Much of the destruction from nuclear explosion obtained from a shock wave rushing at supersonic speed (in the atmosphere - more than 350 m / s). While no one saw, we took the W88 thermonuclear warhead with a yield of 475 kilotons, which is in service with the United States, and found out that when it explodes within a radius of 3 km from the epicenter, there will be absolutely nothing and no one left; at a distance of 4 km, the buildings will be thoroughly destroyed, and at a distance of 5 km and further, the destruction will be medium and weak. The chances of survival will appear only if you are at least 5 km from the epicenter (and then if you have time to hide in the basement).
light emission
Causes ignition of combustible materials. But even when you are far from gas stations and warehouses with Moment, you risk getting burns and eye damage. Therefore, hide behind some obstacle like a huge stone block, cover your head with a sheet of metal or other non-combustible thing and close your eyes. After exploding W88 at a distance of 5 km, you may not be killed by the shock wave, but the light beam can cause second-degree burns. These are the ones with nasty blisters on the skin. At a distance of 6 km there is a risk of getting first-degree burns: redness, swelling, swelling of the skin - in a word, nothing serious. But the most pleasant thing will happen if you manage to be 7 km from the epicenter: an even tan is guaranteed.
electromagnetic pulse
If you are not a cyborg, the impulse is not terrible for you: it disables only electrical and electronic equipment. Just know that if a mushroom cloud appears on the horizon, it is useless to take a selfie in front of it. The range of the pulse depends on the height of the explosion and the environment and ranges from 3 to 115 km.
penetrating radiation
Despite such a terrible name, the thing is cheerful and harmless. It destroys all living things only within a radius of 2-3 km from the epicenter, where you will be killed anyway by a shock wave.
how to survive after nuclear warNuclear war is not a scenario that most people seek to live through. In the 1960s, the Cuban Missile Crisis pushed us to a dangerous edge, but humanity still hasn't been "lucky enough" to experience an event that would bring about its potential extinction.
Nuclear winter is itself a theoretical assumption; scientists believe that in the event of a nuclear war, a huge amount of soot would be released into the stratosphere and spread by winds across the planet, blocking the sun and causing temperatures to drop. The plants will wither and die, then the turn of the animals will follow. The collapse of the food chain will lead to the extinction of the human race.
Nuclear winter can last for years or even decades, and while it lasts, people who survived a nuclear war will not be able to restore civilization. The only way to ensure the survival of the human race is to follow the advice for surviving a nuclear winter.
10. Live in countryside
This may sound like useless advice, but the question of who survives the first nuclear explosions will be decided by no more than geographic location. Estimates made in the 1960s indicated that Russia was launching a devastating attack on the United States in which 100-150 million people would be killed by the first explosions - more than two-thirds of the population at that time. Major cities will be completely inaccessible as a result of the explosion and the radiation that will accompany the explosions. In general, if you live in a city, you are almost certainly doomed, but if you live in a rural area, you have a moderate chance of survival.
9. Renounce religious beliefs
This advice (and portrayal) may be somewhat controversial, but there are many good reasons why religious beliefs can hinder the efforts of survivors of a potential nuclear war. First of all, going to church on Sundays is not the number one priority after a nuclear disaster. But seriously, in order to survive, you may have to perform actions that are unthinkable for many religious (or simply highly moral) individuals (see #8). The thinking of the survivors must be decidedly "Machiavellian": the whole world is open to us; questions of morality are secondary to the question of survival at all costs.
If your religion forbids you from eating certain foods, you must forgo such dietary commitments and eat what you can find. Perhaps the realization that God (or any other deity) could prevent the collapse of civilization, if he/she really exists, will help you to give up your faith.
8. Kill/Release Pets
So, you survived the initial explosion, and now you are an atheist living in the countryside. What's next? Let's think about your pets. Pets need food, water and care - and don't get too fond of them during a nuclear winter. You won't live long if you share every bite of food with Rex.
