Subject: Military affairs, military history

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Topics of the issue. Articles, photo.

1 page:

Order and medal-glory of the Soviet warrior. Decree on the approval of samples and a description of ribbons for orders and medals of the USSR and the rules for wearing orders and medals, order ribbons and insignia, Description of ribbons for orders and medals of the USSR and blocks for order ribbons. Orders (Photo) , Exhibition of samples of captured weapons in Moscow - announcement.

2 page:

Orders and medals and the rules for wearing them (Photo)

3 page:

Operational summary of the Information Bureau of June 19, Decree on conferring the title of Hero of the Soviet Union (list of surnames), Studying enemy tactics.

4 page:

Streamlining the payment of monetary allowances to the wounded, Nazi violence against the population of France, Night on the armor (Story by Major Z. Hiren) I.dr.

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Red stains of rust, like blood, spattered the web of barbed wire. In multi-layered rows, she braided the low, dilapidated, burnt buildings of cowsheds, stables, and pig cribs. Once upon a time there were outbuildings of the Krasnaya Zarya collective farm, Ostrogozhsky district, Voronezh region.

The Nazis turned this corner of the village of Novaya Melnitsa into a death camp. Several hundred captured Red Army soldiers were driven here to work on the construction of a military railway line.

Low, dark stables are partitioned off inside by dense rows of barbed wire, forming narrow corridors. Through the countless holes in the walls, slightly covered with tufts of reeds, and in the roofs, the gloomy sky shines through. The floor is barely covered with a layer of brown, fetid, rotten straw. Here, after twelve hours of hard digging, prisoners of war, exhausted by hunger, were driven like cattle into stalls. Often the prisoners went out to work in the ranks in the morning, and in the evening their comrades brought them in their arms half dead, having already crossed the black line of death with one foot.

To say that the prisoners were fed from hand to mouth is to embellish the truth. An inedible cloudy brew of steamed rotten grain or gray cabbage waste - that's all that supported life in emaciated human bodies. When, on the way to work, a prisoner picked up a dropped beetroot or a raw potato on the road, the escort beat him with a butt or shot him on the spot. The same fate befell those who were suffocating from exhaustion and lagged behind the party. When the compassionate collective farmer tried to hand over a piece of bread to the captives, she was severely beaten by the guards.

On the other hand, the invaders were generous with all kinds of torture and abuse. The prisoners were beaten with clubs, rifle butts, and pinned with bayonets. For the slightest fault, they hung them for long hours from poles. Calculatingly, systematically humiliated human dignity, leading to despair and suicide. The order bearer found in the party of prisoners was forced to dig a grave himself and shot dead.

But this seemed to the tormentors not enough. On the seventeenth of September they conceived and carried out a nightmarish crime.

In the barracks, where many prisoners were placed, the escorts placed a large charge of explosive incendiary material into the stove during the day. Return from work, the chilled inhabitants of the barracks flooded the stove. There was a deafening explosion. The fire quickly engulfed the building. In the caustic smoke and tongues of expanding flames, hundreds of burning people rushed about with cries of despair. They rushed to the exits of the barracks. But the run-outs were met by automatic bursts. Bodies fell on the threshold, blocking the way to the street. The flame roared. Scribbled machine guns. The unfortunate young men who turned into living torches screamed in pain and despair. Soon the fire did its job. The fragile barn collapsed on the heads of those who had not yet burned down. In flames and smoke, 397 prisoners died. Eighty people were taken to the infirmary with severe burns. Fifty of them died in great agony. The sadists have done their dirty deed. Four hundred and forty-seven Russian prisoners died a martyr's death at their hands of robbers...

Outskirts of Ostrogozhsk. A dilapidated brick factory. Rusty barbed wire. Long sheds for drying bricks without roofs, without windows. Under the Germans, it was called "DULAG 191". Prisoners of war, rounded up for work in the front line, languished here.

