev (Note: this recruit came by hunting for his brother Kozma Vasilyev), age - 20 years old, height - 2 arshins 3 inches, signs: dark blond hair and eyebrows, blue eyes, ordinary nose and mouth, round chin, in general, the face is pockmarked. Special signs: on the right side of the back there is a spot from the disease. From which estate he was adopted, according to what set: Kazan province, Cheboksary district, Sundyr volost, etc.

Bolshaya Akkozina, from state peasants, 11 private recruits, Orthodox, single. Read, write, does not know any skill.

719. Vasily Fedorov, age 21/2 years, height - 2 arshins 5 inches, signs: hair on the head and eyebrows - black, eyes brown, nose - wide-sharp, mouth - ordinary, chin - round, generally clean face. Distinguishing Features: Birthmark on lower back. From what estate he was adopted, according to what set: Kazan province, Cheboksary district, Lipovskaya volost, etc.

Bagildina, from state peasants, 11 private recruits, Orthodox, married to Elena Vasilyeva, no children. Read, write, does not know any skill.

In the family recruiting list of the Cheboksary district of the Alymkasinsky volost of the Alymkasinsky rural society for 1859, there is information about the receipt of peasants in recruits since 1828, there is no data on the return of recruits.

The next changes in terms of service are associated with the head of the Military Ministry D.A. Milyutin (1861-1881), who in 1873

carried out the reform. As a result, from January 1, 1874, the recruiting system was replaced by universal military service. The entire male population who has reached the age of 20, without distinction of class, served directly in the ranks for 6 years and was in the reserve for 9 years (for the fleet - 7 years of active service and 3 years in reserve).

Those who served the terms of active service and in the reserve were enrolled in the militia, in which they stayed up to 40 years. Exempted from active service: the only son, the only breadwinner in the family with young brothers and sisters, conscripts whose older brother is serving or has served his term of active service.

The rest fit for service, who did not have benefits, drew lots. All fit for service, incl. and beneficiaries, were enrolled in the reserve, and after 15 years - in the militia. Deferrals were given for 2 years on property status. The terms of active military service were reduced depending on the educational qualification: up to 4 years - for graduates primary school, up to 3 years - a city school, up to one and a half years - for those who had a higher education.

If an educated person entered active service voluntarily (“volunteer”), the terms of service were halved.

In the service, soldiers were taught to read and write. The clergy were exempted from military service.

From the recruiting list Yandashevo, Alymkasinsky volost, Cheboksary district for 1881:

… d. Chodina

No. 2. Nikita Yakimov, b. May 24, 1860, marital status: sister Ekaterina, 12 years old, wife Oksinya Yakovleva, 20 years old.

Decision of the Presence on military service: “Has first-class benefits as the only worker in the family.

Enroll in the militia ";

village of Oldeevo - Izeevo

No. 1. Ivan Petrov, b. January 4, 1860, marital status: mother - widow, 55 years old, sisters: Varvara, 23 years old, Praskovya, 12 years old, wife Ogafya Isaeva, 25 years old.

Decision of the Presence on military service: “The privilege of the first category was given as the only worker in the family with a widowed mother.

enlisted in the militia."

From the report of the assistant foreman of the Alymkasinsky volost board to the Cheboksary district police officer dated August 17, 1881: “... in the village. Yurakovo is now a retired soldier Porfiry Fedorov - a musician of the choir of the 66th Infantry Regiment of Butyrka, who entered military service on December 16, 1876, due to weakness was enlisted in the Arzamas reserve battalion, in which he took part in the Turkish war ... ".

Under the Minister of War P.S.

Vannovsky (1882-1898) in a new way military regulations 1888 there were further reductions in service: 4 years in foot troops, 5 years in cavalry and engineering troops. Service life in the reserve increased from 9 to 18 years. A person fit for service was registered in the militia until the age of 43, the draft age for active service increased from 20 to 21, the terms of service for persons who graduated from secondary and higher educational institutions, as well as for volunteers, increased by 2-4 times.

From the draft list of the Ishley-Sharbashevsky society of the Syundyr volost of the Kozmodemyansky district for 1892:

Markov Lavrenty Markovich, b. August 4, 1871 Marital status: brother Nikolai, 11 years old, sister Daria, 16 years old.

Decision of the Presence on military service: “He has the right to a first-class benefit under Article 45.

as the only capable brother with a brother and sister - complete orphans ... Enroll as a warrior of the 2nd category in the militia.

Nikolaev Philip Nikolaevich, b. November 2, 1871 Marital status: father Nikolai Fedorov, 45 years old, mother Agrafena Stepanov, 40 years old, brothers: Peter, 17 years old, Ivan, 13 years old, Kuzma, 10 ½ years old, Nikifor, 6 years old.