Those heartless people who may be thinking of killing and eating their pet(s), be aware that food will be extremely scarce. Most people (hopefully) find these thoughts disgusting and will simply release their beloved animal into the wild. But in all seriousness, nuclear winter survivors, give up all hope of saving your goldfish. Small animals can simply be destroyed without even trying to eat - this, at least, will save them from starvation in the future.
7. Take cover
A moment of science: in the case of several nuclear explosions in major cities, huge amounts of soot and thick smoke from the fires will rise into the stratosphere, preventing sunlight from reaching much of the Earth's surface for years or even decades.
The surface temperature will decrease sharply, and near-zero values will persist indefinitely. In other words, the need for warm clothing can't be ignored - so you can start packing up warmer items if you haven't already. Unfortunately, permanent freezing is not the crown of your worries, scientists assume that there will be massive destruction of the ozone layer, that is, a huge amount of ultraviolet radiation will leak onto the surface of the planet, which leads to death from skin cancer. You can reduce this effect by avoiding sleeping outdoors and always wear some sort of head covering to protect your face from the cold and harmful UV rays.
6. Arm yourself
If you live in a country where guns are readily available and legal, it won't be too hard for you to arm yourself against robbers or would-be cannibals. Desperate conditions may cause many survivors to steal food from other survivors in order to prevent starvation. Robbery of a local store with a handgun is a perfectly viable option for those in America (or any other country with no significant gun control) - but care must be taken to ensure that the gun is not drawn by the store owner. Otherwise, you can save a knife for protection. For several months after the initial explosions, hunting will still be possible, as the animals are not yet extinct. If possible, stock up on meat early on.
5. Learn to recognize cannibals
When all the big meaty animals die out after a nuclear war, it will be inevitable that humans will resort to cannibalism to survive. In fact, you may consider cannibalizing yourself at some point when you are starving and find a useful corpse in your area.
As for other survivors: they will either try to help you or try to eat you, of course, it is important to distinguish between these two reasons. People who eat human meat tend to suffer from Kuru symptoms; pollution of the brain, which leads to very noticeable consequences. For example, if a person is walking towards you, swaying from side to side, and is struggling to walk in a straight line, then it is better to run away, as he is either drunk or has Kuru symptoms. Other symptoms include uncontrollable shaking and eerie outbursts of laughter in inappropriate situations. Kuru is an incurable disease and death usually occurs within a year of infection, so don't eat human flesh - no matter the nuclear winter!
4. Travel alone
Introverts will thrive in a post-apocalyptic setting, at least compared to those who instinctively reach for cell phones when alone. Having a family - especially if it includes children - is not a very smart move, given the lack of food. Ignore the 'thugs' or 'raiders' gang clichés that Hollywood feeds us in movies like The Road and The Book of Eli. In reality, such groups will never be able to find enough food to sustain themselves in the long run. This does not mean that you should leave (or eat) your family. Simply looking for a large group is not a good option for those who want to avoid starvation.
3. Eat insects
The drastic reduction in sunlight and rainfall during a nuclear winter will make growth impossible and kill most of the plant life on Earth, many animals in turn will quickly die out from lack of food. For this reason, small insects such as ants, crickets, wasps, grasshoppers and beetles are among the creatures that are likely to survive in the long run. They will also be fantastic sources of protein for maintaining muscle mass: Grasshoppers have the highest percentage of protein: 20g for every 100g of body weight. Crickets are rich in iron and zinc, and ants are excellent sources of calcium. Granted, insects aren't as tasty as a bucket of fried chicken (though you don't know for sure), but they are at least preferable to starvation.
2. Take out the trash
Perhaps this is not the most pleasant activity in a post-apocalyptic time. Who wouldn't want to be able to roam the mall stealing any item they want without experiencing legal retribution? However, don't get too excited: looting cash registers will become a pointless exercise with the collapse of civilization. Instead, it's better to focus on hacking food and drink vending machines. If you're hungry, try emptying trash cans for leftovers or looking for canned goods that have an indefinite shelf life. It's also easy enough to find clothes to keep warm, and if your country doesn't have gun control, you can find guns to protect yourself.