All prisoners of war slept on the ground. For the sick and wounded, a barn called the infirmary was assigned. It differed from other sheds only in name. The same bare land for sleeping. The same brutal regime. The same cloudy gruel from water, slightly mixed with rye flour. Gas gangrene claimed dozens of victims. Tetanus has become commonplace. In the order of "indulgence", sometimes fetid horse carrion was placed in kitchen cauldrons. The camp doctor, the German "Oberarts" Steinach, coming to the kitchen, cynically said: "For Russian dogs, this meat is of quite good quality." This ignorant Aryan farrier, having no surgical specialty, trained his hand in surgery, practicing in operating on prisoners. Many under his scalpel, ended their days on the operating table.

The prisoners were forced to work for 10-12 hours at heavy earthworks. Those who collapsed from exhaustion or refused to work were beaten and killed. The interpreter Liedtke was especially skilled in beatings.

The most terrible place in the camp was the punishment cell. People were sent there for the slightest offense. In a cold barn in the rain, in the wind, they were kept for many days, depriving them of food and giving out half a liter of water a day. There was only one way out of the punishment cell - to the camp cemetery. Punishment by punishment cell was considered worse than execution. Leaving for the punishment cell, the prisoners said goodbye to their comrades. They knew they would never come back.

From purulent wounds, from, inseparable companions of hunger - typhus and dysentery, mortality increased. Between 30 and 60 prisoners died daily.

The Nazi executioners did everything to increase the death rate among the prisoners. Camp officer Klyus, for example, at the end of October, when the first frosts hit, ordered to bathe in a nearby river. From this ablution in ice water, many prisoners fell ill with pneumonia and died.

Novomelnichansky and Ostrogozhsky camps are not an exception, but a rule. Ask people who have been behind barbed wire on Kholodnaya Gora in Kharkov, Belgorod, Korocha and other cities, they will tell you things that make the blood run cold in the veins and a wave of rage surges to the heart.

Thousands of prisoners die in the camps from starvation, epidemics, beatings and executions. Thousands of others die before reaching the camp, or on the way from one camp to another.

Ostrogozh citizen Maria Terentievna Kaidanikova said:

“On the fifth of January, I saw how the Magyars were driving through Ostrogozhsk, one hundred Russian prisoners. There was a severe frost, and the Red Army soldiers were half-dressed. Almost no one had shoes. The legs were wrapped in dirty rags. We wanted to give them bread and at least some clothes. The Magyar escorts cursed and beat with gun butts. Me and one citizen because I threw a padded jacket to a prisoner, and she handed over a bucket of dried pears, were severely beaten and threatened with execution.

The prisoners were driven into the basement of a house on the street. Medvedovsky near the pharmacy. Passing in the evening, I heard groans and screams coming from the basement. Looking through the broken window, I saw something that made my legs buckle. There was a fire in the basement. The prisoners lying side by side froze in horror in the corners. Above the fire, two burly Magyars were holding by the shoulders and by the legs a body writhing in pain - this was roasting a captive on the fire of a fire. The prisoner screamed hoarsely. But the tormentors, straining with all their might, held him over the fire. When the unfortunate fell silent, went limp, the tormentors threw him face down into the fire. The body stirred, and one Magyar several times slammed a bayonet into the back of the martyr.

In the village of Gusek, Kursk region, the retreating Nazis drove 200 prisoners of war from the Chernev camp and 160 district activists into the school building, tightly boarded the doors and windows, doused the building with gasoline and set it on fire. All three hundred and sixty Soviet people died in the fire or were shot while trying to escape from the flames.

In the village of Orlik, Kursk region, after long tortures and beatings, the invaders killed 30 prisoners of war. In winter, during the fighting, in this village, the wounded Senior Lieutenant Zemtsov fell into the hands of the Germans. The fascist tormentors tied him to a tank and drove the car along the street until Zemtsov died in terrible agony from bruises and loss of blood.