Decision of the Presence: “He has the right to a privilege of the second category under 45 Art. as the only son able to work with a capable father and brothers under 18 years old. Enlist as a 1st class warrior in the militia.

From the draft list of the Syundyr volost for 1895:

Elakov Roman Evdokimovich, b. November 12, 1873 Marital status: father Evdokim Ivanov, 50 years old, mother Nastasya Petrova, 45 years old, brothers: Grigory, 23 years old, entered the draft in 1892 and is in the service, Philip, 18 years old, sisters: Nadezhda, 15 years old, Tatyana, 12 years old; Orthodox, single, by education belongs to the fourth category (certificate of the Kozmodemyansk district school council dated August 17, 1888), drawing lot number No. 230, height 1.7 1 , is entitled to third-class benefit as the next oldest brother in active service.

Solution: enroll in the militia, warrior of the 1st category.

Last change of service life in tsarist army happened in 1906: they began to serve in the infantry for 3 years, in the rest of the troops - 4 years.

Military conscription in tsarist Russia - who and how much they took into the army

Although, according to the "Charter on universal military service" in Imperial Russia, all 21-year-olds were drafted into the troops, with the exception of clerics of all faiths, but not all of them did military service. Since there were more conscripts every year than it was required to call, the conscripts were selected by lot in the order of the number that fell out to each.

In addition, the only sons, eldest sons and necessary workers in the family were exempted from military service.

Educational benefits were given - a delay in conscription and a reduction in the service life to 1 year instead of the normal 3.5 years.

How many served in the tsarist army, what was the service life before

Those with 6th grade education high school and above served military service as "volunteers". Refusing to draw lots, they served a year (with higher education 9 months), with the obligation to pass the exam for the rank of reserve officer. This also applied to the Jews, with the only difference that they did not receive an officer's rank.

All teachers were exempted from military service.

The Imperial Army was a means of educating the people.

The soldier necessarily learned to read and write, acquired good manners, cultivated and learned the concept of duty.

source: , July 1983

Additionally:

MILITARY SERVICE

Muscovy, Russian Empire, Russian historical vocabulary, Terms, Specific (Horde) Rus'

MILITARY SERVICE, the duty of men established by Russian law to carry out military service in defense of the Motherland.

Certificate of appearance for military service, 1884

IN Ancient Rus' to k.

15th century military service was carried out mainly in the form of a people's militia. In subsequent centuries, the main place was occupied by the militias of small and medium landowners (nobles), who received estates and money for military service.

Created in the 1630s-50s, the regiments of the "new system", which gradually replaced the noble militia, from the 1640s were completed with a forced recruitment of contingent people, for whom from n. By the 1650s, military service became lifelong.

"Army of the Russian Empire: composition, salaries of officers, allowances"

In the period 1699-1705, a system of recruiting military service took shape, formalized by a decree of 1705 and the “Articles given to stolniks on the collection of temporary soldiers or recruits” attached to it.

Military service remained for the soldiers for life and permanent, while the service of the nobility was limited in 1732 to a 25-year term, and in 1762 they were completely exempted from military service. According to the Recruit Regulations of 1831, all the peasantry, petty bourgeoisie, and soldiers' children were serving military service. The service life of soldiers in 1793 was reduced to 25 years, in 1834 - to 20, after Crimean War 1853-56 - up to 12 and by 1874 - up to 7 years.

Since 1854, a “drawing of lots” was introduced (the number of the draft queue was drawn by lot) from three ranks according to marital status. At the same time, first paid substitution was widely allowed, and then redemption from military service, for which the government issued "credit" and "redemption" receipts. With edition 1 Jan. 1874 of the Charter on military service, which introduced universal military service, replacement and redemption were canceled, but exemptions, benefits and deferrals for physical condition, marital status, education, rank, occupation, property status, and, finally, on a national basis (“foreigners”); in this way, at least 10% of those called up were legally exempted from military service.

The charter of 1874 set the draft age at 21, consolidated the existing system of drawing lots, determined the total service life of 15 years, of which 6 were active duty (7 in the fleet) and 9 years in the reserve. In 1876, the term of active military service was reduced to 5 years, in 1878 to 4, and in 1905 to 3. In the first world war Russia entered under the following basics of military service: conscription age - 20 years (by January 1 of the year of conscription), total service life - 23 years (age limit 43 years); active service in the infantry and foot artillery - 3 years, in other branches of the military - 4 years; in the reserve - 15 (13) years, the remaining 4-5 years - in the militia of the 1st category (to replenish the wartime field army), where, in addition to old soldiers, all the surpluses of the annual draft contingent fit for service were enrolled for 23 years; in the militia of the 2nd category (auxiliary and rear units of wartime) were enlisted for the same period the surplus of those who were limitedly fit for military service and released due to marital status.