1. Avoid the pollution area
The photo above shows the ghost town of Pripyat, the site of the 1986 accident on Chernobyl nuclear power plant. Due to massive radioactive contamination caused by an explosion at a nuclear power plant, the city was evacuated. The disaster caused 31 immediate deaths from radiation poisoning and several hundred more from various kinds cancer afterwards. Today the city is uninhabitable. Radiation levels are too high to sustain life safely. After a nuclear disaster, radiation levels are likely to be much higher. Everyone who is inside major cities who will bomb will quickly receive a dose of radioactive poisoning and will soon die.
We all live in difficult period of history. The situation in the world is far from stable, and threat of nuclear conflict though not great, but invisibly hovering in the air.
In the first part of our material, we analyzed in detail why this particular country can become a catalyst for nuclear Armageddon.
The second part will be devoted to those things and activities that you need to have with you and complete in the event of a real nuclear conflict.
Start.
First of all, it should be remembered that at the beginning warnings about the use of nuclear weapons by the enemy(this can be television, radio, the sounds of the siren of the civil defense and emergency services) you have no more than 5-10 minutes to get to the hideout.
Depending on the distance from the epicenter of the explosion and the power of the used weapons of destruction, the danger to humans will decrease. So within a radius of 4 km from the point of detonation there will be a complete defeat of all living and non-living. Within a radius of 8 km- almost 100% destruction, the probability of survival is minimal. 15 km– medium damage, good chance of survival. 15-30 km– minor damage, the risk of death is minimal. The most dangerous in this case are secondary factors of damage. nuclear weapons- radiation, toxic precipitation at a distance of more than 20 km (depending on weather conditions). Other damage factors - shock wave, light radiation, electromagnetic pulse (EMP).
In the case of being in an open area during a nuclear strike need to protect the respiratory system. For this, a gas mask, a special respirator or (in extreme cases) fabric bandages are suitable. The ideal option at the time of a nuclear strike would be in a bomb shelter or basement of a "capital" house. The probability of survival there is much higher than in open areas.
If an alarm is triggered in the city, you should immediately proceed to the nearest shelter, the location of which will be notified accordingly. If the alarm does not stop after the first strike, then the risk of its repetition is high. You are unlikely to be able to use the phone, the network will be heavily overloaded, and after the occurrence of EMR, its work will be paralyzed. For residents of large cities additional the nearest metro stations can become a shelter. Especially deep-seated, as, for example, in Moscow.
If the alarm caught you in an apartment or office and there is no time to quickly get to a specialized shelter, it is necessary to secure your location as much as possible. Close all entrances and exits, plug the gaps in doorways and windows, use furniture and improvised means to strengthen walls and doors from shock waves.
Evacuation.
At the beginning of a mass evacuation or you yourself decided to leave the city, you must have at hand minimum set of things and food– wearable supply, based on your physical abilities and members of your family.
What you need to have on hand:
— maps and compass(GPS, GLONASS, cellular network and alternatives navigation will stop working);
— knife and ax(this is not only a necessary tool, but also a means of self-defense);
— canned food and cereals(rice is stored longer than buckwheat, and sweets and flour products will quickly become unusable);
— first aid kit(if you need to take specialized drugs, you should stock up on them in advance and in sufficient quantities, iodine, and more, it will also not be superfluous to put it);
— matches and candles;
— fabric and bags(fabric can be used as a dressing, and bags are needed to put garbage in them, which will be in excess during a long stay in the shelter);
— mechanical watches;
— flashlight and batteries;
— documentation identity cards (for yourself and family members);
— soap(unsanitary conditions and the troubles that arise with it can be worse than what is happening outside the safe zone);
— drinking water(A person can survive much longer without food than without water; an adult needs at least 2.5 liters of water per day, nursing mothers and children up to 3.5 liters).
This list is presented only with the most necessary things that do not hurt to have on hand in case of a complication of the situation.
Hygiene and medicine.
Water is your main ally. It not only supports life in the body, but also useful for washing wounds and personal hygiene.