Seventy captured Red Army soldiers were shot by the Nazis in the village of Drokino, Voronezh region. They were forced to dig their own grave. The grave was barely covered with earth. The corpses began to decompose, but the collective farmers were strictly forbidden to approach the grave.

In the village of Gorodishche, Shatalovsky district, Nazis killed Ksenia Pankratova, mother of two young children, Evdokia Pankratova, mother of three children, Ksenia Peshkova, mother of one young child, and collective farmer Nikolai Shabanov. They were guilty before the Germans by hiding the seriously wounded captain Ogarkov. After the execution of four patriots, the captain was shot dead, outraged and tortured in the tract of the Gorodishchensky forestry enterprise.

In the village of Dolgaya Polyana, Kursk region, sixty-three-year-old men Sergei and Efrosiniya Pankratov and Ivan Monakov were shot along with three Red Army soldiers whom they had sheltered in their house. The Pankratovs' daughter Marfa accidentally escaped death by falling before being shot into a ditch.

Here is the terrible truth about fascist captivity. Bloodthirsty beasts, for which no laws and international conventions are written, systematically exterminate Soviet prisoners of war, using the most sophisticated, most painful methods of killing. German captivity worse than death. This is not a phrase - a terrible reality.

Al. SURKOV.
ACTIVE ARMY.

It was established in April 1930 simultaneously with the Order of Lenin. The authors of the project of the Order of the Red Star were the artist V. K. Kupriyanov and the sculptor V. V. Golenetsky. On May 5, 1930, the statute of the Order of the Red Star was approved.

Description of the badge of the order

Badge of the Order of the Red Star resembles the breast emblem of the first Red Army soldiers and is a convex five-pointed star. A shield is placed in the center of the five-pointed red star, and on it is a relief figure of a Red Army soldier in a Budyonovka and a long overcoat, with a rifle at the ready. Along the rim of the shield is the inscription: Proletarians of all countries, unite!", and at the bottom - the inscription:" USSR”and the image of a sickle and a hammer. On the very 1st orders, the Red Army soldier looked straight, later his face was turned to the right. The order is made of silver, and the star is covered with ruby-red enamel.

Way of fastening and wearing

The Order of the Red Star has a pin fastening. Ribbon of the order in burgundy color with a longitudinal gray stripe in the middle, silk moire.

Until 1943, the order was worn on the left side of the chest. Decree of June 19, 1943 "On the Approval of Samples and Descriptions of Ribbons for Orders and Medals of the USSR and the Rules for Wearing Orders, Medals, Order Ribbons and Insignia" ordered the Order of the Red Star to be worn on the right side of the chest. Later, in the Statute of the Order, it was indicated that in the presence of other orders, the Order of the Red Star is located after the Order Patriotic War 2nd degree. According to this Decree, special straps with sashes were also introduced for wearing them instead of orders and medals on field and everyday uniforms.

Statute of the Order of the Red Star:

"The Order of the Red Star was established to reward great merit in the defense USSR both in wartime and in peacetime, in providing state security».

“Awarding the Order of the Red Star obliges the order bearer to serve as an example of bravery, selflessness, courage for all soldiers, and exemplary military service.”

The order was awarded “for personal courage and bravery in battle, excellent organization and skillful leadership of military operations, which contributed to the success of our troops; for successful fighting military units and formations, as a result of which significant damage was inflicted on the enemy; for merits in ensuring state security and inviolability state border THE USSR; for courage and courage shown in the performance of military or official duty, in conditions involving a risk to life; for the exemplary performance of special command assignments and other feats accomplished in peacetime; for great services in maintaining high combat readiness of the troops, excellent performance in combat and political training, mastery of new military equipment and other services in strengthening the defense power of the USSR; for merits in the development of military science and technology, training of personnel for the Armed Forces of the USSR; for merits in strengthening the defense capability of the states of the socialist community.