Military reform: changing the system of military administration, manning and supply of the Armed Forces. Statute on conscription 1874 Military judicial reform 1867

Improve officer training

Re-equip the army with modern weapons

Improve the military management system

Eliminate the backlog of the Russian army from Western European

Create an army with trained reserves

The reason for the introduction of this reform was the defeat of the Russian Empire in the Crimean War.

The main provisions of the reform:

Established 15 military regions to improve army management

The network of military educational institutions for the training of officers has been expanded (academies, military gymnasiums, cadet schools)

New military regulations were introduced

Rearmament of the army and navy

Abolition of corporal punishment

And in 1874, the recruiting system was abolished, universal (all-class) military service was introduced

The following periods of service in the army were established: in the infantry - 6 years, in the navy - 7, 9 years in the reserve, for those who graduated from district schools - 3 years, for those who graduated from gymnasiums - 1.5 years, for those who graduated from universities - 6 months, i.e.

e. Service life depended on education.

Military service began at the age of 20. They were not called up for military service: the only son in the family, the breadwinner, the clergy, the peoples of the North, Cf. Asia, part of the Caucasus and Siberia

The first Russian revolution of 1905-1907: its background and main stages.

Creation of Soviets as organs of revolutionary power.

The Supreme Manifesto On the Improvement of the State Order (October Manifesto)

Legislative act of the Supreme Power Russian Empire, promulgated on October 17 (30), 1905.

It was developed by Sergei Witte on behalf of Emperor Nicholas II in connection with the ongoing "troubles". In October, a strike began in Moscow, which swept the whole country and grew into the All-Russian October Political Strike.

On October 12-18, over 2 million people were on strike in various industries. This general strike, and above all the railroad strike, forced the emperor to make concessions.

First of all, the Manifesto of October 17, 1905 outlined the fundamental rights and freedoms of man and citizen, which were discussed in more detail in
Code of Fundamental State Laws. This was a significant step towards the development of the principles of constitutionalism in the country.

In addition, the Manifesto reflected the foundations of the state system, the foundations for the formation and activities of State Duma And
Governments, which also received their development in the Code.

The code, in turn, covered a wider range of issues.

In addition to these issues, in this regulatory legal act are reflected in such critical issues, as a question about state power, legislative initiative and the legislative process as a whole, about the position of this Code in the legislative system that existed at that time, and much more.

The main state laws of the Russian Empire as amended on April 23, 1906: the form of government, the order of legislation, the rights and obligations of citizens

A few days before the opening of the first Duma, on April 23, 1906, Nicholas II approved the text of the edition of the Fundamental State Laws of the Russian Empire.

Such haste was connected with the desire to prevent their discussion in the Duma, so that the latter would not turn into a Constituent Assembly. The Basic Laws of 1906 consolidated state structure Russian Empire, official language, the essence of the supreme power, the order of legislation, the principles of organization and activity of the central public institutions, rights and obligations of Russian citizens, position Orthodox Church and etc.

In the first chapter of the fundamental laws, the essence of the "supreme autocratic power" was revealed.

Until the last moment, Nicholas II resisted the removal from the text of the provision on the unlimited power of the monarch in Russia. In the final version, the article on the volume royal power was formulated as follows: The Emperor of All Russia owns the Supreme Autocratic Power…” From now on, the Russian emperor was to share legislative power with the Duma and the State Council.

However, the prerogatives of the monarch remained very broad: he owned " initiatives on all subjects of legislation"(only on his initiative could the Basic state laws), he approved laws, appointed and dismissed senior dignitaries, led foreign policy, proclaimed " sovereign leader Russian army and fleet, was endowed with the exclusive right to mint coins, on his behalf war was declared and peace was concluded, legal proceedings were carried out.

In the ninth chapter, which established the procedure for passing laws, it was determined that " no new law can follow without the approval of the State Council and the State Duma and take effect without the approval of the Sovereign Emperor.

Bills not passed by both chambers were considered rejected. Bills rejected by one of the chambers could be resubmitted to it only with the permission of the emperor.

Bills not approved by the emperor could not be considered again until the next session.

The main state laws laid the foundations for a new political system, which later became known as the June 3rd Monarchy.

The main state laws of 1906 were the constitution. As such, they were considered both by representatives of the authorities and by liberal historians of state law.

Thus, we can conclude that a dualistic monarchy has been established in Russia.

A characteristic feature of this form in Russia was the incomplete separation of powers, which gave rise to a synthesis of elements of absolute and constitutional monarchy, with the former clearly predominating.

State Duma

The system of representative institutions was introduced in Russia by a number of state acts, starting with the Manifesto on August 6, 1905.

and ending with “Basic state. laws” April 23, 1906. According to the original draft (August 6, 1905), the State Duma was supposed to be a “legislative institution” elected on the basis of qualified representation from three curias.