If it is not possible to throw garbage out into the street, then it must be stored away from everyone, in boxes, buckets or bags. Maintaining cleanliness in the new "dwelling" plays an important role in the conditions of nuclear war and its damaging factors. In the absence of electricity and saving water - a broom to help.
The presence of medical knowledge and skills will be very useful when you are away from medical facilities. At least one person in the family must be able to render medical care , know the indications for the use of medicines and methods of treating wounds.
How to act.
In conditions of disorganization, it will become important for you knowledge state strategy and action plan to ensure the safety of the population in a nuclear war. If you do not have such knowledge, you must work out your plan and provide for any scenarios in it. From the most negative to the most favorable, as well as your response in the event of certain circumstances.
After some time, you decide get to the surface. The first days after a nuclear explosion are the most dangerous for humans. If the shelter is secure and there are enough supplies, then you need to stay in the shelter as long as possible.
Coming to the surface, beware of wind and precipitation coming from the side of impact, protect your respiratory organs and move towards filtration points outside the city where help awaits you.
We hope for the best, prepare for the worst.
IN last days everyone is just discussing whether the third world war between the USA and Russia will begin or not. In the media and social networks, you constantly come across materials about the coming "nuclear apocalypse", which in turn provokes attacks of fear and hysteria in many. Over the past years, we have already managed to forget the warning signals, and the younger generation knows about the threat only from computer games. Life tells what to do if a mushroom cloud appears on the horizon.
Outside, of course not. Caribbean crisis, but the degree of paranoia in the air rose sharply. And although no one promises to turn other countries into "nuclear ashes", there are still enough reasons. The last of these is the US threat to launch a missile attack on Syria.
The nuclear threat has already been erased from people's memory. It is unlikely that anyone will now name what one long beep and two short ones mean, or quickly answer where the nearest bomb shelter is. A nuclear mushroom on the horizon has become something like a zombie apocalypse - pure fantasy from books about stalkers and the third world war. We imagined how a reader of such literature would survive after a real nuclear strike.
First day
The threat of nuclear war was a tempting prospect for me. "Battles with marauders", "survival in radioactive forests", "collisions with mutants" - it sounded even cooler than "zombie apocalypse". I surfed the Web, found out that if something happened, Washington would start bombing cities at six o'clock in the evening, and read what products to take. I went to the dacha and took grandfather's cartridges - in the event of an apocalypse, they will become the most valuable resource. In addition, I bought a gun through an anonymous browser. In addition, I bought a used car so that I could drive into the forest after the explosion.
Valuable Tips:
- The need to take weapons and ammunition with you is one of the most common myths about a nuclear apocalypse. Marauders and even more so mutants are nothing more than a figment of the imagination of writers. If you take weapons and ammunition with you, then you will have to part with them at the first checkpoint.
- Instead of stuffing your backpack with pasta, pack as much medicine as you can. You will need antibiotics, insulin, and a variety of wound care products. Please note: you will not get really effective anti-radiation agents in advance. Drinking iodine, as most guides advise, is also not worth it, except for complacency.
Second day
Frame from the film "The Book of Eli" / © Kinopoisk
A huge nuclear mushroom appeared on the horizon. I admired it from the window of my house, then quickly grabbed my backpack and went down to the garage. I turned on the car and drove into the forests - to survive.
Valuable Tips:
- You hardly need transportation. And in the forest you will definitely not hide from the explosion (and subsequent radioactive fallout). If after the explosion you find yourself far from the affected area, then the car, of course, will help. However, a pre-prepared car in the garage of your home is not the most useful thing. In the first hours after the explosion, it is better to sit at home. If the glasses survived, then just hang out a signal for help and wait. You need to wait somewhere for three days - during this time the radioactive background will significantly decrease.
- The walls of the house are good at weakening radiation pollution. Prepare the most closed clothing and try to assess the situation. Don't panic. Turn on the TV and try to understand what happened - an explosion at a nuclear power plant, a terrorist attack, or a third World War. After that, wait for the rescuers or the military. Only they really know what to do. Memos that have been roaming the Web for decades, and guides from stalker forums, are best not to believe. Only the military has real manuals, and they are unsuitable for civilians.