The awarding of the Order of the Red Star is made on the proposal of the USSR Ministry of Defense, the USSR Ministry of Internal Affairs, and the USSR KGB, respectively.

First Cavalier of the Order of the Red Star May 13, 1930 became commander of the Special Far Eastern Army V. K. Blucher for an excellent military operation to eliminate the conflict in the China-East railway(CER) in the summer of 1929. He was during civil war the first to receive the Order of the Red Banner.

One of the first collectives awarded the Order of the Red Star was the newspaper Krasnaya Zvezda, which was awarded this award in December 1933 on the day of its 10th anniversary. Subsequently, the Order of the Red Star was awarded to the magazines "Military Knowledge", "Military Bulletin", "Aviation and Cosmonautics", "Naval Collection" and "Soviet Warrior".

IN prewar years The most massive awarding of the Order of the Red Star took place after the battles at Lake Khasan, when 1935 fighters, commanders and political workers of the Red Army received it.

Until June 1941, more than 21.5 thousand people were awarded the Order of the Red Star, 17 orders of the Red Star were received by units, formations and institutions of the Armed Forces of the USSR.

During the Great Patriotic War The Order of the Red Star has become one of the most massive awards. This order was awarded to about three million people for courage and stamina in battles with fascist invaders, as well as 1740 units, formations and institutions of the Red Army, rear teams, as well as most foreign military formations(14 Polish and Czechoslovak units and divisions).

One of the first during the war years on July 8, 1941, the order of the Red Star was awarded to the gunner-radio operator, junior sergeant D. A. Belovol.

This order was also awarded to officers and soldiers of the allies, pilots and sailors of the allied convoys. The Order of the Red Star was also awarded Foreign citizens who risked their lives to save Soviet soldiers.

On October 2, 1943, the Order of the Red Star was awarded vocational school No. 1 of the city of Gorky (now Nizhny Novgorod) and vocational school No. 3 of the Moscow region.

Late 1940s to mid 1980s“For feats accomplished in peacetime” the Order of the Red Star was awarded to more than 800 thousand people - military personnel, including sappers, policemen, combatants.

In just 60 years the existence of this award, it was awarded to more than 3,770 thousand Soviet and foreign citizens.

The Order of the Red Star is the 22nd most senior military award in the USSR, one of the first approved. In general, the five-pointed red star was the basis for an even more prestigious Red Banner award, but the requirements for its presentation were higher. The order was officially introduced on 04/06/1930, and the status was established on 05/05/1930 by the Decree of the Presidium of the Central Executive Committee of the USSR, although the development of the introduction of this award took place since 1925. Its statute was changed throughout the entire award period, the first amendment was made in 1936, then to the military and post-war years. The last revision was made in 1980.

V. Blyukher became the first to be awarded just one month later. After some time, military newspapers and magazines were awarded the award, the Krasnaya Zvezda publishing house topped the list of awardees. Also, they noted other types of teams: schools, divisions, etc.

During the Second World War, this award gained particular popularity; approximately three million people, including foreign citizens, were awarded with it. The order was awarded not only for outstanding military exploits, but also for achieving a labor plan in the rear.

In the post-war period, the order was awarded for accomplishing feats in peacetime. During these times, more than 800 thousand people received the award, including the military, combatants, policemen and soldiers of Afghanistan.

It is worth noting that this order could be awarded repeatedly, in history there are cases when it was awarded to one person 6 times, such people - 5.

The last person to receive this order was L. V. Razumovich, in 1991. During the entire existence of this award, it was presented to 3876742 people.

Appearance

The design of the order was developed by the artist V. K. Kupriyanov and the sculptor V. V. Golenetsky.