The aggravation of the political situation soon required a revision of the project.

On December 11, 1905, after the defeat of the armed uprising in Moscow, a decree was issued "On changing the regulation on elections to the State Duma", cat. the circle of voters is greatly expanded.

Almost the entire male population of the country over the age of 25, except for soldiers, students, day laborers and some nomads, received voting rights. The right to vote was not direct and remained unequal for voters of different categories (curia).

Deputies were elected by electoral assemblies, consisting of electors from each province and a number of large cities.

The electors were elected by four separate elector curiae: landowners, city dwellers, peasants and workers.

State Duma in the period from 1905–1907. was a representative body of power, for the first time limiting the monarchy in Russia.

The reasons for the formation of the Duma were: the revolution of 1905-1907, which rose after Bloody Sunday, and the general popular unrest in the country.

The procedure for the formation and establishment of the Duma was established by the Manifesto on the establishment of the State.

The State Duma was supposed to work together with the Council of Ministers.

General conscription in Russia in 1913.

The Council of Ministers was the permanent highest government institution, headed by a chairman.

The Council of Ministers headed all departments on issues of legislation and the highest state. management, i.e., to some extent, he limited the activities of the State. Duma.

Basic principles of work Thoughts:

1. freedom of conscience;

2. participation in the elections of the general population;

3. obligatory approval by the Duma of all published laws.

All men over the age of 25 had an active right to vote in the State Duma (with the exception of military personnel, students, day laborers and nomads).

the State Institution came out. Duma.

The competence of the Duma for the Establishment: the development of laws, their discussion, approval of the country's budget. All bills adopted by the Duma had to be approved by the Senate, and later by the emperor. The Duma did not have the right to consider issues that were beyond its competence, for example, issues of payments for state.

debts and loans to the Ministry of the Court, as well as state. loans.

Term of office of the State Dumas - 5 years.

The State Duma was bicameral: the upper house - the State. council (it was headed by a chairman and vice-chairman, appointed annually by the emperor); lower house - representatives from the population.

In the period 1905–1907.

3 Dumas were convened. formulations. The First Duma lasted 72 days. It was the most liberal-minded, because its convocation was the result of a revolutionary movement in Russia, it did not have representatives from the monarchist movement.

After the dissolution of the III Duma (when popular uprisings were suppressed by the tsarist army), significant changes were made to the laws on the State. Doom, for example:

2. the number of representatives from Poland, the Caucasus and Central Asia was limited.

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Until the end of the 17th century, the archery army performed the protective function of the state. They lived on the lands given out by the king and were ready to attack the enemy at the first call. The first regular army appeared only under the first Russian emperor, Peter the Great.

The history of the creation of the Russian army takes from the village of Preobrazhenskoye, to which young Peter was exiled, along with his mother Natalia Naryshkina. There he gathered his army from the children of the boyars, his peers. On the basis of this amusing army, the Preobrazhensky and Semenovsky regiments of Peter the Great were created.

They showed themselves brilliantly, arriving to protect Peter in the Trinity-Sergius Lavra. The second time they proved themselves at the battle of Narva, where they were the only ones who fought to the death. As a result of this battle, the Life Guards were created, which became the basis of the army of the Russian Empire.

Start of conscription in the Russian army

During the northern war, in 1705, Peter issued a decree on the introduction of a recruiting set of soldiers in the Russian army. From that moment, the training of the lower ranks began. Service in the tsarist army was difficult and many wonder how many years they served in the tsarist army?

In those days, the country was constantly at war, for this reason they were drafted into the army for life.

There was no choice for the nobles, they had to serve everything, though in the officer rank, except for the guards regiments. The peasants had to choose whom they would send to serve. Most often, this choice was determined by lot.

The nobles lived in the regimental barracks and received the usual soldier's rations. In the early years of the creation of the state army, the escapes of recruits were frequent, therefore, for reliability, they were shackled with shackles. Later, recruits began to be marked with a tattoo in the form of a cross on the palm. But for good service, Peter generously rewarded his soldiers. A number of bonuses were introduced for participation in significant battles.

Find out: What weapons and equipment are in service in marines RF

Changing the term of military service

Under Peter the Great, they carefully ensured that family ties were not used in the appointment of titles, the title was assigned only thanks to personal merit. Soldiers called up from ordinary peasants had the opportunity to receive a noble rank for serving the Fatherland and pass it on by inheritance.

After the change of Peter's reign, the nobles gradually began to receive the possibility of exemption from military service. At first, one family member had such a right to manage the estate, later the service life was reduced to 25 years.