- It is better not to stare at the "mushroom" - you can earn a retinal burn.
- Don't really count on mobile communications - if the third world war starts, then most likely there will be no access to it.
Frame from the film "Road" / © Kinopoisk
Valuable Tips:
- Not all metro stations are suitable. You want deep stations that have sliding doors and good ventilation. Among the deep stations, one can note "Admiralteyskaya" in St. Petersburg and the station "Park Pobedy" in Moscow. The subway can indeed be more useful than the bomb shelter, as it is regularly inspected. But it is also not recommended to sit in the subway for a long time. When the background subsides, try to leave the affected area. At the same time, it is better to move underground - reduce your stay on the surface to a minimum.
- Once again: no need to go anywhere or run away. Try to figure out which blast zone you are in.
Frame from the film "Road" / © Kinopoisk
Valuable Tips:
- Don't expect your life in a bomb shelter to be filled with drama. Kitchen, toilet, bedroom - that's your itinerary for the next couple of weeks.
- The main entertainment is, of course, information from the outside. Bomb shelters are equipped (if you're lucky) with points of contact.
- Despite the nervous situation, it is better not to run around the bomb shelter, so as not to increase the production of carbon dioxide.
Frame from the film "Road" / © Kinopoisk
Day ten
We went up to the surface for the first time. Now the adventures should definitely begin: searching for food, hunting, fighting marauders.
- If you still have to look for food, then do it as far as possible from the affected area. We are talking about 100 kilometers from the epicenter of a nuclear explosion. Forget about hunting cats and dogs - the simpler the food, the less nuclides it contains. Therefore, it is better to do with plant foods. But in general, of course, it is wiser not to get food, but to eat exclusively canned food.
- Better to stay with the military as long as possible. The military will collect buses for emergency evacuation of people. After being transferred to the campground, you will need to change clothes and undergo decontamination. If the dose of radiation received is too high, you will be sent to the hospital. In addition, you need to get anti-radiation products.
- In the event of the start of a third world war, they will come for you from the military registration and enlistment office. The rest will wait for the transfer to the rear.
- In the event of a single explosion, you will be transferred to children's camps and rest homes for temporary accommodation.
"In case of nuclear war". (Memo on the signal "Atom"). Instruction: how to survive during a nuclear explosion
FOR RUSSIA:
Alert signals adopted in the Russian Federation: The main alert signal "ATTENTION TO ALL" - an intermittent sound signal is given using sirens, factory beeps, railway and vehicle signals.
The signal "AIR ALARM" - is announced in the event of an immediate danger of an enemy air attack and means that an enemy strike may follow in the very near future.
The signal is given for 2-3 minutes by a prolonged howl of electric sirens. The signals alternate with multiple repetitions on the radio and TV of the text: "Attention, citizens! Air Raid". If the threat has passed - the "CLEAR AIR ALARM" is given.
The signal "RADIATION HAZARD" is given to warn the population about the need to take measures to protect against radioactive substances. All local technical means communications and alerts.
The CHEMICAL ALARM signal is transmitted to warn the population about the urgent need to take protective measures against poisonous substances (S) and bacterial agents (BS). Next, specific recommendations are made on the actions of the population, taking into account the type of OV or BS.
The signal is duplicated by the supply of installed sound and light signals. On this moment warning signals are exhausted by the signal "ATTENTION TO ALL" - followed by speech information on the main channels of television and radio broadcasting, as well as broadcasting through loudspeakers from special vehicles.
Actions on the situation "Nuclear alert"
Headquarters of the Civil Defense of Moscow Departments of the Ministry of Emergency Situations Management of fire, emergency, rescue and medical services.