The order itself is very similar to the first emblems of the Red Army, it is also based on a five-pointed red star. All in all appearance This award is as follows: a five-pointed star, with a convex outer part, in the center of which is a shield. In the center of this shield is a Red Army soldier in a long overcoat and hat, with a rifle in his hands. The inner rim is wide, it contains the inscription: "PROLETARIANS OF ALL COUNTRIES, UNITE", and below the abbreviation of the country: USSR. Between the lower rays of the star is the image of a hammer and sickle. On the obverse of the order there is a device for fastening: a threaded pin and a nut for screwing, there is also an inscription: “GOSZNAK” and a number.

The ribbon of the order is made in dark red tones, with a gray stripe in the middle. Made from moire.

Manufacturing materials

For the manufacture of this order, as a rule, the following materials are used: the base is completely cast from 925 silver - the most silver-containing alloy, on the outside - ruby-red enamel.

Varieties of the Order

Changes in the appearance of the order are extremely minor, they occurred infrequently, in total there are six types of them:

• The first type was produced from the year of establishment - 1930 to 1936. In principle, the appearance of this type of order is no different from the above standard, the manufacturing materials are the same, the order was soldered from two parts. However, it is worth noting that on this sample, the Red Army soldier on the shield looks forward, and behind, under the nut, “GOSZNAK” is written.
• The second type lasted 1 year, its feature is the absence of a brand, instead of it, the year was indicated below. Also, the soldier indicated on the shield began to look to the right - this edit remained unchanged for all subsequent types.
• The third (1937 - 1941) type is practically no different from the second - only the inscription "MONDVOR" was embossed on top with a fastener.
• The difference of the next, according to the name of the fifth type, which was awarded throughout 1941, is that the shield with the Red Army soldier was attached to the silver base with three rivets, and not by soldering.
• The sixth type of the order (1941 - 1954) is also distinguished by the inscription above the mount, which reads: "MINT". The place of its manufacture was the Moscow Mint and the plant "Platinapribor". It is also worth noting that cupronickel nickel silver was the material for the manufacture of the fastening. Connoisseurs distinguish its variety, in which the rays of the star are slightly rounded, and sometimes seem to be cut off.
• The seventh type of the order (1954 - 1991) is the most different: the image of a soldier on the shield is tilted forward, the right leg is slightly turned, and the rays of the star are more rounded.

Reasons for the award

The broadest basis for the award was a similar wording: for great merits in the defense of the USSR, ensuring state security in peaceful and military conditions. The Order of the Red Star was awarded to servicemen in the navy, internal troops, border guards of the USSR Army, both commanding and enlisted personnel. It was allowed to award employees of foreign countries.

In the postwar period, they were awarded posthumously to military personnel. fire service, law enforcement agencies serving in the army, who died in the line of duty. In this case, it was received by the relatives of the dead. This order was awarded to soldiers who participated in the repayment of localized conflicts, the war in Afghanistan.
The statute of the order, as already mentioned above, has undergone changes, the last one was in 1980.

According to the statute, the order was awarded to:

• For courage in combat operations and personal courage, faithful leadership in combat conditions and operational organization, which contributed to the success of the USSR troops;
• For causing significant damage to the enemy by military operations of military units;
• For outstanding achievements in ensuring the safety and inviolability of the state cordons of the USSR and ensuring the security of the country;
• For the manifestation of courage and courage, performing military or official duty under life-threatening conditions;
• For exemplary performance of special assignments and other accomplishments in peacetime;
• For outstanding achievements in the field of ensuring the highest indicator of combat training of the army, excellent indicators of training of a political and combat type, development of new models military equipment and other achievements in providing the defense force of the USSR;
• For outstanding achievements in organizing the development of military science and technology, training employees for military service THE USSR;
• For achievements in organizing the defense power of the USSR.

Also, in the period from 1944 - 1957, this order was awarded for fifteen years of service in the Red Army and the Navy, state security agencies, internal affairs agencies

General information

Wearing methods

The order was worn on the left side of the chest, until the decree of 1943 was issued, according to which it was placed on the right side. The statute of the order states that, in the presence of other awards, it should be placed after the Order of the Patriotic War, 2nd degree.