Under Catherine II, the nobles did not have the opportunity to serve at all. But the bulk of the nobles continued to serve, as it was a good source of income, and not all had estates. In those days, it was possible to pay off the service by paying for an expensive recruiting ticket.

Retirement for retired soldiers

In tsarist times in Russia, soldiers who had already served and were of advanced age were taken care of with reverence. Under Peter the Great, almshouses were created at the monasteries, where they took care of the injured soldiers.

Under Catherine II, the state took over such care. All soldiers received a pension, and if a soldier had an injury, pensions were assigned regardless of how long he had served. When they were transferred to the reserve, they were entitled to a considerable payment, on which they could build an estate, as well as a small monetary allowance in the form of a pension.

Due to the fact that the term of service in the army was reduced, there were many retired officers who were still able to serve. Under Paul, such soldiers were collected in separate companies. These companies served in the protection of prisons, city outposts and other significant objects, they were sent to train young replenishment. After the service, retired soldiers and officers were exempted from paying taxes and had the right to do what they liked.

Find out: What are the degrees of combat readiness of the RF Armed Forces

Private life of soldiers

Soldiers were not forbidden to marry. In addition, the girl, being a serf, became free after marrying a soldier. To accompany the husband, after a certain time, the wives were allowed to settle next to the regiment. Soldiers' children were under the control of the military department almost from birth. Upon reaching a certain age, they were required to study. Regimental schools were created for their education. Through training, they had the opportunity to obtain an officer's rank.

In matters of housing for soldiers, everything was more complicated. At first they stayed with local residents, but later they began to build soldier settlements for soldiers. Each settlement had a church, a hospital and a bathhouse. Barracks began to line up only towards the end of the 18th century.

Organization of the draft principle in the army

In the 19th century, there was a significant revolution in matters of military service. During this century, the service life was reduced to 10 years. Emperor Alexander II carried out a military reform, as a result of which there was a change in recruitment service to a general conscription. The reform affected not only conscription, but also the system of military administration and the system of military educational institutions.

In addition, the development of the military industry and the rearmament of the army were carried out. The whole country was divided into military districts. A central headquarters for command and control of the ground forces was created. The entire male population, aged 21 and over, served in the army.

But too many people were subject to conscription, so not everyone was sent to the service, but only those fit for military service and who would draw lots. Everyone was divided into two groups:

• The first to be drawn by lot were sent to the location of the active army.
• The second to the militia, from which they could be called in case of mobilization.

The call was held once a year in the autumn after the harvest.

Find out: Main Intelligence Directorate of the General Staff of the RF Armed Forces

Army of the early 20th century

At the beginning of the 20th century, the service life was 3 years for infantry and artillery. Served in the Navy for 5 years. After serving in the army, a semi-literate peasant could get decent knowledge and advance in life, and the term of service was not as long as, for example, in the time of Peter the Great. But while serving in the imperial army, an ordinary soldier had some restrictions. He had no right to marry and engage in trading activities. For the duration of the service, the soldier was exempted from paying debts. If he was in debt, you had to wait until he retired from the army.

Military service appeared in our country many centuries ago. A well-organized army existed even in the Muscovite state. The nobles carried out permanent service, and the rest of the population was called up only in cases of special need. Home military force at the turn of the XV-XVI centuries. there was cavalry, and under Ivan the Terrible, infantry began to play an important role in ensuring the country's security. The first permanent foot army was made up of archers.

However, a full-fledged regular army appeared in the Russian state already under Peter I on the basis of a recruitment call, which fell under the peasants, philistines and other taxable estates. Military service was communal and lifelong.

Further serious transformations are associated with the reign of Alexander II. In 1862, he freed the nobility from duty, and later representatives of some other classes: merchants and the clergy. Thus, the basis of the army was made up of peasants and philistines. However, some time later, in 1874, the Russian emperor introduced universal personal service, which was subject to the entire male population of the country who had reached the age of 21. In addition, from that moment on, the call extended to representatives of all nationalities living in Russia.

At the beginning of the XX century. the term of active service in the infantry and foot artillery was 3 years, in other branches of the ground forces - 4 years, in the navy - 5 years. Some categories of citizens were granted benefits. For example, the service life for young people who complete the course educational institution 1st category (as well as 6 classes of the gymnasium) was 2 years old. Completely unable to carry weapons for health reasons, they were completely exempted from service. Some ministers of the church were also exempted from military service.

The conditions for conscription were again tightened after the Bolsheviks came to power. The Decree of 1918 "On compulsory recruitment into the Workers 'and Peasants' Red Army" had a pronounced class character and provided for compulsory military service for workers who had reached the age of 18. Later, in 1930, a new Soviet law was adopted - "On Compulsory Military Service", according to which the defense of the USSR with arms in hand was carried out only by workers. The non-working classes were entrusted with the performance of other duties - the service of the army. Thus, the class approach to the performance of military service duties by citizens was preserved.