1. Preliminary information.
1.1. The most probable time for a nuclear strike on Moscow is around 18:00 Moscow time. This is because:
a) 10 a.m. Washington time makes it possible to prepare and carry out a strike during the working morning of the relevant law enforcement agencies, without drawing prematurely increased attention of our intelligence to the activity of the agencies of a possible enemy during non-working hours;
b) all types of urban and long-distance communications are overloaded at the end of the working day, and coordination of emergency defensive measures is difficult;
c) the attention of the duty services at this particular time is reduced;
d) a significant part of the population is on the road between places of work and residence, which further complicates the coordination of measures and actions;
e) transport arteries are paralyzed by traffic jams, and the population located in them is primarily unprotected from damaging factors.
1.2. The most likely yield of a thermonuclear weapon is between 2 and 10 megatons. The superpower of the ammunition is limited by the capabilities of the delivery vehicles and is due to the large area of the Moscow metropolis, the concentration of central reconnaissance and defense units and enterprises in it, and along its perimeter - the belt of missile and aviation cover systems, but first of all - the high security of the shelters of the presidential and government apparatus and management services Ministry of Defense being the main target.
1.3. The most probable time from the moment of the warning signal "Nuclear alert!" until the moment of the striking blow:
a) about 14 minutes when launching ground-based launch vehicles from the territory of the American continent;
b) about 7 minutes when launching rocket carriers from submarine-based missile carriers occupying positions in the North Atlantic and North Arctic Ocean. This corresponds to the flight time of ballistic missiles moving in above atmospheric space along ballistic trajectories at a speed of the order of the first space velocity, i.e., 7.9 km/sec, or approx. 28,000 km/h. In practice, in combat conditions, it is possible to foresee some failures and communication delays, which can actually reduce the notification time to several minutes.
3. Persons provided with shelters according to their official position immediately begin to act according to the evacuation plan in case of an atomic alarm under the guidance of civil defense representatives, or building commandants, or team leaders, or independently. It is necessary to act without panic, in an organized manner, without the slightest delay. Any manifestations of panic must be immediately suppressed by any possible means, up to the use of force and weapons. Not more than 6 minutes later (or earlier on the order of the senior in the shelter, who made sure that there are assigned groups in the shelter in in full force) after the first warning signal, all entrances to the shelter must be blocked and blocked according to the combat mode, regardless of the cases of those who did not have time to hide in them and the number of those remaining outside. Attempts to prevent the closure of the entrances by any person, without exception, must be immediately suppressed by any means, up to the use of weapons.
4. At the signal "Nuclear alert!" persons not provided with asylums act independently depending on where they are currently located, without delay and panic, taking all necessary measures for protection and hiding from factors nuclear destruction. One should act calmly, competently, assessing the specific conditions of one's place of residence, inducing others to follow their example and instilling confidence in them by voice and action. First of all, it is necessary to take care of the safety of children and women, as well as the elderly.
4.1. If the house has a basement, you should hide in the basement. The cracks in the doors must be plugged with any cloth, it can be wetted. It is useful to take a small supply of drinking water with you.
4.2. While in a building, it is better to hide in a closed room - an internal corridor, a bathroom, a pantry - which is separated from the outer walls by an additional partition and has no windows. It is also useful to plug door cracks and stock up on water.
4.3. In a room with a window, lie on the floor with your feet against the outside wall, covering your head with your hands. Choose a location at the bottom or side of a window so that the light falls on you as little as possible. It is better to hide from the light behind a heavy object - a wardrobe, a sofa, a table.
4.4. Those on the streets should immediately take shelter in buildings, at least in their entrances, or use other natural shelters, which include:
a) the subway is the best of all possible shelters;
b) any basements, boiler rooms, underground garages;
c) sewer wells and tunnels of any underground routes;
d) foundations and lower premises of new buildings;
e) underground passages and car tunnels;
f) warehouses, underground toilets, etc.