The cost of the Order of the Red Star (price)

It should be noted right away that, according to the law of the Russian Federation, it is impossible to buy and sell this order, it is possible only in foreign stores and auctions. The cost absolutely depends on the time of manufacture, and, depending on the type, ranges from 250 UAH.

In Ukraine, the sale and purchase of orders and medals is not prohibited.

75 years ago, on September 30, 1943, the first stage of the battle ended.

Research recent years they convince that young Russians know less about the battle for the Dnieper than about the battles near Moscow, on the Volga, the Kursk Bulge, about the Bagration operation to liberate Belarus ... There is an explanation for this: due to the huge spatial scope, the single battle for the Dnieper was a series of parallel front-line operations and in total lasted from August to December 1943.

After Battle of Kursk strategic initiative on the Soviet-German front finally passed to Soviet command. The Red Army outnumbered the enemy in the number of personnel, artillery, and less significantly in tanks and aircraft. But victory was still far away. Holding part of the left-bank Ukraine, the Nazis began in advance to create a strategic defensive line in their rear called " Eastern shaft"("Ostwall"). It originated at the mouth of the Narva River, which flows into the Gulf of Finland of the Baltic Sea, and along the line of Pskov, Vitebsk, Orsha, the Sozh River went to the middle course of the Dnieper - a powerful natural obstacle for advancing troops. In the south, near Zaporozhye, the "Eastern Wall" deviated from the Dnieper to the east and ran along the bed of the Molochnaya River (in the upper reaches - Tokmak), which flows into the Sea of ​​\u200b\u200bAzov. Having created multi-lane fortifications on this long line, the Germans hoped to keep the troops of the Red Army beyond the Dnieper and give the war a positional character.

The first bridgehead south of Kyiv was captured by the advanced detachments of the 3rd Guards Tank Army

To the battle for the Dnieper, the liberation of the cities located on its banks, the capture of strategic bridgeheads across the river, the Soviet Supreme High Command attracted troops from five fronts: Central (commanded by General of the Army K.K. Rokossovsky), Voronezh (commanded by General of the Army N.F. Vatutin), Steppe (commanded by General of the Army I.S. Konev), Southwestern (commanded by General of the Army R. Ya. Malinovsky) and the South (commander F.I. Tolbukhin, who received the rank of army general in the dynamics of the operation, on September 21).
By order of the Headquarters of the Supreme High Command, the troops of the Central and Voronezh fronts concentrated their main efforts on the Kiev, Steppe - on the Poltava-Kremenchug, South-Western - on the Dnepropetrovsk and Zaporozhye directions. Troops Southern Front it was necessary to break through the enemy defenses on the Molochnaya River, reach the lower reaches of the Dnieper and the Crimea.
Realizing the complexity of the battle for the Dnieper, the importance of capturing bridgeheads in the Ukrainian Right Bank, on September 9, 1943, the Headquarters of the Supreme High Command sent a directive to the troops stating that those who especially distinguished themselves during the crossing of the Dnieper would be presented to the highest government awards. The directive was brought to every commander and fighter.
Of great importance for the actions of the Red Army in the southwestern direction, the breakthrough to the Dnieper as a whole was a separate operation, not included in the battle for the Dnieper, carried out by the troops of the Western (commanded by Colonel General V.D. Sokolovsky) and the left wing of Kalininsky (commanded by General Colonel A.I. Eremenko) fronts from August 7 to October 2, 1943. As a result of the Smolensk-Roslavl operation, the first Big City on the Dnieper - Smolensk.
In 1941, after the capture of Smolensk by the Germans, Goebbels wrote: “Smolensk is a broken door. The German army opened its way into the depths of Russia. The outcome of the war is a foregone conclusion." Now, in September 1943, Krasnaya Zvezda correspondent Vasily Ilyenkov headlined a report from liberated Smolensk with the words "Gateway to the West!" Although downstream of the Dnieper, Mogilev b