4 years after the end of the Great Patriotic War a law was passed according to which the conscription of male citizens was held once a year in November-December. In addition, new terms of service were established in the Armed Forces of the USSR: in the Ground Forces (SV) and Air force(Air Force) - 3 years, in Navy(Navy) - 4. Later, in 1968, the term of military service was reduced to 2 years in the Army and to 3 years in the Navy. Graduates of institutes who did not receive military training served for 1 year. In addition to the autumn draft, the spring draft was also introduced.

In pre-revolutionary Russia:

Until 1874, recruits (peasants and philistines) served in the army. At first, military service was indefinite., from 1793 the service life was reduced to 25 years. Gradually, it decreased - and by the time of the military reform of 1874 it was already 7 years old.

After the reform, recruitment was replaced by universal military duty. The total service life in the ground forces was 15 years (directly in the service - 6 years, and the rest of the time - in reserve), the total service life in the fleet - 10 years (directly in the service - 7 years).

In 1906, the term of active soldier service was reduced to 3 years. Then, in August-December 1914, a general mobilization took place - in connection with the outbreak of the First World War.

After the revolution of 1917 and civil war a new army began to form in the new state.

IN THE USSR:

On the basis of various decrees and resolutions of the Central Executive Committee, the term of service changed several times, until the law on compulsory military service was adopted in 1925.

In the ground forces until the beginning of World War II, it was 2 years. In aviation: from 1925 to 1928 - 3 years, from 1928 to 1939 - 2 years, from 1939 to 1941 - again 3 years. He also varied in the fleet. So, from 1924 to 1928, it was necessary to serve 4 years, from 1928 to 1939 - 3 years, from 1939 - 5 years.

After the Great Patriotic War (with the beginning of which mobilization was again carried out), a new law on universal military duty was adopted already in 1949. In accordance with it, men were drafted into the ground forces and aviation for 3 years, into the navy - for 4 years.

In 1967, a new law on universal conscription was adopted, the service life was reduced and amounted to 2 years for those who were sent to the ground forces and aviation, and 3 years to the navy.

In modern Russia:

In 1993, the normative act that existed in the USSR was canceled - the law of the Russian Federation "On military duty and military service" came into force. Initially, the document reduced the service life to 18 months (i.e. 1.5 years), and in the fleet - to 2 years.

In 1996, in connection with the start of the Chechen campaign, a new law came into force, according to which the duration of service in the army and navy was equal - and amounted to 2 years.
In the early 2000s, preparations began in Russia for the separation of conscription and contract military service, and at the same time to reduce the conscription service from 2 years to 1 year. For the first time that the Russian leadership plans to reduce the term of military service on conscription, Russian President Vladimir Putin announced back in 2002.

The transition took place in stages: for example, young people who went into the army in the fall of 2007 had to serve 1.5 years. And since January 2008, the service life was 12 months - 1 year.

In November 2012, the media, citing the statement of the chairman of the State Duma Committee on Defense, reported that the term of service in the Russian army would be revised again. So, according to the chairman of the committee, Vladimir Komoyedov, the optimal duration of service is one and a half years, and reducing the service to 1 year was a “political decision” and actually has a bad effect on the combat readiness of the army.

A source in the Kremlin almost immediately denied this information, recalling the president's initiative to reduce the deadlines.

Saved

How was the draft into the army Imperial Russia early 20th century. Who was subject to him. Who had conscription benefits, monetary rewards for military personnel. Collection of statistics.

Call once a year - from September 15 or October 1 to November 1 or 15 - depending on the timing of the harvest.

Service life in the ground forces: 3 years in infantry and artillery (except cavalry); 4 years in other branches of the military.

After that, there was an enrollment in the reserve, which was called up only in case of war. The term of the stock is 13-15 years.

In the fleet, military service is 5 years and 5 years in reserve.

Not subject to conscription for military service:

Residents of remote places: Kamchatka, Sakhalin, some areas of the Yakutsk region, Yenisei province, Tomsk, Tobolsk provinces, as well as Finland. Foreigners of Siberia (except Koreans and Bukhtarma), Astrakhan, Arkhangelsk provinces, the Steppe region, the Transcaspian region and the population of Turkestan. They pay a monetary tax instead of military service: some foreigners of the Caucasian region and the Stavropol province (Kurds, Abkhazians, Kalmyks, Nogais, etc.); Finland deducts from the treasury 12 million marks annually. Persons of Jewish nationality are not allowed in the fleet.