4.5. Being in public land transport, you should immediately leave it and take cover (see above). ….
….4.9. All entrances to the subway are closed immediately upon a warning signal. Any manifestations of panic among the population or attempts to counteract the immediate closure of the entrances are immediately suppressed by the employees of the station pickets of the police with appropriate means, up to the use of weapons to kill. However:
a) all escalators are switched to descend; after all citizens descend to the station platforms, all escalators stop;
b) the station staff switches the power supply of all equipment to emergency in the economy mode;
c) trains do not depart from stations; trains located in tunnels on hauls continue to move to the nearest station and remain at it or within the limits of possible proximity;
d) trains that are on hauls in open space must reach the entrances to the tunnels and, if possible, go deep into them.
5. In clear, cloudless weather during daylight hours, the approach of a descending warhead can be determined by a white contrail, similar to a trace from an aircraft at a higher altitude, arcing downward from the upper atmosphere towards the center of Moscow at high speed.
Remember: the sound of an approaching and descending warhead will not be heard due to its supersonic speed.
6. With the accuracy of modern guidance means, the epicenter of the explosion will be located within the Boulevard Ring, focusing on the Kremlin-Lubyanka-Arbat area.
7. A ground explosion should be expected in Moscow. This somewhat reduces the radius of the general damage compared to an above-ground explosion, but increases the strength of the seismic wave, which leads to ground movements of the type of tectonic disturbances of a nature similar to an earthquake of high power in the upper layers, leading to crushing and destruction of even significantly buried shelters of an increased degree of strength in the radius ten to fifteen kilometers.
8. Thermal damaging factor.
8.1. At the epicenter of the explosion, a light flash appears, the brightness of which is many times greater than the observed sunlight. Within 0.03-0.04 sec. the flash is formed into a dazzling luminous sphere 1.5-2 km in diameter, with a temperature of 10-20 million "C. It covers the center of the city within the radius of the Boulevard Ring - the Kremlin - Polyanka, and everything entering this space instantly ceases to exist, turning into a plasma state.
8.2. Within a radius of 3-4 km, all objects of organic origin that are directly exposed to the direct thermal radiation of the explosion (uncovered people, animals, plants, wooden parts of buildings facing the explosion) instantly evaporate and incinerate.
Asphalt road surfaces, metal fences, roofs and parts of building structures, concrete and brick walls, including those with stone and ceramic cladding, both open to direct thermal radiation of the explosion and covered to a depth of several meters, melt, evaporate, instantly burn out. . All substances, both organic covered and inorganic heat-resistant, within the radius of the Garden Ring, immediately after the moment of explosion, burn out within a few seconds with a temperature of tens of thousands of degrees.
8.3. Within a radius of 20-25 km, all wooden, plastic, painted surfaces, plants facing the direction of the explosion and accessible to direct thermal radiation flare up, metal roofs burn through, concrete, brick, glass, metal, stone are melted; window frames burn, glass evaporates, wires melt, asphalt catches fire. The active fire zone instantly covers the city within the limits of the Moscow Ring Road. Outside the Moscow Ring Road there is a ring forest fire.
Completely built-up areas and forest park zones ignite. Reservoirs of the Moscow River and Yauza evaporate, the top layer boils Khimki reservoir. Remember: direct radiant heat exposure lasts from fractions of a second to several seconds and even up to several tens of seconds, depending on the power of the explosion, and spreads only in a straight line, that is, any obstacle between you and the explosion, in the shadow of which you find yourself, can save your life in a situation of sufficient distance from the epicenter of the explosion.
9. The damaging factor of the shock wave.
9.1. The action of the air shock wave begins immediately at the moment of the explosion and follows the thermal radiation, however, lagging behind its instantaneous effect as the distance from the epicenter of the explosion is farther, the longer the period of time. In the second affected zone, the speed of the air shock wave reaches 1-5 thousand m/s, i.e. everything in this zone, moreover, already exposed to heat, is blown away by a powerful explosion in the direction from the epicenter to the periphery, turning into a leveled surface of crushed debris burning at high temperatures (the so-called blowing off of the landscape). Crushed burning fragments of substances located between the radii of the Boulevard and Garden Rings are ejected by a shock wave along an expanding concentric circle into zone three.