Benefits based on marital status:

Not subject to call:

1. The only son in the family.

2. The only son able to work with an incapacitated father or a widowed mother.

3. The only brother with round orphans up to 16 years old.

4. The only grandson with an incapacitated grandmother and grandfather without adult sons.

5. Illegitimate son with the mother (in his care).

6. Lonely widower with children.

Subject to conscription in case of shortage of fit conscripts:

1. The only son capable of work, from an elderly father (50 years old).

2. Following a brother who died or went missing in the service.

3. Following the brother, still serving in the army.

Deferments and benefits for education:

Receive a deferment from the call:

up to 30 years of age, state scholarship holders who are preparing to occupy scientists and educational positions, after which they are completely released;

up to 28 years old students of higher educational institutions with a 5-year course;

up to 27 years in higher education institutions with a 4-year course;

up to 24 years old students of secondary educational institutions;

students of all schools, upon the request and agreement of the ministers;

for 5 years - candidates for Evangelical Lutheran preaching.

(In wartime, persons with the above benefits are taken into service until the end of the course by the Highest permission).

Reduction of active service life:

serve 3 years in the troops of persons with higher, secondary (1 category) and lower (II category) education;

serve 2 years of persons who have passed the exam for an ensign of the reserve in the service;

doctors and pharmacists serve in the ranks for 4 months, and then serve in their specialty for 1 year 8 months

in the fleet, persons with an education of the 11th category (lower educational institutions) serve 2 years and are in the reserve for 7 years.

Benefits based on professional affiliation

Exempt from military service:

• The clergy are Christian, Muslim (muezzins are not younger than 22 years old).


• Scientists (academicians, adjuncts, professors, projectors with assistants, lecturers of oriental languages, associate professors and assistant professors).


• Artists of the Academy of Arts sent abroad for improvement.


• Some officials for the scientific and educational part.

Privileges:

• Teachers and officials in the scientific and educational department serve 2 years, and according to the temporary 5-year position from December 1, 1912 - 1 year.


• Paramedics who graduated from special naval and military schools serve 1.5 years.


• Graduates of schools for soldiers' children of the guard troops serve for 5 years, starting at the age of 18-20.


• Technicians and pyrotechnics of the artillery department serve after graduating from an educational institution for 4 years.


• Freelance sailors are given a delay until the end of the contract (no more than a year).


• Voluntarily, from the age of 17, volunteers with higher and secondary education are recruited into the service. Service life - 2 years.

Those who passed the service exam for the rank of reserve officer serve 1.5 years.

Volunteered in the fleet - only with higher education - service life is 2 years.

Persons who do not have the above education can enter the service voluntarily without drawing lots, the so-called. hunters. They serve on a common basis.

Military service of the Cossacks

(The Don army was taken as a model, other Cossack troops are serving their service in relation to their traditions).

All men are required to serve without ransom and replacement on their horses with their equipment.

The whole army gives servicemen and militias. Servicemen are divided into 3 categories: 1 preparatory (20-21 years old) undergoes military training. II combatant (21-33 years old) directly serves. III reserve (33-38 years old) deploys an army for the war and replenishes the losses. During the war, everyone serves without regard to ranks.

Militia - all capable of service, but not included in the service, form special units.

Cossacks have benefits: by marital status (1 worker in the family, 2 or more family members are already serving); on property (fire victims who became impoverished for no reason); by education (depending on education, they serve from 1 to 3 years in the ranks).

2. The composition of the land army

All ground forces are divided into regular, Cossack, militia and militia. - The militia is formed from volunteers (mainly foreigners) as needed in peacetime and wartime.

By branch, the troops consist of:

• infantry


• cavalry


• artillery


• technical troops (engineering, railway, aeronautical);


• moreover, auxiliary units (border guards, transport, disciplinary units, etc.).



The infantry is subdivided into guards, grenadiers and army. The division consists of 2 brigades, 2 regiments in the brigade. An infantry regiment consists of 4 battalions (some of 2). The battalion consists of 4 companies.

In addition, the regiments have machine gun teams, communications teams, mounted orderlies and scouts.

The total strength of the regiment in peacetime is about 1900 people.

Guards regular regiments - 10

In addition, 3 Guards Cossack regiments.



• b) the cavalry is subdivided into guards and army.


• 
  
  • 4 - cuirassier
  
  
  • 1 - dragoon
  
  
  • 1 - equestrian grenadier
  
  
  • 2 - uhlan
  
  
  • 2 - hussars
  
  





• An army cavalry division consists of; from 1 dragoon, 1 uhlan, 1 hussar, 1 cossack regiment.

  Guards cuirassier regiments consist of 4 squadrons, the rest are army and guards regiments- from 6 squadrons, each of which has 4 platoons. The composition of the cavalry regiment: 1000 lower ranks with 900 horses, not counting officers. In addition to the Cossack regiments included in regular divisions, special Cossack divisions and brigades.

  
  

  3. Fleet Composition

  All ships are divided into 15 classes:

  1. Battleships.

  2. Armored cruisers.

  3. Cruisers.

  4. Destroyers.

  5. Destroyers.

  6. Minoski.

  7. Minelayers.

  8. Submarines.

  9. Gunboats.

  10. River gunboats.

  11. Transports.

  12. Messenger ships.

  14. Training ships.

  15. Port ships.

  
  

Source: Suvorin's Russian calendar for 1914. SPb., 1914. P. 331.

The composition of the Russian army in April 1912 by type of troops and services of the department (by state / by lists)

Source:Military Statistical Yearbook of the Army for 1912. St. Petersburg, 1914. S. 26, 27, 54, 55.

The composition of army officers by education, marital status, class, age, as of April 1912

Source: Military Statistical Yearbook of the Army for 1912. SPb., 1914. S.228-230.

The composition of the lower ranks of the army by education, marital status, class, nationality and occupation before entering military service

Source:Military Statistical Yearbook for 1912. SPb., 1914. S.372-375.

Monetary allowance of officers and ranks of the military clergy (rubles per year)

(1) - Reinforced salaries were appointed in remote districts, in academies, officer schools, in aeronautical troops.

(2)- No deductions were made from the extra money.

(3) - Additional money was issued to headquarters officers in such a way that the total amount of salaries, canteens and additional money did not exceed 2520 rubles for colonels, 2400 rubles for lieutenant colonels. in year.

(4) - In the guard, captains, staff captains, lieutenants received a salary 1 step higher.

(5) - The military clergy received an increase in salary of 1/4 of the salary for 10 and 20 years of service.

Officers were issued upon transfer to a new duty station and on business trips, the so-called. running money for hiring horses.

When in various types business trips outside the limit of the part are issued per diem and portion money.

Table money, unlike salaries and additional money, was assigned to officers not by rank, but depending on the position:

• corps commanders - 5700 rubles.


• chiefs of infantry and cavalry divisions - 4200 rubles.


• bosses separate brigades- 3300 rubles.


• commanders of non-separate brigades and regiments - 2700 rubles.


• commanders of individual battalions and artillery divisions - 1056 rubles.


• commanders of field gendarmerie squadrons - 1020 rubles.


• battery commanders - 900 rubles.


• commanders of non-separate battalions, chiefs of the economic unit in the troops, assistants to cavalry regiments - 660 rubles.


• junior staff officers of the artillery brigade, company commanders of the fortress and siege artillery - 600 rubles.


• commanders of individual sapper companies and commanders of individual hundreds - 480 rubles.


• company, squadron and hundred commanders, heads of training teams - 360 rubles.


• senior officers (one at a time) in batteries - 300 rubles.


• senior officers (except one) in artillery batteries in companies, heads of machine-gun teams - 180 rubles.


• official officers in the troops - 96 rubles.

Deductions were made from salaries and table money:

• 1% for hospital

• 1.5% for medicines (regimental pharmacy)

• 1% of canteens

• 1% of salary

into pension capital

• 6% - to the emerital fund (for additions to pensions)

• 1% of table money in disabled capital.

When awarding orders, an amount is paid in the amount of:

• St. Stanislaus 3 tbsp. - 15 rubles, 2 tbsp. - 30 rubles; 1 st. — 120.


• St. Anne 3 tbsp. - 20 rubles; 2 tbsp. - 35 rubles; 1 st. - 150 rubles.


• St. Vladimir 4 tbsp. - 40 rubles; 3 art. - 45 rubles; 2 tbsp. - 225 rubles; 1 st. - 450 rubles.


• White Eagle - 300 rubles.


• St. Alexander Nevsky - 400 rubles.


• St. Andrew the First-Called - 500 rubles.

For other orders, no deductions are made.

The money went into the order capital of each order and was used to help the knights of this order.

The officers were given housing money, money for the maintenance of stables, as well as money for heating and lighting apartments, depending on the location of the military unit.

The settlements of European Russia and Siberia (1) are divided into 9 categories depending on the cost of housing and fuel in them. The difference in payment for apartments and fuel prices between settlements of the 1st category (Moscow, St. Petersburg, Kyiv, Odessa, etc.) and 9th category. (small settlements) was 200% (4 times).

Soldiers taken prisoner and who were not in the service of the enemy, upon returning from captivity, receive a salary for all the time spent in captivity, except for table money. The family of a prisoner has the right to receive half of his salary, and is also supplied with apartment money, and if anyone was supposed to, an allowance for hiring servants.

Officers serving in remote areas are entitled to an increase in salary, depending on the length of service in these areas, for every 5 years 20-25% (depending on the place), and for every 10 years a one-time allowance.