9.2. In the third zone, i.e. within Moscow inside the Moscow Ring Road, the shock wave speed decreases somewhat, especially at the very surface, but continues to remain above supersonic, i.e. up to 300-500 m / s at the border of the Moscow Ring Road, which causes instantaneous destruction all ground structures, both high-rise and low-rise. The red-hot and burning parts of the surfaces facing the epicenter, mixing with other materials during demolition, give the so-called. fire carpet with a temperature that ensures the combustion of metals and the melting of ceramics. During the passage of the shock wave, individual parts and parts move in the air at speeds of the order of artillery shells, aggravating the process of destruction of everything that rises above the surface. All plantings break out, water from all reservoirs is squeezed out.
9.3. The nearest forests outside the Moscow Ring Road, settlements and airports are also subject to total or predominant destruction, partial or total destruction and burning.
9.4. Within the entire affected area, an area of sharply reduced atmospheric pressure due to both the burning of oxygen in the air and the concentric expansion of air masses. As a result, soon after the passage of the shock wave, a reverse shock wave appears, directed towards the epicenter. It is characterized by a much lower speed, commensurate with the speed of an ordinary hurricane, but it brings masses of fresh oxygen to the entire area of fire, which creates the effect of bellows, creating the so-called. firestorm over the entire affected area. The zone within the Moscow Ring Road is likened to a leveled surface of hot coals in a furnace.
10. The seismic impact of a ground explosion causes an earthquake effect with compaction and displacement of the surface layers. All underground structures subway within circle line and the stations closest to it are destroyed and completely collapsed. All bomb shelters within the Garden Ring are completely destroyed. All basements within the Moscow Ring Road are completely destroyed. All sewerage and ventilation underground structures in the space of Prospekt Mira, the Zoo, Serpukhovskaya, Ilyich Square are crushed, destroyed and collapsed. All entrances and exits from the metro, ventilation shafts, emergency and service exits are filled up, or crushed, or completely blocked by a layer of hot mass on the surface.
11. The external picture of the explosion looks normal and characteristic of a thermonuclear explosion of high power. The white plasma sphere, which covers the center of Moscow like a two-kilometer dome and is four times higher than the Ostankino television tower, after a few seconds begins to fade, twitch with a crimson smoky veil and separates from the surface, floating up.
The burning city lies in all directions, like a circle of dominoes, is covered with swirling smoke, and streams of smoke and fire rush from the periphery of the circle of the Moscow Ring Road to the rising sphere, forming a characteristic mushroom stem that expands below to the limits of the affected area, narrowing at the top to a sphere that is shrouded in a cloud mushroom caps. The swirling smoke at the foot of the mushroom reaches a kilometer height, the diameter of the stem narrows to eight hundred thousand meters under the hat. The mushroom continues to rise, and although the rise looks slow due to its gigantic size, after three to five minutes it reaches a height of 25-35 km. With a high-power explosion, this picture can stand for up to several hours.
12. The fire itself, which makes it impossible to start any kind of rescue work, can continue, taking into account the affected area of the Moscow metropolis, up to several days.
13. The high radiation background will not allow to start any rescue work in the metropolis earlier than in 15-20 days, with the exception of special operations of special importance. Carrying out any rescue operations should be considered appropriate in an area no closer than 5-10 km behind the MKAD line.
14. The funnel at the epicenter of the explosion is a crater about 2 km in diameter and up to 200-300 m deep in the center. Its surface is a vitreous mass up to 10-12 m thick.
The second affected area is a relatively flat surface covered with a layer of vitreous sintered mass 0.3-0.9 m thick.
The third lesion zone is a bumpy surface, largely covered with a vitreous sintered mass with a thickness of several millimeters to several centimeters. Tests of such ammunition, carried out by both the USSR and the USA and France, showed with reliability that attempts to carry out any rescue work within the indicated radii have no real grounds. The defeat of open and sheltered manpower, equipment and buildings reaches 100%.
Rescue work should focus on resettlement and assistance to people who find themselves outside the zone of direct destruction, outside the 100-kilometer zone.
